1. Under the Guise of Safety, EdTech Software Surveils [2019] Online
An investigation into the privacy concerns with popular edtech "safety management" software.
An investigation into the privacy concerns with popular edtech "safety management" software.
2. The 2017 eastern Bering Sea continental shelf and northern Bering Sea bottom trawl surveys : results for commercial crab species [2018] Online
- Book
- 1 online resource (viii, 233 pages) : color illustrations, maps (some color).
- Collection
- Government Information United States Federal Collection
"The eastern Bering Sea bottom trawl survey has been conducted annually since 1975 by the Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. The purpose of this survey is to collect data on the distribution and abundance of crab, groundfish, and other benthic resources in the eastern Bering Sea. These data are used to estimate population abundances for the management of commercially important species in the region. This document includes the time series of results from 1975 to the present. In 2017, 395 total stations (375 standard stations and 20 resampled stations in Bristol Bay) were sampled on the eastern Bering Sea shelf from 4 June to 15 August. In early June, colder bottom temperatures extended into Bristol Bay creating the need to resample 20 stations due to delaying effects of cold water temperature on red king crab reproductive cycle. There was an overall decrease in biomass and abundance in male red king and blue king crab and female red king crab. There was an overall increase in immature female blue king crab and a decrease in mature female biomass and abundance, with no mature female blue king crab being caught in the St. Matthew Island Section. There were overall increases in immature and legal male and immature and mature female biomass and abundance in Chionoecetes bairdi and C. opilio crab, and a decrease in mature male biomass and abundance in Chionoecetes bairdi and C. opilio crab. In addition to the standard eastern Bering Sea survey, in 2017, following the conclusion of the standard survey, 145 stations were sampled in the northern Bering Sea region, encompassing the region south of Bering Strait and including Norton Sound. These stations were sampled between 1 August and 2 September. We report the results of this survey separately from the eastern Bering Sea survey, within the northern Bering Sea section of this report. Blue king crabs occurred largely in the region north of St. Lawrence Isand, in greater densities than were observed for the St. Matthew and Pribilof stocks. Red king crab occurred primarily in Norton Sound, at densities roughly intermediate between those generally observed in the Bristol Bay and Pribilof Districts. Chionoecetes opilio dominated the catch, with the highest densities observed during the 2017 Bering Sea survey occurring to the south of St. Lawrence. Immature male and female opilio were predominate, although mature females were observed, primarily along the western edge of the survey grid, and in the north, near Bering Strait. Morphometrically mature (“large-clawed”) male C. opilio were scattered throughout the survey region, but most prevalent within catch near Bering Strait."--Publisher's website.
"The eastern Bering Sea bottom trawl survey has been conducted annually since 1975 by the Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. The purpose of this survey is to collect data on the distribution and abundance of crab, groundfish, and other benthic resources in the eastern Bering Sea. These data are used to estimate population abundances for the management of commercially important species in the region. This document includes the time series of results from 1975 to the present. In 2017, 395 total stations (375 standard stations and 20 resampled stations in Bristol Bay) were sampled on the eastern Bering Sea shelf from 4 June to 15 August. In early June, colder bottom temperatures extended into Bristol Bay creating the need to resample 20 stations due to delaying effects of cold water temperature on red king crab reproductive cycle. There was an overall decrease in biomass and abundance in male red king and blue king crab and female red king crab. There was an overall increase in immature female blue king crab and a decrease in mature female biomass and abundance, with no mature female blue king crab being caught in the St. Matthew Island Section. There were overall increases in immature and legal male and immature and mature female biomass and abundance in Chionoecetes bairdi and C. opilio crab, and a decrease in mature male biomass and abundance in Chionoecetes bairdi and C. opilio crab. In addition to the standard eastern Bering Sea survey, in 2017, following the conclusion of the standard survey, 145 stations were sampled in the northern Bering Sea region, encompassing the region south of Bering Strait and including Norton Sound. These stations were sampled between 1 August and 2 September. We report the results of this survey separately from the eastern Bering Sea survey, within the northern Bering Sea section of this report. Blue king crabs occurred largely in the region north of St. Lawrence Isand, in greater densities than were observed for the St. Matthew and Pribilof stocks. Red king crab occurred primarily in Norton Sound, at densities roughly intermediate between those generally observed in the Bristol Bay and Pribilof Districts. Chionoecetes opilio dominated the catch, with the highest densities observed during the 2017 Bering Sea survey occurring to the south of St. Lawrence. Immature male and female opilio were predominate, although mature females were observed, primarily along the western edge of the survey grid, and in the north, near Bering Strait. Morphometrically mature (“large-clawed”) male C. opilio were scattered throughout the survey region, but most prevalent within catch near Bering Strait."--Publisher's website.
