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• Section A
• 1. Effects of light quality on micropropagation of woody species
• 2. Propagation and DNA markers characterization of Populus tremula L. and Populus alba
• 3. Molecular DNA marker analysis to assess the genetic fidelity of micropropagated woody plants
• 4. Micropropagation of woody trees and fruits: Pathogen elimination and contamination management
• 5. Beneficial influences of Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the micropropagation of woody and fruit trees
• Section B
• 6. Micropropagation of tropical woody species
• 7. Micropropagation of Fagus spp.
• 8. Micropropagation of Eucalyptus
• 9. Micropropagation of Acacia species
• 10. In vitro propagation of Aegle marmelos (L) Corr., a medicinal tree
• Section C
• 11. Micropropagation of the grapevine (Vitis spp.)
• 12. Micropropagation of bananas
• 13. Micropropagation of arid zone fruit trees ofIndia
• 14. Micropropagation of apples (Malus sp.)
• 15 Micropropagation of small fruits
• 16. Micropropagation of Prunus sargentii Rehder and P. verecunda (Koidz) Koehe
• 17. Micropropagation of avocado (Persea americana Mill.)
• 18. Micropropagation of Carica papaya and related species
• 19. Micropropagation of Pistachio
• 20. Micropropagation of Citrus
• 21. Micropropagation of olive (Olea europaea L.)
• 22. Micropropagation of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.)
• 23. Micropropagation of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
• 24. Micropropagation oflitchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)
• Section D
• 25. Micropropagation of woody plants using bioreactor
• 26. Photoautotrophic micropropagation of woody and tropical plants
• 27. Thin cell layer (TCL) morphogenesis as a powerful tool in woody plant and fruit crop micropropagation and biotechnology, floral genetics and genetic transformation
• 28. Application of tissue culture to the germplasm conservation of temperate broad-leaf trees.

The key technology for biomass production of woody species is propagation via micropropagation. Recent development of in vitro culture techniques has made it possible to commercially propagate useful trees, both forest and fruit trees. In this book comprehensive information is provided on micropropagation of economically important forest and fruit trees, which is usually available in scattered literature. Topics cover a wide range, from tropical forest and fruit trees for paper or food supply, to Prunus species for local craft bark production. Micropropagation of Fagus, Eucalyptus, Acacia, Aegle and fruit trees such as grapevine, bananas, apples, avocado, papaya, pistachio, olive, kiwifruit, litchi, and tea is described. General subjects on light quality, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, pathogen elimination, molecular markers, bioreactor, photoautotrophism, thin cell layer and in vitro germplasm conservation are also described. We are convinced that such contents are extremely useful to researchers and students.

• Section I: Genetic Engineering and gene expression. 1. Optimization of the expression of a transgene in plants
• S.C. Minocha. 2. Genetic engineering of forest trees
• M.R. Ahuja. 3. Molecular biology of somatic embryogenesis in conifers
• J.Z. Dong, D.I. Dunstan. 4. Molecular aspects of bud dormancy in trees
• A. Rohde, et al. 5. Options for genetic engineering of floral sterility in forest trees
• J.S. Skinner. 6. Molecular control of the development and function of the vascular cambium
• O. Olsson, C.H.A. Little. 7. Genetic engineering of wood formation
• H. Tuominen, et al. 8. Molecular biology of cellulose biosynthesis
• T. Arioli, et al. 9. Control of lignin biosynthesis
• J.H. Christensen, et al. 10. Molecular biology of tropical nitrogen-fixing trees in the Casuarinaceae family
• L. Laplaze, et al. 11. Proteins of the conifer extracellular matrix
• C.A. Loopstra. 12. Gene expression during Pseudotsuga menziesii embryogenesis: Low molecular weight
• M. Chatthai, S. Misra. Section II: Molecular Genetics. 13. Tissue culture of woody plants and its relevance to molecular biology
• R. Minocha, S.M. Jain. 14. Variation in woody plants: molecular markers, evolutionary processes and conservation biology
• Y.B. Linhart. 15. Molecular markers and genome mapping in woody plants
• M.T. Cervera, et al. 16. Assessment of biodiversity with molecular tools in forest trees
• O. Savolainen and A. Karhu. 17. Mapping quantitative traits in forest trees
• M.M. Sewell, D.B. Neale. 18. Somaclonal variation and genetic molecular markers in woody plants
• J.-L. Fourre. 19. Molecular breeding of Eucalyptus
• D. Grattapaglia. 20. Molecular dissection of quantitative traits: new perspectives from Populus
• R. Wu, et al. 21. Molecular genetic analysis of pathogenic forest fungi
• X.-R. Wang, A.E. Szmidt.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This two-volume book gives a broad coverage of various aspects of plant molecular biology relevant to the improvement of woody plants. The authors provide background information on genetic engineering and molecular marker techniques, and specific examples of species in which sufficient progress has been made.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Section A. 1. Gene transfer techniques and their relevance to woody plants
• S.C. Minocha, J.C. Wallace. 2. Selection of marker-free transgenics plants using the oncogenes (ipt, rol A, B, C) of Agrobacterium as selectable markers
• H. Ebinuma, et al. 3. Agrobacterium rhizogenes for rooting recalcitrant woody species
• H.M. Haggman, T.S. Aronen. 4. Genetic engineering of conifers for plantation forestry Pinus radiata transformation
• C. Walter, L.J. Grace. 5. Transformation of Picea species
• D.H. Clapham, et al. 6. Transgenic in Larix
• M.A. Lelu, G. Pilate. 7. Genetic transformation of Populus toward improving plant performance and drought tolerance
• T. Tzfira, et al. 8. Progress on genetic engineering in four tropical Acacia spp.
