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"Heavy oil including extra heavy oil and tar sand bitumen, collectively referred to as viscous oil, exhibit a wide range of physical properties. Numerous tests have been (and continue to be) developed to provide an indication of the means by which viscous oil should be processed. Furthermore, proper interpretation of the data resulting from the inspection of heavy oil requires an understanding of the significance of the analytical data. The need for the application of analytical techniques has increased over the past three decades because of the change in feedstock composition through the inclusion of viscous oil as a refinery feedstock. This has arisen because of the increased amounts of the heavier feedstocks that are now used to produce liquid products. Prior to the energy crises of the 1970s, the heavier feedstocks were shunned as sources of liquid fuels and were used to produce asphalt. Now these feedstocks have increased in value as sources of liquid fuels. The acceptance of these heavier feedstocks by refineries has meant that the analytical techniques used for the lighter feedstocks have had to evolve to produce meaningful data that can be employed to assist in defining refinery scenarios for processing the feedstocks. In addition, selection of the most appropriate analytical procedures will aid in the predictability of feedstock behavior during refining"-- Provided by publisher.

• 1. Conventional and Unconventional Sources of Chemicals
• 2. Biomass
• 3. Chemicals from Crops
• 4. Chemicals from Wood
• 5. Chemicals from Domestic and Industrial Biomass Waste
• 6. Chemicals from Biogas
• 7. A Biorefinery
• 8. Biomass Pyrolysis
• 9. Chemicals from the Fischer-Tropsch Process.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Biomass Processes and Chemicals is written to assist the reader in understanding the options available for the production of chemicals from biomass. Petroleum-based and natural gas-based chemicals are well-established products that have served industry and consumers for more than one hundred years. However, time is running out and natural gas and petroleum are now being depleted. Thus, the need for alternative technologies to produce chemicals is necessary. Chemicals produced from sources are now coming into place for the establishment of a chemicals-from-biomass industry, hence this book covers these advancements.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Front Matter
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• Conversion Factors
• Further Reading
• About the Author
• Also of Interest

This compendium covers unconventional fuel sources, i.e., sources other than crude oil and natural gas with the aim of presenting these sources as future alternates to fossil fuels. The contents of this must-have volume are important aspects of the non-fossil fuel sources of availability of alternate sources of fuels. The properties of these fuels are well documented and compared to other fuels from non-petroleum sources (such as tar sand, coal, and oil shale). The environmental effects of non-petroleum fuels will also be compared to other fuels in terms of current environmental regulations.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface xvii Part I: Origin and Properties 1 1 History, Occurrence, and Resources 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Origin of Coal 8 1.3 Occurrence 12 1.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 14 1.5 Resources 22 1.6 Reserves 26 1.7 Energy Independence 31 References 33 2 Classification 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Nomenclature of Coal 39 2.3 Classification Systems 43 2.4 Coal Petrography 59 2.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62 References 65 3 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Coal Recovery 69 3.3 Coal Preparation 78 3.4 Size Reduction 87 3.5 Coal Cleaning 92 3.6 Coal Drying 98 3.7 Desulfurization 104 3.8 Transportation 105
• References 109 4 Storage 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Stockpiling 115 4.4 Spontaneous Ignition 124 4.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 134 4.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137 References 138 5 General Properties 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Sampling 149 5.3 Proximate Analysis 154 5.4 Ultimate Analysis 167 5.5 Calorific Value 174 5.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176 References 180 6 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Physical Properties 190 6.3 Mechanical Properties 200 6.4 Thermal Properties 207 6.5 Electrical Properties 214 6.6 Epilog 217 References 217 Part II: Power Generation 223 7 Combustion 225 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 General Aspects 230 7.3 Chemistry and Physics 232 7.4 Catalytic Combustion 249 7.5 Fuels 249 References 269 8 Combustion Systems 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Combustion Systems 278 8.3 Fuel Feeders 303 References 304 9 Gasification 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 General Aspects 309 9.3 Chemistry and Physics 325 9.4 Catalytic Gasification 334 9.5 Plasma Gasification 335 9.6 Gaseous Products 336 9.7 Underground Gasification 341 References 344 10 Gasification Systems 349 10.1 Introduction 349 10.2 Gasifier Types 352 10.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 358 10.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 367 10.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 381 10.6 Molten Salt Processes 386 10.7 Other Designs 390 10.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 396 10.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 400 10.8.8 Mineral Matter Content 400 10.8.9 Ash Yield 400 10.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 401 10.10 Underground Gasification 402 References 406 11 Electric Power Generation 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Electricity From Coal 412 11.3 Steam Generation 415 11.4 Control of Emissions 425 11.5 Power Plant Efficiency 428 11.