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• Introduction
• 1: Contemplating Historical Actors in Context
• 2: Writing History: Problems of Neutrality
• 3: Justifying Judgement on Things Past
• 4: History, Identity, and the Present Bibliography of Works Cited.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Against majority opinion within his profession, Donald Bloxham argues that it is legitimate, often unavoidable, and frequently important for historians to make value judgements about the past. History and Morality draws on a wide range of historical examples, and its author's insights as a practicing historian. Examining concepts like impartiality, neutrality, contextualisation, and the use and abuse of the idea of the past as a foreign country, Bloxham's book investigates how far tacit moral judgements infuse works of history, and how strange those histories would look if the judgements were removed. The author argues that rather than trying to eradicate all judgemental elements from their work, historians need to think more consistently about how, and with what justification, they make the judgements that they do. The importance of all this lies not just in the responsibilities that historians bear towards the past - responsibilities to take historical actors on those actors' own terms and to portray the impact of those actors' deeds - but also in the role of history as a source of identity, pride, and shame in the present. The account of moral thought in History and Morality has ramifications far beyond the activities of vocational historians.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1: Contemplating Historical Actors in Context
• 2: Writing History: Problems of Neutrality
• 3: Justifying Judgement on Things Past
• 4: History, Identity, and the Present Bibliography of Works Cited.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Against majority opinion within his profession, Donald Bloxham argues that it is legitimate, often unavoidable, and frequently important for historians to make value judgements about the past. History and Morality draws on a wide range of historical examples, and its author's insights as a practicing historian. Examining concepts like impartiality, neutrality, contextualisation, and the use and abuse of the idea of the past as a foreign country, Bloxham's book investigates how far tacit moral judgements infuse works of history, and how strange those histories would look if the judgements were removed. The author argues that rather than trying to eradicate all judgemental elements from their work, historians need to think more consistently about how, and with what justification, they make the judgements that they do. The importance of all this lies not just in the responsibilities that historians bear towards the past - responsibilities to take historical actors on those actors' own terms and to portray the impact of those actors' deeds - but also in the role of history as a source of identity, pride, and shame in the present. The account of moral thought in History and Morality has ramifications far beyond the activities of vocational historians.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1: Classical History between Epic and Rhetoric
• 2: History, Faith, Fortuna
• 3: The 'Middle Age'
• 4: Renaissances and Reformations
• 5: Society, Nature, Emancipation
• 6: Nationalism, Historicism, Crisis
• 7: Turns to the Present
• 8: Justifying History Today Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

What is the point of history? Why has the study of the past been so important for so long? Why History? A History contemplates two and a half thousand years of historianship to establish how very different thinkers in diverse contexts have conceived their activities, and to illustrate the purposes that their historical investigations have served. Whether considering Herodotus, medieval religious exegesis, or twentieth-century cultural history, at the core of this work is the way that the present has been conceived to relate to the past. Alongside many changes in technique and philosophy, Donald Bloxham's book reveals striking long-term continuities in justifications for the discipline.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• 1: Classical History between Epic and Rhetoric
• 2: History, Faith, Fortuna
• 3: The 'Middle Age'
• 4: Renaissances and Reformations
• 5: Society, Nature, Emancipation
• 6: Nationalism, Historicism, Crisis
• 7: Turns to the Present
• 8: Justifying History Today Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