• M. Quoirin, et al. 9. Genetic engineering of rose (Rosa species)
• M.R. Davey, et al. 10. Transformation of Actinidia species (kiwifruit)
• E. Rugini, et al. 11. Genetic transformation in Citrus
• G.A. Moore, et al. 12. Olive (Olea europaea var. sativa) transformation
• E. Rugini. 13. Transformation of Malus
• F.A. Hammerschlag. 14. Genetic transformation of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber trees) and its applications towards crop improvement and production of recombinant proteins of commercial value
• P. Arokiaraj. 15. Production of Transgenic oil palm (Elaeis guinensis JACQ.). using biolistic techniques
• G. Kadir, A. Parveez. Section B. 16. Molecular characterization of the mycorrhizas of woody plants
• S. Hambleton, R.S. Currah. 17. Molecular epidemiology tree pathogens
• R.C. Hamelin. 18. Development of insect resistance in fruit and nut tree crops
• M. Escob, A.M. Dandekar. 19. Structural and biochemical aspects of cold hardiness in woody plants
• M. Wisniewski, R. Arora. 20. Herbicide tolerant forest trees
• D.J. Llewellyn. 21. Cloning of defense related genes against pathogens in forest trees
• G. Lakshmi Sita, et al. Section C. 22. Research Ethics for Molecular Silviculture
• P.B. Thompson, S.H. Strauss.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Woody plants belong to various taxonomic groups, which are heterogeneous in morphology, physiology, and geographic distribution. OtheJWise, they have neither strong evolutionruy relationships nor share a conunon habitat. They are a primaIy source of fiber and timber, and also include many edible fruit species. Their unique phenotypic behavior includes a perennial habit associated with extensive secondary growth. Additional characteristics of woody plants include: developmental juvenility and maturity with respect to growth habit, flowering time, and morphogenetic response in tissue cultures; environmental control of bud dormancy and flowering cycles; variable tolerance to abiotic stresses, wounding and pathogens; and long distance transport of water and IRltrients. Woody plants, particularly tree species, have been the focus of numerous physiological studies to understand their specialized functions, however, only recently they have become the target of molecular studies. Recent advances in our understanding of signal transduction pathways for environmental responses in herbaceous plants, including the identification and cloning of genes for proteins involved in signal transduction. should provide useful leads to undertake parallel studies with woody plants. Molecular mapping techniques, coupled with the availability of cloned genes from herbaceous plants, should provide shortcuts to cloning relevant genes from woody plants. The unique phenotypes of these plants can then be targeted for improvement through genetic engineering.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Section A. 1. Somatic Embryogenesis in White Spruce: Studies of Embryo Development and Cell Biology
• L. Kong, et al. 2. Proliferative Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Species
• K. Raemakers, et al. 3. Somatic Embryo Germination and Desiccation Tolerance in Conifers
• E.I. Hay, P.J. Charest. 4. Performance of Conifer Stock Produced Through Somatic Embryogenesis
• S.C. Grossnickle. 5. Apoptosis During Early Somatic Embryogenesis in Picea spp
• L. Havel, D.J. Durzan. 6. Water Relation Parameters in Conifer Embryos: Methods and Results
• N. Dumont-Beboux, et al. 7. Image Analysis for Sorting Somatic Embryos
• Y. Ibaraki. 8. Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Legumes
• R.N. Trigiano, et al. 9. Cold Storage and Cryopreservation of Camellia Embryogenic Cultures
• A.M. Vieitez, A. Ballester. 10. Cryopreservation of Embryogenic Cultures of Conifers and Its Application to Clonal Forestry
• D.R. Cyr. 11. Commercialization of Plant Somatic Embryogenesis
• B.C.S. Sutton, D.R. Polonenko. Section B. 12. Somatic Embryogenesis in Myrtaceous Plants
• J.M. Canhoto, et al. 13. Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.)
• J.M. Canhoto, et al. 14. Somatic Embryogenesis in Simarouba glauca Linn
• G.R. Rout, P. Das. 15. Somatic Embryogenesis in Magnolia spp.
• S.A. Merkle. 16. Somatic Embryogenesis and Evaluation of Variability in Somatic Seedlings of Quercus serata by RAPD Markers
• K. Ishii, et al. 17. Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Fruit of Juglans cinerea
• P.M. Pijut. Section C. 18. Somatic Embrygonesis in Pinus patula Scheide et Deppe
• N.B. Jones, J. van Staden. 19. Somatic Embryogenesis in African Cycads (Encephalartos)
• A.K. Jager, J. van Staden. 20. Somatic Embryogenesis in Picea wilsonii
• Y. Yang, Z. Guo. 21. Somatic Embryogenesis in Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb)
• Y.S. Park, et al. 22. Somatic Embryogenesis in Hybrid Firs
• J. Jasik, et al. 23. Somatic Embryogenesis in Taxus
• S.R. Wann, et al.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book volume has been divided into three sections and contains a total of 23 chapters. Section A contains eleven chapters covering topics such as studies of embryo development and cell biology of white spruce, proliferative somatic embryogenesis in woody species, somatic embryo germination and desiccation tolerance in conifers, performance of conifer somatic seedlings, apoptosis during early somatic embryogenesis, water relation parameters in conifer embryos, image analysis of somatic embryos, somatic embryogenesis in woody legumes, cold storage and crypreservation, and commercialization of plant somatic embryogenesis. Section B comprisis six chapters dealing with angiosperm woody plants such as somatic embryogenesis in myrtaceous plants, Laurus nobilis, Simarouba glauca, Magnolia spp., Juglans cinera, and somatic embryogenesis and evaluation of variability in somatic seedlings of Quercus serrata by RAPD markers. The chapters contained in Section C are focussed on somatic embryogenesis in gymnosperms, including Pinus patula, Encephalartos, Picea wilsonii, Pinus banksiana, hybrid firs, and Taxus. All the mansucripts have been peer reviewed and revised accordingly to improve the quality of these chapters. The final manuscripts were submitted as camera- ready to publication, and editors had no opportunity to go through them again before the final printing. Authors were advised to prepare final camera-ready manuscripts carefully to avoid any mistakes. Therefore, editors are not respon- sible for mistakes, if any, in this book volume. We are grateful to all the book chapter contributors for submitting their manuscripts in time, and to the reviewers for giving their free time to review the manuscripts.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• 1. Haploidy and Related Biotechnological Methods in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
• R. Bergmann, W. Friedt. 2. Application of Haploidy Technique Assisted by Molecular Methods in Sunflower
• W. Friedt, et al. 3. Haploidy in Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass)
• P.B. Kavi Kishor, et al. 4. Haploidy in Petunia
• S.M. Jain, N. Bhalla-Sarin. 5. In Vitro Induction of Haploid Plants from the Gametophytes of Lily and Tulip
• R.W. van den Bulk, J.M. van Tuyl. 6. Anther and Microspore Culture in Camellia japonicum
• M.C. Pedroso, M.S. Pais. 7. Haploidy in Asparagus by Anther Culture
• H.S. Tsay. 8. Haploidy in Nicotiana sps.
