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• Front Cover
• A Practical Guide to Plastics Sustainability: Concept, Solutions, and Implementation
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1 An Overview of Sustainability and Plastics: A Multifaceted, Relative, and Scalable Concept
• Chapter 2 Plastics Overview: Outline of the Current Situation of Plastics
• Chapter 3 Metrics of Sustainability in Plastics: Indicators, Standards, Software
• Chapter 4 Easy Measures Relating to Improved Plastics Sustainability
• Chapter 5 Eco-Design Rules for Plastics Sustainability

• Chapter 6 Environmental and Engineering Data to Support Eco-Design for Plastics
• Chapter 7 Advanced Environmental and Engineering Properties to Support Eco-Design for Plastics
• Chapter 8 Economics Relating to Fossil and Renewable Plastics
• Chapter 9 Recycling of Plastics, Advantages, and Limitation of Use
• Chapter 10 Transition of Plastics to Renewable Feedstock and Raw Materials
• Chapter 11 Plastics Sustainability: Drivers and Obstacles
• Chapter 12 Plastics Sustainability: Prospective
• Disclaimer
• Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Glossary

• 1 An Overview of Sustainability and Plastics: A Multifaceted, Relative, and Scalable Concept
• 1.1 Sustainability and Circular Economy
• 1.1.1 Sustainability is a Tripod Based on Environment, Economic, and Social Features
• 1.1.2 Circular Economy
• 1.2 Sustainability in the Plastics Field
• 1.2.1 Sustainable Design
• 1.2.2 Renewable Polymers
• 1.2.3 Sustainable Processes or Sustainable Manufacturing
• 1.2.4 Sustainable Use Phase
• 1.2.5 Waste Management, Repair, Reuse, Recycling
• 1.2.6 Economic Involvements
• 1.3 People's Perception of Plastics Sustainability

• 1.3.1 Opinions of Plastics Sector Players
• 1.3.2 General Public Opinions: Survey Example and Social Network Opinions
• 1.3.2.1 Plastics Concern Overview
• 1.3.2.2 Plastics Concern Details
• Environment
• Applications
• Technical Features
• Economy
• 1.4 Drivers of Change
• 1.4.1 Standards and Reporting
• 1.4.2 Policies, Directives and Regulations
• 1.4.3 Examples of Marketing Strategy Based on Sustainability
• 1.4.4 Cautious Forecast of Major Changes in the Global Environment
• 1.5 Sustainable Material and Waste Management

• 1.5.1 Sustainable Materials Management: A New Approach to Material Selection
• 1.5.2 Sustainable Waste Management
• 1.5.2.1 Recycling of Production Wastes
• 1.5.2.2 Treatment of Postconsumer Products
• Environment Advantages
• Cost Savings
• Regulations and Limitations
• 1.6 Sustainability is Vital to Mitigate Environment Damages Caused by Booming Plastics Consumption
• 1.6.1 Population Growth
• 1.6.2 Standard of Living
• 1.6.3 General Consequences of Population and Gross Domestic Product Growths
• 1.6.4 Sustainability, the Expected Response to Climate Change

• Preface.Acknowledgments.Contributors.PART 1.An Environmental Primer (A. Andrady).Common Plastics Materials (A. Andrady).Polymers and Energy (I. Boustead)PART 2.Plastics in Packaging (S. Selke)Plastics in Agriculture (I. Hussain &amp
• H. Hamid).Coatings (L. Hill).Wastes From Textiles Processing (B. Smith).PART 3.Environmental Effects on Polymeric Materials (N. Searle).Biodegradable Polymers (S. McCarthy).Plastics in the Marine Environment (M. Gregory and A. Andrady).Flammability of Polymers (A. Tewarson).Biodegradable Water-Soluble Polymers (G. Swift).PART 4.Polymers, Polymer Recycling, and Sustainability (J. Brandrup).Plastics Recycling (M. Fisher).Thermal Destruction of Wastes and Plastics (A. Gupta &amp
• D. Lilley).Recycling of Carpet and Textile Fibers (Y. Wang, et al.).Polymers in Automobile Applications (W. Lange).Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Plastics offer a variety of environmental benefits. However, their production, applications, and disposal present many environmental concerns. "Plastics and the Environment" provides state-of-the-art technical and research information on the complex relationship between the plastic and polymer industry and the environment, focusing on the sustainability, environmental impact, and cost benefit tradeoffs associated with different technologies. Bringing together the field's leading researchers, Anthony Andrady's innovative collection not only covers how plastics affect the environment, but also how environmental factors affect plastics. The relative benefits of recycling, resource recovery, and energy recovery are also discussed in detail. The first of the book's four sections represents a basic introduction to the key subject matter of plastics and the environment; the second explores several pertinent applications of plastics with environmental implications - packaging, paints and coatings, textiles, and agricultural film use. The third section discusses the behavior of plastics in some of the environments in which they are typically used, such as the outdoors, in biotic environments, or in fires. The final section consists of chapters on recycling and thermal treatment of plastics waste. Chapters include: Commodity Polymers; Plastics in Transportation; Biodegradation of Common Polymers; Thermal Treatment of Polymer Waste; and Incineration of Plastics. The contributors also focus on the effectiveness of recent technologies in mitigating environmental impacts, particularly those for managing plastics in the solid waste stream. Plastic and design engineers, polymer chemists, material scientists, and ecologists will find "Plastics and the Environment" to be a vital resource to this critical industry.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Cover; Preface; Contents; Editors; List of Contributors; The Nature of Plastics and Their Societal Usage; 1 Plastics in a Nutshell; 1.1 The History of Plastics; 1.1.1 19th Century: The First Polymers; 1.1.2 20th Century: The Revolution of Plastics Starts; 1.1.3 Beginning of the 20th Century: The Discovery of Bakelite; 1.1.4 1920s: Staudinger and Polymers; 1.1.5 1930s: PlexiglasTM and NylonTM First Appear; 1.1.6 1940s: Large Use of Plastics in World War II; 1.1.7 1950s: The Spread of Plastics for Domestic Usages; 1.1.8 1960s: Plastics in the Fashion Industry

• 1.1.9 1970s: Plastics Become the Most Used Materials Worldwide1.1.10 1980s: Plastics and the Development of Communication and Transport; 1.1.11 1990s and 2000s: Plastics' Key Role in Society; 2 How Is Plastic Made; 2.1 The Different Kinds of Plastics; 2.1.1 Thermoplastics; 2.1.1.1 Standard Plastics; 2.1.1.2 Engineering Plastics; 2.1.1.3 High Performance Plastics; 2.1.2 Thermosets; 2.1.3 Biodegradable Plastics; 3 Usage of Plastics in Our Daily Lives; 3.1 Packaging; 3.1.1 Light as a Feather; 3.1.2 Food Conservation and Preservation; 3.1.3 Provision of Convenience; 3.1.4 Safety and Hygiene

• 3.1.5 Environmental Benefits of Plastic Packaging 3.2 Building and Construction; 3.2.1 Windows: Saving Energy for Decades; 3.2.2 Plastic Pipes; 3.2.3 Insulation; 3.3 Transportation; 3.3.1 Saving Energy and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 3.3.2 Crucial for Passenger Safety; 3.3.3 Comfort and Cost-effective Design; 3.4 Electrical and Electronic; 3.4.1 Resource Efficiency; 3.4.2 Light Weight; 3.4.3 Resistance; 3.4.4 Fire Safety; 3.5 Agriculture; 3.6 Medical and Health; 3.6.1 Unblocking Blood Vessels; 3.6.2 Prosthesis; 3.6.3 Artificial Corneas; 3.6.4 Hearing Aids