3. 2FLOWS: A Smart Dual-Flow Sink [2018] Online
- Collection
- ME310 Project Based Engineering Design
As the water infrastructure in the US is aging, with many water distribution pipes installed 50 or more years ago, the process of replacing such infrastructure is projected to cost about $1 trillion. Our project sponsor Xylem asked us to design a solution around such a wicked problem. The ME310 Xylem team conducted user needfinding, defined the problem, pivoted towards darkhorse prototypes, created funktional and functional prototypes, and finally developed the solution called 2FLOWS. 2FLOWS is a smart dual-flow sink that automatically detects and diverts greywater from blackwater, giving greywater a second life for purposes such as irrigation and other non-potable uses within the building (e.g., toilet flushing). As much of the water from commercial buildings are in fact reusable, the diversion and reuse of greywater effectively reduces the load on pipes to water treatment and also prevents unnecessary full treatment of the water. Through needfinding we found that there is a huge mismatch between water-saving intentions and actions, but our instances of user testing have shown that 2FLOWS brings about a unique user experience that allows already water-conscious citizens to bridge this intention-to-action gap. We also found that 2FLOWS brings the conversation and awareness of water-consciousness, which is the first step towards a more sustainable infrastructure. We envision 2FLOWS to be advantageous and vital to the decentralized paradigm that we introduce as the solution to the issue of aging water infrastructure.
As the water infrastructure in the US is aging, with many water distribution pipes installed 50 or more years ago, the process of replacing such infrastructure is projected to cost about $1 trillion. Our project sponsor Xylem asked us to design a solution around such a wicked problem. The ME310 Xylem team conducted user needfinding, defined the problem, pivoted towards darkhorse prototypes, created funktional and functional prototypes, and finally developed the solution called 2FLOWS. 2FLOWS is a smart dual-flow sink that automatically detects and diverts greywater from blackwater, giving greywater a second life for purposes such as irrigation and other non-potable uses within the building (e.g., toilet flushing). As much of the water from commercial buildings are in fact reusable, the diversion and reuse of greywater effectively reduces the load on pipes to water treatment and also prevents unnecessary full treatment of the water. Through needfinding we found that there is a huge mismatch between water-saving intentions and actions, but our instances of user testing have shown that 2FLOWS brings about a unique user experience that allows already water-conscious citizens to bridge this intention-to-action gap. We also found that 2FLOWS brings the conversation and awareness of water-consciousness, which is the first step towards a more sustainable infrastructure. We envision 2FLOWS to be advantageous and vital to the decentralized paradigm that we introduce as the solution to the issue of aging water infrastructure.
4. A Break in the Cloud: Finding the Local in the Global Internet [2018] Online
The Internet has radically changed every mode of production, distribution, and consumption in modern life, granting global access to information transcending time and space. However, the physical infrastructure that enables the Internet is often overlooked, due to the virtual and intangible nature of Internet connection. This disconnect between the digital and the physical is captured by the popular buzzword - “the cloud” - a metaphor that abstracts away the vast, energy-guzzling tracts of data server farms kept hidden in corporate secrecy. This thesis seeks to make “the cloud” visible and concrete, and in doing so, zooms in from the Internet’s “global village”1 back to the physical realities of Internet infrastructure embedded within local communities. Through an analysis and synthesis of technical papers, corporate marketing, policy reports, and maps, it situates the “global” nature of the cloud within national and local politics and communities. In addition, through a case study of Google’s first data center in The Dalles, Oregon, and its intimate relationship with a community-piloted municipal fiber network - QLife Network - this thesis brings local community needs and negotiations in conversation with the global corporate order of digital technologies. The discussion concludes with a proposed framework for a community-oriented approach to accessing the global Internet, urging for visibility through new media art and community-based Internet infrastructure investment. Recognizing the realities of local within a global Internet makes the first necessary step in bringing the cloud out of its technological black box, and in short, finding the break in the cloud.