• A. Cersosimo, C. Sorrentino. 9. In Vitro Induction of Haploids in Cotton
• Y.P.S. Bajaj, M.S. Gill, 10. Gynogenic Haploids in Angiosperms
• G.L. Sita. 11. Haploidy in Citrus
• M.A. Germana. 12. Haploid Plantlet Production in Tomato
• W.L. Summers. 13. Somatohaploids by Anther Culture of Interspecific Somatic Hybrids and Their Prospects in Potato Breeding
• V.-M. Rokka, et al.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since the beginning of agricultural production, there has been a continuous effort to grow more and better quality food to feed ever increasing popula- tions. Both improved cultural practices and improved crop plants have allowed us to divert more human resources to non-agricultural activities while still increasing agricultural production. Malthusian population predictions continue to alarm agricultural researchers, especially plant breeders, to seek new technologies that will continue to allow us to produce more and better food by fewer people on less land. Both improvement of existing cultivars and development of new high-yielding cultivars are common goals for breeders of all crops. In vitro haploid production is among the new technologies that show great promise toward the goal of increasing crop yields by making similar germplasm available for many crops that was used to implement one of the greatest plant breeding success stories of this century, i. e. , the development of hybrid maize by crosses of inbred lines. One of the main applications of anther culture has been to produce diploid homozygous pure lines in a single generation, thus saving many generations of backcrossing to reach homozygosity by traditional means or in crops where self-pollination is not possible. Because doubled haploids are equivalent to inbred lines, their value has been appreciated by plant breeders for decades. The search for natural haploids and methods to induce them has been ongoing since the beginning of the 20th century.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Section 1: 1. Genetic stability of microspore derived doubled haploids
• S.J. Louge. 2. Transformation of pollen and microspores - a review
• W. A. Harwood, et al. 3. Gametoclonal variation in crop improvement
• B. Huang. 4. Breadmaking quality of doubled haploid lines of wheat
• Z. Bedo, et al. 5. DNA amplification of doubled haploids of Nicotiana
• S.M. Reed. 6. RFLP-mapping the haploid genome of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
• A. Graner. 7. Mutation and selection for improved oil and meal quality in Brassica napus utilizing microspore culture
• L. Kott, et al. 8. Genetics of green plant regeneration from anther culture in cereals
• H. Zhou. 9. Segregation distortion in androgenic plants
• N. Foisset, R. Delourme. 10. Chromosome engineering in the triticeae using pollen derived plants
• Hu Han. 11. Self incompatibility and pollen rejection in angiosperms
• A. McCubbin, T.H. Kao. 12. Statistical models for the detection of genes controlling quantitative trait loci expression
• E.A. Carbonell, M.J. Asins. 13. Haploid protoplasts: pollen protoplasts
• I. Tanaka. 14. Somatic-gameto protoplast fusion
• M.K. Davey. 15. The potentials of using dihaploid/diploid genotypes in breeding potato by somatic hybridization
• S. Waara. 16. Cryopreservation of androgenics in vitro cultured of cereals
• H. Lorz. 17. Artificial seeds from microspore derived embryos of cereals
• S.K. Datta. 18. Future prospects for crop improvement through anther and microspore culture
• K.N. Kao. Section 2: 19. Genetic transformation of Petunia via pollen
• D. Hess. 20. Genetic transformation of wheat via pollen
• D. Hess. 21. Genetic transformation of rice from protoplasts of haploid origin
• S.K. Datta.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Since the beginning of agricultural production, there has been a continuous effort to grow more and better quality food to feed ever increasing popula- tions. Both improved cultural practices and improved crop plants have al- lowed us to divert more human resources to non-agricultural activities while still increasing agricultural production. Malthusian population predictions continue to alarm agricultural researchers, especially plant breeders, to seek new technologies that will continue to allow us to produce more and better food by fewer people on less land. Both improvement of existing cultivars and development of new high-yielding cultivars are common goals for breeders of all crops. In vitro haploid production is among the new technologies that show great promise toward the goal of increasing crop yields by making similar germplasm available for many crops that was used to implement one of the greatest plant breeding success stories of this century, i. e. , the development of hybrid maize by crosses of inbred lines. One of the main applications of anther culture has been to produce diploid homozygous pure lines in a single generation, thus saving many generations of backcrossing to reach homozygosity by traditional means or in crops where self-pollination is not possible. Because doubled haploids are equivalent to inbred lines, their value has been appreciated by plant breeders for decades. The search for natural haploids and methods to induce them has been ongoing since the beginning of the 20th century.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

These books provide an update to progress on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants including both angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. In the past, most of the information on this subject was scattered in proceedings volumes, journals, biotechnology books, etc. It has been difficult for the researchers and students to obtain comprehensive information on this rapidly growing subject from a single source. These books enable readers to get a clear view of this subject on historical, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects, and applications including protoplasts, cryopreservation, manufactured seed (artificial seed), genetic transformation, bioreactors, mutations, and future uses in forest plantations. Each selected woody plant mentioned in the book is briefly introduced first, covering botany and genetics, importance and geographical distribution, breeding problems, and in vitro propagation and problems of each selected woody plant and then is followed by the description on the initiation and maintenance of embryogenic cultures, embryo development and germination, and field trials (if any) of these plants. These books are meant for graduate students and researchers in forestry and horticulture as well as biotechnologists.

• 1.
• Protocols for In Vitro Mass Multiplication and Analysis of Medicinally Important Phenolics of a Salep Orchid, Satyrium nepalense D.Don ("Salam Mishri") Shashi B. Babbar and Deepak K. Singh
• 2.
• In vitro Culture and Phytochemical Analysis of Passiflora tenuifila Killip and Passiflora setacea DC (Passifloraceae)
• Jenny Sumara Sozoa, Daniel Cuzziol Cruza, Ana Flavia Paveia, Isadora Medeiros da Costa Pereiraa, Marcia Wolfarta, Fernanda Ramlovb, Daiane dos Santosa, Marcelo Maraschinb and Ana Maria Vianaa
• 3.
• Shoot Tip Meristem Cryopreservation of Hypericum Species
• Katarina Brunakova and Eva Cellarova
• 4.
• Protocols for Biotechnological Interventions in Improvement of Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews.) Minoo Divakaran , K. Nirmal Babu and K.V. Peter
• 5.
• Assessment of In Vitro Biological Activities Of Rich-anthocyanins Plant Species Based on Plinia cauliflora Study Model Heloisa S. Pitz, Adriana C.D. Trevisan, Fausto R. Cardoso, Al ine Pereira, Eduardo L.G. Moreira, Manuel A. de Pra , Leticia Mazzarino, Maria B. Veleirinho, Rosendo A. Yunes, Rosa M.R. do Valle, and Marcelo Maraschin
• 6.
• Biotechnological Approaches for Biomass and Cardenolides Production in Digitalis purpurea
• L.
• Naivy Perez-Alonso, Borys Chong-Perez, Alina Capote, Anabel Perez, Andre Gerth, Geert Angenon, and Elio Jimenez
• 7.
• In vitro regeneration of endangered medicinal plant Heliotropium kotschyi (Ramram) - Manal Ahmed Sadeq, Malabika Roy Pathak, Ahmed Ali Salih, Mohammed Abido, and Asma Abahussain 8.
• Micropropagation and biomass production of true-to-type Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Arpan R. Modi, Vikas Sharma, Ghanshyam Patil, Amritpal S. Singh, N. Subhash, and Nitish Kumar
• 9. Panax ginseng Adventitious Root Suspension Culture: Protocol for Biomass Production and Analysis of Ginsenosides by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
• Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy and Kee Yoeup Paek
• 10.Immobilization of Rubia tinctorum L. Suspension Cultures and Biomass Production
• Pinar Nartop
• 11. 11. In Vitro Propagation and Conservation of Bacopa monnieri L.
