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• Contents List of photographs ix Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations and acronyms xiii Introduction 1 Interdisciplinary perspectives on monuments 4 Monument and memorial 11 Structure of this book 12
• 1 Cultural heritage conservation and policy 19 Introduction 19 Biased heritage landscape 20 Monuments and the `soft revolution' 23 Developing conservation policy in a `new' South Africa 28 Respecting the symbolic markers of the old order 29 The need for old monuments as points of reference 32 New heritage legislation 34
• 2 Paying tribute: The first public memorials to the victims of the liberation movements 41 Introduction 41 Competition ANC - PAC 43 Mamelodi township 46 Umkhonto memorial 47 Contestation 49 PAC memorial initiative 5 Pointing to the dead 52 Rival stakeholders in the representation of the past 55 Conclusion 57
• 3 Coming to terms with trauma: The TRC and memorials to the victims of apartheid violence 61 Introduction 61 Apartheid violence and its victims 62 Symbolic gestures of reconciliation 72 The need for truth and reconciliation 75 Material and symbolic reparations 77 The role of memorials in individual and group mourning 80 Acknowledging loss and suffering 82 Dealing with trauma 84 Discomforting memories 90 Conclusion 95
• 4 Imagining community through bereavement: The institutionalisation of traumatic memory 97 Introduction 97 Upgrading Solomon Mahlangu square 99 Public holidays and `shrines of the nation' 102 Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct 104 The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum 109 Remembering June
• 16: Pars pro toto 112 Design and symbolism of the memorial 115 The Museum 118 Memorials turned monuments? 119 Commodification 121 Party-political appropriation 123 Community identification with newly installed heritage 128 Conclusion 134
• 5 Dealing with the commemorative legacy of the past 137 Introduction 137 Destruction, damage and vandalism 138 The removal of Verwoerd statues and busts 140 Relocating monuments 144 Dealing with soviet-era statues in post-communist societies 146 The concept of statue parks in post-apartheid South Africa 152 Re-interpretation 156 Case study: The Terrorism Memorial in Pretoria 158 Recasting personalities 160 Re-positioning the VTM 164 Conclusion 172
• 6 Defining national identity with heritage: The National Legacy Project 175 Foundation myth of the post-apartheid nation 176 The National Legacy Project: Constitutive phase 182 Portfolio of Legacy Projects and Consultation 187 Three priority legacy projects 192 Finalising the canon 196 Proposed New Legacy Projects 200 Conclusion 204
• 7 Freedom Park as national site of identification 209 Early conceptualisation 211 The symbolism of the site 214 Design and consultation 215 Site orientation and Isivivane 220 The Sikhumbuto and the Wall of Names 226 Designing an authentic African monument? 228 Inclusion/exclusion 230 Contestation and counter monuments 233 Who will visit Freedom Park? 237 Conclusion 239
• 8 Celebrating `mothers of the nation': The Monument to the Women of South Africa in Pretoria 243 Introduction 243 Historical background of the 1956 Women's March 244 Nasionale Vrouemonument in Bloemfontein 247 Historical background of the Pretoria monument initiative 250 Countering the Vrouemonument 252 Inclusions/exclusions 255 Under-representation of women's contributions 259 Criteria for heroism 262 Commemorating remarkable women throughout the nation 263 Humility and other visual characteristics of women's memorials 269 Conclusion 272
• 9 Africanising the symbolic landscape: Post-apartheid monuments as `critical response' 275 Introduction 275 The Battle of Blood River and its commemoration 278 Blood River museum initiative 280 Ncome's inclusion in the National Legacy Project 284 Ncome as a symbol of reconciliation 286 Ncome as response to Blood River 289 Museum exhibition 291 Ncome: Success or failure? 295 Multiple interpretations 296 Countering contested heritage 298 Monuments as critical response versus `counter-monuments' 300 Imitating western models of commemoration 301 Some examples of monuments as critical response: battlefield memorials 307 Public statuary as critical response 310 Conclusion 315
• 10 Commodification, tourism and the need for visual markers
• 317 Introduction 317 Tourism, heritage and identity 318 Tourism as a lifeline for contested heritage 321 Spirit of eMakhosini: Intangible heritage and the need for visual markers 322 Nelson Mandela as a tourist attraction: Freedom Statue in Port Elizabeth 328 Other Mandela statue initiatives 333 Monuments and the symbolic reshaping of the urban environment 339 Statues and name changes: Tshwane 340 Conclusion 345 Conclusion 347 References 355 Table of post-apartheid monuments 387 Index 401.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Under the aegis of the post-apartheid government, much emphasis has been placed on the transformation and democratisation of the heritage sector in South Africa since 1994. The emergent new landscape of memory relies heavily on commemorative monuments, memorials and statues aimed at reconciliation, nation-building and the creation of a shared public history. But not everyone identifies with these new symbolic markers and their associated interpretation of the past. Drawing on a number of theoretical perspectives, this book critically investigates the flourishing monument phenomenon in South Africa, the political discourses that fuel it; its impact on identity formation, its potential benefits, and most importantly its ambivalences and contradictions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Space, memory and identity in the postapartheid city Part I: Planning Fictions