• 3.6.5 Future of Plastics in Healthcare3.7 Sport, Leisure and Design; 3.7.1 Plastics in Ballgames; 3.7.2 Plastics in Sports Footwear; 3.7.3 Plastics in Tennis; 3.7.4 Plastics on Water; 3.7.5 Plastics and Children; 3.8 Renewable Energies; References; Plastic in Marine Litter; 1 Introduction; 2 Plastic in Marine Litter; 3 Sources of Plastic; 3.1 Sources of Macroplastics; 3.2 Sources of Microplastics; 4 Occurrence of Plastics in the Marine Environment; 4.1 Water Bodies; 4.2 Beaches, Sediments and Shorelines; 5 Fate of Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment; 6 Physical Effects on Organisms

• 6.1 Plastic Ingestion 6.2 Plastic Entanglement; 7 Chemical Effects on Organisms; 8 Recommendations; 9 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; Microplastics in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Size Classifications of Plastic; 3 Sources of Microplastics; 4 Distribution and Abundance; 5 Impacts; 6 Solutions; 7 Conclusions; References; Nanoplastics in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Defining Nanoplastics and Ascertaining Their Sources; 3 Fate of Nanoplastics; 4 Effects of Nanoplastics; 5 Challenges; 6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Plasticisers and Their Impact on Wildlife

Plastic has become a ubiquitous part of modern life. A cheap, lightweight material, it is used in everything from food packaging to consumer electronics and microbeads in cosmetic products. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of the problems our reliance on plastic is causing in the environment. For example, recent campaigns have highlighted the build-up of microbeads in the marine environment and the damage this is doing to wildlife, and the problem of marine litter, often in very remote locations. There are also concerns over exposure to plasticisers and their possible consequences for health. The plastics industry is under increasing pressure, not only from the government and environmental groups, but also from consumers, to improve the environmental impact of their products. This book presents an introduction to the uses of plastics and an overview of how they interact with the environment. It is a valuable resource for students studying environmental science as well as researchers working in the plastics industry, and policy makers and regulators concerned with waste disposal and environmental planning and conservation.

• Cover; Preface; Contents; Editors; List of Contributors; The Nature of Plastics and Their Societal Usage; 1 Plastics in a Nutshell; 1.1 The History of Plastics; 1.1.1 19th Century: The First Polymers; 1.1.2 20th Century: The Revolution of Plastics Starts; 1.1.3 Beginning of the 20th Century: The Discovery of Bakelite; 1.1.4 1920s: Staudinger and Polymers; 1.1.5 1930s: PlexiglasTM and NylonTM First Appear; 1.1.6 1940s: Large Use of Plastics in World War II; 1.1.7 1950s: The Spread of Plastics for Domestic Usages; 1.1.8 1960s: Plastics in the Fashion Industry

• 1.1.9 1970s: Plastics Become the Most Used Materials Worldwide1.1.10 1980s: Plastics and the Development of Communication and Transport; 1.1.11 1990s and 2000s: Plastics' Key Role in Society; 2 How Is Plastic Made; 2.1 The Different Kinds of Plastics; 2.1.1 Thermoplastics; 2.1.1.1 Standard Plastics; 2.1.1.2 Engineering Plastics; 2.1.1.3 High Performance Plastics; 2.1.2 Thermosets; 2.1.3 Biodegradable Plastics; 3 Usage of Plastics in Our Daily Lives; 3.1 Packaging; 3.1.1 Light as a Feather; 3.1.2 Food Conservation and Preservation; 3.1.3 Provision of Convenience; 3.1.4 Safety and Hygiene

• 3.1.5 Environmental Benefits of Plastic Packaging 3.2 Building and Construction; 3.2.1 Windows: Saving Energy for Decades; 3.2.2 Plastic Pipes; 3.2.3 Insulation; 3.3 Transportation; 3.3.1 Saving Energy and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 3.3.2 Crucial for Passenger Safety; 3.3.3 Comfort and Cost-effective Design; 3.4 Electrical and Electronic; 3.4.1 Resource Efficiency; 3.4.2 Light Weight; 3.4.3 Resistance; 3.4.4 Fire Safety; 3.5 Agriculture; 3.6 Medical and Health; 3.6.1 Unblocking Blood Vessels; 3.6.2 Prosthesis; 3.6.3 Artificial Corneas; 3.6.4 Hearing Aids

• 3.6.5 Future of Plastics in Healthcare3.7 Sport, Leisure and Design; 3.7.1 Plastics in Ballgames; 3.7.2 Plastics in Sports Footwear; 3.7.3 Plastics in Tennis; 3.7.4 Plastics on Water; 3.7.5 Plastics and Children; 3.8 Renewable Energies; References; Plastic in Marine Litter; 1 Introduction; 2 Plastic in Marine Litter; 3 Sources of Plastic; 3.1 Sources of Macroplastics; 3.2 Sources of Microplastics; 4 Occurrence of Plastics in the Marine Environment; 4.1 Water Bodies; 4.2 Beaches, Sediments and Shorelines; 5 Fate of Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment; 6 Physical Effects on Organisms

• 6.1 Plastic Ingestion 6.2 Plastic Entanglement; 7 Chemical Effects on Organisms; 8 Recommendations; 9 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; Microplastics in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Size Classifications of Plastic; 3 Sources of Microplastics; 4 Distribution and Abundance; 5 Impacts; 6 Solutions; 7 Conclusions; References; Nanoplastics in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Defining Nanoplastics and Ascertaining Their Sources; 3 Fate of Nanoplastics; 4 Effects of Nanoplastics; 5 Challenges; 6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Plasticisers and Their Impact on Wildlife

Plastic has become a ubiquitous part of modern life. A cheap, lightweight material, it is used in everything from food packaging to consumer electronics and microbeads in cosmetic products. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of the problems our reliance on plastic is causing in the environment. For example, recent campaigns have highlighted the build-up of microbeads in the marine environment and the damage this is doing to wildlife, and the problem of marine litter, often in very remote locations. There are also concerns over exposure to plasticisers and their possible consequences for health. The plastics industry is under increasing pressure, not only from the government and environmental groups, but also from consumers, to improve the environmental impact of their products. This book presents an introduction to the uses of plastics and an overview of how they interact with the environment. It is a valuable resource for students studying environmental science as well as researchers working in the plastics industry, and policy makers and regulators concerned with waste disposal and environmental planning and conservation.

• Cover; Preface; Contents; Editors; List of Contributors; The Nature of Plastics and Their Societal Usage; 1 Plastics in a Nutshell; 1.1 The History of Plastics; 1.1.1 19th Century: The First Polymers; 1.1.2 20th Century: The Revolution of Plastics Starts; 1.1.3 Beginning of the 20th Century: The Discovery of Bakelite; 1.1.4 1920s: Staudinger and Polymers; 1.1.5 1930s: PlexiglasTM and NylonTM First Appear; 1.1.6 1940s: Large Use of Plastics in World War II; 1.1.7 1950s: The Spread of Plastics for Domestic Usages; 1.1.8 1960s: Plastics in the Fashion Industry

• 1.1.9 1970s: Plastics Become the Most Used Materials Worldwide1.1.10 1980s: Plastics and the Development of Communication and Transport; 1.1.11 1990s and 2000s: Plastics' Key Role in Society; 2 How Is Plastic Made; 2.1 The Different Kinds of Plastics; 2.1.1 Thermoplastics; 2.1.1.1 Standard Plastics; 2.1.1.2 Engineering Plastics; 2.1.1.3 High Performance Plastics; 2.1.2 Thermosets; 2.1.3 Biodegradable Plastics; 3 Usage of Plastics in Our Daily Lives; 3.1 Packaging; 3.1.1 Light as a Feather; 3.1.2 Food Conservation and Preservation; 3.1.3 Provision of Convenience; 3.1.4 Safety and Hygiene

