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• ""American Political Writing During the Founding Era, 1760-1805 ""; ""Front Matter ""; ""Title Page ""; ""Copyright Details ""; ""Table of Contents, p. v ""; ""Preface, p. xi ""; ""Acknowledgments, p. xvii ""; ""Volume I ""; ""1. Abraham Williams, p. 3 ""; ""2. T.Q. and J., p. 19 ""; ""3. U., p. 33 ""; ""4. [Anonymous], p. 38 ""; ""5. Philo Publicus, p. 42 ""; ""6. Stephen Hopkins, p. 45 ""; ""7. Aequus, p. 62 ""; ""8. Richard Bland, p. 67 ""; ""9. Britannus Americanus, p. 88 ""; ""10. The Tribune, p. 92 ""; ""11. A Son of Liberty, p. 97 ""; ""12. Daniel Shute, p. 109 ""

• ""13. A Well-Wisher To Mankind, p. 137 """"14. John Tucker, p. 158 ""; ""15. The Preceptor, p. 175 ""; ""16. A Constant Customer, p. 183 ""; ""17. Simeon Howard, p. 185 ""; ""18. Massachusettensis, p. 209 ""; ""19. A Pennsylvanian, p. 217 ""; ""20. Continental Congress, p. 231 ""; ""21. Thomas Bradbury, p. 240 ""; ""22. Nathaniel Niles, p. 257 ""; ""23. Monitor, p. 277 ""; ""24. Gad Hitchcock, p. 281 ""; ""25. Levi Hart, p. 305 ""; ""26. Anonymous, p. 318 ""; ""27. [Anonymous], p. 321 ""; ""28. A Native of This Colony, p. 328 ""; ""29. Demophilus, p. 340 ""; ""30. [Anonymous], p. 368 ""

• ""31. [Anonymous], p. 390 """"32. John Adams, p. 401 ""; ""33. Samuel West, p. 410 ""; ""34. Worcestriensis, p. 449 ""; ""35. [Anonymous and William Whiting], p. 455 ""; ""36. [Theophilus Parsons], p. 480 ""; ""37. Phillips Payson, p. 523 ""; ""38. Zabdiel Adams, p. 539 ""; ""39. [Anonymous], p. 565 ""; ""40. Philodemus, p. 606 ""; ""41. [James Madison Et. Al.], p. 631 ""; ""42. [Amicus Republicae], p. 638 ""; ""43. Dean Swift, p. 656 ""; ""44. Joseph Lathrop, p. 658 ""; ""45. Benjamin Rush, p. 675 ""; ""46. Theophrastus, p. 693 ""; ""47. The Worcester Speculator, p. 699 ""

• ""48. Bostonians, p. 702 """"Volume II ""; ""49. An Elector, p. 705 ""; ""50. Benjamin Franklin, p. 707 ""; ""51. [Anonymous], p. 711 ""; ""52. Benevolus, p. 714 ""; ""53. David Ramsay, p. 719 ""; ""54. Robert Coram, p. 756 ""; ""55. Joel Barlow, p. 812 ""; ""56. Timothy Stone, p. 839 ""; ""57. David Rice, p. 858 ""; ""58. Theodore Dwight, p. 884 ""; ""59. Americanus, p. 900 ""; ""60. James Kent, p. 936 ""; ""61. Samuel Williams, p. 950 ""; ""62. Jack Nips, p. 971 ""; ""63. Peres [Perez] Fobes, p. 990 ""; ""64. Justice [Jacob] Rush, p. 1014 ""; ""65. Nathanael Emmons, p. 1023 ""

• ""66. Jonathan Maxcy, p. 1042 """"67. Alexander Addison, p. 1055 ""; ""68. Joel Barlow, p. 1099 ""; ""69. An Impartial Citizen, p. 1126 ""; ""70. Jeremiah Atwater, p. 1170 ""; ""71. John Leland, p. 1189 ""; ""72. Zephaniah Swift Moore, p. 1206 ""; ""73. Noah Webster, p. 1220 ""; ""74. Samuel Kendal, p. 1241 ""; ""75. James Wilson, p. 1264 ""; ""76. Fisher Ames, p. 1299 ""; ""A Selected List of Political Writings By Americans Between 1760 and 1805, p. 1349 ""; ""Index, p. 1395 ""