The Internet has radically changed every mode of production, distribution, and consumption in modern life, granting global access to information transcending time and space. However, the physical infrastructure that enables the Internet is often overlooked, due to the virtual and intangible nature of Internet connection. This disconnect between the digital and the physical is captured by the popular buzzword - “the cloud” - a metaphor that abstracts away the vast, energy-guzzling tracts of data server farms kept hidden in corporate secrecy. This thesis seeks to make “the cloud” visible and concrete, and in doing so, zooms in from the Internet’s “global village”1 back to the physical realities of Internet infrastructure embedded within local communities. Through an analysis and synthesis of technical papers, corporate marketing, policy reports, and maps, it situates the “global” nature of the cloud within national and local politics and communities. In addition, through a case study of Google’s first data center in The Dalles, Oregon, and its intimate relationship with a community-piloted municipal fiber network - QLife Network - this thesis brings local community needs and negotiations in conversation with the global corporate order of digital technologies. The discussion concludes with a proposed framework for a community-oriented approach to accessing the global Internet, urging for visibility through new media art and community-based Internet infrastructure investment. Recognizing the realities of local within a global Internet makes the first necessary step in bringing the cloud out of its technological black box, and in short, finding the break in the cloud.
The mosquito Aedes albopictus, originating from southeast Asia, has expanded throughout the world during the 20th century, adapting to a variety of different regions and habitats and spreading diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Within these invasive populations little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure, particularly in Central America. Previous studies on the diversity of Ae. albopictus have been performed in countries such as the United States and Malaysia; however, few studies have examined population structure, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic relationship of Ae. albopictus populations in Central America, where dengue and other viruses are actively spreading. Understanding these important genetic markers and relationships will guide future research to allow for more direct targeting of vector control efforts. Ae. albopictus were captured using five different trapping methods in locations covering a wide range of land uses and temperatures across southern Costa Rica. We assessed population genetic structure by sequencing the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. A phylogenetic tree constructed from our Costa Rican sequences and other world population sequences revealed a slight clustering of the Costa Rican population with populations from temperate regions. Examination of our sequences also revealed little population structuring, which indicates that the geographically separated populations are still intermixing despite the barriers that exist. Understanding the genetics of the Ae. albopictus within Costa Rica will be fundamental to future research to determine how the species will respond to the anthropogenic changes in temperature and land use in southern in Costa Rica. This in turn could aid in proactive mosquito control and public health management to reduce the incidence of the mosquito-borne viral infections.
The mosquito Aedes albopictus, originating from southeast Asia, has expanded throughout the world during the 20th century, adapting to a variety of different regions and habitats and spreading diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Within these invasive populations little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure, particularly in Central America. Previous studies on the diversity of Ae. albopictus have been performed in countries such as the United States and Malaysia; however, few studies have examined population structure, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic relationship of Ae. albopictus populations in Central America, where dengue and other viruses are actively spreading. Understanding these important genetic markers and relationships will guide future research to allow for more direct targeting of vector control efforts. Ae. albopictus were captured using five different trapping methods in locations covering a wide range of land uses and temperatures across southern Costa Rica. We assessed population genetic structure by sequencing the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. A phylogenetic tree constructed from our Costa Rican sequences and other world population sequences revealed a slight clustering of the Costa Rican population with populations from temperate regions. Examination of our sequences also revealed little population structuring, which indicates that the geographically separated populations are still intermixing despite the barriers that exist. Understanding the genetics of the Ae. albopictus within Costa Rica will be fundamental to future research to determine how the species will respond to the anthropogenic changes in temperature and land use in southern in Costa Rica. This in turn could aid in proactive mosquito control and public health management to reduce the incidence of the mosquito-borne viral infections.
6. A forward genetic screen identifies new host factors influencing bacteriophage lambda's lysis-lysogeny decision [2018] Online
- Collection
- Undergraduate Theses, School of Engineering
In order to survive, organisms must integrate internal and external signals via complex signaling pathways to intelligently navigate their environment. Bacteriophage lambda has long been a classic model for understanding such pathways, and how they allow cells to effect changes in physiology in order to adapt to varying circumstances. When infecting its host Escherichia coli, phage lambda may either make more viruses (lysis), or integrate itself into the host genome (lysogeny). To better understand the extent to which host physiology influences the lysis-lysogeny decision, I performed a forward genetic screen to identify genes whose deletions bias the infected cell towards lysis or lysogeny. This screen revealed numerous host-encoded genes linked to the lysis-lysogeny decision, including transcription factors and genes in metabolic pathways. These results demonstrate previously unknown links between host physiology and viral decision-making, shedding new light on this classic model system.