• Neelam Sharma, Rakesh Singh, and Ruchir Pandey
• 12. Establishment, Culture and Scale-Up of Brugmansia candida Hairy Roots for the Production Of Tropane Alkaloids Alejandra Beatriz Cardillo, Julian Rodriguez Talou, and Ana Maria Giulietti
• 13. Micropropagation, Acclimatization, and Greenhouse Culture of Veratr um cali fornicu m S arah A. White, Jeffrey Adelberg, Jacqueline Naylor-Adelberg, David A. Mann, Ju Yeon Song, and Youping Sun
• 14. In vitro propagation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Pritika Singh, Rupam Guleri and Pratap Kumar Pati
• 15. In vitro propagation of Sambong (Blumea balsamifera Linn.) Thelma L. Soriano and Evangelina C. Cangao
• 16. Production of Gymnemic Acid From Cell Suspension Cultures of Gymnema sylvestre
• Praveen Nagella, Vijayalaxmi S. Dandin, and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy
• 17. Scale up of Agrobacterium Rhizogenes Mediated Hairy Root Cultures of Rauwolfia serpentina : A persuasive Approach for Stable Reserpine Production
• Shakti Mehrotra, Vikas Srivastava, Manoj K. Goel, and Arun K. Kukreja
• 18. In vitro shoot cultures and analysis of steroidal lactones in Withania coagulans ( Stocks) Dunal Rohit Jain, Sumita Kachhwaha, and S.L. Kothari
• 19. In vitro Propagation of Cannabis sativa L. and Evaluation of Regenerated Plants for Genetic Fidelity and Cannabinoids Content for the Quality Assurance Hemant Lata, Suman Chandra, Ikhlas A. Khan, and Mahmoud A. ElSohly
• 20. Transcript Quantification of Genes Involved in Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni by R eal Time Polyme rase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
• Arpan Modi, Nitish Kumar, and Subhash Narayanan
• 21. In Vitro Propagation and Conservation of Withania somnifera (Dunal) L. Nigar Fatima, Naseem Ahmad, and Mohammad Anis
• 22. Construction of Hypericin Glands Specific cDNA Library via Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Rupesh Kumar Singh, Weina Hou, and G. Franklin
• 23. In Vitro and Cryopreservation Techniques for Conservation of Snow Mountain Garlic Ritu Mahajan
• 24. In Vitro Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Stem Explants of Ceropegia noorjahaniae-- A Critically Endangered Medicinal Herb Jaykumar J. Chavan and Mahendra L. Ahire
• 25. Somatic Embryogenesis of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) through Cell Suspension Culture
• Poornananda M. Nai, and Jameel M. Al-Khayri
• 26. Protocols for Improvement Of Black Pepper Utilizing Biotechnological Tools
• K. Nirmal Babu , Divakaran Minoo, G. Yamuna , P.N. Ravindran, and K.V.Peter
• 27. Protocols for In Vitro Propagation, Conservation, Synthetic Seed Production, Microrhizome Production and Molecular Profiling in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) K. Nirmal Babu, Divakaran Minoo, Geetha S. Pillai, V. Sumathi, K. Praveen, Rahul P. Raj, H.J. Akshita, P.N. Ravindran, and K.V.Peter
• 28. In Vitro Propagation, and Genetic Transformation In Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) K. Nirmal Babu, K. Samsudden, Divakaran Minoo, Geetha S. Pillai, V. Sumathi, K. Praveen, P.N. Ravindran and K.V.Peter
• 29. Hairy Root Cultures of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. to Produce Gymnemic Acid
• J. Rajashekar, Vadlapudi Kumar, V. Veerashree , D.V. Poornima , S.S. Toran Kumar. Hari Gajula, and B. Giridhara
• 30. Bioreactors for Mass Propagation of Cymbopogon citratus Sapf.
• Elisa Quiala, Raul Barbon, Alina Capote, Naivy Perez, and Elio Jimenez.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This volume provides a detailed step-by-step description of protocols for the establishment of in vitro cultures of important medicinal plants, their mass multiplication in controlled environment, and step-wise secondary metabolite analysis. Many of these protocols also provide a basis for in vitro germplasm conservation or cryopreservation of medicinal plant species. Written for the Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Second Edition aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Enzymes and Quality Factors of Fruits and Vegetables.- Volatile Flavours in Strawberries: A Description of the Components, and How to Analyse Them.- Methods to Evaluate the Antioxidant Activity.- Essential Oil Drugs - Terpene Composition of Aromatic Herbs.- Integral Handling of Banana.- Economics and Organisation of Horticultural Postharvest Production.- Handling Machinery and Damage Inflicted to the Product.- Mechanical Damage During Fruit Post-Harvest Handling: Technical and Physiological Implications.- Harvest and Postharvest Conditions for Apples and Pears.- Rapid Quality Evaluation Techniques of Horticultural Crops.- Table Grape Postharvest Management and Safety Issues.- Fruit Postharvest Technology: Instrumental Measurement of Ripeness and Quality.- Developmental Changes During Strawberry Fruit Ripening and Physico-Chemical Changes During Postharvest Storage.- Processing of Horticultural Crops in the Tropics.- Quality Dynamics and Quality Assurance of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Pre- and Postharvest.- Modification of Fruit Ripening by Genetic Transformation.- Quality of Equilibrium Modified Atmosphere Packaged (EMAP) Fresh-Cut Vegetables.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Food quality is becoming an ever-increasing important feature for consumers and it is well known that some food crops are perishable and have a very short shelf and storage life. An effective quality assurance system throughout the handling steps between harvest and retail display is essential to provide a consistently good quality supply of fresh food crops to the consumers and to protect the reputation of a given marketing label. Food manufacturing companies all over the world are incre- ingly focussing on quality aspect of food including minimally processed food to meet consumer demands for fresh-like and healthy food products. To investigate and control quality, one must be able to measure quality-related attributes. Quality of produce encompasses sensory attributes, nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Successful postharvest handling of crops requires careful coordination and integration of the various steps from harvest operations to consumer level in order to maintain the initial product quality. Maturity at harvest is one feature of quality of perishable products, it has great influence on their postharvest behavior during marketing. Safety assurance can be part of quality assurance and its focus on minimizing chemical and microbial contamination during production, harvesting, and postharvest handling of intact and fresh-cut of commodities. Essentially, electromagnetic (often optical) prop- ties relate to appearance, mechanical properties to texture, and chemical properties to flavor (taste and aroma).