• Introduction A Disciplinary Dilemma Character and Its Derivatives Organization of the Book Character Development Race and Roots Ambition and Politics Adaption and Approval Ego Checks and Guilt Basic Beliefs Commonality as a Value Church and Community Government and Society Progressive Pragmatism Operating Style Cognition Decision Making Organization Communication Conciliation Character-Based Tensions Idealism and Pragmatism Direction and Delegation Vision and Compromise Rationality and Empathy Boldness and Caution Political Impediments Transitioning from Campaigning to Governing The Limits of Presidential Power Public Attitudes Toward Government Democratic Leadership Dilemmas Obama's Theory of Democratic Leadership The Bully Pulpit and Its Limits Obama's Practice of Democratic Leadership The Interaction of Personality and Politics: Three Case Studies Stimulating the Economy Reforming Health Care Upping the Ante in Afghanistan.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Renowned presidential scholar Stephen Wayne takes a close look at the interplay of personal character, partisan politics, and public opinion on presidential decision-making. In this systematic study of President Obama's character, Wayne considers how Obama's policy beliefs and operating style fueled his meteoric success as a candidate, but have had a decidedly mixed impact on his governance as president. Arguing that character matters, Wayne shows that Obama's personal dimensions both contribute and detract from his policy achievements and political goals. Taking into account the environment in which President Obama took office, the book looks at how he has dealt with burdens, such as the troubled economy, the polarized political climate, and the public's mistrust of government. He sets the study of Obama within the larger literature on presidential character and explores the broader questions surrounding presidential leadership in a democratic society-whether presidents lead or follow public opinion, the extent to which leadership skills make a difference, and the kind of policy and political impact presidents can have in the twenty-first century.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Predicting the future of post-industrial society / Seymour Martin Lipset
• The continuing demographic revolution in industrial societies / Kingsley Davis
• Religion and the American future / Peter L. Berger
• Constitutionalism, federalism, and the post-industrial American polity / Daniel J. Elazar
• Judicial activism / Martin Shapiro
• The prophylactic presidency / Sanford Weiner and Aaron Wildavsky
• The American party system today / Everett Carll Ladd, Jr.
• The future of the American labor movement / John T. Dunlop
• American Catholics: the post-immigrant century / Andrew M. Greeley
• American Jews: three conflicts of loyalty / Nathan Glazer
• The Black community: Is there a future? / Orlando Patterson
• The future of women in America's third century / Sheila K. Johnson
• The future of the university / Robert Nisbet
• The adversary culture of intellectuals / Irving Kristol
• The mass media in post-industrial America / Stanley Rothman
• Continuity and change in the American National character / Alex Inkeles.

• Cover; Title; Copyright; Foreword; Acknowledgments; Editorial Method and Apparatus; Contents; Maps; Illustrations; Jefferson Chronology; From "Johannes Vonderpuff, " 1 October; From Joseph Delaplaine, 3 October; From Gabriel Penn, 3 October; To Jeremiah A. Goodman, 4 October; From James Monroe, 4 October; Notes on Bottle and Beverage Supplies, [6 October 1814-February 1816]; To Thomas Cooper, 7 October; From Samuel H. Smith, 7 October; From Thomas Ritchie, 9 October; From James Madison, 10 October; From James Monroe, 10 October; From John Barnes, 11 October; From Isaac A. Coles, 11 October

• From James Oldham, 11 October To Samuel H. Smith, 11 October; From Joseph Milligan, 12 October; To James Madison, 13 October; From John L. E. W. Shecut, 13 October; From William F. Gray, 14 October; From Samuel H. Smith, 14 October; To James Madison, 15 October; To Joseph C. Cabell, 16 October; Notes on Household Consumption, [ca. 16 October]; To James Monroe, 16 October; To Joseph Milligan, 17 October; To Joseph Delaplaine, 18 October; To Andrew Moore, 18 October; From Joseph C. Cabell, 19 October; From Samuel H. Smith, 19 October; From David Bailie Warden, 20 October