What is the point of history? Why has the study of the past been so important for so long? Why History? A History contemplates two and a half thousand years of historianship to establish how very different thinkers in diverse contexts have conceived their activities, and to illustrate the purposes that their historical investigations have served. Whether considering Herodotus, medieval religious exegesis, or twentieth-century cultural history, at the core of this work is the way that the present has been conceived to relate to the past. Alongside many changes in technique and philosophy, Donald Bloxham's book reveals striking long-term continuities in justifications for the discipline.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART I: CONCEPTS
• PART II: INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES
• PART III: PREMODERN AND EARLY MODERN GENOCIDE
• PART IV: GENOCIDE IN THE LATE MODERN WORLD
• PART V: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: RULES AND RESPONSES.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Genocide has scarred human societies since Antiquity. In the modern era, genocide has been a global phenomenon: from massacres in colonial America, Africa, and Australia to the Holocaust of European Jewry and mass death in Maoist China. In recent years, the discipline of 'genocide studies' has developed to offer analysis and comprehension. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies is the first book to subject both genocide and the young discipline it has spawned to systematic, in-depth investigation. Thirty-four renowned experts study genocide through the ages by taking regional, thematic, and disciplinary-specific approaches. Chapters examine secessionist and political genocides in modern Asia. Others treat the violent dynamics of European colonialism in Africa, the complex ethnic geography of the Great Lakes region, and the structural instability of the continent's northern horn. South and North America receive detailed coverage, as do the Ottoman Empire, Nazi-occupied Europe, and post-communist Eastern Europe. Sustained attention is paid to themes like gender, memory, the state, culture, ethnic cleansing, military intervention, the United Nations, and prosecutions. The work is multi-disciplinary, featuring the work of historians, anthropologists, lawyers, political scientists, sociologists, and philosophers. Uniquely combining empirical reconstruction and conceptual analysis, this Handbook presents and analyses regions of genocide and the entire field of 'genocide studies' in one substantial volume.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Glossary and Abbreviations
• Introduction
• PART I: A EUROPEAN HISTORY OF VIOLENCE
• 1. Europe on the Brink
• 2. The First World War Era
• 3. Ethnopolitics, Geopolitics, and the Return to War
• PART II: NAZISM AND THE FINAL SOLUTION
• 4. Nazism and Germany
• 5. Genocide in Germany's Eastern Empire
• 6. The Patterns and Limits of the European Genocide
• PART III: PERPETRATORS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
• 7. Why did they kill?
• PART IV: CIVILIZATION AND THE HOLOCAUST
• 8. Locating Genocide in the Human Past
• Bibliography of Sources Cited
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Holocaust is frequently depicted in isolation by its historians. Some of them believe that to place it in any kind of comparative context risks diminishing its uniqueness and even detracts from the enormity of the Nazi crime. In reality, such a restricted understanding of 'uniqueness' has pulled the Holocaust apart from history and set up barriers to a better understanding of the racial onslaught unleashed within the Third Reich and its conquered territories. Working against the grain of much earlier writing, this innovative new history combines a detailed re-appraisal of the development of the genocide of the Jews, a full consideration of Nazi policies against other population groups, and a comparative analysis of other modern genocides. The Holocaust is portrayed as the culmination of a much wider history of European genocide and ethnic cleansing, from the late nineteenth century onwards. Ultimately, Bloxham shows that an explanation for the Holocaust rooted exclusively in Nazism and antisemitism is inadequate when set against one that is both prepared to give due weight to the immediate circumstances of the Second World War in eastern Europe and to situate the Jewish genocide within the broader patterns of human behaviour in the late-modern world.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction: Genocide and the Armenian Case
• PART I: MASS MURDER IN AN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
• 1. Prologue: Eastern Questions, Nationalist Answers
• 2. Ethnic Reprisal and Ethnic Cleansing
• Interlude The Genocide in Context
• PART II: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN THE GENOCIDE ERA
• 3. Imperial Germany: A Case of Mistaken Identity
• 4. Ethnic Violence and the Entente 1915-23
• Interlude New Minority Questions in the New Near East
• PART III: FROM RESPONSE TO RECOGNITION?
• 5. The USA: From Non-Intervention to Non-Recognition
• 66. Epilogue: the geopolitics of memory
• Bibliography
• Index.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