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Environmental and Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Pesticides in Occupationally Exposed Subjects.- Crop Quality Under Adverse Conditions: Importance of Determining the Nutritional Status.- Phosphorus Management in French Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.).- Nutrition and Calcium Fertilization of Apple Trees.- Diagnosis, Prediction and Control of Boron Deficiency in Olive Trees.- Boron-Calcium Relationship in Biological Nitrogen Fixation under Physiological and Salt-Stressing Conditions.- Lime-Induced Iron Chlorosis in Fruit Trees.- Si in Horticultural Industry.- Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Pesticides in the General Population (Non Occupationally Exposed to Pesticides).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Plants require nutrients in order to grow, develop and complete their life cycle. Mineral fertilizers, and hence the fertilizer industry, constitute one of the most imp- tant keys to the world food supplies. There is growing concern about the safety and quality of food. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which, together with nitrogen, form the structural matter in plants, are freely available from air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, on the other hand, may not be present in quantities or forms sufficient to support plant growth. In this case, the absence of these nut- ents constitutes a limiting factor. The supply of nutrients to the plants should be balanced in order to maximise the efficiency of the individual nutrients so that these meet the needs of the particular crop and soil type. For example, it should be noted that EU-wide regulations are not designed to govern the specific details of mineral fertilizer use. Although plants receive a natural supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from organic matter and soil minerals, this is not usually sufficient to satisfy the demands of crop plants. The supply of nutrients must therefore be supplemented with fertilizers, both to meet the requirements of crops during periods of plant growth and to replenish soil reserves after the crop has been harvested. Pesticides are important in modern farming and will remain indispensable for the foreseeable future.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Enzymes and Quality Factors of Fruits and Vegetables.- Volatile Flavours in Strawberries: A Description of the Components, and How to Analyse Them.- Methods to Evaluate the Antioxidant Activity.- Essential Oil Drugs - Terpene Composition of Aromatic Herbs.- Integral Handling of Banana.- Economics and Organisation of Horticultural Postharvest Production.- Handling Machinery and Damage Inflicted to the Product.- Mechanical Damage During Fruit Post-Harvest Handling: Technical and Physiological Implications.- Harvest and Postharvest Conditions for Apples and Pears.- Rapid Quality Evaluation Techniques of Horticultural Crops.- Table Grape Postharvest Management and Safety Issues.- Fruit Postharvest Technology: Instrumental Measurement of Ripeness and Quality.- Developmental Changes During Strawberry Fruit Ripening and Physico-Chemical Changes During Postharvest Storage.- Processing of Horticultural Crops in the Tropics.- Quality Dynamics and Quality Assurance of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Pre- and Postharvest.- Modification of Fruit Ripening by Genetic Transformation.- Quality of Equilibrium Modified Atmosphere Packaged (EMAP) Fresh-Cut Vegetables.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Food quality is becoming an ever-increasing important feature for consumers and it is well known that some food crops are perishable and have a very short shelf and storage life. An effective quality assurance system throughout the handling steps between harvest and retail display is essential to provide a consistently good quality supply of fresh food crops to the consumers and to protect the reputation of a given marketing label. Food manufacturing companies all over the world are incre- ingly focussing on quality aspect of food including minimally processed food to meet consumer demands for fresh-like and healthy food products. To investigate and control quality, one must be able to measure quality-related attributes. Quality of produce encompasses sensory attributes, nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Successful postharvest handling of crops requires careful coordination and integration of the various steps from harvest operations to consumer level in order to maintain the initial product quality. Maturity at harvest is one feature of quality of perishable products, it has great influence on their postharvest behavior during marketing. Safety assurance can be part of quality assurance and its focus on minimizing chemical and microbial contamination during production, harvesting, and postharvest handling of intact and fresh-cut of commodities. Essentially, electromagnetic (often optical) prop- ties relate to appearance, mechanical properties to texture, and chemical properties to flavor (taste and aroma).
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Environmental and Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Pesticides in Occupationally Exposed Subjects.- Crop Quality Under Adverse Conditions: Importance of Determining the Nutritional Status.- Phosphorus Management in French Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.).- Nutrition and Calcium Fertilization of Apple Trees.- Diagnosis, Prediction and Control of Boron Deficiency in Olive Trees.- Boron-Calcium Relationship in Biological Nitrogen Fixation under Physiological and Salt-Stressing Conditions.- Lime-Induced Iron Chlorosis in Fruit Trees.- Si in Horticultural Industry.- Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Pesticides in the General Population (Non Occupationally Exposed to Pesticides).
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Plants require nutrients in order to grow, develop and complete their life cycle. Mineral fertilizers, and hence the fertilizer industry, constitute one of the most imp- tant keys to the world food supplies. There is growing concern about the safety and quality of food. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which, together with nitrogen, form the structural matter in plants, are freely available from air and water. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, on the other hand, may not be present in quantities or forms sufficient to support plant growth. In this case, the absence of these nut- ents constitutes a limiting factor. The supply of nutrients to the plants should be balanced in order to maximise the efficiency of the individual nutrients so that these meet the needs of the particular crop and soil type. For example, it should be noted that EU-wide regulations are not designed to govern the specific details of mineral fertilizer use. Although plants receive a natural supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from organic matter and soil minerals, this is not usually sufficient to satisfy the demands of crop plants. The supply of nutrients must therefore be supplemented with fertilizers, both to meet the requirements of crops during periods of plant growth and to replenish soil reserves after the crop has been harvested. Pesticides are important in modern farming and will remain indispensable for the foreseeable future.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book highlights the recent progress on the applications of mutation breeding technology in crop plants. Plant breeders and agriculturists are faced with the new challenges of climate change, human population growth, and dwindling arable land and water resources which threaten to sustain food production worldwide. Genetic variation is the basis which plant breeders require to produce new and improved cultivars. The understanding of mutation induction and exploring its applications has paved the way for enhancing genetic variability for various plant and agronomic characters, and led to advances in gene discovery for various traits. Induced mutagenesis has played a significant role in crop improvement and currently, the technology has resulted in the development and release of more than 3600 mutant varieties in most of the crop plants with great economic impact. The field of mutation breeding has come long way to become an important approach for crop improvement. This book covers various methodologies of mutation induction, screening of mutants, genome editing and genomics advances and mutant gene discovery. The book further discusses success stories in different countries and applications of mutation breeding in food crops, horticultural plants and plantation crops. This informative book is very useful to plant breeders, students and researchers in the field of agriculture, plant sciences, food science and genetics.