In order to survive, organisms must integrate internal and external signals via complex signaling pathways to intelligently navigate their environment. Bacteriophage lambda has long been a classic model for understanding such pathways, and how they allow cells to effect changes in physiology in order to adapt to varying circumstances. When infecting its host Escherichia coli, phage lambda may either make more viruses (lysis), or integrate itself into the host genome (lysogeny). To better understand the extent to which host physiology influences the lysis-lysogeny decision, I performed a forward genetic screen to identify genes whose deletions bias the infected cell towards lysis or lysogeny. This screen revealed numerous host-encoded genes linked to the lysis-lysogeny decision, including transcription factors and genes in metabolic pathways. These results demonstrate previously unknown links between host physiology and viral decision-making, shedding new light on this classic model system.
7. A la protección de la salud: Indigenous status, insurance affiliation, and prenatal care quality in Oaxaca, Mexico [2018] Online
- Collection
- Stanford University, Fisher Family Honors Program in Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law
Despite the introduction of Seguro Popular, a universal form of health insurance, in the early 2000s, indigenous women in Mexico continue to exhibit disparately poor maternal health outcomes relative to non-indigenous women. This difference has typically been attributed to factors including poverty, rurality, and lack of care adherence, but little work has addressed the role of prenatal care quality in explaining this trend. Similarly, though Seguro Popular has assisted in equalizing the proportion of indigenous and non-indigenous women who receive prenatal care, few studies have compared the substantive quality of care provided to these two groups. Using data from ENADID 2014, this study characterizes the relationship between indigenous status, insurance affiliation, and prenatal care quality, focusing specifically on the state of Oaxaca. After developing an index of prenatal care quality consistent with both international norms and local patient care preferences, I demonstrate significantly worse prenatal care quality among indigenous women across every measure of quality. Even after controls for socioeconomic marginalization, linear and logistic regression models of prenatal care demonstrate that indigenous women received 0.642 fewer prenatal visits (p < 0.05), exhibited reduced odds of receiving prenatal care in the first trimester (OR 0.5929, p < 0.05), received 0.3515 fewer interventions over the course of pregnancy (out of a checklist of 11 essential procedures, p < 0.05), had reduced odds of receiving prenatal care from a doctor (OR 0.3969, p < 0.01), received poorer information quality of care (0.2284 points fewer on a 3-point scale, p < 0.05), and received poorer interpersonal quality of care (0.3791 points fewer on a 3-point scale, p < 0.01). Regression models stratified by indigenous status suggest that these indigenous status- based inequalities are concentrated among Seguro Popular affiliates. The signifiant correlation between indigenous status and poor care quality, independent of socioeconomic marginalization, suggests insufficient cross-cultural communication and implicit discrimination as potential sources of this quality difference. In addition to demonstrating continued indigenous care access inequality in Oaxaca even after the implementation of Seguro Popular, these results suggest discrepancies in access to quality prenatal care as a possible explanation of Mexico’s indigenous maternal health disparities.
Despite the introduction of Seguro Popular, a universal form of health insurance, in the early 2000s, indigenous women in Mexico continue to exhibit disparately poor maternal health outcomes relative to non-indigenous women. This difference has typically been attributed to factors including poverty, rurality, and lack of care adherence, but little work has addressed the role of prenatal care quality in explaining this trend. Similarly, though Seguro Popular has assisted in equalizing the proportion of indigenous and non-indigenous women who receive prenatal care, few studies have compared the substantive quality of care provided to these two groups. Using data from ENADID 2014, this study characterizes the relationship between indigenous status, insurance affiliation, and prenatal care quality, focusing specifically on the state of Oaxaca. After developing an index of prenatal care quality consistent with both international norms and local patient care preferences, I demonstrate significantly worse prenatal care quality among indigenous women across every measure of quality. Even after controls for socioeconomic marginalization, linear and logistic regression models of prenatal care demonstrate that indigenous women received 0.642 fewer prenatal visits (p < 0.05), exhibited reduced odds of receiving prenatal care in the first trimester (OR 0.5929, p < 0.05), received 0.3515 fewer interventions over the course of pregnancy (out of a checklist of 11 essential procedures, p < 0.05), had reduced odds of receiving prenatal care from a doctor (OR 0.3969, p < 0.01), received poorer information quality of care (0.2284 points fewer on a 3-point scale, p < 0.05), and received poorer interpersonal quality of care (0.3791 points fewer on a 3-point scale, p < 0.01). Regression models stratified by indigenous status suggest that these indigenous status- based inequalities are concentrated among Seguro Popular affiliates. The signifiant correlation between indigenous status and poor care quality, independent of socioeconomic marginalization, suggests insufficient cross-cultural communication and implicit discrimination as potential sources of this quality difference. In addition to demonstrating continued indigenous care access inequality in Oaxaca even after the implementation of Seguro Popular, these results suggest discrepancies in access to quality prenatal care as a possible explanation of Mexico’s indigenous maternal health disparities.