The Great Game of Genocide addresses the origins, development and aftermath of the Armenian genocide in a wide-ranging reappraisal based on primary and secondary sources from all the major parties involved. Rejecting the determinism of many influential studies, and discarding polemics on all sides, it founds its interpretation of the genocide in the interaction between the Ottoman empire in its decades of terminal decline, the self-interested policies of the European imperial powers, and the agenda of some Armenian nationalists in and beyond Ottoman territory. Particular attention is paid to the international context of the process of ethnic polarization that culminated in the massive destruction of 1912-23, and especially the obliteration of the Armenian community in 1915-16. The opening chapters of the book examine the relationship between the great power politics of the 'eastern question' from 1774, the narrower politics of the 'Armenian question' from the mid-nineteenth century, and the internal Ottoman questions of reforming the complex social and ethnic order under intense external pressure.Later chapters include detailed case studies of the role of Imperial Germany during the First World War (reaching conclusions markedly different to the prevailing orthodoxy of German complicity in the genocide); the wartime Entente and then the uncomfortable postwar Anglo-French axis; and American political interest in the Middle East in the interwar period which led to a policy of refusing to recognize the genocide. The book concludes by explaining the ongoing international denial of the genocide as an extension of the historical 'Armenian question', with many of the same considerations governing modern European-American-Turkish interaction as existed prior to the First World War.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Preface
• Introduction
• 1. The victims: dealing with testimony
• 2. Perpetrators and perpetration part I: ideology and interpretation
• 3. Perpetrators and perpetration part II: radicalisation and participation
• 4. The bystanders: towards a more sophisticated historiography? Conclusion
• Select bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Despite the massive literature on the Holocaust, our understanding of it has traditionally been influenced by rather unsophisticated early perspectives and silence. This book summarises and criticises the existing scholarship on the subject and suggests new ways by which we can approach its study. Ultimately, this text highlights the essential need to place the Holocaust in the broadest possible context, emphasising the importance of producing high quality but sensitive scholarship in its study.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• PART I: THE LEGAL PRISM
• 1. Shaping the Trials: The Politics of Trial Policy 1945-1949
• 2. Race-specific Crimes in Punishment and Re-educative Policy: The Jewish Factor
• PART II: POSTWAR REPRESENTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
• 3. Plumbing the Depths of Nazi Criminality: The Limits of Legal Imagination
• 4. Charting the Breadth of Nazi Criminality: The Failure of the Trial Medium
• PART III: THE TRIALS AND POSTERITY
• 5. A Nuremberg Historiography of the Holocaust?
• Conclusions
• Appendix A: Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Article 6
• Appendix B: The Defendants and Organizations before the IMT
• Appendix C: The Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings
• Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

When the Allies decided to try German war criminals at the end of World War II they were attempting not only to punish the guilty but also to create a record of what had happened in Europe. This ground-breaking new study shows how Britain and the United States went about inscribing the history of Nazi Germany and the effect their trial and occupation policies had on both long and short term 'memory' in Germany and Britain. Donald Bloxham here examines the actions and trials of German soldiers and policemen, the use of legal evidence, the refractory functions of the courtroom, and Allied political and cultural preconceptions of both 'Germanism' and of German criminality. His evidence shows conclusively that the trials were a failure: the greatest of all 'crimes against humanity' - the 'final solution of the Jewish question' - was largely written out of history in the post-war era and the trials failed to transmit the breadth of German criminality. Finally, with reference to the historiography of the Holocaust, Genocide on Trial illuminates the function of the trials in perpetuating misleading generalizations about the course of the Holocaust and the nature of Nazism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction
• PART I: THE LEGAL PRISM
• 1. Shaping the Trials: The Politics of Trial Policy 1945-1949
• 2. Race-specific Crimes in Punishment and Re-educative Policy: The Jewish Factor
• PART II: POSTWAR REPRESENTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS
• 3. Plumbing the Depths of Nazi Criminality: The Limits of Legal Imagination
• 4. Charting the Breadth of Nazi Criminality: The Failure of the Trial Medium
• PART III: THE TRIALS AND POSTERITY
• 5. A Nuremberg Historiography of the Holocaust?
• Conclusions
• Appendix A: Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Article 6
• Appendix B: The Defendants and Organizations before the IMT
• Appendix C: The Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings
• Bibliography.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

