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A seed planting system providing optimal seed spacing in an agricultural field. The seed planting system includes a mobile seed planter having one or more planting shoes, or members being adapted for towing by a farm vehicle or being self-propelled. Sensors, disposed proximate to respective planting shoes, detect seed planting events and send corresponding signals to a computer. Contemporaneously, a geospatial locator acquires, and transmits to the computer, the geospatial location of each planted seed. The computer correlates the geospatial location data with the seed deposition data and generates a seed distribution profile indicating the location of each seed planted in a zone of interest to enable the control of speed spacing.

• Chapter 1 Adaptation of Lichens to Extreme Conditions.-
• Chapter 2 Adaptive mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Resurrection Plants.-
• Chapter 3 Dehydration- and Freezing Resistance of Lichenized Fungi.-
• Chapter 4 Adaptation in Algae to Environmental Stress and Ecological Conditions.-
• Chapter 5 Biochemical and Molecular Responses in Higher Plants Under Salt Stress.-
• Chapter 6 Biochar Mitigates Salinity Stress in Plants.-
• Chapter 7 Fly Ash-Induced Metabolic Adaptations in Three Ferns.-
• Chapter 8 The multiple Properties of Some of the Lichenized Ascomycetes: Biological Activity and Active Metabolites.-
• Chapter 9 Metabolic Profiling and Its Plausible Environmental Significance in a Common Himalayan Lichen.-
• Chapter 10 Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crop Plants: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects.-
• Chapter 11 Plant Adaptation to Recalcitrant Chemicals.-
• Chapter 12 Plant Growth Under Stress Conditions: Boon or Bane.-
• Chapter 13 Adaptation Strategies of Plants Against Common Inorganic Pollutants and Metals.-
• Chapter 14 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: Adaptation, Mitigation and Environmental Policy.-
• Chapter 15 Nitric Oxide (NO) and Physio-Biochemical Adaptation in plants Against Stress.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book addresses the crucial aspects of plant adaptation strategies in higher as well as lower plant groups. Stress induced by changing environmental conditions disrupts or alter various physiological and metabolic processes in organisms, however, plants have evolved various defence strategies to cope with external perturbations. The book discusses speciation changes in response to extreme ecological conditions such as cold, heat, aridity, salinity, altitude, incidental UV radiation and high light intensity, which are particularly relevant in the current scenario of global warming. It also explores the effects of human activities and emission of phytotoxic gases. Further, it describes the overall adaptation strategies and the multifaceted mechanisms involved (integrated complex mechanism), ranging from morphological to molecular alterations, focusing on plants' capabilities to create an inner environment to survive the altered or extreme conditions. This book is a valuable tool for graduate and research students, as well as for anyone working on or interested in adaptation strategies in plants.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

A control system for controlling the output of at least one plant process output parameter is implemented by adaptive model predictive control using a neural network. An improved method and apparatus provides for sampling plant output and control input at a first sampling rate to provide control inputs at the fast rate. The MPC system is, however, provided with a network state vector that is constructed at a second, slower rate so that the input control values used by the MPC system are averaged over a gapped time period. Another improvement is a provision for on-line training that may include difference training, curvature training, and basis center adjustment to maintain the weights and basis centers of the neural in an updated state that can follow changes in the plant operation apart from initial off-line training data.

A method for detecting and identifying faulty component candidates during off-normal operations of nuclear power plants involves the qualitative analysis of macroscopic imbalances in the conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum in thermal-hydraulic control volumes associated with one or more plant components and the functional classification of components. The qualitative analysis of mass and energy is performed through the associated equations of state, while imbalances in momentum are obtained by tracking mass flow rates which are incorporated into a first knowledge base. The plant components are functionally classified, according to their type, as sources or sinks of mass, energy and momentum, depending upon which of the three balance equations is most strongly affected by a faulty component which is incorporated into a second knowledge base. Information describing the connections among the components of the system forms a third knowledge base. The method is particularly adapted for use in a diagnostic expert system to detect and identify faulty component candidates in the presence of component failures and is not limited to use in a nuclear power plant, but may be used with virtually any type of thermal-hydraulic operating system.