• 1. Planning Fictions-- The Limits of Spatial Engineering and Governance in a Cape Flats Ghetto
• 2. 'Manenberg Avenue is Where it's Happening'
• 3. Remaking Modernism-- South African Architecture In and Out of Time
• 4. Engaging with Difference-- Understanding the Limits of Multiculturalism in Planning in the South African Context
• 5. Missing in Khayelitsha Part II: Sites of Memory and Identity
• 6. Memory, Nation Building and the Postapartheid City-- The Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg
• 7. Picturing Cape Town
• 8. Memory and the Politics of History in the District Six Museum
• 9. A Second Life-- Heritage, Museums, Mimesis, and the Tour Guides of Robben Island
• 10. Social Institutions as 'Places of Memory' and 'Places to Remember'-- The Case of the Ottery School of Industries
• 11. Living in the Past-- Historic Futures in Double Time Part III: Burial Sites
• 12. On a Knife-Edge or in the Fray-- Managing Heritage Sites in a Vibrant Democracy
• 13. Leaving the City-- Gender, Pastoral Power and the Discourse of Development in the Eastern Cape
• 14. The World Below-- Postapartheid, Urban Imaginaries and the Bones of the Prestwich Street Dead Part IV: Transit Spaces
• 15. Transit Spaces-- Picturing Urban Change
• 16. Paths of Nostalgia and Desire through Heritage Destinations at the Cape of Good Hope
• 17. Museums on Cape Town's Township Tours
• 18. Public Reflections
• 19. A Renaissance on our Doorsteps Afterword-- Lines of Desire.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This ground-breaking new work draws together a cross-section of South African scholars to provide a lively and comprehensive review of the under-researched area of heritage practice following the introduction of the National Heritage Resources Act. Looking at the daily heritage debates, from naming streets to projects such as the Gateway to Robben Island, "Desire Lines" addresses the innovative strategies that have emerged in the practice of defining, identifying and developing heritage sites. In a unique multi-disciplinary approach, contributions are featured from a broad spectrum of fields, including the built environment and public culture and education. Showcasing work from tour operators and museum curators alongside that of university-based scholars, this book is a comprehensive and singularly authoritative volume that charts the development of new and emergent public cultures in post apartheid South Africa through the making and unmaking of its urban spaces. This pioneering collection of essays and case studies is an indispensable guide for those working within or studying heritage practice.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This work is mediation on the shaping of time and its impact on living with and understanding atrocity in South Africa in the wake of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). It is an examination of the ways that the institutionalization of memory has managed perceptions of time and "transition, " of events and happenings, of sense and emotion, of violence and recovery, of the "past" and the "new." Through this process a public language of "memory" has been carved into collective modes of meaning. It is a language that seems deprived of the hopes, dreams, and possibilities for the promise of a just and redemptive future it once nurtured. Truth commission are profoundly implicated in the social politics of memorialisation. Memory, as a conceptual, historical, and experiential discourse about "the past, " relates to the ways in which cruelty is integrated into societal understandings, which include cognitive and philosophic frameworks and constructions of social meaning. The politics of historical truth, of memory and of justice, play out in unintended ways. There is not only the ongoing struggle for survivors of state terror, but also the ways that the everyday shapings of silences, the emptiness of reconciliation and the fracturing of hope remain embedded in political life.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Contents List of photographs ix Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations and acronyms xiii Introduction 1 Interdisciplinary perspectives on monuments 4 Monument and memorial 11 Structure of this book 12
• 1 Cultural heritage conservation and policy 19 Introduction 19 Biased heritage landscape 20 Monuments and the `soft revolution' 23 Developing conservation policy in a `new' South Africa 28 Respecting the symbolic markers of the old order 29 The need for old monuments as points of reference 32 New heritage legislation 34
• 2 Paying tribute: The first public memorials to the victims of the liberation movements 41 Introduction 41 Competition ANC - PAC 43 Mamelodi township 46 Umkhonto memorial 47 Contestation 49 PAC memorial initiative 5 Pointing to the dead 52 Rival stakeholders in the representation of the past 55 Conclusion 57
• 3 Coming to terms with trauma: The TRC and memorials to the victims of apartheid violence 61 Introduction 61 Apartheid violence and its victims 62 Symbolic gestures of reconciliation 72 The need for truth and reconciliation 75 Material and symbolic reparations 77 The role of memorials in individual and group mourning 80 Acknowledging loss and suffering 82 Dealing with trauma 84 Discomforting memories 90 Conclusion 95
• 4 Imagining community through bereavement: The institutionalisation of traumatic memory 97 Introduction 97 Upgrading Solomon Mahlangu square 99 Public holidays and `shrines of the nation' 102 Sharpeville Human Rights Precinct 104 The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum 109 Remembering June