8. A Life-cycle Assessment of Canadian-produced Liquefied Natural Gas for Consumption in China [2018] Online
- Collection
- Master's Theses, Stanford Earth
Natural gas consumption has increased in recent decades due to low prices and emissions benefits over coal. The greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of natural gas over coal require a low upstream emissions profile, in particular with low fugitive emissions of methane. Furthermore, natural gas is unlike oil in that it is highly transport-constrained. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) allows for overseas shipping but comes at significant economic and energetic costs. We worked with a Canadian liquids-rich gas producer to better understand upstream fugitive emissions and assess their efficacy of leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs. We model emissions from their operations and perform life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a hypothetical scenario where they produce 1 billion cubic feet per day of LNG in coastal British Columbia, for consumption in Shenzhen, China. We determine the life- cycle GHG and criteria air pollutant emissions associated with such a project.
We find that the LDAR surveys have resulted in decreased number of emissions points and decreased site-wide emissions. Leaks that were fixed from LDAR surveys tended to remain fixed and did not reappear. Likewise, leaks that were not fixed tended to persist and did not go away on their own, indicating that leak persistence is very high. Consequently, LDAR surveys are resulting in emissions reductions, as long as detected leaks are fixed. Repeat LDAR surveys regularly found new emission sources, even without significant site changes occurring, supporting the idea that LDAR surveys must be done regularly to find and fix new emission sources that arise from equipment failure or breakdown.
We find that Canada-to-China LNG will result in fewer life-cycle GHG emissions than the same power generated using coal in Asian markets. Studies have estimated Chinese coal power emissions to be anywhere from 868 to 975 g CO2e/kWh, nearly double our results of 408.2 to 547.9 g CO2e/kWh. Our results are lower than prior studies due to low upstream emissions and more efficient LNG production assumptions. LCA studies of LNG have focused on upstream and liquefaction stages, but our work makes it clear that total emissions are dominated by end-use emissions. When considering the climate benefits and drawbacks of LNG, it is critical to understand how the gas will be used.
Natural gas consumption has increased in recent decades due to low prices and emissions benefits over coal. The greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of natural gas over coal require a low upstream emissions profile, in particular with low fugitive emissions of methane. Furthermore, natural gas is unlike oil in that it is highly transport-constrained. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) allows for overseas shipping but comes at significant economic and energetic costs. We worked with a Canadian liquids-rich gas producer to better understand upstream fugitive emissions and assess their efficacy of leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs. We model emissions from their operations and perform life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a hypothetical scenario where they produce 1 billion cubic feet per day of LNG in coastal British Columbia, for consumption in Shenzhen, China. We determine the life- cycle GHG and criteria air pollutant emissions associated with such a project.
We find that the LDAR surveys have resulted in decreased number of emissions points and decreased site-wide emissions. Leaks that were fixed from LDAR surveys tended to remain fixed and did not reappear. Likewise, leaks that were not fixed tended to persist and did not go away on their own, indicating that leak persistence is very high. Consequently, LDAR surveys are resulting in emissions reductions, as long as detected leaks are fixed. Repeat LDAR surveys regularly found new emission sources, even without significant site changes occurring, supporting the idea that LDAR surveys must be done regularly to find and fix new emission sources that arise from equipment failure or breakdown.
We find that Canada-to-China LNG will result in fewer life-cycle GHG emissions than the same power generated using coal in Asian markets. Studies have estimated Chinese coal power emissions to be anywhere from 868 to 975 g CO2e/kWh, nearly double our results of 408.2 to 547.9 g CO2e/kWh. Our results are lower than prior studies due to low upstream emissions and more efficient LNG production assumptions. LCA studies of LNG have focused on upstream and liquefaction stages, but our work makes it clear that total emissions are dominated by end-use emissions. When considering the climate benefits and drawbacks of LNG, it is critical to understand how the gas will be used.