Plants experience stress due to environmental changes, either in biotic or abiotic form, during their life cycle. Non-heritable modifications in morphological, physiological or biochemical characteristics tend to reduce or decrease growth and productivity, and sometimes lead to death.This book presents an exhaustive overview of the specific effects and modifications that could occur in this regard, and will serve to consolidate the ideas to promote standardization of plant adaptation to these changes in the environment. This book returns to the facts of both biotic and abiotic stress, detailing an essential aspect of plant life in the context of stress response.The text is a comprehensive, current reference that effectively addresses issues and concerns related to plant stress in natural environments. Although many reference books about abiotic stress and other environmental stresses have been published, they all exist in relative isolation from one another, covering only one specific topic. This book is, rather, a comprehensive review of all aspects of the responses of plants to changes in the environment.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction (W.K. Smith, T.C. Vogelmann, C. Critchley).- Chloroplast to Leaf (J. Evans, T.C. Vogelmann, W.E. Williams, H.L. Gorton).- Leaf to Landscape (A. Cescatti, U. Niinemets).- Chloroplast to Leaf (N.R. Baker, D.R. Ort, J. Harbinson, J. Whitmarsh).- Chloroplast to Leaf (J.R. Evans, I. Terashima, Y. Hanba and F. Loreto).- Leaf to Landscape (M. Williams, F.I. Woodward, D.D. Baldocchi, D. Ellsworth).- Chloroplast to Leaf (T.D. Sharkey, S.E. Weise, A.J. Standish).- Leaf to Landscape (D.S. Ellsworth, U. Niinemets, P.B. Reich).- Chloroplast to Leaf (F. Loreto, N.R. Baker, D.R. Ort).- Leaf to Landscape (S.D. Smith, E. Naumberg, U. Niinemets, M.J. Germino).- Summary and Future Perspectives (W.K. Smith, P.S. Nobel, W.A. Reiners, T.C. Vogelmann, C. Critchley).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Photosynthetic Adaptation: Chloroplast to Landscape thoroughly studies photosynthetic mechanisms at each structural level, from cells to leaves, crown, and canopy. The authors question whether photosynthetic adaptations take place primarily at the metabolic and biochemical level or through changes in structure and form, or both. In the interest of genetic engineering and agricultural applications, the authors analyze the relative importance of genes that control both metabolic and light reactions as well as the structure, arrangement, and orientation of photosynthesis.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Investigating survival
• limits to plant distributions
• plant survival in the Arctic
• polar and altitudinal limits to tree survival
• the anaerobic retreat
• survival in coastal habitats
• survival on the forest floor
• drought survival
• surviving predation
• surviving pollution.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Aimed at advanced undergraduates and professionals in the fields of plant ecology, plant physiology and biogeography, this book is based on a framework of ecological case histories starting with the Arctic and moving progressively south. Most major European and North American plant communities are discussed from physiological, biochemical and genetic viewpoints in an attempt to determine the nature of ecological limits to plant survival.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Plant-soil interactions in a changing world: a climate change perspective / Abhik Patra, Hamuman Singh Jatav, Mohsina Anjum et al.
• Role of carbon cycle in soil productivity and carbon fluxes under changing climate / Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain, Muhammad Ashar Ayub et al.
• Molecular advances in plant root system architecture response and redesigning for improved performance under unfavorable environments / Indu, Dalpat Lal, Rajesh Kumar Singhal et al.
• Nanotechnology-based biofortification : a plant-soil interaction modulator/enhancer / Alviya Sultana, Neetu Talreja, Mohammad Ashfaq et al.
• Transcription factors involved in plant responses to stress adaptation / Sahil, Radhika Keshan, Shabir A. Rather
• Nitrate assimilation : cross talk between plants and soil / Zoya Shaikh, Ahmad Ali
• Next-generation genetic engineering tools for abiotic stress tolerance in plants / Akbar Hossain, Sharif Ahmed, Tariq Aftab
• Omics approaches for improving abiotic stress tolerance in rice : recent advances and future prospects / Rahil Shahzad, Shakra Jamil, Asif Ali Khan et al.
• Interactions of phytohormones with abiotic stress factors under changing climate / Abbu Zaid, Muntazir Mushtaq and Shabir Hussain Wani
• The role of soil microbes in the plant adaptation to stresses : current scenario and future perspective / Ameena A. Al-Surhanee, Mona H. Soliman, Salama A. Ouf
• CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing for improved stress tolerance in plants / Deepu Pandita
• Photosynthetic and cellular responses in plants under saline conditions / Khan Bilal Mukhtar Ahmed, Sarika Singh, Tariq Aftab et al.