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432 References 435 12 Gas Cleaning 437 12.1 Introduction 437 12.2 General Aspects 437 12.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 445 12.4 Particulate Matter Removal 449 12.5 Acid Gas Removal 458 12.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 462 12.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 465 12.8 Environmental Legislation 467 References 469 13 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 473 13.1 Introduction 473 13.2 Historical Perspectives 480 13.3 Modern Perspectives 481 13.4 Clean Coal Technology 483 13.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 504 13.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506 References 514 14 Environmental Issues 519 14.1 Introduction 519 14.2 Coal Preparation 521 14.3 Transportation and Storage 523 14.4 Combustion 525 14.5 Gasification 532 14.6 Power Plant Waste 536 14.7 The Future 553 References 556 Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 559 15 Alternate Feedstocks 561 15.1 Introduction 561 15.2 Viscous Feedstocks 562 15.3 Biomass 575 15.4 Waste 605 References 610 16 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 613 16.1 Introduction 613 16.2 Viscous Feedstocks 615 16.3 Biomass 619 16.4 Solid Waste 632 References 638 17 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 641 17.1 Introduction 641 17.2 Viscous Feedstocks 643 17.3 Biomass 651 17.4 Solid Waste 656 17.5 Process Products 667 References 673 18 Coal and Energy Security 679 18.1 Introduction 679 18.2 Energy Security 683 18.3 The Future of Coal 687 18.4 Sustainable Development 694 References 701 Conversion Factors 705 Glossary 709 Index 753 About the Author 759.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Coal accounts for approximately one quarter of world energy consumption and of the coal produced worldwide approximately 65% is shipped to electricity producers and 33% to industrial consumers, with most of the remainder going to consumers in the residential and commercial sectors. The total share of total world energy consumption by coal is expected to increase to almost 30% in 2035. This book describes the challenges and steps by which electricity is produced form coal and deals with the challenges for removing the environmental objections to the use of coal in future power plants. New technologies are described that could virtually eliminate the sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury pollutants that are released when coal is burned for electricity generation. In addition, technologies for the capture greenhouse gases emitted from coal-fired power plants are described and the means of preventing such emissions from contributing to global warming concerns. Written by one of the world's leading energy experts, this volume is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, or student working in this field, providing a valuable reference and guide in a quickly changing field. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface xvii Part I: Origin and Properties 1 1 History, Occurrence, and Resources 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Origin of Coal 8 1.3 Occurrence 12 1.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 14 1.5 Resources 22 1.6 Reserves 26 1.7 Energy Independence 31 References 33 2 Classification 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Nomenclature of Coal 39 2.3 Classification Systems 43 2.4 Coal Petrography 59 2.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62 References 65 3 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Coal Recovery 69 3.3 Coal Preparation 78 3.4 Size Reduction 87 3.5 Coal Cleaning 92 3.6 Coal Drying 98 3.7 Desulfurization 104 3.8 Transportation 105
• References 109 4 Storage 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Stockpiling 115 4.4 Spontaneous Ignition 124 4.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 134 4.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137 References 138 5 General Properties 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Sampling 149 5.3 Proximate Analysis 154 5.4 Ultimate Analysis 167 5.5 Calorific Value 174 5.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176 References 180 6 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Physical Properties 190 6.3 Mechanical Properties 200 6.4 Thermal Properties 207 6.5 Electrical Properties 214 6.6 Epilog 217 References 217 Part II: Power Generation 223 7 Combustion 225 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 General Aspects 230 7.3 Chemistry and Physics 232 7.4 Catalytic Combustion 249 7.5 Fuels 249 References 269 8 Combustion Systems 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Combustion Systems 278 8.3 Fuel Feeders 303 References 304 9 Gasification 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 General Aspects 309 9.3 Chemistry and Physics 325 9.4 Catalytic Gasification 334 9.5 Plasma Gasification 335 9.6 Gaseous Products 336 9.7 Underground Gasification 341 References 344 10 Gasification Systems 349 10.1 Introduction 349 10.2 Gasifier Types 352 10.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 358 10.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 367 10.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 381 10.6 Molten Salt Processes 386 10.7 Other Designs 390 10.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 396 10.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 400 10.8.8 Mineral Matter Content 400 10.8.9 Ash Yield 400 10.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 401 10.10 Underground Gasification 402 References 406 11 Electric Power Generation 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Electricity From Coal 412 11.3 Steam Generation 415 11.4 Control of Emissions 425 11.5 Power Plant Efficiency 428 11.