• 3.1.5 Environmental Benefits of Plastic Packaging 3.2 Building and Construction; 3.2.1 Windows: Saving Energy for Decades; 3.2.2 Plastic Pipes; 3.2.3 Insulation; 3.3 Transportation; 3.3.1 Saving Energy and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 3.3.2 Crucial for Passenger Safety; 3.3.3 Comfort and Cost-effective Design; 3.4 Electrical and Electronic; 3.4.1 Resource Efficiency; 3.4.2 Light Weight; 3.4.3 Resistance; 3.4.4 Fire Safety; 3.5 Agriculture; 3.6 Medical and Health; 3.6.1 Unblocking Blood Vessels; 3.6.2 Prosthesis; 3.6.3 Artificial Corneas; 3.6.4 Hearing Aids

• 3.6.5 Future of Plastics in Healthcare3.7 Sport, Leisure and Design; 3.7.1 Plastics in Ballgames; 3.7.2 Plastics in Sports Footwear; 3.7.3 Plastics in Tennis; 3.7.4 Plastics on Water; 3.7.5 Plastics and Children; 3.8 Renewable Energies; References; Plastic in Marine Litter; 1 Introduction; 2 Plastic in Marine Litter; 3 Sources of Plastic; 3.1 Sources of Macroplastics; 3.2 Sources of Microplastics; 4 Occurrence of Plastics in the Marine Environment; 4.1 Water Bodies; 4.2 Beaches, Sediments and Shorelines; 5 Fate of Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment; 6 Physical Effects on Organisms

• 6.1 Plastic Ingestion 6.2 Plastic Entanglement; 7 Chemical Effects on Organisms; 8 Recommendations; 9 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; Microplastics in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Size Classifications of Plastic; 3 Sources of Microplastics; 4 Distribution and Abundance; 5 Impacts; 6 Solutions; 7 Conclusions; References; Nanoplastics in the Environment; 1 Introduction; 2 Defining Nanoplastics and Ascertaining Their Sources; 3 Fate of Nanoplastics; 4 Effects of Nanoplastics; 5 Challenges; 6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Plasticisers and Their Impact on Wildlife

Plastic has become a ubiquitous part of modern life. A cheap, lightweight material, it is used in everything from food packaging to consumer electronics and microbeads in cosmetic products. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of the problems our reliance on plastic is causing in the environment. For example, recent campaigns have highlighted the build-up of microbeads in the marine environment and the damage this is doing to wildlife, and the problem of marine litter, often in very remote locations. There are also concerns over exposure to plasticisers and their possible consequences for health. The plastics industry is under increasing pressure, not only from the government and environmental groups, but also from consumers, to improve the environmental impact of their products. This book presents an introduction to the uses of plastics and an overview of how they interact with the environment. It is a valuable resource for students studying environmental science as well as researchers working in the plastics industry, and policy makers and regulators concerned with waste disposal and environmental planning and conservation.

This report concludes that ""the adoption of plastic products labelled as `biodegradable' will not bring about a significant decrease either in the quantity of plastic entering the ocean or the risk of physical and chemical impacts on the marine environment"". Indeed, biodegradable polymers degrade significantly slower in the marine environment than on land. Therefore, a widespread use is said to lead to continuing littering problems and its negative impacts. Furthermore, oxo-degradable polymers would only increase the quantity of microplastics in the environment and claims stating otherwise are likely motivated by commercial interests rather than scientific evidence.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This multi-authored book - from some of the leading researchers and practitioners on this topic - is a distinctive look at how to maximize profitability through environmental compliance in the plastics supply chain, a topic of great and ever-growing interest in the industry. This distinguished assembly of authors from across the global - and from both industry and academia - provides the reader with a distinctive perspective into this topic. Plastics and the Environment provides readers with a look into the environmental issues of plastics products throughout the complete product lifecycle - fr.