• Section A:
• 1. Micropropagation and Organogenesis of Anthurium andreanum Lind cv. Rubrun Oropeza Maira, Mejias Alexander, and Teresa Edith Vargas
• 2. A Highly Efficient Protocol for Micropropagation of Begonia tuberous Duong Tan Nhut, Nguyen Thanh Hai, and Mai Xuan Phan
• 3. Micropropagation of Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindle M. Firoz Alam, Pinaki Sinha, and M. Lokman Hakim
• 4. In Vitro Propagation Through Axillary Shoot Culture of Ranunculus asiaticus L. Margherita Beruto
• 5. Micropropagation of Crataeva adansonii D.C. Prodr: An Ornamental Avenue Tree Purnima Tyagi, P.K. Sharma, and S.L. Kothari
• 6. Strategies for the Micropropagation of Bromeliads Miguel Pedro Guerra and Lirio Luiz Dal Vesco
• 7. Micropropagation of Poinsettia by Organogenesis Marcos Castellanos, J. Brian Power, and Michael R. Davey
• 8. Micropropagation of Phalaenopsis Blume Pinaki Sinha, M. Firoz Alam, and M. Lokman Hakim
• 9. Genetic Transformation of Carnation (Dianthus caryophylus L.) Chalermsri Nontaswatsri and Seiichi Fukai
• 10. Matrix Supported Liquid Culture and Machine Vision Analysis of Regenerated Shoots of Gladiolus S. Dutta Gupta and V.S. S. Prasad
• 11. In Vitro Propagation of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Jose L. Casas, Enrique Olmos, and Abel Piqueras
• 12. In Vitro Propagation of Jasminum officinale L.: A Woody Ornamental Vine Yielding Aromatic Oil from Flowers Sabita Bhattacharya and Sanghamitra Bhattacharyya
• 13. Micropropagation of Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim. (Gesneriaceae) Toshinari Godo, Yuanxue Lu, and Masahiro Mii
• 14. Micropropagation of Rhododendron Tom Eeckhaut, Kristien Janssens, Ellen De Keyser, and Jan DeRiek
• 15. In Vitro Regeneration and Multiplication of Passiflora hybrid 'Guglielmo Betto' Luca Pipino, Luca Braglia, Annalisa Giovannini, Giancarlo Fascella, and Antonio Mercuri
• 16. In Vitro Propagation of Rose Pratap Kumar Pati, Navtej Kaur, Madhu Sharma, and Paramvir Singh Ahuja
• 17. In Vitro Propagation of Chrysanthemum Diana Nencheva
• 18. Micropropagation of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume and Regeneration Induction via Adventitous Buds and Somatic Embryogenesis Silvia Radice
• 19. Methods for in vitro Propagation of Pelargonium x hortorum and Others: From Meristems to Protoplasts Noelle Dorion, Hatem Ben Jouira, Anthony Gallard, Anber Hassanein, Mazen Nassour, and Agnes Grapin
• 20. Marigold Regeneration and Molecular Analysis of Carotenogenic Genes Alma Angelica Del Villar-Martinez, Pablo Emilio Vanegas-Espinoza, and Octavio Paredes-Lopez
• 21. Somatic Embryogenesis in in vitro Culture of Leucojum vernum L. Agata Ptak
• 22. In Vitro Propagation of Australian Native Ornamental Plant, Scaevola Chui Eng Wong and Prem L. Bhalla
• 23. Micropropagation of Tulip: Production of Virus-free Stock Plants Malgorzata Podwyszynska and Dariusz Sochacki
• 24. In Vitro Propagation of Ornamental Myrtus (Myrtus communis) Barbara Ruffoni, Carlo Mascarello, and Marco Savona
• 25. Sunflower Propagation M. L. Mayor, G. Nestares, T. Vega, R. Zorzoli, and L. A. Picardi
• 26. Clonal Propagation of Cyclamen persicum via Somatic Embryogenesis Traud Winkelmann Section B:
• 27. In Vitro Production of Sweet Peas (Lathyrus odoratus L.) Via Axillary Shoots Sergio J. Ochatt, C. Conreux, and L. Jacas
• 28. In vitro Conservation and.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

It was around 1970, I had just completed a 5-year breeding project aiming at fxing fower colour in gerbera progenies: white, yellow, pink, and red; colour homogeneity was sound, but size and shape still required some improvement. The problem was defnitely resolved by Murashige and Skoog, USA who published a reliable protocol for gerbera micropro- gation. In short, my gerbera seed lines were immediately rendered obsolete by this e- cient cloning system, able to produce millions of plants of a matchless and previously unknown homogeneity, the uniformity of fower shape and colour being the basic requi- ments for the market. The success of micropropagation resulted in a tremendous growth in gerbera fower production worldwide, and this species conquered a leading place in the foriculture industry. This personal experience stresses the impact of micropropagation on the genetic improvement research strategies in ornamentals. Micropropagation has become "in- sive", especially in ornamental plant material issues. Today, hundreds of protocols exist; however, only a modest percentage of them are exploited economically. Thus, only micropropagation of plants with a high market price range, like orchids for instance, has proved cost-effective and achieved great success. Micropropagation is a labour-intensive system: hand-power is estimated to rep- sent 60-70% of total costs. This explains the outsourcing of the major labs in developing countries where labour is cheaper. Nevertheless, certain industrial protocols remain a proprietary technology of leading labs, mostly western, with the exception of Japan and Taiwan.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• * Underutilised Fruits: A Resource for Sustainable Livelihoods: N. Haq
• * Induced Mutation in Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.): A.K. Biswas
• * The Lathyrus Paradox: A "Poor Men's Diet" or a Remarkable Genetic Resource for Protein Legume Breeding?: S.J. Ochatt et al.
• * Towards Genetic Improvement of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): F.J. Massawe et al.
• * Faster Breeding of Bambara Groundnut: Mutational Cum in vitro Approaches: R.S. Sangwa et al.
• * Geographical Distribution of the Andean Lupin (Lupinus mutabilis): S.-E. Jacobsen and A. Mujica
• * Quinoa's World Potential: S.-E. Jacobsen
• * Characterization of Chenopodium Germplasm, Selection of Putative Mutants and its Cytogenetic Study: T.E. De La Cruz et al.
• * Improvement and Rehabilitation of Traditional and Neglected Food Crops Through Mutation Techniques: Development and Evaluation of Mutant Germplasm of Amaranthus tricolour. R. Slabbert et al.
• * Improvement of Delected Amaranthus Cultivars by Means of Mutation Induction and Biotechnological Approaches: A. Gajdosova et al.
• * Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) and Breeding: F. Saborio
• * Improvement of Cocoyam (Xanthosoma Sagittifolium) in Ghana: E.Y. Danquah et al.
• * Solanum aethiopicum L. and S. anguivi Lam. in Uganda: Utilization Aspects: Olet E.A. et al.
• * Nigella sativa - A Potential Commodity in Crop Diversification Traditionally Used in Healthcare: Z. Ahmad and A. Ghafoor
• * Plantago Ovata - A Crop of Arid and Dry Climates with Immense Herbal and Pharmaceutical Importance: Z. Ahmad and A. Ghafoor
• * Genetic Improvement and Utilization of Major Under-utilised Crops in India: M. Dutta et al.
• * Minor and Underutilised Spices and Herbs: P.N. Ravindran et al.
• * Conservation of Underutilised Species in Malaysia: Resources for the Future: M.N. Normah and H.F. Chin
• * Indigenous Crops with Potential but Undertutilised in South Africa: S.L. Venter et al.