• From William C. C. Claiborne, 21 October From Samuel H. Smith, 21 October; From Jonathan Williams, 21 October; To John H. Cocke, 23 October; From James Cutbush, 23 October; From James Madison, 23 October; From James Madison, 23 October; From Charles Yancey, 23 October; To Patrick Gibson, 25 October; To William F. Gray, 25 October; From James Leitch, 26 October; From Patrick Gibson, 27 October; From John Adams, 28 October; From William Short, 28 October; To Joseph Milligan, 29 October; To Samuel H. Smith, 29 October; From Thomas A. Pellet, 31 October; Notes on the Peacock Plow, October

• From Francis W. Gilmer, 1 Novembe rFrom Leonard Sargent, 1 November; List of Slaves at Poplar Forest, [ca. 2-13 November]; To Patrick Gibson, 3 November; To Reuben Perry, 3 November; From William C. C. Claiborne, 4 November; From Enoch Jones, 5 November; From John H. Cocke, 6 November; To Andrew Jamieson, 7 November; From Abram R. North (for Andrew Jamieson), 7 November; To Francis Eppes, 11 November; From William & Reuben Mitchell, 11 November; Instructions for Poplar Forest Management, 11 November; To Archibald Robertson, 11 November; From Archibald Robertson, 11 November

• From Thomas Jefferson Abbott, 12 November To Charles Clay, 12 November; From William Fleming, 12 November; From John Melish, 12 November; From Francis W. Gilmer, 13 November; To Jeremiah A. Goodman, 14 November; From Joseph Miller, 14 November; From Charles Willson Peale, 14 November; From Joseph Milligan, 16 November; From Elizabeth Trist, 17 November; Estimate and Plans for Albemarle Academy/Central College, [ca. 18 November]; Draft Bill to Create Central College and Amend the 1796 Public Schools Act, [ca. 18 November]; From Anonymous, [received 19 November]

Volume eight of the project documenting Thomas Jefferson's last years presents 591 documents dated from 1 October 1814 to 31 August 1815. Jefferson is overjoyed by American victories late in the War of 1812 and highly interested in the treaty negotiations that ultimately end the conflict. Following Congress' decision to purchase his library, he oversees the counting, packing, and transportation of his books to Washington. Jefferson uses most of the funds from the sale to pay old debts but spends some of the proceeds on new titles. He resigns from the presidency of the American Philosophical Society, revises draft chapters of Louis H. Girardin's history of Virginia, and advises William Wirt on revolutionary-era Stamp Act resolutions. Jefferson criticizes those who discuss politics from the pulpit, and he drafts a bill to transform the Albemarle Academy into Central College. Monticello visitors Francis W. Gilmer, Francis C. Gray, and George Ticknor describe the mountaintop and its inhabitants, and Gray's visit leads to an exchange with Jefferson about how many generations of white interbreeding it takes to clear Negro blood. Finally, although death takes his nephew Peter Carr and brother Randolph Jefferson, the marriage of his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph is a continuing source of great happiness.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover; Title; Copyright; Foreword; Acknowledgments; Editorial Method and Apparatus; Contents; Maps; Illustrations; Jefferson Chronology; From "Johannes Vonderpuff, " 1 October; From Joseph Delaplaine, 3 October; From Gabriel Penn, 3 October; To Jeremiah A. Goodman, 4 October; From James Monroe, 4 October; Notes on Bottle and Beverage Supplies, [6 October 1814-February 1816]; To Thomas Cooper, 7 October; From Samuel H. Smith, 7 October; From Thomas Ritchie, 9 October; From James Madison, 10 October; From James Monroe, 10 October; From John Barnes, 11 October; From Isaac A. Coles, 11 October

• From James Oldham, 11 October To Samuel H. Smith, 11 October; From Joseph Milligan, 12 October; To James Madison, 13 October; From John L. E. W. Shecut, 13 October; From William F. Gray, 14 October; From Samuel H. Smith, 14 October; To James Madison, 15 October; To Joseph C. Cabell, 16 October; Notes on Household Consumption, [ca. 16 October]; To James Monroe, 16 October; To Joseph Milligan, 17 October; To Joseph Delaplaine, 18 October; To Andrew Moore, 18 October; From Joseph C. Cabell, 19 October; From Samuel H. Smith, 19 October; From David Bailie Warden, 20 October