• Preface xiii
• 1 Introduction 1
• References 4
• 2 Plastics and Additives 7
• 2.1 Polymers 7
• 2.2 Plastics 8
• 2.3 Plastics Raw Material 9
• 2.4 Thermoplastics 9
• 2.4.1 Polyolefin 10
• 2.4.1.1 Polyethylene 11
• 2.4.1.2 Polypropylene 12
• 2.4.1.3 Polystyrene 14
• 2.4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 14
• 2.4.2 Polyester 16
• 2.4.3 Polycarbonate 17
• 2.4.4 Polyamide 18
• 2.4.5 Biodegradable Plastics 18
• 2.5 Thermosets 19
• 2.5.1 Phenol-formaldehyde 20
• 2.5.2 Unsaturated Polyester 20
• 2.6 Additives 20
• 2.6.1 Antioxidants 22
• 2.6.2 Slip Additives 22
• 2.6.3 Ultraviolet Stabilizers 23
• 2.6.4 Heat Stabilizers 23
• 2.6.5 Plasticizers 24
• 2.6.6 Lubricants 25
• 2.6.7 Flame Retardants 25
• 2.6.8 Mold Release Agents 26
• 2.6.9 Nucleating Agents 28
• 2.6.10 Fillers 29
• 2.7 Plastics - Applications 29
• 2.8 Remarks 30
• References 30
• 3 Plastics and Environment 35
• 3.1 Plastics and Conventional Materials - Comparison 35
• 3.2 Effects of Plastics Products and Environment 37
• 3.3 Landsite Effects 37
• 3.4 Chemical Environment 37
• 3.5 Marine Environment 38
• 3.6 Packaging Materials 40
• 3.7 Agricultural Fields 40
• 3.8 Waste Accumulation 41
• 3.9 Degradation of Plastics 41
• 3.9.1 Process Degradation 41
• 3.9.2 Environmental Degradation 43
• 3.10 Environmental Burdens 44
• 3.11 Industrial Ecosystem 45
• 3.12 Remarks 45
• References 45
• 4 Plastics Processing Technology 49
• 4.1 Background 49
• 4.2 Management - Plastics Processing 50
• 4.3 Plastic Materials - Variations 51
• 4.4 Technology 52
• 4.4.1 Injection Molding 54
• 4.4.2 Blow Molding 56
• 4.4.3 Extrusion 58
• 4.4.4 Thermoforming 59
• 4.4.5 Rotational Molding 60
• 4.4.6 Compression Molding 62
• 4.5 Productivity and Task 63
• 4.6 Waste Processing 64
• 4.7 Reprocess Material in Plastics Processing 65
• 4.8 Challenges and Opportunities 67
• 4.9 Remarks 67
• References 68
• 5 Plastics Waste - Consumer and Industry 69
• 5.1 Background 70
• 5.2 Plastics Waste 70
• 5.3 Polyolefin 71
• 5.4 Polypropylene 72
• 5.5 Polystyrene 72
• 5.6 Polyvinylchloride 72
• 5.7 Bioplastics 73
• 5.8 Additives and Environment 74
• 5.8.1 Heat Stabilizers 74
• 5.8.2 Plasticizers 74
• 5.8.3 Flame Retardants 75
• 5.8.4 Compatibilizers 75
• 5.9 Technological Aspects 76
• 5.10 Factors Influencing Plastics Waste 76
• 5.11 Waste Resources 77
• 5.11.1 Domestic Waste 77
• 5.11.2 Packaging Waste 78
• 5.11.3 E-Waste 79
• 5.11.4 Automotive Waste 80
• 5.11.5 Medical Plastics Waste 80
• 5.11.6 Agriculture Plastics Waste 81
• 5.11.7 Marine Plastics Waste 81
• 5.11.8 Mixed or Contaminated Plastics 82
• 5.12 Plastics Waste Reduction 82
• 5.13 Advantages of Waste Prevention 84
• 5.14 Waste Reduction and Performance 85
• 5.15 Recovery of Plastics 85
• 5.16 Remarks 86
• References 87
• 6 Plastics Waste Management 91
• 6.1 Principles 91
• 6.2 Objective 92
• 6.3 Requirements 92
• 6.4 Management Concept 93
• 6.5 Waste Collection 93
• 6.6 Separation and Cleaning 94
• 6.7 Scientific Thinking 95
• 6.8 Outcome 95
• 6.9 Effective Management 95
• 6.10 Dynamic Thinking 96
• 6.11 Multi-Phase Approach 97
• 6.12 Significance 97
• 6.13 Progressive Management Characteristics 98
• 6.14 Risks in Plastics Waste Management 99
• 6.15 Factors - Affect, Suffer, and Influence 99
• 6.16 Operational Problems 100
• 6.17 Sustainability and Symbolic Management 100
• 6.18 Environmental Conservation 101
• 6.19 Decision-Making Process 101
• 6.20 Integrated Plastics Waste Management 102
• 6.21 Assignments 103
• 6.22 Advantages 104
• 6.23 Shortcomings 105
• References 106
• 7 Recycling Technology 109
• 7.1 Man-Made Material - Plastics 110
• 7.2 Substantial Prerequisite 110
• 7.3 Philosophy 111
• 7.4 Purpose of Recycling Technology 112
• 7.5 Fortune of Plastics Material 113
• 7.6 Methods of Recycling 113
• 7.7 Plastics Waste - Stream 115
• 7.8 Mixed Plastics Waste - Separation 117
• 7.9 Origination of Plastics Waste 118
• 7.10 Problems of Recycling and Controls 119
• 7.10.1 Problems 119
• 7.10.2 Controls 120
• 7.11 Physical Characterization and Identification 120
• 7.12 Recycling - A Resource 121
• 7.13 Recycling Technology 122
• 7.14 Primary Recycling 123
• 7.14.1 Reprocessing Essentials 124
• 7.15 Mechanical Recycling 124
• 7.15.1 Limitations 126
• 7.15.2 Processing Problems 126
• 7.16 Chemical Recycling 127
• 7.17 Energy Recovery 130
• 7.18 Pyrolysis 130
• 7.19 Types of Reactors and Process Design 134
• 7.19.1 Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 134
• 7.19.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor 135
• 7.19.3 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor 136
• 7.19.4 Two-Stage Pyrolysis System 136
• 7.19.5 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) 137
• 7.19.6 Pyrolysis in Supercritical Water (SCW) 138
• 7.19.7 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 138
• 7.20 Thermal Co-Processing 139
• 7.20.1 Advantages 140
• 7.21 Gasification 140
• 7.22 Plastics Waste and Recycling 141
• 7.22.1 Polyolefin 141
• 7.22.2 Polyvinyl Chloride 142
• 7.22.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate 142
• 7.23 Environmental Burdens 144
• 7.23.1 Incineration - Open Air 144
• 7.23.2 Plastics Waste in Concrete 145
• 7.23.3 Plastics Waste in Tar for Road Laying 145
• 7.24 Plastics Waste as Blends and Composites 146
• 7.25 Remarks 147
• References 147
• 8 Economy and Recycle Market 155
• 8.1 Economical Background 155
• 8.2 Growth Trajectory 156
• 8.3 Value of Plastics Waste 156
• 8.4 Economic Issues 157
• 8.5 Market Dynamics and Uncertainty 158
• 8.6 Fiscal Waste 159
• 8.7 Waste to Value 160
• 8.8 Industrial Ecology 161
• 8.9 Economic Advantages 163
• 8.10 Marketing Strategy 164
• 8.11 Modern Marketing Philosophy 165
• 8.12 Recycled Plastics Market 165
• 8.13 Industrial Marketing 167
• 8.14 Product Development and Marketing 168
• 8.15 Recycled Plastic Products and Consumer Market 169
• 8.16 Remarks 170
• References 171
• 9 Life Cycle Assessment 173
• 9.1 LCA and Plastics Waste 173
• Background 174
• 9.2 Life Cycle Assessment - A Tool to Assess Waste 175
• 9.3 Scientific Engineering 177
• 9.4 Purpose 177
• 9.5 Harmonization of LCA Me thod 178
• 9.6 Methodology 178
• 9.7 LCA Initiation 179
• 9.8 LCA in Plastics Waste 180
• 9.9 Advantages of LCA 181
• 9.10 Shortcomings of LCA 181
• 9.11 Environment Waste Auditi ng 182
• 9.12 Waste Prevention 183
• 9.13 Remarks 184
• References 184
• 10 Case Studies 189
• 10.1 Waste Dump and Health Hazards 189
• 10.2 Utilization of Plastics Was te 190
• 10.2.1 Europe 191
• 10.2.2 India 191
• 10.2.3 Japan 192
• 10.2.4 France 193
• 10.2.5 Other Countries 194
• 10.3 Use of Case Studies 195
• 10.4 Property Value 196
• 10.5 Case Study 1: Plastics Waste from the Electric and Electronic Field 196
• 10.5.1 Concept 196
• 10.5.2 Objective 197
• 10.5.3 Methodology 197
• 10.5.4 Experimental Method 198
• 10.5.5 Results 200
• 10.5.6 Conclusion 200
• 10.6 Case Study 2: Plastics Waste from the Automobile Industry 200
• 10.6.1 Background 200
• 10.6.2 Design 201
• 10.6.3 Disposal and Recovery 201
• 10.6.3.1 Recycling of Bumpers 201
• 10.6.4 Inference 201
• 10.7 Pros and Cons 203
• 10.7.1 Positive Thinking 203
• 10.7.2 Negative Effects 203
• 10.8 Research and Case Study 204
• 10.9 Remarks 204
• References 205
• 11 Present Trends 207
• 11.1 Economic Issues 207
• 11.2 Industry and Society 208
• 11.3 Landfilling 208
• 11.4 Effect of Single-Use Plastic Products 209
• 11.5 Effect on Food Packaging 209
• 11.6 Recycling Status 210
• 11.7 Present Research and Shortcomings 210
• 11.8 Population Growth and Waste 211
• 11.9 Remarks 212
• References 212
• 12 Future Trends 215
• 12.1 Present Problems 215
• 12.2 Incineration in Open Air 216
• 12.3 Environmental Advantages 217
• 12.4 Plastics Waste - Challenge 217
• 12.5 Environmental and Social Problems - Prevention 218
• 12.6 Reasons - Waste Accumulation 219
• 12.7 Ecological Issues 220
• 12.8 Facts about Bioplastics 220
• 12.9 Future Requirements 221
• 12.10 Remarks 222
• References 223
