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• Introduction / Dominique Ritleng
• Lost in transition : the European Commission between intergovernmentalism and integration / Jean Paul Jacqué
• The politics of delegation in the European Union / Renaud Dehousse
• The independence and legitimacy of the European Court of Justice / Dominique Ritleng
• The independence of the European Central Bank and its new banking supervisory competences / Chiara Zilioli
• Independence, interdependence and legitimacy : the EU Commission, national competition authorities, and the European Competition Network / Giorgio Monti
• EU agencies and independence / Ellen Vos.

As EU non-majoritarian bodies such as the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank grow in political influence, many have identified the pressing need to keep these bodies accountable to the repositories of the EU's democratic legitimacy. This collection of essays sheds light on the inherent tension between independence and legitimacy in the EU's institutional system and explores the options of reconciling the two. Featuring analysis from both legal and political perspectives, the volume assesses whether, to what extent, and how it is possible to control the various EU independent bodies and make them answerable for what they do, while at the same time upholding their independence.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: democratic legitimacy and international institutions - republican intergovernmentalism, cosmopolitan statism, and the demoicratic reconnection of the EU
• Part I. Cosmopolitanism, Statism and Republicanism: Democracy, Legitimacy and Sovereignty: 1. Cosmopolitism and statism: global interdependence and national self-determination
• 2. Justice, legitimacy and republicanism: non-domination and the global circumstances of legitimate politics
• 3. Sovereignty, republicanism and the democratic legitimacy of the EU
• Part II. A Republican EU of Sovereign States: Republican Intergovernmentalism, Demoicracy and Non-Domination: 4. Representing the people's of Europe: addressing the demoicratic disconnect
• 5. Union citizenship - supra- and post-national, trans-national or inter-national?
• 6 Differentiated integration and the demoicratic constitution of the EU
• Conclusion: the global trilemma, the future of the EU and Brexit.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Combining international political theory and EU studies, Richard Bellamy provides an original account of the democratic legitimacy of international organisations. He proposes a new interpretation of the EU's democratic failings and how they might be addressed. Drawing on the republican theory of freedom as non-domination, Bellamy proposes a way to combine national popular sovereignty with the pursuit of fair and equitable relations of non-domination among states and their citizens. Applying this approach to the EU, Bellamy shows that its democratic failings lie not with the democratic deficit at the EU level but with a democratic disconnect at the member state level. Rather than shifting democratic authority to the European Parliament, this book argues that the EU needs to reconnect with the different 'demoi' of the member states by empowering national parliaments in the EU policy-making process.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• L'intérêt général comme concept de légitimation
• L'intérêt général : une notion nationale transposable au niveau européen ?
• Théorie nationale de l'intérêt général
• Les approches volontariste et utilitariste de l'intérêt général
• L'intérêt général en tant qu'idéologie ?
• L'intérêt général est-il une valeur
• L'intérêt général, outil du juge français
• Une théorie de l'intérêt général dans un cadre supranational
• Structuration de l'intérêt général
• Représentation et participation dans l'intérêt général
• Le "déficit de légitimité" du droit dérivé européen
• La question de la légitimité du processus d'intégration
• De quelle légitimation s'agit-il
• Les pistes de légitimation autonome du droit européen
• La primauté et l'effet direct vs le principe de spécialité et d'attribution
• La puissance relative de la primauté et de l'effet direct
• L'affaiblissement du principe d'attribution et de subsidiarité
• Le métissage du droit européen par l'intérêt général européen
• Des frontières pour l'intérêt général européen
• La communautarisation : l'intérêt général européen comme principe d'unité
• Les frontières historiques et économiques
• Les frontières politiques
• Les frontières juridiques
• Intégration(s) et souveraineté(s) : l'intérêt général européen et le principe d'action
• Les types de décloisonnement et l'intérêt général européen
• La gouvernance européenne pour neutraliser le concept de souveraineté
• Abattre des murs ... ou ouvrir des portes ?
• L'indétermination conceptuelle de l'intérêt général européen au sein du droit européen
• Pluralité terminologique et indéfinition sémantique dans le droit primaire et dérivé
• Changement lexical opéré par le traité de Lisbonne
• Cartographie des intérêts en droit primaire
• L'émergence de caractéristiques de l'intérêt général de l'Union
• L'absence de la notion d'intérêt général en droit dérivé
• La prégnance de l'intérêt général européen dans les actes de communication de la Commission
• Les actes d'organisation de la Commission
• Les documents politiques de la Commission
• Le programme de travail annuel
• Les documents de dialogue et de positionnement
• Les documents de présentation de la Commission
• Le principe d'indépendance
• Les compétences dévolues
• L'intérêt général de l'Union comme outil d'intégration par le juge européen
• L'intérêt général européen hiérarchique
• L'intérêt général volontariste négatif
• L'intérêt général institutionnel discrétionnaire
• L'intérêt général national dérogatoire
• Les objectifs d'intégration
• Les motifs de dérogation
• Collaboration horizontale et "déférence" verticale du juge européen
• Le contrôle administratif européen
• Le contrôle constitutionnel européen
• La reconnaissance de l'intérêt national dans la définition de l'intérêt général européen
• Identifier la particularité pour formuler du commun
• L'incarnation par la Commission de l'intérêt général européen
• La fonction d'interprète
• La représentativité douce des États membres au sein de la Commission et le principe de collégialité
• Le décloisonnement interne de la Commission et le principe d'égalité des États membres et de leurs ressortissants