• Physiological and molecular strategies of plant adaptationin phosphorus-deficient soils / Muhamma Khsahi u Rahman, Faisal Siddique
• Biotic stresses on plants: reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant mechanism / Saurav Suman, Diksha Bagal, Archana Singh et al.
• Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies of plants under heavy metal micronutrient deficiency/toxicity conditions / Muhammad Ashar Ayub, Muhammad Zia ur Rehman, Hamaad Raza Ahmad et al.
• Halophytes as effective tool for phytodesalination and land reclamation / Nair G. Sarath, Pallyath Sruthi, Jos T. Puthur et al.
• Role of nickel in regulation of nitrogen metabolism in legume-rhizobium symbiosis under critical conditions / Rukhsar Parwez, Aarifa Nabi, M. Naeem et al.
• Beneficial aspects of cobalt uptake in plants exposed to abiotic stresses / Aditya Banerjee, Aryadeep Roychoudhury
• Iron in the soil-plant-human continuum / Abhik Patra, Vinod Kumar Sharma, Ajin S. Anil et al.
• The molecular mechanism of brassinosteroids in mediating the abiotic stress responses of plants / Saima Liaqat, Peer Saffeullah, Tariq Omar Siddiqi et al.
• Emerging roles of osmoprotectant glycine betaine against salt-induced oxidative stress in plants : a major outlook of maize (Zea mays L.) / Akbar Hossain, Biswajit Pramanick, Tariq Aftab et al.
• Ecodesigning for ecological sustainability / Nazish Huma Khan, Mohammad Nafees, Tooba Saeed et al.

Plants face a wide range of environmental challenges, which are expected to become more intense as a result of global climate change. Plant-soil interactions play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems. Soil properties represent a strong selection pressure for plant diversity and influence the structure of plant communities and biodiversity. The complexity of plant-soil interactions has recently been studied by developing a trait-based approach in which responses and effects of plants on soil environment are quantified and modelled. This fundamental research on plant-soil interaction in ecosystems is essential to transpose knowledges of functional ecology to environmental management. Frontiers in Plant-Soil Interaction: Molecular Insights into Plant Adaptation will address topics that provide advances in understanding plant responses to soil conditions through the integration of genetic, molecular, and plant-level studies of diverse biotic and abiotic stresses under field and laboratory conditions. This book will be beneficial to students and researchers working on stress physiology and stress proteins, genomics, proteomics, genetic engineering and other fields of plant-soil interactions. Frontiers in Plant-Soil Interaction will also help scientists explore new horizons in their area of research.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Adapting to a carbonated world
• Fitting in
• On migration
• Feast or famine
• Our oldest and newest energy
• Localizing home
• Self-reliance 2.0
• The pragmatism of adaptation.

"An ecologist takes the uniquely positive--yet realistic--position that we can adapt and persist despite the inevitable effects of climate change. In Finding Higher Ground, Amy Seidl brings us emerging stories of adaptation from both the natural world and human communities, offering examples of how ecosystems, plants, and animals are responding on behavioral and genetic levels to environmental change. Reducing our carbon footprint is vital, but climate change is already in motion. In looking at this change as an opportunity for cultural evolution, Seidl's perspective flies in the face of prevailing fatalism. While she acknowledges that some species will not make it, her overall message--backed up by current, sound science--inspires readers to move beyond loss into optimism and action"-- Provided by publisher.

• Chapter 1 Adaptation of Lichens to Extreme Conditions.-
• Chapter 2 Adaptive mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance in Resurrection Plants.-
• Chapter 3 Dehydration- and Freezing Resistance of Lichenized Fungi.-
• Chapter 4 Adaptation in Algae to Environmental Stress and Ecological Conditions.-
• Chapter 5 Biochemical and Molecular Responses in Higher Plants Under Salt Stress.-
• Chapter 6 Biochar Mitigates Salinity Stress in Plants.-
• Chapter 7 Fly Ash-Induced Metabolic Adaptations in Three Ferns.-
• Chapter 8 The multiple Properties of Some of the Lichenized Ascomycetes: Biological Activity and Active Metabolites.-
• Chapter 9 Metabolic Profiling and Its Plausible Environmental Significance in a Common Himalayan Lichen.-
• Chapter 10 Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crop Plants: Physiological and Biochemical Aspects.-
• Chapter 11 Plant Adaptation to Recalcitrant Chemicals.-
• Chapter 12 Plant Growth Under Stress Conditions: Boon or Bane.-
• Chapter 13 Adaptation Strategies of Plants Against Common Inorganic Pollutants and Metals.-
• Chapter 14 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: Adaptation, Mitigation and Environmental Policy.-
• Chapter 15 Nitric Oxide (NO) and Physio-Biochemical Adaptation in plants Against Stress.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book addresses the crucial aspects of plant adaptation strategies in higher as well as lower plant groups. Stress induced by changing environmental conditions disrupts or alter various physiological and metabolic processes in organisms, however, plants have evolved various defence strategies to cope with external perturbations. The book discusses speciation changes in response to extreme ecological conditions such as cold, heat, aridity, salinity, altitude, incidental UV radiation and high light intensity, which are particularly relevant in the current scenario of global warming. It also explores the effects of human activities and emission of phytotoxic gases. Further, it describes the overall adaptation strategies and the multifaceted mechanisms involved (integrated complex mechanism), ranging from morphological to molecular alterations, focusing on plants' capabilities to create an inner environment to survive the altered or extreme conditions. This book is a valuable tool for graduate and research students, as well as for anyone working on or interested in adaptation strategies in plants.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