• Index 225.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The book provides clear explanations for newcomers to the subject as well as contemporary details and theory for the experienced user in plastics waste management. It is seldom that a day goes by without another story or photo regarding the problem of plastics waste in the oceans or landfills. While important efforts are being made to clear up the waste, this book looks at the underlying causes and focuses on plastics waste management. Plastics manufacturers have been slow to recognize their environmental impact compared with more directly polluting industries. However, the environmental pressures concerning plastics have forced the industry to examine their own recycling operations and implement plastics waste management. Plastics Waste Management realizes two ideals: That all plastics should be able to persist for as long as plastics are required, and that all plastics are recycled in a uniform manner regardless of the length of time for which it persists. The book examines plastics waste management and systems for the environment, as well the management approaches and techniques which are appropriate for managing the environment. It serves as an excellent and thoughtful plastics waste management handbook. This groundbreaking book: Identifies deficiencies in plastics waste management Extrapolates from experiences to draw some conclusions about plastics waste for persistence Describes methods how the waste related processing techniques should be used in recycling Shows how the consumer and industry can assess the performance of plastics waste management Explains waste utilization by recycling techniques as well as waste reduction Life cycle assessment as an important technique for recycling of persistent plastics waste.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface xiii
• 1 Introduction 1
• References 4
• 2 Plastics and Additives 7
• 2.1 Polymers 7
• 2.2 Plastics 8
• 2.3 Plastics Raw Material 9
• 2.4 Thermoplastics 9
• 2.4.1 Polyolefin 10
• 2.4.1.1 Polyethylene 11
• 2.4.1.2 Polypropylene 12
• 2.4.1.3 Polystyrene 14
• 2.4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 14
• 2.4.2 Polyester 16
• 2.4.3 Polycarbonate 17
• 2.4.4 Polyamide 18
• 2.4.5 Biodegradable Plastics 18
• 2.5 Thermosets 19
• 2.5.1 Phenol-formaldehyde 20
• 2.5.2 Unsaturated Polyester 20
• 2.6 Additives 20
• 2.6.1 Antioxidants 22
• 2.6.2 Slip Additives 22
• 2.6.3 Ultraviolet Stabilizers 23
• 2.6.4 Heat Stabilizers 23
• 2.6.5 Plasticizers 24
• 2.6.6 Lubricants 25
• 2.6.7 Flame Retardants 25
• 2.6.8 Mold Release Agents 26
• 2.6.9 Nucleating Agents 28
• 2.6.10 Fillers 29
• 2.7 Plastics - Applications 29
• 2.8 Remarks 30
• References 30
• 3 Plastics and Environment 35
• 3.1 Plastics and Conventional Materials - Comparison 35
• 3.2 Effects of Plastics Products and Environment 37
• 3.3 Landsite Effects 37
• 3.4 Chemical Environment 37
• 3.5 Marine Environment 38
• 3.6 Packaging Materials 40
• 3.7 Agricultural Fields 40
• 3.8 Waste Accumulation 41
• 3.9 Degradation of Plastics 41
• 3.9.1 Process Degradation 41
• 3.9.2 Environmental Degradation 43
• 3.10 Environmental Burdens 44
• 3.11 Industrial Ecosystem 45
• 3.12 Remarks 45
• References 45
• 4 Plastics Processing Technology 49
• 4.1 Background 49
• 4.2 Management - Plastics Processing 50
• 4.3 Plastic Materials - Variations 51
• 4.4 Technology 52
• 4.4.1 Injection Molding 54
• 4.4.2 Blow Molding 56
• 4.4.3 Extrusion 58
• 4.4.4 Thermoforming 59
• 4.4.5 Rotational Molding 60
• 4.4.6 Compression Molding 62
• 4.5 Productivity and Task 63
• 4.6 Waste Processing 64
• 4.7 Reprocess Material in Plastics Processing 65
• 4.8 Challenges and Opportunities 67
• 4.9 Remarks 67
• References 68
• 5 Plastics Waste - Consumer and Industry 69
• 5.1 Background 70
• 5.2 Plastics Waste 70
• 5.3 Polyolefin 71
• 5.4 Polypropylene 72
• 5.5 Polystyrene 72
• 5.6 Polyvinylchloride 72
• 5.7 Bioplastics 73
• 5.8 Additives and Environment 74
• 5.8.1 Heat Stabilizers 74
• 5.8.2 Plasticizers 74
• 5.8.3 Flame Retardants 75
• 5.8.4 Compatibilizers 75
• 5.9 Technological Aspects 76
• 5.10 Factors Influencing Plastics Waste 76
• 5.11 Waste Resources 77
• 5.11.1 Domestic Waste 77
• 5.11.2 Packaging Waste 78
• 5.11.3 E-Waste 79
• 5.11.4 Automotive Waste 80
• 5.11.5 Medical Plastics Waste 80
• 5.11.6 Agriculture Plastics Waste 81
• 5.11.7 Marine Plastics Waste 81
• 5.11.8 Mixed or Contaminated Plastics 82
• 5.12 Plastics Waste Reduction 82
• 5.13 Advantages of Waste Prevention 84
• 5.14 Waste Reduction and Performance 85
• 5.15 Recovery of Plastics 85
• 5.16 Remarks 86
• References 87
• 6 Plastics Waste Management 91
• 6.1 Principles 91
• 6.2 Objective 92
• 6.3 Requirements 92
• 6.4 Management Concept 93
• 6.5 Waste Collection 93
• 6.6 Separation and Cleaning 94
• 6.7 Scientific Thinking 95
• 6.8 Outcome 95
• 6.9 Effective Management 95
• 6.10 Dynamic Thinking 96
• 6.11 Multi-Phase Approach 97
• 6.12 Significance 97
• 6.13 Progressive Management Characteristics 98
• 6.14 Risks in Plastics Waste Management 99
• 6.15 Factors - Affect, Suffer, and Influence 99
• 6.16 Operational Problems 100
• 6.17 Sustainability and Symbolic Management 100
• 6.18 Environmental Conservation 101
• 6.19 Decision-Making Process 101
• 6.20 Integrated Plastics Waste Management 102
• 6.21 Assignments 103
• 6.22 Advantages 104
• 6.23 Shortcomings 105
• References 106
• 7 Recycling Technology 109
• 7.1 Man-Made Material - Plastics 110
• 7.2 Substantial Prerequisite 110
• 7.3 Philosophy 111
• 7.4 Purpose of Recycling Technology 112
• 7.5 Fortune of Plastics Material 113
• 7.6 Methods of Recycling 113
• 7.7 Plastics Waste - Stream 115
• 7.8 Mixed Plastics Waste - Separation 117
• 7.9 Origination of Plastics Waste 118
• 7.10 Problems of Recycling and Controls 119
• 7.10.1 Problems 119
• 7.10.2 Controls 120
• 7.11 Physical Characterization and Identification 120
• 7.12 Recycling - A Resource 121
• 7.13 Recycling Technology 122
• 7.14 Primary Recycling 123
• 7.14.1 Reprocessing Essentials 124
• 7.15 Mechanical Recycling 124
• 7.15.1 Limitations 126
• 7.15.2 Processing Problems 126
• 7.16 Chemical Recycling 127
• 7.17 Energy Recovery 130
• 7.18 Pyrolysis 130
• 7.19 Types of Reactors and Process Design 134
• 7.19.1 Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 134
• 7.19.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor 135
• 7.19.3 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor 136
• 7.19.4 Two-Stage Pyrolysis System 136
• 7.19.5 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) 137
• 7.19.6 Pyrolysis in Supercritical Water (SCW) 138
• 7.19.7 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 138
• 7.20 Thermal Co-Processing 139
• 7.20.1 Advantages 140
• 7.21 Gasification 140
• 7.22 Plastics Waste and Recycling 141
• 7.22.1 Polyolefin 141
• 7.22.2 Polyvinyl Chloride 142
• 7.22.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate 142
• 7.23 Environmental Burdens 144
• 7.23.1 Incineration - Open Air 144
• 7.23.2 Plastics Waste in Concrete 145
• 7.23.3 Plastics Waste in Tar for Road Laying 145
• 7.24 Plastics Waste as Blends and Composites 146
• 7.25 Remarks 147
• References 147
• 8 Economy and Recycle Market 155
• 8.1 Economical Background 155
• 8.2 Growth Trajectory 156
• 8.3 Value of Plastics Waste 156
• 8.4 Economic Issues 157
• 8.5 Market Dynamics and Uncertainty 158
• 8.6 Fiscal Waste 159
• 8.7 Waste to Value 160
• 8.8 Industrial Ecology 161
• 8.9 Economic Advantages 163
• 8.10 Marketing Strategy 164
• 8.11 Modern Marketing Philosophy 165
• 8.12 Recycled Plastics Market 165
• 8.13 Industrial Marketing 167
• 8.14 Product Development and Marketing 168
• 8.15 Recycled Plastic Products and Consumer Market 169
• 8.16 Remarks 170
• References 171
• 9 Life Cycle Assessment 173
• 9.1 LCA and Plastics Waste 173
• Background 174
• 9.2 Life Cycle Assessment - A Tool to Assess Waste 175
• 9.3 Scientific Engineering 177
• 9.4 Purpose 177
• 9.5 Harmonization of LCA Me thod 178
• 9.6 Methodology 178
• 9.7 LCA Initiation 179
• 9.8 LCA in Plastics Waste 180
• 9.9 Advantages of LCA 181
• 9.10 Shortcomings of LCA 181
• 9.11 Environment Waste Auditi ng 182
• 9.12 Waste Prevention 183
• 9.13 Remarks 184
• References 184
• 10 Case Studies 189