• Le principe de collégialité et l'indépendance de la Commission
• La doctrine intégrative (le lexique doctrinal)
• L'intérêt général européen comme fondement d'un discours d'auto-légitimation
• L'intérêt général européen, au fondement d'un destin partagé
• La fonction d'activation ou de distribution
• L'expertise comme source de légitimité et centralisation de l'information
• Neutralité et transparence
• Centralisation de l'information et sous-traitance de l'expertise
• Légistique et "Mieux légiférer"
• L'articulation et l'arbitrage des partenaires et acteurs européens
• L'initiatrice législative
• La gardienne des traités
• La relecture de la mission d'intérêt général au sein du Livre blanc sur la gouvernance européenne
• L'extension de la méthode communautaire
• La légitimité du droit européen
• L'articulation des acteurs
• La gouvemance européenne comme mission d'intérêt général
• L'intérêt général et la politique européenne de l'environnement
• La protection de l'environnement comme politique d'intérêt général de l'Union
• Une politique récente et multiniveaux
• Une compétence attribuée et coordonnée sur plusieurs niveaux
• Une compétence partagée et une politique dé-sectorialisée
• Une politique d'intégration positive et de précaution
• La gouvernance environnementale européenne
• La doctrine de la précaution
• La législation chimique REACH et le principe de participation
• REACH entre précaution et responsabilité
• Historique de REACH
• Le fonctionnement de REACH
• Première phase d'élaboration de REACH : l'approche de précaution
• Expertise et collégialité
• Deuxième phase d'élaboration de REACH: la participation
• Le principe d'ouverture (transparence) et la gestion de l'expertise
• Les détenteurs d'enjeux et la collégialité
• Démocratie versus efficacité
• Troisième phase de l'élaboration de REACH: l'adoption
• L'intérêt général européen au sein de REACH
• Le marché européen du carbone (SCEQE) et le principe de subsidiarité
• La coordination de la cohérence du SCEQE par la Commission européenne
• Historique du SCEQE
• Fonctionnement du marché carbone européen
• Le rôle leader de l'Union sur la scène internationale de la lutte pour le climat
• Le contrôle de la délimitation des compétences
• Coordination des niveaux et des acteurs
• Le rôle central des États membres
• Principes de participation et d'efficacité.