• From William C. C. Claiborne, 21 October From Samuel H. Smith, 21 October; From Jonathan Williams, 21 October; To John H. Cocke, 23 October; From James Cutbush, 23 October; From James Madison, 23 October; From James Madison, 23 October; From Charles Yancey, 23 October; To Patrick Gibson, 25 October; To William F. Gray, 25 October; From James Leitch, 26 October; From Patrick Gibson, 27 October; From John Adams, 28 October; From William Short, 28 October; To Joseph Milligan, 29 October; To Samuel H. Smith, 29 October; From Thomas A. Pellet, 31 October; Notes on the Peacock Plow, October

• From Francis W. Gilmer, 1 Novembe rFrom Leonard Sargent, 1 November; List of Slaves at Poplar Forest, [ca. 2-13 November]; To Patrick Gibson, 3 November; To Reuben Perry, 3 November; From William C. C. Claiborne, 4 November; From Enoch Jones, 5 November; From John H. Cocke, 6 November; To Andrew Jamieson, 7 November; From Abram R. North (for Andrew Jamieson), 7 November; To Francis Eppes, 11 November; From William & Reuben Mitchell, 11 November; Instructions for Poplar Forest Management, 11 November; To Archibald Robertson, 11 November; From Archibald Robertson, 11 November

• From Thomas Jefferson Abbott, 12 November To Charles Clay, 12 November; From William Fleming, 12 November; From John Melish, 12 November; From Francis W. Gilmer, 13 November; To Jeremiah A. Goodman, 14 November; From Joseph Miller, 14 November; From Charles Willson Peale, 14 November; From Joseph Milligan, 16 November; From Elizabeth Trist, 17 November; Estimate and Plans for Albemarle Academy/Central College, [ca. 18 November]; Draft Bill to Create Central College and Amend the 1796 Public Schools Act, [ca. 18 November]; From Anonymous, [received 19 November]