• 10.1 Waste Dump and Health Hazards 189
• 10.2 Utilization of Plastics Was te 190
• 10.2.1 Europe 191
• 10.2.2 India 191
• 10.2.3 Japan 192
• 10.2.4 France 193
• 10.2.5 Other Countries 194
• 10.3 Use of Case Studies 195
• 10.4 Property Value 196
• 10.5 Case Study 1: Plastics Waste from the Electric and Electronic Field 196
• 10.5.1 Concept 196
• 10.5.2 Objective 197
• 10.5.3 Methodology 197
• 10.5.4 Experimental Method 198
• 10.5.5 Results 200
• 10.5.6 Conclusion 200
• 10.6 Case Study 2: Plastics Waste from the Automobile Industry 200
• 10.6.1 Background 200
• 10.6.2 Design 201
• 10.6.3 Disposal and Recovery 201
• 10.6.3.1 Recycling of Bumpers 201
• 10.6.4 Inference 201
• 10.7 Pros and Cons 203
• 10.7.1 Positive Thinking 203
• 10.7.2 Negative Effects 203
• 10.8 Research and Case Study 204
• 10.9 Remarks 204
• References 205
• 11 Present Trends 207
• 11.1 Economic Issues 207
• 11.2 Industry and Society 208
• 11.3 Landfilling 208
• 11.4 Effect of Single-Use Plastic Products 209
• 11.5 Effect on Food Packaging 209
• 11.6 Recycling Status 210
• 11.7 Present Research and Shortcomings 210
• 11.8 Population Growth and Waste 211
• 11.9 Remarks 212
• References 212
• 12 Future Trends 215
• 12.1 Present Problems 215
• 12.2 Incineration in Open Air 216
• 12.3 Environmental Advantages 217
• 12.4 Plastics Waste - Challenge 217
• 12.5 Environmental and Social Problems - Prevention 218
• 12.6 Reasons - Waste Accumulation 219
• 12.7 Ecological Issues 220
• 12.8 Facts about Bioplastics 220
• 12.9 Future Requirements 221
• 12.10 Remarks 222
• References 223
• Index 225.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The book provides clear explanations for newcomers to the subject as well as contemporary details and theory for the experienced user in plastics waste management. It is seldom that a day goes by without another story or photo regarding the problem of plastics waste in the oceans or landfills. While important efforts are being made to clear up the waste, this book looks at the underlying causes and focuses on plastics waste management. Plastics manufacturers have been slow to recognize their environmental impact compared with more directly polluting industries. However, the environmental pressures concerning plastics have forced the industry to examine their own recycling operations and implement plastics waste management. Plastics Waste Management realizes two ideals: That all plastics should be able to persist for as long as plastics are required, and that all plastics are recycled in a uniform manner regardless of the length of time for which it persists. The book examines plastics waste management and systems for the environment, as well the management approaches and techniques which are appropriate for managing the environment. It serves as an excellent and thoughtful plastics waste management handbook. This groundbreaking book: Identifies deficiencies in plastics waste management Extrapolates from experiences to draw some conclusions about plastics waste for persistence Describes methods how the waste related processing techniques should be used in recycling Shows how the consumer and industry can assess the performance of plastics waste management Explains waste utilization by recycling techniques as well as waste reduction Life cycle assessment as an important technique for recycling of persistent plastics waste.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface: Complicated Inheritances vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Plastic Matter 1
• 1. Plasticity 21
• 2. Synthetic Universality 39
• 3. Plastic Media 63
• 4. Queer Kin 81 Conclusion: Plastic Futures 103 Notes 109 Bibliography 135 Index 155.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Plastic is ubiquitous. It is in the Arctic, in the depths of the Mariana Trench, and in the high mountaintops of the Pyrenees. It is in the air we breathe and the water we drink. Nanoplastics penetrate our cell walls. Plastic is not just any material-it is emblematic of life in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In Plastic Matter Heather Davis traces plastic's relations to geology, media, biology, and race to show how matter itself has come to be understood as pliable, disposable, and consumable. The invention and widespread use of plastic, Davis contends, reveals the dominance of the Western orientation to matter and its assumption that matter exists to be endlessly manipulated and controlled by humans. Plastic's materiality and pliability reinforces these expectations of what matter should be and do. Davis charts these relations to matter by mapping the queer multispecies relationships between humans and plastic-eating bacteria and analyzing photography that documents the racialized environmental violence of plastic production. In so doing, Davis provokes readers to reexamine their relationships to matter and life in light of plastic's saturation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface: Complicated Inheritances vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Plastic Matter 1
• 1. Plasticity 21
• 2. Synthetic Universality 39
• 3. Plastic Media 63
• 4. Queer Kin 81 Conclusion: Plastic Futures 103 Notes 109 Bibliography 135 Index 155.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Plastic is ubiquitous. It is in the Arctic, in the depths of the Mariana Trench, and in the high mountaintops of the Pyrenees. It is in the air we breathe and the water we drink. Nanoplastics penetrate our cell walls. Plastic is not just any material-it is emblematic of life in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In Plastic Matter Heather Davis traces plastic's relations to geology, media, biology, and race to show how matter itself has come to be understood as pliable, disposable, and consumable. The invention and widespread use of plastic, Davis contends, reveals the dominance of the Western orientation to matter and its assumption that matter exists to be endlessly manipulated and controlled by humans. Plastic's materiality and pliability reinforces these expectations of what matter should be and do. Davis charts these relations to matter by mapping the queer multispecies relationships between humans and plastic-eating bacteria and analyzing photography that documents the racialized environmental violence of plastic production. In so doing, Davis provokes readers to reexamine their relationships to matter and life in light of plastic's saturation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Plastic is one of the most useful and important materials in modern society, but the environment impacts of plastic cannot be ignored. The objective of this report is to help companies manage the opportunties and risks associated with plastic use. It articulates the business case for companies to improve their measurement, disclosure and management of plastic use in their designs, operations and supply chains. In order to provide a sense of scale, the report sets out to quantify the physical impacts of plastic use translated into monetary terms. This metric can be used to help understand the magnitude of the opportunities, and the tangible benefits to stakeholders, including shareholders, of using plastic in an envionmentally sustainable way.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface xiii
• Acknowledgments xvii
• List of Plastic Materials xix
• 1 The Anthropocene 1
• 1.1 Energy Futures 6
• 1.1.1 Fossil Fuel Energy 8
• 1.1.1.1 Oil 8
• 1.1.1.2 Coal 9
• 1.1.1.3 Gas 10
• 1.1.1.4 Nuclear Energy 11
• 1.1.2 Renewable Energy 12
• 1.1.2.1 Wind Energy 12
• 1.1.2.2 Solar Energy 13
• 1.1.2.3 Solar Biomass Energy 13
• 1.2 Materials Demand in the Future 14
• 1.2.1 Materials of Construction 15
• 1.2.2 Metal Resources 16
• 1.2.3 Critical Materials 18
• 1.2.4 Plastic Materials 19
• 1.3 Environmental Pollution 22
• 1.3.1 Classifying Pollution Impacts 23
• 1.3.2 Climate Change and Global Warming 24
• References 27
• 2 A Sustainability Primer 31
• 2.1 The Precautionary Principle 33
• 2.1.1 Objectives in Sustainability 35