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432 References 435 12 Gas Cleaning 437 12.1 Introduction 437 12.2 General Aspects 437 12.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 445 12.4 Particulate Matter Removal 449 12.5 Acid Gas Removal 458 12.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 462 12.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 465 12.8 Environmental Legislation 467 References 469 13 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 473 13.1 Introduction 473 13.2 Historical Perspectives 480 13.3 Modern Perspectives 481 13.4 Clean Coal Technology 483 13.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 504 13.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506 References 514 14 Environmental Issues 519 14.1 Introduction 519 14.2 Coal Preparation 521 14.3 Transportation and Storage 523 14.4 Combustion 525 14.5 Gasification 532 14.6 Power Plant Waste 536 14.7 The Future 553 References 556 Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 559 15 Alternate Feedstocks 561 15.1 Introduction 561 15.2 Viscous Feedstocks 562 15.3 Biomass 575 15.4 Waste 605 References 610 16 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 613 16.1 Introduction 613 16.2 Viscous Feedstocks 615 16.3 Biomass 619 16.4 Solid Waste 632 References 638 17 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 641 17.1 Introduction 641 17.2 Viscous Feedstocks 643 17.3 Biomass 651 17.4 Solid Waste 656 17.5 Process Products 667 References 673 18 Coal and Energy Security 679 18.1 Introduction 679 18.2 Energy Security 683 18.3 The Future of Coal 687 18.4 Sustainable Development 694 References 701 Conversion Factors 705 Glossary 709 Index 753 About the Author 759.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Coal accounts for approximately one quarter of world energy consumption and of the coal produced worldwide approximately 65% is shipped to electricity producers and 33% to industrial consumers, with most of the remainder going to consumers in the residential and commercial sectors. The total share of total world energy consumption by coal is expected to increase to almost 30% in 2035. This book describes the challenges and steps by which electricity is produced form coal and deals with the challenges for removing the environmental objections to the use of coal in future power plants. New technologies are described that could virtually eliminate the sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury pollutants that are released when coal is burned for electricity generation. In addition, technologies for the capture greenhouse gases emitted from coal-fired power plants are described and the means of preventing such emissions from contributing to global warming concerns. Written by one of the world's leading energy experts, this volume is a must-have for any engineer, scientist, or student working in this field, providing a valuable reference and guide in a quickly changing field. .
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• The Climate of the Earth
• The Earth is a Variable Planet
• Interglacial Periods
• Factors Affecting Climate
• Natural and Human Impacts on Climate
• Conversion Factors
• Glossary.

Gasification is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production. Using this technology, for example, coal can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal. On a large scale, gasification could be considered a revolutionary development, not only prolonging the life of carbon-based fuels, but making them "greener" and cleaner. As long as much of the world still depends on fossil fuels, gasification will be an environmentally friendlier choice for energy production. But gasification is not just used for fossil fuels. Waste products that would normally be dumped into landfills or otherwise disposed of can be converted into energy through the process of gasification. The same is true of biofeedstocks and other types of feedstocks, thus making another argument for the widespread use of gasification. The Handbook of Gasification Technology covers all aspects of the gasification, in a "one-stop shop, " from the basic science of gasification and why it is needed to the energy sources, processes, chemicals, materials, and machinery used in the technology. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Gasification is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production. Using this technology, for example, coal can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal. On a large scale, gasification could be considered a revolutionary development, not only prolonging the life of carbon-based fuels, but making them "greener" and cleaner. As long as much of the world still depends on fossil fuels, gasification will be an environmentally friendlier choice for energy production. But gasification is not just used for fossil fuels. Waste products that would normally be dumped into landfills or otherwise disposed of can be converted into energy through the process of gasification. The same is true of biofeedstocks and other types of feedstocks, thus making another argument for the widespread use of gasification. The Handbook of Gasification Technology covers all aspects of the gasification, in a "one-stop shop, " from the basic science of gasification and why it is needed to the energy sources, processes, chemicals, materials, and machinery used in the technology. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Chemistry and chemical technology
• Sources of hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons from crude oil
• Hydrocarbons from natural gas and natural gas hydrates
• Hydrocarbons from coal
• Hydrocarbons from oil shale
• Hydrocarbons from synthesis gas
• Chemical and physical properties of hydrocarbons
• Combustion of hydrocarbons
• Reactions of hydrocarbons
• Reactions of hydrocarbons
• Petrochemicals
• Pharmaceuticals
• Monomers, polymers, and plastics
• Hydrocarbons in the environment.

Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes, Second Edition, provides an analysis of the process steps required to produce hydrocarbons from various raw materials and how the choice of a process depends not only on technology, but also on external effects, such as social and economic developments, political factors affecting the availability of raw materials, and environmental legislation. This book qualitatively examines chemical processes and plant design by showing the factors determining process structures, including the underlying chemistry, feedstock, product specifications and reactor design. The book also compares the processes for different products based on raw materials and manufacturing processes based on their respective applications. With the addition of useful flowcharts that present an overview of the chemical processes, process design and equipment, this book is a valuable resource to industry professionals on how to understand how hydrocarbons are produced from different raw materials and how to develop an instinct for the right process development strategy. -- Provided by publisher.

• 1. Feedstock Composition and Properties
• 2. Introduction to Refining Processes
• 3. Refining Chemistry
• 4. Distillation
• 5. Thermal Cracking
• 6. Catalytic Cracking
• 7. Deasphalting Processes
• 8. Hydrotreating and Desulfurization
• 9. Hydrocracking
• 10. Refinery of the Future.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Refinery of the Future, Second Edition, delivers useful knowledge that will help the engineer understand the processes involved, feedstocks, composition and future technologies. Covering the basic chemistry, commercial processes already in use and future innovation, this reference gives engineers and managers the tools needed to understand refining products, feedstocks, and the processes critical to convert feedstocks to desired outcomes. New information concerning tight shale formations and heavy oil process options is included for today's operations. Rounding out with future uses in shale, bioliquids and refinery configurations, this book gives engineers and refinery managers the knowledge to update and upgrade their refinery assets.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Feedstock Composition and Properties
• 2. Introduction to Refining Processes
• 3. Refining Chemistry
• 4. Distillation
• 5. Thermal Cracking
• 6. Catalytic Cracking
• 7. Deasphalting Processes
• 8. Hydrotreating and Desulfurization
• 9. Hydrocracking
• 10. Refinery of the Future.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Refinery of the Future, Second Edition, delivers useful knowledge that will help the engineer understand the processes involved, feedstocks, composition and future technologies. Covering the basic chemistry, commercial processes already in use and future innovation, this reference gives engineers and managers the tools needed to understand refining products, feedstocks, and the processes critical to convert feedstocks to desired outcomes. New information concerning tight shale formations and heavy oil process options is included for today's operations. Rounding out with future uses in shale, bioliquids and refinery configurations, this book gives engineers and refinery managers the knowledge to update and upgrade their refinery assets.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• I. Gas and oil from tight shale: Gas and oil in tight formations
• Resources
• Reservoirs and reservoir fluids
• Development and production
• Hydraulic fracturing
• Fluids management
• Analysis of gas and condensate from tight formations
• Processing gas from tight formations
• Analysis of oil from tight formations
• Processing oil from tight formations.
• II. Shale oil (kerogen-derived oil): Origin and properties of oil shale
• Oil shale resources
• Kerogen
• Mining and retorting
• In situ retorting
• Refining shale oil.
• III. Other aspects: Instability and incompatibility of tight oil and shale oil
• Environmental aspects.

Shale Oil and Gas Production Processes delivers the basics on current production technologies and the processing and refining of shale oil. Starting with the potential of formations and then proceeding to production and completion, this foundational resource also dives into the chemical and physical nature of the precursor of oil shale, kerogen, to help users understand and optimize its properties in shale. Rounding out with reporting, in situ retorting, refining and environmental aspects, this book gives engineers and managers a strong starting point on how to manage the challenges and processes necessary for the further development of these complex resources. -- Provided by publisher.