• 16: Pars pro toto 112 Design and symbolism of the memorial 115 The Museum 118 Memorials turned monuments? 119 Commodification 121 Party-political appropriation 123 Community identification with newly installed heritage 128 Conclusion 134
• 5 Dealing with the commemorative legacy of the past 137 Introduction 137 Destruction, damage and vandalism 138 The removal of Verwoerd statues and busts 140 Relocating monuments 144 Dealing with soviet-era statues in post-communist societies 146 The concept of statue parks in post-apartheid South Africa 152 Re-interpretation 156 Case study: The Terrorism Memorial in Pretoria 158 Recasting personalities 160 Re-positioning the VTM 164 Conclusion 172
• 6 Defining national identity with heritage: The National Legacy Project 175 Foundation myth of the post-apartheid nation 176 The National Legacy Project: Constitutive phase 182 Portfolio of Legacy Projects and Consultation 187 Three priority legacy projects 192 Finalising the canon 196 Proposed New Legacy Projects 200 Conclusion 204
• 7 Freedom Park as national site of identification 209 Early conceptualisation 211 The symbolism of the site 214 Design and consultation 215 Site orientation and Isivivane 220 The Sikhumbuto and the Wall of Names 226 Designing an authentic African monument? 228 Inclusion/exclusion 230 Contestation and counter monuments 233 Who will visit Freedom Park? 237 Conclusion 239
• 8 Celebrating `mothers of the nation': The Monument to the Women of South Africa in Pretoria 243 Introduction 243 Historical background of the 1956 Women's March 244 Nasionale Vrouemonument in Bloemfontein 247 Historical background of the Pretoria monument initiative 250 Countering the Vrouemonument 252 Inclusions/exclusions 255 Under-representation of women's contributions 259 Criteria for heroism 262 Commemorating remarkable women throughout the nation 263 Humility and other visual characteristics of women's memorials 269 Conclusion 272
• 9 Africanising the symbolic landscape: Post-apartheid monuments as `critical response' 275 Introduction 275 The Battle of Blood River and its commemoration 278 Blood River museum initiative 280 Ncome's inclusion in the National Legacy Project 284 Ncome as a symbol of reconciliation 286 Ncome as response to Blood River 289 Museum exhibition 291 Ncome: Success or failure? 295 Multiple interpretations 296 Countering contested heritage 298 Monuments as critical response versus `counter-monuments' 300 Imitating western models of commemoration 301 Some examples of monuments as critical response: battlefield memorials 307 Public statuary as critical response 310 Conclusion 315
• 10 Commodification, tourism and the need for visual markers
• 317 Introduction 317 Tourism, heritage and identity 318 Tourism as a lifeline for contested heritage 321 Spirit of eMakhosini: Intangible heritage and the need for visual markers 322 Nelson Mandela as a tourist attraction: Freedom Statue in Port Elizabeth 328 Other Mandela statue initiatives 333 Monuments and the symbolic reshaping of the urban environment 339 Statues and name changes: Tshwane 340 Conclusion 345 Conclusion 347 References 355 Table of post-apartheid monuments 387 Index 401.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Under the aegis of the post-apartheid government, much emphasis has been placed on the transformation and democratisation of the heritage sector in South Africa since 1994. The emergent new landscape of memory relies heavily on commemorative monuments, memorials and statues aimed at reconciliation, nation-building and the creation of a shared public history. But not everyone identifies with these new symbolic markers and their associated interpretation of the past. Drawing on a number of theoretical perspectives, this book critically investigates the flourishing monument phenomenon in South Africa, the political discourses that fuel it; its impact on identity formation, its potential benefits, and most importantly its ambivalences and contradictions.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgments List of Museums Visited List of Abbreviations Introduction: Desegregating the Past
• 1. Memory Entrepreneurs: History in the Making
• 2. The Curated Past: Remembering the Collective
• 3. Managing Collective Representations
• 4. Memory Deviants: Breaking the Collective Conclusion: Museumification of Memory Notes Selected Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

At the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg, South Africa, visitors confront the past upon arrival. They must decide whether to enter the museum through a door marked "whites" or another marked "non-whites." Inside, along with text, they encounter hanging nooses and other reminders of apartheid-era atrocities. In the United States, museum exhibitions about racial violence and segregation are mostly confined to black history museums, with national history museums sidelining such difficult material. Even the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture is dedicated not to violent histories of racial domination but to a more generalized narrative about black identity and culture. The scale at which violent racial pasts have been incorporated into South African national historical narratives is lacking in the U.S. Desegregating the Past considers why this is the case, tracking the production and display of historical representations of racial pasts at museums in both countries and what it reveals about underlying social anxieties, unsettled emotions, and aspirations surrounding contemporary social fault lines around race. Robyn Autry consults museum archives, conducts interviews with staff, and recounts the public and private battles fought over the creation and content of history museums. Despite vast differences in the development of South African and U.S. society, Autry finds a common set of ideological, political, economic, and institutional dilemmas arising out of the selective reconstruction of the past. Museums have played a major role in shaping public memory, at times recognizing and at other times blurring the ongoing influence of historical crimes. The narratives museums produce to engage with difficult, violent histories expose present anxieties concerning identity, (mis)recognition, and ongoing conflict.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Making history memorable--