• * In vitro Culture for Propagation and Cultivation of Rare and Under-utilized Australian Plants: E. Bunn.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

This book includes 20 different chapters, where the authors have addressed various aspects of the cultivation, taxonomy, socio-economic importance and breeding and development as applied to neglected and underutilized crops. The first chapter deals with the more general aspects of the cultivation and propagation of these crops, thirteen chapters concentrate on specific neglected crops, nine of which focus on seed propagated crops and the remaining four on vegetatively propagated ones, while the last five chapters describe the uses, importance, propagation and improvement of neglected and under-utilized crops from different regions of the world.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Section A.- Totipotency and the cell cycle.- Micropropagation via organogenesis in slash pine.- Micropropagation of Coast Redwood (Sequoia Sempervirens).- Micropropagation of Pinus pinea L.- Micropropagation of Pinus armandii var. Amamiana.- Organogenesis and Cryopreservation of Juvenile Radiata Pine.- Genetic Fidelity Analyses of In Vitro Propagated Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.).- Protocol for Micropropagation of Quercus spp.- Micropropagation of Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.).- In vitro Shoot Development of Taxus Wallichiana Zucc., a Valuable Medicinal Plant.- Micropropagation of Yew (Taxus Baccata L.).- Micropropagation of Larix Species via Organogenesis.- Propagation of Selected Pinus Genotypes Regardless of Age.- Root Induction of Pinus Sylvestris L. Hypocotyl Cuttings using Specific Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Vitro.- Micropropagation of Betula Pendula Roth including Genetically modified Material.- Protocol for Doubled-Haploid Micropropagation in Quercus suber L. and Assisted Verification.- In vitro Propagation of Fraxinus Species.- Micropropagation of Black Locust (Robinia Pseudoacacia L.).- Albizia Odoratissima L.F. (Benth) Micropropagation.- Micropropagation of Salix caprea L.- Micropropagation of Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae).- Micropropagation of Mature Trees of Ulmus Glabra, Ulmus Minor and Ulmus Laevis.- Section B.- Micrografting in Grapevine (Vitis spp.).- Micrografting Grapevine for Virus Indexing.- Apricot micropropagation.- In vitro conservation and Micropropagation of Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis, Moracea).- Micrografting of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Siirt).- Protocol for Micropropagation of Castanea Sativa.- Micropropagation of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.).- In vitro Mutagenesis and Mutant Multiplication.- In vitro propagation of Nutmeg, Myristica Fragrans Houtt.- Micropropagation of Elite Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.).- Micropropagation Protocol for Microspore Embryogenesis in Olea Europaea L.- Micropropagation of Prunus Domestica and Prunus Salicina using Mature Seeds.- Micropropagation of Juglans regia L.- Tissue culture propagation of Mongolian cherry (Prunus fruticosa L.) and Nanking cherry (Prunus Tomentosa L.).- Micropropagation of Fig Tree (Ficus carica sp).- High frequency shoot formation of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis F. flavicarpa) via thin Cell Layer (TCL) Technology.- Micropropagation of Calabash tree Crescentia Cujete L.- Micropropagation of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.).- Section C.- Protocol for Micropropagation of Selected Vaccinium spp.- Protocol for Micropropagation of Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L.- Micropropagation of Bamboo Species Through Axillary Shoot Proliferation.- In vitro Culture Of Tree Peony Through Axillary Budding.- Micropropagation of pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.- Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Micropropagation.- Light-Emitting Diodes as an Effective Lighting Source for In Vitro Banana Culture.- In vitro Mutagenesis in Banana (Musa spp.) using Gamma Irradiation.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Micropropagation has become a reliable and routine approach for large-scale rapid plant multiplication, which is based on plant cell, tissue and organ culture on well defined tissue culture media under aseptic conditions. A lot of research efforts are being made to develop and refine micropropagation methods and culture media for large-scale plant multiplication of several number of plant species. However, many forest and fruit tree species still remain recalcitrant to in vitro culture and require highly specific culture conditions for plant growth and development. The recent challenges on plant cell cycle regulation and the presented potential molecular mechanisms of recalcitrance are providing excellent background for understanding on totipotency and what is more development of micropropagation protocols. For large-scale in vitro plant production the important attributes are the quality, cost effectiveness, maintenance of genetic fidelity, and long-term storage. The need for appropriate in vitro plant regeneration methods for woody plants, including both forest and fruit trees, is still overwhelming in order to overcome problems facing micropropagation such as somaclonal variation, recalcitrant rooting, hyperhydricity, polyphenols, loss of material during hardening and quality of plant material. Moreover, micropropagation may be utilized, in basic research, in production of virus-free planting material, cryopreservation of endangered and elite woody species, applications in tree breeding and reforestation.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Effect of Preharvest Factors on the Quality of Vegetables Produced in the Tropics.- Effects of Agronomic Practices and Processing Conditions on Tomato Ingredients.- Modelling Fruit Quality: Ecophysiological, Agronomical and Ecological Perspectives.- Spray Technology in Perennial Tree Crops.- Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future.- Improvement of Grain Legume Production in Semi-Arid Kenya Through Biological Nitrogen Fixation: the Experience With Tepary Bean (Phaseolus Acutifolius A. Gray Var. Latifolius).- Impact of Ozone on Crops.- Saffron Quality: Effect of Agricultural Practices, Processing and Storage.- Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Systems.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

All four volumes of "Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops" can be purchased together as one complete set. This set will be especially useful to researchers engaged in post harvest research, graduate and post graduate students majoring in food sciences.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
Today, in a world with abundant food, more than 700 million people are chro- cally undernourished. Over the next 20 years, the world's population will probably double. The global food supply would need to double or to triple for the larger population to be fed adequately. Agriculture is closely linked to environmental quality in a variety of ways, and the challenge of our generation is how to feed a growing planet while maintaining the integrity of our ecological life-support system. The responsibility of governments for ensuring food security will grow proportionately with the growth of populations, and governments bear a special responsibility for promoting agricultural inputs. Agriculture in the 21st century, will certainly focus increasingly on adapting modern technologies to local farming systems, needs and environments. Worldwide climatic changes have been raising concerns about potential changes to crop yields and production systems. Such concerns include the ability to acc- modate these uncertain effects in order to ensure an adequate food supply for an increasing population. What can be done concretely to use agriculture to address some of the fundamental issues of today's world? We must recognize that agric- ture is part of the solution and not just a problem. Agricultural development is a key to social stability and equity in many parts of the world. It can help to al- viate the subtle and unspoken fears of modernization and the space of change if innovation is handled transparently.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Application of Sensitive Trace Gas Detectors in Post-harvest Research.- Radio Frequency Post-Harvest Quarantine and Phytosanitary Treatments to Control Insect Pest in Fruits and Nuts.- Calcium, Polyamine and Gibberellin Treatments to Improve Postharvest Fruit Quality.- Ionization of Fruits and Vegetables for Fresh Consumption.- Treatments and Techniques to Minimise the Postharvest Losses of Perishable Food Crops.- Strategies for the Regulation of Postharvest Fruit Softening by Changing Cell Wall Enzyme Activity.- Postharvest Treatment of Fruits.- Postharvest Treatments of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus Unshiu Marc.) for the Improvement of Storage Life and Quality.- Sprouting Radioinhibition: A Method to Extend the Storage of Edible Garlic Bulbs.- Post-Harvest Processing of Fruits and Vegetables by Ionizing Radiation.- Desinfestation of Fresh Horticultural Commodities by Using Hot Forced Air with Controlled Atmospheres.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