As a follow-up to the Handbook of Gasification Technology, also from Wiley-Scrivener, Synthesis Gas goes into more depth on how the products from this important technology can reduce our global carbon footprint and lead the United States, and other countries, toward energy independence. The environmental benefits are very high, and, along with carbon capture and renewable fuels, synthesis gas (or syngas) is a huge step toward environmental sustainability. Synthesis gas is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production. Using this technology, for example, coal, biomass, waste products, or a combination of two or more of these can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal alone. Used on a massive scale, just think of the potential for reducing carbon emissions! Synthesis Gas covers all aspects of the technology, from the chemistry, processes, and production, to the products, feedstocks, and even safety in the plant. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

As a follow-up to the Handbook of Gasification Technology, also from Wiley-Scrivener, Synthesis Gas goes into more depth on how the products from this important technology can reduce our global carbon footprint and lead the United States, and other countries, toward energy independence. The environmental benefits are very high, and, along with carbon capture and renewable fuels, synthesis gas (or syngas) is a huge step toward environmental sustainability. Synthesis gas is one of the most important advancements that has ever occurred in energy production. Using this technology, for example, coal, biomass, waste products, or a combination of two or more of these can be gasified into a product that has roughly half the carbon footprint of coal alone. Used on a massive scale, just think of the potential for reducing carbon emissions! Synthesis Gas covers all aspects of the technology, from the chemistry, processes, and production, to the products, feedstocks, and even safety in the plant. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any library.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover --
• About the Author
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1. Fuel Sources and the Need for Synthetic Fuels
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The Need for Synthetic Fuels
• 1.3 Production of Synthetic Fuels
• 1.4 Conventional Sources of Fuels
• 1.5 Nonconventional Fuel Sources
• 1.6 References
• Chapter 2. Fuels from Natural Gas
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 History
• 2.3 Formation and Occurrence
• 2.4 Conventional Gas
• 2.5 Unconventional Gas
• 2.6 Composition
• 2.7 Properties
• 2.8 Gas Processing
• 2.9 Gaseous Fuels
• 2.10 References
• Chapter 3. Fuels from Crude Oil and Heavy Oil
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Crude Oil and Heavy Oil Recovery
• 3.3 Crude Oil Refining
• 3.4 Heavy Oil Refining
• 3.5 Crude Oil Products
• 3.6 References
• Chapter 4. Fuels from Tar Sand Bitumen
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Occurrence and Reserves
• 4.3 Structure and Properties of Tar Sand
• 4.4 Chemical and Physical Properties of Tar Sand Bitumen
• 4.5 Mining Technology
• 4.6 Nonmining Technology
• 4.7 Upgrading during Recovery
• 4.8 Upgrading, Refining, and Fuel Production
• 4.9 Synthetic Crude Oil
• 4.10 References
• Chapter 5. Fuels from Coal
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Occurrence and Reserves
• 5.3 Formation and Types
• 5.4 Mining and Preparation
• 5.5 Uses and Properties
• 5.6 Gaseous Fuels
• 5.7 Liquid Fuels
• 5.8 Solid Fuels
• 5.9 Environmental Aspects of Coal Utilization
• 5.10 References
• Chapter 6. Fuels from Oil Shale
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Origin
• 6.3 Occurrence and Development
• 6.4 Kerogen
• 6.5 Production of Liquid Fuels
• 6.6 Refining Shale Oil
• 6.7 The Future
• 6.8 References
• Chapter 7. Fuels from Biomass
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Biomass
• 7.3 Biomass Chemistry
• 7.4 Fuels from Biomass
• 7.5 Uses
• 7.6 A Biorefinery
• 7.7 The Future
• 7.8 References
• Chapter 8. Fuels from Crops
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Energy Crops
• 8.3 Processes
• 8.4 Ethanol
• 8.5 Biodiesel
• 8.6 Hydrocarbons
• 8.7 References
• Chapter 9. Fuels from Wood
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 History
• 9.3 Wood Biomass
• 9.4 Composition and Properties
• 9.5 Energy from Wood
• 9.6 Fuels from Wood
• 9.7 References
• Chapter 10. Fuels from Domestic and Industrial Waste
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Domestic and Industrial Waste
• 10.3 Effects of Waste
• 10.4 Waste Disposal
• 10.5 Fuels from Waste
• 10.6 The Future
• 10.7 References
• Chapter 11. Fuels from Landfill Gas
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Landfill Classification
• 11.3 Landfill Gas
• 11.4 Formation of Landfill Gas
• 11.5 Gas Migration
• 11.6 Gas Upgrading
• 11.7 Power Generation