"En confiant la promotion de l'intérêt général à la Commission européenne qui n'exerce ni la fonction législative, ni la onction exécutive, ni la fonction judiciaire dans l'Union les raités esquissent un modèle institutionnel inédit qui postule une gouvernance fondée sur les principes de participation, d'efficacité et de subsidiarité. La gouvernance européenne ragmente l'Etat en décloisonnant les niveaux et les acteurs de la prise de décision. Au sein de cette gouvernance, la mission d'intérêt général de la Commission permet d'articuler les objectifs cristallisés dans les Traités (l'intérêt commun) avec les attentes et besoins évolutifs des Etats membres et des citoyens (les intérêts particuliers). Elle produit de la sorte un droit "isorropocratique" d'intérêt général, qui maintient un équilibre entre l'idéal européen et les acteurs du processus d'intégration, conférant ainsi une légitimité originale au droit européen."--P. [4] of cover.

• Legitimacy in administrative law : reform and reconstruction / Pascale Gonod
• Legitimacy in administrative law? a French perspective / Jacques Cailosse
• People as "users" and "citizens" : the quest for Legitimacy in British public administrative law / Andrew Le Sueur
• Legitimacy and accountability as a basis for administrative organisation and activity in Germany / Eberhard Schmidt-Assmann
• Legitimacy and accountability in Italian administrative law : a critical analysis / Giacinto della Cananea
• The legitimacy of the administration in Spain / Francisco Velasco Caballero
• Legitimacy issues in administrative law : historical approach, constitutional approach, fact-finding, approach to responsibility from a Swedish perspective / Gunilla Edelstam
• The history of legitimate administration in Europe / Juli Ponce Solé
• Democracy, legitimacy and accountability : is there a common European theoretical framework? / Roberto Caranta
• Legitimacy in administrative law : European Union / Paul Craig
• Historical and prospective views on comparative law as a tool to build a framework for legitimacy in Europe / Susana de la Sierra
• The legitimacy of administration : German ideas and how they are received in France / Patrice Chrétien
• Problems of legitimacy in contracting-out and privitisation / Catherine Donnelly
• Legitimacy : from politics to expertise and public opinion? / Dawn Oliver
• Legitimacy and accountability : integration and compensation / Athanasios Gromitsaris
• Comparative perspectives of administrative legitimacy / Matthias Ruffert.

• - Democracy and the European Union - EU Institutions - Historical and Comparative Perspectives - Political Theory for the European Union - Conclusion.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The European Union is a new subject for theories of legitimacy, posing fundamental questions to the established concepts and principles of democratic theory. General compliance and popular acceptance and respect for European law is at stake. The volume addresses the main challenges of the European Union to democratic theory. The legitimacy of such transnational institutions born by political integration has so far received some but scant attention. The mere existence of the Union proves that the sovereign state cannot remain the sole focus of normative reflection. Indeed, the very conception of sovereignty is at stake. The present volume combines political science and normative political theory to offer concepts, arguments and criteria that further these debates, addressing problems of principle.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Part 1 Citizenship and governance in the European Union: introduction - the puzzle of EU citizenship, Richard Bellamy and Alex Warleigh
• purposeful opportunists? EU institutions and the struggle over European citizenship, Alex Warleigh
• the "right to have rights" - citizenship practice and the political constitution of the European Union, Richard Bellamy. Part 2 Internal aspects of European citizenship: citizenship, rights and the EU ombudsman, Roy Gregory and Philip Giddings
• market citizenship - functionalism and fig-leaves, Tony Downes
• disintegrating sexuality - citizenship and the European Union, Carl F. Stychin
• the social citizen?, Mita Castle-Kanerova and Bill Jordan. Part 3 External aspects of European citizenship: the political economy of European citizenship, R.J. Barry Jones
• the international protection of the EU citizen - problems and prospects, Stelios Stavridis and Colleen Thouez
• invisible citizens? long-term resident third-country nationals in the EU and their struggle for recognition, Theodora Kostakopoulou
• appendix - treaty provisions on European citizenship (post-Treaty of Amsterdam).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