• 2.2 Microeconomics of Sustainability: The Business Enterprise 36
• 2.3 Models on Implementing Sustainability 38
• 2.4 Life Cycle Analysis 41
• 2.5 The Emerging Paradigm and the Plastics Industry 44
• 2.5.1 Examples from Plastics Industry 47
• 2.5.1.1 Using the Minimum Energy Needed to Manufacture Products 47
• 2.5.1.2 Using the Energy Mix with a Minimal Environmental Footprint 47
• 2.5.1.3 Recovering Waste Process Energy for Reuse 48
• 2.5.1.4 Using Only as Much Material as Is Needed to Ensure Functionality 48
• 2.5.1.5 Using More of Renewable and Recycled Raw Materials 48
• 2.5.1.6 Reusing and Recycling Postuse Products 49
• 2.5.1.7 Minimizing Externalities at Source: Green Chemistry 49
• 2.5.1.8 Avoiding Toxic Components and Potential Hazards Associated with Products and Processes 50
• 2.5.1.9 Converting the Pollutants into Resources 50
• References 51
• 3 An Introduction to Plastics 55
• 3.1 Polymer Molecules 56
• 3.1.1 Size of Polymer Molecules 57
• 3.2 Consequences of Long ]Chain Molecular Architecture 59
• 3.2.1 Molecular Weight of Chain Molecules 59
• 3.2.2 Tacticity 61
• 3.2.3 Partially Crystalline Plastics 62
• 3.2.4 Chain Branching and Cross ]Linking 63
• 3.2.5 Glass Transition Temperature 66
• 3.3 Synthesis of Polymers 67
• 3.3.1 Addition or Chain Growth Reaction 68
• 3.3.2 Condensation or Step Growth Reaction 69
• 3.3.3 Copolymers 72
• 3.4 Testing of Polymers 72
• 3.4.1 T ensile Properties 73
• 3.4.2 Thermal Properties: DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) 74
• 3.4.3 Thermal Properties: TGA 76
• 3.5 Common Plastics 76
• 3.5.1 Polyethylenes 77
• 3.5.2 Polypropylenes 78
• 3.5.3 Polystyrene 78
• 3.5.4 Poly(vinyl chloride) 80
• References 81
• 4 Plastic Products 83
• 4.1 Plastics: The Miracle Material 84
• 4.2 Plastic Production, Use, and Disposal 88
• 4.2.1 From Resin to Products 90
• 4.2.1.1 Resin Manufacture 90
• 4.2.1.2 Compounding 90
• 4.2.1.3 Processing into Product 91
• 4.3 Processing Methods for Common Thermoplastics 91
• 4.3.1 Injection Molding 91
• 4.3.2 Extrusion 95
• 4.3.3 Blow Molding 95
• 4.4 The Environmental Footprint of Plastics 97
• 4.4.1 Energy Considerations in Resin Manufacture 98
• 4.4.2 Atmospheric Emissions from Plastics Industry 101
• 4.5 Plastics Additives 103
• 4.5.1 Fillers for Plastics 106
• 4.5.2 Plasticizers in PVC 106
• 4.6 Biopolymer or Bio ]Derived Plastics 107
• 4.6.1 Bio ]Based Plastics and Sustainability 109
• 4.6.2 Emerging Bio ]Based Plastics 111
• 4.6.2.1 Bio ]PE 112
• 4.6.2.2 Bio ]PET
• 112
• 4.6.2.3 PLA 113
• 4.6.2.4 Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 115
• 4.6.2.5 Bio ]Based Thermosets: PU 116
• References 116
• 5 Societal Benefits of Plastics 121
• 5.1 Transportation Applications of Plastics 122
• 5.1.1 Passenger Cars 122
• 5.1.2 Air and Sea Transport 124
• 5.2 Benefits from Plastic Packaging 126
• 5.2.1 Waste Reduction 129
• 5.2.2 Chemical and Microbial Protection 130
• 5.3 Plastics in Agriculture 131
• 5.4 Building Industry Applications 132
• 5.4.1 Pipes, Conduit, and Cladding 133
• 5.4.2 Extruded PVC Cladding and Window Frames 134
• 5.4.3 Foam Insulation 135
• 5.4.4 Wood Plastic Composites 137
• 5.5 Original Equipment Manufacture (OEM) 138
• 5.6 Using Plastics Sustainably 139
• References 140
• 6 Degradation of Plastics in the Environment 145
• 6.1 Defining Degradability 146
• 6.2 Chemistry of Light ]Induced Degradation 147
• 6.2.1 Light ]Initiated Photo ]Oxidation in PE and PP 150
• 6.2.2 Embrittlement and Fragmentation 152
• 6.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Effects on Degradation 154
• 6.2.4 Wavelength ]Dependent Photodamage 155
• 6.2.5 Testing Plastics for Photodegradability 157
• 6.3 Enhanced Photodegradable Polyolefins 160
• 6.3.1 Effects of Photodegradation on Biodegradation 162
• 6.4 Biodegradation of Polymers 163
• 6.4.1 Terminology and Definitions 165
• 6.4.2 Biodegradable Plastics 168
• 6.4.3 Testing Readily Biodegradable Plastics 170
• 6.5 Biodegradability of Common Polymers 173
• 6.5.1 Additives that Enhance Degradation in Common Polymers 175
• 6.5.2 Degradable Plastics and Sustainable Development 176
• References 178
• 7 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals 185
• 7.1 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals Used in Plastics Industry 187
• 7.2 BPA {2,2 ]Bis(4 ]Hydroxyphenyl)Propane} 187
• 7.2.1 Exposure to BPA 190
• 7.2.2 Effects of Exposure to BPA 192
• 7.2.3 Dose Response Relationships of BPA 194
• 7.2.4 Safe Levels of BPA 194
• 7.2.5 Contrary Viewpoint on BPA 196
• 7.2.6 Environmental Sustainability and BPA 197
• 7.3 Phthalate Plasticizers 198
• 7.3.1 Exposure to Phthalates 201
• 7.3.2 Toxicity of Phthalates 203
• 7.3.3 Environmental Sustainability and Phthalates 203
• 7.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) 204
• 7.4.1 Toxicity of PBDEs 207
• 7.4.2 Environmental Sustainability and PBDE 208
• 7.5 Alkylphenols and Their Ethoxylates (APE) 209
• 7.6 EDCs and PET Bottles 209
• References 212
• 8 Plastics and Health Impacts 227
• 8.1 Packaging versus the Contents 228
• 8.1.1 Packaging Milk in HDPE 230
• 8.1.2 Overpackaging 232
• 8.2 Package Food Interactions 233
• 8.2.1 Oxygen and Water Permeability 234
• 8.2.2 Additive Migration and Toxicity 236
• 8.2.3 Residual Monomer in Packaging Resin 240
• 8.2.4 Scalping of Flavor Components 240
• 8.3 Styrene and Expanded Polystyrene Food Service Materials 242
• 8.3.1 Exposure to Styrene from Packaging 244
• 8.3.2 Leachate from PET Bottles 244
• 8.4 Ranking Common Plastics 245
• 8.4.1 PVC 248
• References 249
• 9 Managing Plastic Waste 255
• 9.1 Recovery of Waste 258
• 9.1.1 Material Recycling 261
• 9.1.2 Feedstock Recovery 261
• 9.1.3 Energy Recovery 261
• 9.2 Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for Feedstock Recovery 261
• 9.2.1 Direct Thermolysis 261
• 9.2.2 Hydrogenation or hydrocracking 264
• 9.2.3 Gasification 265
• 9.2.3.1 Thermal Gasification 265
• 9.2.3.2 Plasma Arc Gasification 266
• 9.2.4 Feedstock Recycling 267
• 9.2.5 Landfilling 271
• 9.2.6 Plastics Waste Incineration 272
• 9.2.7 Biological Recovery Technologies 274
• 9.3 Sustainable Waste Management Choices 275
• 9.4 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics 278
• 9.4.1 Recycling: A Sustainable Choice 281
• 9.5 Recycling Bottles: Beverage Bottles and Jugs 282
• 9.5.1 Bottle ]to ]Bottle Recycling 282
• 9.5.2 Open ]Loop Recycling 284
• 9.5.3 Recycling of HDPE 285
• 9.6 Designing for Recyclability 285
• References 286
• 10 Plastics in the Oceans 295
• 10.1 Origins of Plastics in the Ocean 297
• 10.2 Weathering of Plastics in the Ocean Environment 299
• 10.2.1 Beach (Supralittoral) Zone 300
• 10.2.2 Surface Water Zone 301
• 10.2.3 Deep Water and Sediment Zones 301
• 10.2.3.1 Comparison of the Weathering Rates in Different Zones 301
• 10.3 Microplastic Debris 304
• 10.3.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics 305
• 10.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutant in Microplastics 307
• 10.3.3 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Species 309
• 10.4 Ocean Litter and Sustainability 310
• References 311
• Index 319.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Survey s the issues typically raised in discussions of sustainability and plastics Discusses current issues not covered in detail previously such as ocean litter, migration of additives into food products and the recovery of plastics Covers post-consumer fate of plastics on land and in the oceans, highlighting the environmental impacts of disposal methods Details toxicity of plastics, particularly as it applies to human health Presents a clear analysis of the key plastic-related issues including numerous citations of the research base that supports and contradicts the popularly held notions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Documentary encompasses three years of filming in 12 countries on five continents as it details plastic's path over the last 100 years and the effects it has had on the environment. Discusses solutions to issues such as recycling, toxicity, and biodegradability as well as marine debris