Volume eight of the project documenting Thomas Jefferson's last years presents 591 documents dated from 1 October 1814 to 31 August 1815. Jefferson is overjoyed by American victories late in the War of 1812 and highly interested in the treaty negotiations that ultimately end the conflict. Following Congress' decision to purchase his library, he oversees the counting, packing, and transportation of his books to Washington. Jefferson uses most of the funds from the sale to pay old debts but spends some of the proceeds on new titles. He resigns from the presidency of the American Philosophical Society, revises draft chapters of Louis H. Girardin's history of Virginia, and advises William Wirt on revolutionary-era Stamp Act resolutions. Jefferson criticizes those who discuss politics from the pulpit, and he drafts a bill to transform the Albemarle Academy into Central College. Monticello visitors Francis W. Gilmer, Francis C. Gray, and George Ticknor describe the mountaintop and its inhabitants, and Gray's visit leads to an exchange with Jefferson about how many generations of white interbreeding it takes to clear Negro blood. Finally, although death takes his nephew Peter Carr and brother Randolph Jefferson, the marriage of his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph is a continuing source of great happiness.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Resolving Legislative Differences in Congress: Conference Committees and Amendments Between the Houses-- Congressional Review of Agency Rulemaking: An Update and Assessment of the Congressional Review Act After Ten Years-- Federalism, State Sovereignty, and the Constitution: Basis and Limits of Congressional Power-- Rescission Actions Since
• 1974: Review and Assessment of the Record-- Grassroots Lobbying: Constitutionality of Disclosure Requirements-- Congressional Resources in CRS Research Centers and the La Follette Congressional Reading Room-- Enforcement of Congressional Rules of Conduct: An Historical Overview-- Congressionally Chartered Nonprofit Organizations ("Title 36 Corporations"): What They Are and How Congress Treats Them-- Casework in a Congressional Office: Background, Rules, Laws, and Resources-- Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress-- Members Who Have Served in the U.S: Congress 30 Years or More-- Trade Statutes: Expiration Dates and Mandated Periodic Reports to Congress-- Roles and Duties of a Member of Congress-- "No Confidence" Votes and Other Forms of Congressional Censure of Public Officials-- Congressional Salaries and Allowances-- Prescription Drug Sales Over the Internet-- United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR): Recent Congressional Issues-- Salaries of Members of Congress: Congressional Votes, 1990-2007-- Congressional Budget Actions in 2005-- Party Leaders in the United States Congress, 1789-2007-- The "Deeming Resolution": A Budget Enforcement Tool-- Lame Duck Sessions of Congress, 1935-2004 (74th-108th Congresses)-- Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview-- Territorial Delegates to the U.S-- Congress: Current Issues and Historical Background-- Substantiality of an Agencys Legal and Policy Objections in Refusing to Comply with Subpoenas for Documents and the Testimony of Agency Personnel-- Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress-- Congressional Nominations to U.S Service Academies: An Overview and Resources for Outreach and Management-- Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process-- Appropriations Subcommittee Structure: History of Changes from 1920-2007-- Pages of the United States Congress: History, Background Information, and Proposals for Change-- Congressional Budget Resolutions: Motions to Instruct Conferees-- Tracking Current Federal Legislation and Regulations: A Guide to Resources-- Gifts and Ethics Rules: Side-by-Side Comparison of Provisions of S-- Architect of the Capitol: Appointment, Duties, and Operations-- Election Year Restrictions on Mass Mailings by Members of Congress-- Congressional Gifts and Travel: Proposals in the 109th Congress-- Salary Linkage: Members of Congress and Certain Federal Executive and Judicial Officials-- Technology Assessment in Congress: History and Legislative Options-- Congressional Official Mail Costs-- Protection of Classified Information by Congress: Practices and Proposals-- Executive Lobbying: Statutory Controls-- Congressional or Federal Charters: Overview and Current Issues-- Salaries of Members of Congress: A List of Payable Rates and Effective Dates, 1789-2007-- Congressional Advisory Commissions: An Overview-- Committee of the Whole: An Introduction-- The Congressional Budget Process: A Brief Overview-- Congressional Oversight-- Congressional Redistricting: The Constitutionality of Creating an At-Large District-- Procedural Analysis of Private Laws Enacted: 1986-2007-- Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the Senate-- Congressional Franking Privilege: An Overview of Legislation in the 110th Congress-- Architects of the Capitol: Selected Biographical Information-- Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the House of Representatives-- Congressional Franking Privilege: An Overview-- Congress Early Organisation Meetings-- General Debate in Committee of the Whole-- Types of Committee Hearings-- Committee of the Whole: Stages of Action on Measures-- Amendments Between the Houses-- Congressional Budget Act Points of Order-- Pages of the United States Congress: Selection, Duties, and Program Administration-- Engrossment, Enrolment, and Presentation of Legislation-- Congressional Record: Its Production, Distribution, and Accessibility-- Budget Resolution Enforcement-- Messages, Petitions, Communications, and Memorials to Congress-- Conference Reports and Joint Explanatory Statements-- Committee Types and Roles-- "Sense of" Resolutions and Provisions-- Conference Committee Deliberations-- Publications of Congressional Committees: A Summary-- Amendment Process in the Committee of the Whole-- Pairing in Congressional Voting: The House-- Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution-- Expedited or "Fast-Track" Legislative Procedures-- Appropriations Bills: What Are "General Provisions"?-- Overview of the Authorization-Appropriations Process-- Bills, Resolutions, Nominations, and Treaties: Origins, Deadlines, Requirements, and Uses-- Bills and Resolutions: Examples of How Each Kind Is Used-- Provisions of Special Rules in the House: An Example of a Typical Open Rule-- Sunset Review: A Brief Introduction-- Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book presents the nuts and bolts procedures and rules which make the U.S. Congress tick.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• CONTENTS; EDITOR'S NOTE; PREFACE; PROLOGUE: "The Joint Resolution 'For Annexing Texas to the United States' Is Finally Passed"; 1 "GOIN' TO TEXAS": Texas in the American Imagination and Politics, 1821-1841; 2 "AND TYLER TOO"; 3 "WE CANNOT CARRY VIRGINIA FOR YOU": Political Earthquake, 1843-1844; 4 "TEXAS WILL BE ANNEXED"; 5 "PROLIFIC OF EVIL AND PREGNANT WITH BLOODY FRUIT"; 6 "NEITHER SLAVERY NOR INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE"; 7 "THEIR HEINOUS SIN": The Long Shadow of Texas; 8 CONCLUSION: "An Element of Overwhelming Ruin to the Republic"; Notes; Bibliographic Essay; Acknowledgments; Index.