European citizenship has been a key issue since the Treaty of Maastricht. Both governmental and non-governmental actors have seen the extension of the citizenship provision as an important part of the drive to democratize the EU. Recent years have seen some important institutional and political developments. The Treaty of Amsterdam clarified the formal allocation of citizenship rights, emphasizing the complementary nature of EU citizenship with respect to member state nationality. European citizenship has attracted the attention of both EU and citizen scholars. However, these groups frequently talk past each other. This book addresses both groups. Contributions link citizenship not only to the Treaty provisions but also to the emerging pattern of governance in, and the policy regimes of, the EU. Normative and empirical analysis is combined to reveal the political, legal, economic and social dimensions of this new status, charting its development through the practices of both the EU institutions and its holders, EU citizens themselves. The authors argue that EU citizenship is about far more than the rights member state nationals are granted by the Treaty. It is also steeped in the policies and institutions of the Union itself and in particular their ability to engage the general public.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Situating the argument : legal history, institutional change, and integration theory
• The interwar crisis and the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance
• Supranational delegation and national executive leadership since the 1950s
• Supranational delegation and national judicial review since the 1960s
• Supranational delegation and national parliamentary scrutiny since the 1970s.

The implications of European integration for national democracy and constitutionalism are well known. Nevertheless, as the events of the last decade made clear, the EU's complex system of governance has been unable to achieve a democratic or constitutional legitimacy in its own right. In Power and Legitimacy: Reconciling Europe and the Nation-State, Peter L. Lindseth traces the roots of this paradox to integration's dependence on the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance on the national level. Supranational policymaking has relied on various forms of oversight from national constitutional bodies, following models that were first developed in the administrative state and then translated into the European context. These national oversight mechanisms (executive, legislative, and judicial) have over the last half-century developed to address the central disconnect in the integration process: between the need for supranational regulatory power, on the one hand, and the persistence of national constitutional legitimacy, on the other. In defining the ways European public law has sought to reconcile these two conflicting demands, Professor Lindseth lays the foundation for a better understanding of the "administrative, not constitutional" nature of European governance going forward.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Situating the argument: legal history, institutional change, and integration theory
• The interwar crisis and the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance
• Supranational delegation and national executive leadership since the 1950s
• Supranational delegation and national judicial review since the 1960s
• Supranational delegation and national parliamentary scrutiny since the 1970s
• Conclusion : the challenge of legitimizing Europeanized administrative governance .

The implications of European integration for national democracy and constitutionalism are well known. Nevertheless, as the events of the last decade made clear, the EU's complex system of governance has been unable to achieve a democratic or constitutional legitimacy in its own right. In Power and Legitimacy: Reconciling Europe and the Nation-State, Peter L. Lindseth traces the roots of this paradox to integration's dependence on the postwar constitutional settlement of administrative governance on the national level. Supranational policymaking has relied on various forms of oversight from national constitutional bodies, following models that were first developed in the administrative state and then translated into the European context. These national oversight mechanisms (executive, legislative, and judicial) have over the last half-century developed to address the central disconnect in the integration process: between the need for supranational regulatory power, on the one hand, and the persistence of national constitutional legitimacy, on the other. In defining the ways European public law has sought to reconcile these two conflicting demands, Professor Lindseth lays the foundation for a better understanding of the "administrative, not constitutional" nature of European governance going forward.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART I POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
• PART II POLITICAL SUPPORT FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