Mimicry is a classic example of adaptation through natural selection. The traditional focus of mimicry research has been on defence in animals, but there is now also a highly-developed and rapidly-growing body of research on floral mimicry in plants. This has coincided with a revolution in genomic tools, making it possible to explore which genetic and developmental processes underlie the sometimes astonishing changes that give rise to floral mimicry. Being literally rooted to one spot, plants have to cajole animals into acting as couriers for their pollen. Floral mimicry encompasses a set of evolutionary strategies whereby plants imitate the food sources, oviposition sites, or mating partners of animals in order to exploit them as pollinators. This first definitive book on floral mimicry discusses the functions of visual, olfactory, and tactile signals, integrating them into a broader theory of organismal mimicry that will help guide future research in the field. It addresses the fundamental question of whether the evolutionary and ecological principles that were developed for protective mimicry in animals can also be applied to floral mimicry in plants. The book also deals with the functions of floral rewardlessness, a condition which often serves as a precursor to the evolution of mimicry in plant lineages. The authors pay particular attention to the increasing body of research on chemical cues: their molecular basis, their role in cognitive misclassification of flowers by pollinators, and their implications for plant speciation. Comprehensive in scope and conceptual in focus, Floral Mimicry is primarily aimed at senior undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in plant science and evolutionary biology.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1 An overview of crop improvement: Understanding plant adaptation to achieve systematic applied crop improvement - a fundamental challenge, M. Cooper, D.E. Byth
• Research approaches for variable rainfed systems - thinking globally, acting locally, K.S. Fischer. Part 2 Analysis of genotype by environment interactions: Analysis of multi-environment trials - an historical perspective I.H. DeLacy et al
• Multienvironment testing by the international network for genetic evaluation of rice (INGER), S.W. et al
• Status report of the international multi-environment trials of the ICRISAT mandate crops, G. Alagarswamy et al--The CIMMYT wheat program's international multi-environment trials, P.N. Fox
• Relationships among analytical methods for analysis of genotype adaptation in multi-environment trials, M. Cooper et al
• A comparison between pattern analysis conducted on environment standardised data and AMMI models for the analysis of data from multi-environment trials, C.G. McLaren
• Experimental design for the conduct of multi-environment trials, K.E. Basford et al
• Analysis and interpretation of data from the crop variety testing program in western Australia, R.F. Gilmour et al
• Retrospective analysis of historical data from multi-environment trials I: theoretical development, I.H. DeLacy et al
• Retrospective analysis of historical data from multi-environment trials II: case studies, I.H. DeLacy et al
• Three-mode analytical methods for the analysis of data from multi-environment trials, K.E. Basford et al
• Selection for grain quality traits in early generation barley breeding trials using the method of residual maximum likelihood (REML), R.F. Gilmour et al
• The international wheat information system, P.N. Fox. Part 3 Interpretation of genotype by environment interactions: Physiological basis of genotype by environment interactions, F.R. Bidinger et al
• A physiological approach for the understanding of genotype by environment interactions - a case study on improvement of drought adaptation in groundnut, G.C. Wright et al
• Characterising environmental challenges using models, R.C. Muchow et al
• Using environmental characterisation and village surveys to identify breeding strategies for pearl millet, E.J. van Oosterom et al
• Using simulation models to relate physiological traits to the performance of rice genotypes, P.K. Aggarwal et al
• Integrating physiological understanding and plant breeding via crop modelling and optimisation, G.L. Hammer et al
• Comparing simulation and experimental approaches to analyzing genotype by environmental interactions for yield in rainfed lowland rice, S.A. Henderson et al. (Part contents).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work has been adapted from a series of papers presented at The International Workshop on The Analysis and Exploitation of Plant Adaptation in Agricultural Crop Improvement Programs held at ICRISAT, India, in late-1994. The book contains chapters which consider: theoretical and applied aspects of analyzing aspects of plant adaptation in multi-environment experiments; how information on plant adaptation can be used in plant breeding programmes; selection for plant adaptation; Genotype by Environment (GxE) interactions in plant breeding; methodologies for interpreting the causes of GxE interactions; case studies on how to accommodate the effects of GxE interactions; research strategies for understanding GxE interactions and differences in plant adaptation; and other topics related to crop improvement. There is a particular focus on the opportunities for increasing the efficiency of crop improvement by understanding the basis of variation for plant adaptation in agricultural production systems. Crop improvement strategies based on combinations of the statistical modelling methodologies used by plant breeders and the crop modelling methodologies used by crop physiologist/agronomists are developed and case studies discussed.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)