• 1. Translating the past: Apartheid monuments in post-apartheid South Africa--
• 2. Robben Island: Site of memory / Site of nation--
• 3. Mixed histories: District six--
• 4. New histories for old: Museological strategies--
• 5. New histories for old: The place of "ethnicity" in the "New" South Africa--
• 6. New subjectivities for the new Nation-- Epilogue: Changing places.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The democratic election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa in 1994 marked the demise of apartheid and the beginning of a new struggle to define the nation's past. "History After Apartheid" analyzes how, in the midst of the momentous shift to an inclusive democracy, South Africa's visual and material culture represented the past while at the same time contributing to the very process of social transformation. Considering attempts to invent and recover historical icons and narratives, art historian Annie E Coombes examines how strategies for embodying different models of historical knowledge and experience are negotiated in public culture - in monuments, museums and contemporary fine art. "History After Apartheid" explores the dilemmas posed by a wide range of visual and material culture including key South African heritage sites.How prominent should Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress be in the museum at the infamous political prison on Robben Island? How should the post-apartheid government deal with the Voortrekker Monument mythologizing the Boer Trek of 1838? Coombes highlights the contradictory investment in these sites among competing constituencies and the tensions involved in the rush to produce new histories for the 'new' South Africa. She reveals how artists and museum officials struggled to adequately represent painful and difficult histories ignored or disavowed under apartheid - including slavery, homelessness and the attempted destruction of KhoiSan hunter-gatherers. Describing how contemporary South African artists address historical memory and the ambiguities uncovered by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Coombes illuminates a body of work dedicated to the struggle to simultaneously remember the past and move forward into the future.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Acknowledgments List of Museums Visited List of Abbreviations Introduction: Desegregating the Past
• 1. Memory Entrepreneurs: History in the Making
• 2. The Curated Past: Remembering the Collective
• 3. Managing Collective Representations
• 4. Memory Deviants: Breaking the Collective Conclusion: Museumification of Memory Notes Selected Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

At the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg, South Africa, visitors confront the past upon arrival. They must decide whether to enter the museum through a door marked "whites" or another marked "non-whites." Inside, along with text, they encounter hanging nooses and other reminders of apartheid-era atrocities. In the United States, museum exhibitions about racial violence and segregation are mostly confined to black history museums, with national history museums sidelining such difficult material. Even the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture is dedicated not to violent histories of racial domination but to a more generalized narrative about black identity and culture. The scale at which violent racial pasts have been incorporated into South African national historical narratives is lacking in the U.S. Desegregating the Past considers why this is the case, tracking the production and display of historical representations of racial pasts at museums in both countries and what it reveals about underlying social anxieties, unsettled emotions, and aspirations surrounding contemporary social fault lines around race. Robyn Autry consults museum archives, conducts interviews with staff, and recounts the public and private battles fought over the creation and content of history museums. Despite vast differences in the development of South African and U.S. society, Autry finds a common set of ideological, political, economic, and institutional dilemmas arising out of the selective reconstruction of the past. Museums have played a major role in shaping public memory, at times recognizing and at other times blurring the ongoing influence of historical crimes. The narratives museums produce to engage with difficult, violent histories expose present anxieties concerning identity, (mis)recognition, and ongoing conflict.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

"This publication forms part of a bigger research project on the history of the liberation struggle in the Northern Cape (NC). The purpose here is to explore the role of traditional leaders and their communities in the struggle against colonisation. ... A significant part of the resistance offered by traditional leaders was focused on countering the destabilisation and fragmentation of indigenous life that resulted from colonisation. Both the Dutch and subsequent British colonisation of the Cape resulted in the disintegration of the indigenous Khoesan societies living there...." -- Introduction.