In the Spring of 1844, a fiery political conflict erupted over the admission of Texas into the Union, a hard-fought and bitter controversy that profoundly changed the course of American history. Indeed, as Joel Silbey argues in A Fierce Political Storm, the battle over Texas marked the crucial moment when partisan differences were transformed into a North-vs-South antagonism, and the momentum towards Civil War leaped into high gear. One of America's renowned political historians, Silbey offers a swiftly paced and compelling narrative of the Texas imbroglio, with an exceptional cast of characters, including John C. Calhoun, John Quincy Adams, James K. Polk, and Martin Van Buren. He shows in particular how the Van Buren bloc of the Democratic Party-the "Barnburners"-stood at the heart the annexation controversy. We see how a series of unexpected moves, some planned, some inadvertent, sparked a crisis that intensified and crystallized the North-South divide, which then became, for the first time, a driving force in national affairs. Sectionalism, Silbey shows, had often been intense, but rarely widespread and generally well contained by other forces on the political landscape. But after Texas statehood, the political landscape was transformed into one sculpted by implacable sectional differences. The bitter discord over annexation-with slavery the core issue-was the seed from which America's great crisis of union grew, leading ultimately to Southern secession and Civil War. The Texas controversy released demons that were never again pushed back into the bottle. With subtlety, great care, and much imagination, Joel Silbey shows that this brief political struggle became, in the words of an Alabama congressman, "the greatest question of the age"-indeed, a pivotal moment in American history.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Baruch Awards; Acknowledgments; Preface;
• 1. Emergence of a Dual Challenge: "It is the crisis with our oppressors.";
• 2. The President's Strategy for Influencing the Election: " ... the peace party was quite encouraging.";
• 3. Dealing with Aroused Public Expectations: "Every avenue of negotiation is closed ... ";
• 4. Public Concern and Government Policies: "l do not entertain your apprehension ... ";
• 5. Escalating Peace Hopes and a Missed Opportunity: "lndependence or fight.";
• 6. Politicians on the Hustings: "Let fresh victories crown our arms ..."

• 7. Reelection of Lincoln and Defeat of the Confederacy: "I ... ask to what acts of mine you refer."Notes; Bibliography; Index.

Aspirations to "whoop" the North notwithstanding, Confederates set their hopes for independence not on the belief that they could defeat the North but on the hope that their armies could stave off defeat long enough for the North to weary of war. The South's single biggest opportunity to effect political change in the North was the presidential contest of 1864. If Lincoln's support foundered and the North elected a president with a more flexible vision of peace on the continent, the South might realize its dream of independence. In Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric, Larry Nelson vividly brings to life the complex state of Northern politics during the election year of 1863. He recounts fluctuations in the value of the dollar, draft resistance and riots, protests against emancipation, political defeats suffered by the Republicans in the elections of 1862, and growing discontent in the border states and Midwest. Nelson offers an insider's look at the administration of Jefferson Davis, as it looked for cracks in Northern unity and electoral opportunities to exploit. Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric is an engrossing account of a little-known facet of Civil War statecraft and politics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; List of Tables; List of Figures; Acknowledgments; Introduction;
• 1. The Concept of Party;
• 2. The Historical Tradition;
• 3. The Development of Electoral Institutions;
• 4. Party Institutions in Congress;
• 5. Spatial Analysis of Party Development;
• 6. Factionalism in the Early Years, 1789-1793;
• 7. Polarization and Party Politics, 1793-1797;
• 8. Partisan Competition in Congress, 1797-1803;
• 9. Political Parties in Eighteenth-Century America; Appendix A. Party Affiliation of Members of Congress; Appendix B. Representing Individual Roll Calls in Spatial Configurations.

• NotesBibliography; Index; A; B; C; D; E; F; G; H; I; J; K; L; M; N; O; P; Q; R; S; T; U; V; W; X; Y.

The first appearance of parties on the American political scene has been a subject of debate in both history and political science; most scholars have argued that parties did not develop until the nineteenth century. John F. Hoadley challenges that conclusion, arguing convincingly that substantial parties emerged within the first decade after creation of the new government. Examining patterns of roll-call voting in the early congresses, he finds that discernible coalitions existed between 1789 and 1803. These coalitions began to assume the form of parties as early as the Second Congress, and ...