• Preface i
• Acknowledgements ii
• Glossary iii
• Chapter 1. Introduction to Sustainability 1
• 1.1 Sustainability Definition
• 1.2 Green Chemistry Definitions
• 1.3 Green Engineering Definitions
• 1.4 Sustainability Definitions for Manufacturing
• 1.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
• 1.6 Lean and Green Manufacturing
• 1.7 Summary
• 1.8 References
• 1.9 Review Questions
• 1.10 Review Problems
• 1.11 Review Exercises
• Chapter 2. Environmental Issues 13
• 2.1 The Planet is Warming
• 2.2 Melting of Glaciers
• 2.3 Rising Seas
• 2.4 Causes of Global Warming
• 2.5 Ocean Pollution and Marine Debris
• 2.6 Chemical Pollution from Plastics
• 2.7 Landfill Trash
• 2.8 Summary
• 2.9 References
• 2.10 Review Questions
• 2.11 Review Problems
• 2.12 Review Exercises
• Chapter 3. Life Cycle Information 46
• 3.1 LCA for Environmental Hazards
• 3.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Definitions
• 3.3 ISO 14040/14044 LCA Standards
• 3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
• 3.5 Minimal Acceptable Framework for Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)
• 3.6 LCI for Petroleum-Based Plastics
• 3.7 LCA for Biobased Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)
• 3.8 Summary
• 3.9 References
• 3.10 Review Questions
• 3.11 Review Problems
• 3.12 Review Exercises
• Chapter 4. Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers 63
• 4.1 Biobased and Biodegradable Definitions
• 4.2 Biobased Polymers
• 4.3 Petroleum-based Compostable Polymers
• 4.4 LCA of Compostable and Biodegradable Polymers
• 4.5 Summary
• 4.6 Review Questions
• 4.7 Review Problems
• 4.8 Review Exercises
• Chapter 5. Biobased and Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics 95
• 5.1 Biobased Conventional Plastics
• 5.2 Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics
• 5.3 Oxodegradable Additives for Plastics
• 5.4 Summary
• 5.5 References
• 5.6 Review Questions
• 5.7 Review Problems
• 5.8 Review Exercises
• Chapter 6. End-of-Life Options for Plastics 113
• 6.1 U.S. EPA WARM Program
• 6.2 Mechanical recycling of plastics
• 6.3 Chemical recycling
• 6.4 Composting
• 6.5 Waste to energy
• 6.6 Landfill Operations
• 6.7 LCA of end-of-life options
• 6.8 Summary
• 6.9 References
• 6.10 Review Questions
• 6.11 Review Problems
• 6.12 Review Exercises
• Chapter 7. Sustainable Plastic Products 129
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Sustainable plastic packaging
• 7.3 Sustainable plastic grocery bags
• 7.4 LCA of sustainable plastic bottles
• 7.5 Summary
• 7.6 References
• 7.7 Review Questions
• 7.8 Review Problems
• 7.9 Review Exercises
• Chapter 8. Biobased and Biodegradation Standards for Polymeric Materials 169
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Biobased standard test method
• 8.3 Industrial Compost Environment
• 8.4 Marine Environment
• 8.5 Anaerobic Digestion
• 8.6 Active Landfill
• 8.7 Home Compost
• 8.8 Soil biodegradation
• 8.9 Summary
• 8.10 References
• 8.11 Review Questions
• 8.12 Review Problems
• 8.13 Review Exercises
• Chapter 9. Sustainable Strategies for Plastics Companies 213
• 9.1 Sustainable plastics manufacturing and best practices
• 9.2 Manual creation of LCA calculations
• 9.3 Carbon Credits and Carbon Taxes
• 9.4 Summary
• 9.5 References
• 9.6 Review Questions
• 9.7 Review Problems
• 9.8 Review Exercises
• Chapter 10. Future Sustainable Plastics 223
• 10.1 Sustainable biobased plastics from renewable non-food sources
• 10.2 Sustainable traditional plastics from renewable non-food sources
• 10.3 Growth in biobased plastics with development of durable goods
• 10.4 Growth in biobased plastics for pharmaceuticals and medical devices
• 10.5 Summary
• 10.6 References
• 10.7 Review Questions
• 10.8 Review Problems
• 10.9 Review Exercises
• Appendix A. Injection Molding 234
• A.1 Introduction
• A.2 Process control during injection molding
• A.3 Molds for injection molding
• A.4 Molding defects
• A.5 References
• Appendix B. Extrusion 249
• B.1 Introduction
• B.2 Extrusion processing
• B.3 Extrusion process control
• B.4 Extrusion defects
• B.5 References
• Appendix C. Blow Molding 257
• C.1 Extrusion blow molding
• C.2 Injection stretch blow molding
• C.3 References
• Appendix D. Industrial Compost Biodegradation Testing 261
• D.1 Methodology
• D.2 Materials
• D.3 Carbon Content Testing Results
• D.4 Biodegradation Results
• D.5 Phytotoxicity Testing
• D.6 Regulated Heavy Metals Testing
• D.7 References
• Appendix E. Marine Biodegradation Testing 269
• E.1 Methodology
• E.2 Materials
• E.3 Experimental Set-up
• E.4 Marine Biodegradation Results
• Appendix F. Answers to Selected Questions at the End of Each Chapter 274
• Appendix G. Index 278.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Providing guidelines for implementing sustainable practices for traditional petroleum based plastics, biobased plastics, and recycled plastics, Sustainable Plastics and the Environment explains what sustainable plastics are, why sustainable plastics are needed, which sustainable plastics to use, and how manufacturing companies can integrate them into their manufacturing operations. A vital resource for practitioners, scientists, researchers, and students, the text includes impacts of plastics including Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) and sustainability strategies related to biobased plastics and petroleum based plastics as well as end-of-life options for petroleum and biobased plastics.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)