All four volumes of "Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops" can be purchased together as one complete set. This set will be especially useful to researchers engaged in post harvest research, graduate and post graduate students majoring in food sciences.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
We can not talk about commodity production without building up all the operations after harvest. It is possible to market the products just after harvest, but it is only possible in small quantities. Postharvest handling is the ultimate stage in the process of producing quality fresh fruits and vegetables, getting these unique packages of water (fresh commodities) to the supper table. Fresh fruits and vegetables are succeptible to a number of postharvest disease and disorders and the postharvest operations are predominately aimed at maintaining harvest quality. Every step in the handling chain can influence the extent of disease and quality of the stored product. From planting to consumption, there are many opportu- ties for bacteria, viruses, and parasites to contaminate produce or nutrient deficiency level causing physiological disorders. Most of the storage rots are diseases that have originated in the field and have carried over onto commodities after harvest. Physiological disorders also arise from poor handling between harvest, storage and marketing. Treatments have a direct effect on inactivating or outright killing germinating spores, thus minimising rots. Prestorage treatment appears to be a promising method of postharvest control of decay. Pre-or-postharvest treatments of commodities are considered as potentiel alternatives for reducing the incidence of diseases, disorders, desinfestation of quarantine pests and for preserving food quality. Postharvest treatments lead to an alteration of gene expression and fruit ripening can sometimes be either delayed or disrupted.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• GENETIC DIVERSITY, EROSION, CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION - CASH CROPS
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Cash crops: An introduction
• Part I: Beverages
• Chapter 2: Cocoa
• Chapter 3: Coffee
• Part II: Industrial crops
• Chapter 4: Sugarcane
• Chapter 5: Rubber
• Chapter 6: Jute
• Part III: Oil seeds
• Chapter 7: Coconut
• Chapter 8: Oil Palm
• Chapter 9: Mustard
• Part IV: Pulses
• Chapter 10: Groundnut
• Chapter 11: Lentil
• Part V: Fruits and nuts
• Chapter 12: Date palm
• Chapter 13: Tomato
• Chapter 14: Cashewnut
• Part VI: Spices
• Chapter 15: Cardamom.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Cash crops are grown and sold for monetary gain and not necessarily for sustenance. They include coffee, tea, coconut, cotton, jute, groundnut, castor, linseed, cocoa, rubber, cassava, soybean, sweet potato, potato, wheat, corn and teff. While some of these crops have been improved for realizing yield potential, breeding of many of them is still in infancy. Crops that underwent rigorous breeding have eventually lost much of the diversity due to extensive cultivation with a few improved varieties and the diversity in less bred species is to be conserved. Over the past years, scholars and policy makers have become increasingly aware of the short and long-run impact of climatic factors on economic, food security, social and political outcomes . Genetic diversity, natural and induced, is much needed for the future generations to sustain food production with more climate resilient crops. In contrast, crop uniformity produced across the farm fields in the form of improved varieties is genetically vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, it is essential and challenging to address the issue of compromising between maximizing crop yield under a given set of conditions and minimizing the risk of crop failure when conditions change. Cash crops are grown in an array of climatic conditions. Many of the world's poor still live in rural areas. Many are subsistence farmers, operating very small farms using very little agricultural inputs for achieving marketable outputs. Conserving the diversity of these crops and addressing all issues of crop culture through modern tools of biotechnology and genomics is a real challenge. We believe the focus of this book is to fill an unmet need of this and other grower communities by providing the necessary knowledge, albeit indirectly via the academics, to manage the risks of cash crops breeding through managing genetic diversity.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Section A:
• 1. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), R.J. Newton, et al.
• 2. Somatic embryogenesis and genetic transformation in Pinus radiate, C. Walters, J.I. Find.
• 3. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), P.K. Gupta, D. Holmstrom.
• 4. Omorika spruce (Picea omorika), S. Mihaljevic, S. Jelaska.
• 5. Somatic embryogenesis in Picea glauca, E.C. Young, T.A. Thorpe.
• 6. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis: Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mills.)B.S.P.), F.M. Tremblay, et al.
• 7. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), D. Thompson, F. Harrington.
• 8. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis of Pinus nigra Arn, T. Salajova, et al.
• 9. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), W. Tang, R.J. Newton.
• 10. Somatic embryogenesis in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) L. Harvengt.
• 11. Somatic embryogenesis in Pinus patula, C.S. Ford, et al.
• 12. Somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce, M. Vagner, et al. Section B:
• 13. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), R.S. Nadgauda, S.S. Gogate.
• 14. Somatic embryogenesis protocol: coffee (Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora P.), H. Etienne.
• 15. Protocols for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet formation from three explants in tea (Camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze), A. Akula, C. Akula.
• 16. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis from Citrus spp. anther culture, M.A. Germana.
• 17. Integration system for propagation of Theobroma cacao L., S.N. Maximova, et al.
• 18. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), H. Ara, et al.
• 19. Somatic embryogenesis in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), S.K. Roy, R.K. Debnath.
• 20. Somatic embryogenesis in Indian olive (Elaeocarpus robustus L.), S.K. Roy, P. Sinha.
• 21. Rescue of endangered palms by in vitro methods: the case of 'bottle palm', V. Sarasan, et al.
• 22. Somatic embryogenesis in American grapes (Vitis x labruscana L.H. Bailey), S. Motoike, et al.
• 23. Pistachio, Pistachio vera L., A. Onay.
• 24. Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), D.K. Das, et al.
• 25. Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L., J.M. Al-Khayri.
• 26. Somatic embryogenesis protocol: Citrus, F. Carimi
• .27. Olive (Olea europaea), M. Mencuccini, et al. Section C:
• 28. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Sissoo), A.K. Singh, S. Chand.
• 29. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis: Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea /Matt./Liebl.), V. Chalupa.
• 30. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis: tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn.), J.M. Canhoto, et al.
• 31. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis: European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), U. Sauer, E. Wilhelm.
• 32. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis in Acacia arabica (Lamk.) Willd., G.R. Rout, R.M. Nanda.
• 33. Protocol for hazelnut somatic embryogenesis, B. Berros, et al.
• 34. Protocol of somatic embryogenesis: Ocotea catharinensis Mez. (Lauraceae), A.M. Viana, et al.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

World population is increasing at an alarming rate and this has resulted in increasing tremendously the demand for tree products such as wood for construction materials, fuel and paper, fruits, oils and medicines etc. This has put immense pressure on the world's supplies of trees and raw material to industry and will continue to do so as long as human population continues to grow. Also, the quality of human diet, especially nutritional components, is adversely affected due to limited genetic improvement of most of fruit trees. Thus there is an immediate need to increase productivity of trees. Improvement has been made through conventional breeding methods, however, conventional breeding is very slow due to long life cycle of trees. A basic strategy in tree improvement is to capture genetic gain through clonal propagation. Clonal propagation via organogenesis is being used for the production of selected elite individual trees. However, the methods are labour intensive, costly, and produce low volumes. Genetic gain can now be captured through somatic embryogenesis. Formation of embryos from somatic cells by a process resembling zygotic embryogenesis is one of the most important features of plants. In 1958, Reinert in Germany and Steward in USA independently reported somatic embryogenesis in carrot cultures. Since then, tremendous progress in somatic embryogenesis of woody and non-woody plants has taken place. It offers a potentially large-scale propagation system for superior clones.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)