When the Allies decided to try German war criminals at the end of World War II they were attempting not only to punish the guilty but also to create a record of what had happened in Europe. This ground-breaking new study shows how Britain and the United States went about inscribing the history of Nazi Germany and the effect their trial and occupation policies had on both long and short term 'memory' in Germany and Britain. Donald Bloxham here examines the actions and trials of German soldiers and policemen, the use of legal evidence, the refractory functions of the courtroom, and Allied political and cultural preconceptions of both 'Germanism' and of German criminality. His evidence shows conclusively that the trials were a failure: the greatest of all 'crimes against humanity' - the 'final solution of the Jewish question' - was largely written out of history in the post-war era and the trials failed to transmit the breadth of German criminality. Finally, with reference to the historiography of the Holocaust, Genocide on Trial illuminates the function of the trials in perpetuating misleading generalizations about the course of the Holocaust and the nature of Nazism.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction / Donald Bloxham and Robert Gerwarth
• 1. Europe in the world: systems and culture of violence / Donald Bloxham, Martin Conway, Robert Gerwarth, A. Dirk Moses and Klaus Weinhauer
• 2. War / James McMillan
• 3. Genocide and ethnic cleansing / Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses
• 4. Revolution and counter-revolution / Martin Conway and Robert Gerwarth
• 5. Terrorism and the state / Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Klaus Weinhauer.

This is a comprehensive history of political violence during Europe's incredibly violent twentieth century. Leading scholars examine the causes and dynamics of war, revolution, counterrevolution, genocide, ethnic cleansing, terrorism and state repression. They locate these manifestations of political violence within their full transnational and comparative contexts and within broader trends in European history from the beginning of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth-century, through the two world wars, to the Yugoslav Wars and the rise of fundamentalist terrorism. The book spans a 'greater Europe' stretching from Ireland and Iberia to the Baltic, the Caucasus, Turkey and the southern shores of the Mediterranean. It sheds new light on the extent to which political violence in twentieth-century Europe was inseparable from the generation of new forms of state power and their projection into other societies, be they distant territories of imperial conquest or ones much closer to home.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• PART I: CONCEPTS
• PART II: INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES
• PART III: PREMODERN AND EARLY MODERN GENOCIDE
• PART IV: GENOCIDE IN THE LATE MODERN WORLD
• PART V: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: RULES AND RESPONSES.
• (source: Nielsen Book Data)

Genocide has scarred human societies since Antiquity. In the modern era, genocide has been a global phenomenon: from massacres in colonial America, Africa, and Australia to the Holocaust of European Jewry and mass death in Maoist China. In recent years, the discipline of 'genocide studies' has developed to offer analysis and comprehension. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies is the first book to subject both genocide and the young discipline it has spawned to systematic, in-depth investigation. Thirty-four renowned experts study genocide through the ages by taking regional, thematic, and disciplinary-specific approaches. Chapters examine secessionist and political genocides in modern Asia. Others treat the violent dynamics of European colonialism in Africa, the complex ethnic geography of the Great Lakes region, and the structural instability of the continent's northern horn. South and North America receive detailed coverage, as do the Ottoman Empire, Nazi-occupied Europe, and post-communist Eastern Europe. Sustained attention is paid to themes like gender, memory, the state, culture, ethnic cleansing, military intervention, the United Nations, and prosecutions. The work is multi-disciplinary, featuring the work of historians, anthropologists, lawyers, political scientists, sociologists, and philosophers. Uniquely combining empirical reconstruction and conceptual analysis, this Handbook presents and analyses regions of genocide and the entire field of 'genocide studies' in one substantial volume.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)

• Introduction / Donald Bloxham and Robert Gerwarth
• 1. Europe in the world: systems and culture of violence / Donald Bloxham, Martin Conway, Robert Gerwarth, A. Dirk Moses and Klaus Weinhauer
• 2. War / James McMillan
• 3. Genocide and ethnic cleansing / Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses
• 4. Revolution and counter-revolution / Martin Conway and Robert Gerwarth
• 5. Terrorism and the state / Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Klaus Weinhauer.

This is a comprehensive history of political violence during Europe's incredibly violent twentieth century. Leading scholars examine the causes and dynamics of war, revolution, counterrevolution, genocide, ethnic cleansing, terrorism and state repression. They locate these manifestations of political violence within their full transnational and comparative contexts and within broader trends in European history from the beginning of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth-century, through the two world wars, to the Yugoslav Wars and the rise of fundamentalist terrorism. The book spans a 'greater Europe' stretching from Ireland and Iberia to the Baltic, the Caucasus, Turkey and the southern shores of the Mediterranean. It sheds new light on the extent to which political violence in twentieth-century Europe was inseparable from the generation of new forms of state power and their projection into other societies, be they distant territories of imperial conquest or ones much closer to home.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)