• 11.8 References
• Chapter 12. Fuels from Synthesis Gas
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Production of Synthesis Gas
• 12.3 The Gasification Process
• 12.4 Feedstocks for the Gasification Process
• 12.5 Fischer?Tropsch Synthesis
• 12.6 References
• Appendix A. Definition and Properties of Fuels and Feedstocks from Different Sources
• Appendix B. Comparison of Properties of Gaseous Fuels from Different Sources
• Appendix C. Comparison of Properties of Liquid Fuels from Different Sources
• Appendix D. Comparison of Properties of Solid Fuels from Different Sources
• Conversion Tables
• Glossary
• Index

A fully updated, comprehensive guide to synthetic and alternative energy technologies Thoroughly reorganized and revised to cover today's essential topics, this practical resource discusses the benefits and trade-offs of a wide range of alternative fuels and energy sources. The handbook offers expert analyses of fuel properties, processes, and performance characteristics as well as in-depth discussions of gaseous, liquid, and solid synthetic fuels. Synthetic Fuels Handbook: Properties, Process, and Performance, Second Edition, features clear, practical explanations of the latest concepts, systems, and technologies. The book covers the production of synthetic fuels on both industrial and individual scales. You will get full details on fuels from natural gas and natural gas hydrates, tar, sand bitumen, coal, oil shale, synthesis gas, crops, wood sources, biomass, industrial and domestic waste, landfill gas, and more. *Compares alternative fuels with petroleum-based counterparts*U.S. and SI units are used throughout*Written by an internationally recognized fuels expert and experienced author.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• For more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/biogas-production-and-propert ies/.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book will introduce the reader to the fundamentals of biogas production, properties, and uses. The chapters focus on biogas as a renewable energy source, biogas production, the chemistry and engineering aspects of anaerobic digestion, landfill gas, biomass gasification, biogas upgrading technology, among other topics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

The petrochemical industry is a scientific and engineering field that encompasses the production of a wide range of chemicals and polymers. The purpose of this book is not only to provide a follow-on to form the later chapters of the highly successful Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th Edition but also provides a simplified approach to a very diverse chemical subject dealing with the chemistry and technology of various petroleum and petrochemical process. Following from the introductory chapters, this book provides the readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis. Provides readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis Introduces the reader to the various petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion of primary petrochemicals to form more complicated derivative products The reactions and processes involved in transforming petroleum-based hydrocarbons into the chemicals that form the basis of the multi-billion dollar petrochemical industry are reviewed and described The book includes information on new process developments for the production of raw materials and intermediates for petrochemicals Includes a description of the origin of the raw materials for the petrochemicals industry - including an overview of the coal chemicals industry.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part I: Recovery
• 1. Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
• 2. Occurrence and Properties
• 3. Non-Thermal Methods of Recovery
• 4. Thermal Methods of Recovery
• 5. Recovery by Mining Part II: Upgrading
• 6. Upgrading during Recovery
• 7. Refining Heavy Oil and Extra-Heavy Oil
• 8. Thermal Cracking
• 9. Catalytic Cracking
• 10. Hydrotreating and Desulfurization
• 11. Hydrocracking
• 12. Hydrogen Production
• 13. Solvent Processes
• 14. Environmental Effects
• 15. Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading - The Future.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading covers properties, factors, methods and all current and upcoming processes, giving engineers, new and experienced, the full spectrum of recovery choices, including SAGD, horizontal well technology, and hybrid approaches. Moving on to the upgrading and refining of the product, the book also includes information on in situ upgrading, refining options, and hydrogen production. Rounding out with environmental effects, management methods on refinery waste, and the possible future configurations within the refinery, this book provides engineers with a single source to make decisions and manage the full range of challenges.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)