In 2004 the European Union was enlarged with ten new member states, eight of them previously communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. This enlargement was without precedent in the history of the Union and its predecessors. It is still to be seen how well the institutions as well as the citizens of the Union are able to cope with the consequences of this operation. The authors of this volume evaluate the effect of that enlargement on its legitimacy. They do so by assessing the effects of enlargement on the functioning of the process of political representation in the European Union and on the feelings of the European people towards the Union. This study is mainly based on data from the European Election Study 2004. This study made it for the first time possible to compare the attitudes and behaviour of citizens in the enlargement countries, in particular in Central and Eastern Europe, with their counterparts in the older member states. Some of the findings of this study are counterintuitive. In many respects the effects of enlargements are much smaller than often argued. The party systems of the new member states and the attitudes and behaviour of the voters of individual parties are very compatible with their counterparts in the older member states, making further European integration relatively easy. The same can be said about members of the European Parliament. On the other hand the mutual trust of the people in the older and new member states is extremely low and undermines the legitimacy of the enlarged Union.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Foreword List of Abbreviations
• Chapter 1. Introduction
• Chapter 2. Incompatibilities The Concept of 'Sovereignty' Federalism Democracy Conclusion
• Chapter 3. Inadequate Solutions The Recent Reform Debate Parliamentarisation Multi-Cameralism Federalism Conclusion
• Chapter 4. In Search of an Adequate Model: Theoretical Considerations Contract Theory Fiscal Federalism Concepts of Group Representation Network Analysis and Game Theory New Normative Democratic Theory Conclusion
• Chapter 5. A Proposal for the Democratisation of the EU The Practical Task A System of Veto Rights Regional Subunits: the Assignment of Powers Sectoral Subunits: How to Distinguish Them Procedures Some Illustrations A Summary of the Proposal
• Chapter 6. Major Objections Democratic Ambivalence (or: How Democratic is Democracy?) Democracy vs. Efficiency Biases and Asymmetries The acquis communautaire
• Chapter 7. Models and Realities Bibliography Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since the beginning of the European Community students of international politics and of international, resp. Constitutional law, have been wondering what kind of animal it is, and will be, once integration has been completed. Whereas the EC Treaty of 1957 stressed the economic aspects and envisioned a steady and dynamic progress towards a Single Market, it was conspicuously silent about the political implications of integration and the new democratic order. What is needed, so the author argues in this powerful and original contribution to the debate on democratisation of the European Union, is a flexible system that supplements the European decision-making process with various direct democratic instruments such as the use of referenda. These would serve to increase the accountability of the politicians without demanding or requiring a definitive resolution of the exact constitutional status of the Union.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART ONE: DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL IDENTITY
• PART TWO: DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL IDENTITY IN THE EU
• PART THREE: TESTING THE LINGUA FRANCA THESIS - BELGIUM AND SWITZERLAND COMPARED
• PART FOUR: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY AND POLITICAL IDENTITY IN THE EU.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Centripetal democracy is the idea that legitimate democratic institutions set in motion forms of citizen practice and representative behaviour that serve as powerful drivers of political identity formation. Partisan modes of political representation in the context of multifaceted electoral and direct democratic voting opportunities are emphasised on this model. There is, however, a strain of thought predominant in political theory that doubts the democratic capacities of political systems constituted by multiple public spheres. This view is referred to as the lingua franca thesis on sustainable democratic systems (LFT). Inadequate democratic institutions and acute demands to divide the political system (through devolution or secession), are predicted by this thesis. By combining an original normative democratic theory with a comparative analysis of how Belgium and Switzerland have variously managed to sustain themselves as multilingual democracies, this book identifies the main institutional features of a democratically legitimate European Union and the conditions required to bring it about. Part One presents a novel theory of democratic legitimacy and political identity formation on which subsequent analyses are based. Part Two defines the EU as a demoi-cracy and provides a thorough democratic assessment of this political system. Part Three explains why Belgium has largely succumbed to the centrifugal logic predicted by the LFT, while Switzerland apparently defies this logic. Part Four presents a model of centripetal democracy for the EU, one that would greatly reduce its democratic deficit and ensure that this political system does not succumb to the centrifugal forces expected by the LFT.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)