9. A Literature Review Promoting Counterinsurgency Cultural Training in Virtual Reality [2018] Online
Counterinsurgency cultural training (COIN-CT) could be augmented by adapting existing 3D desktop educational modules to virtual reality (VR). The following literature review synthesizes research on VR as a medium for training, VR as a medium for perspective taking, and current COIN-CT offerings to promote future empirical studies on VR COIN-CT solutions. This paper examines how VR features such as social presence, body transfer, and embodied cognition can lead to improved learning transfer. This paper also reviews current COIN-CT offerings in depth, identifies how VR could enhance existing options, and addresses potential challenges facing widespread adoption of VR COIN-CT.
Counterinsurgency cultural training (COIN-CT) could be augmented by adapting existing 3D desktop educational modules to virtual reality (VR). The following literature review synthesizes research on VR as a medium for training, VR as a medium for perspective taking, and current COIN-CT offerings to promote future empirical studies on VR COIN-CT solutions. This paper examines how VR features such as social presence, body transfer, and embodied cognition can lead to improved learning transfer. This paper also reviews current COIN-CT offerings in depth, identifies how VR could enhance existing options, and addresses potential challenges facing widespread adoption of VR COIN-CT.
10. A New Era of Personalized Politics: The 2016 Twitter Campaign [2018] Online
This study looked at personalization during the 2016 presidential election. The ubiquity of social media and the unique features of Twitter enable new forms of personalization to emerge during political campaigns. This research added to the growing body of literature in political communication by taking a multifaceted approach to personalized politics in assessing content, interactivity, and language. The findings in this study confirmed trends from previous research in that politicians are posting more content relating to traditional campaign strategies (agenda setting, mobilization, and criticism) rather than revealing personal information about themselves. However, findings also suggest that personalized communicative practices are indeed emerging on Twitter through use of interactive features and language. This multifaceted analysis allows one to draw inferences to how personalization takes form, to give insights on how political campaigning will continue to evolve on Twitter, and to discuss its implications on the democratic process.
This study looked at personalization during the 2016 presidential election. The ubiquity of social media and the unique features of Twitter enable new forms of personalization to emerge during political campaigns. This research added to the growing body of literature in political communication by taking a multifaceted approach to personalized politics in assessing content, interactivity, and language. The findings in this study confirmed trends from previous research in that politicians are posting more content relating to traditional campaign strategies (agenda setting, mobilization, and criticism) rather than revealing personal information about themselves. However, findings also suggest that personalized communicative practices are indeed emerging on Twitter through use of interactive features and language. This multifaceted analysis allows one to draw inferences to how personalization takes form, to give insights on how political campaigning will continue to evolve on Twitter, and to discuss its implications on the democratic process.
11. A New Head of the Table: Indigenous Peoples at the Forefront of UNDRIP [2018] Online
This two-part paper asks how international Human Rights documents’ design process can become more effective and inclusive in advancing indigenous human rights by adopting a design mechanism similar to that of the Fair Food Program by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW). The purpose of this essay is to advocate for indigenous peoples’ direct participation and inclusion into Indigenous Human Rights documents’ design processes as a preliminary step towards establishing, securing, and protecting the rights that are representative of their own culture, tradition, beliefs, experiences, and perspectives. This serves as a call to action that counters the United Nations’ current western Human Rights frameworks and processes, which are ineffective in that they discuss indigenous peoples without the equal representation and understanding of their lived experiences and outlooks. Through an analysis of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), it will pinpoint a few of the faults of contemporary Indigenous Human Rights documents and representation, suggesting that their design processes inadvertently become exclusionary to indigenous peoples. It will then present the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW), a worker-based Human Rights organization, and their successful Fair Food Program as examples of possible design models to be emulated when amending the UNDRIP and drafting future Indigenous Human Rights documents.
This two-part paper asks how international Human Rights documents’ design process can become more effective and inclusive in advancing indigenous human rights by adopting a design mechanism similar to that of the Fair Food Program by the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW). The purpose of this essay is to advocate for indigenous peoples’ direct participation and inclusion into Indigenous Human Rights documents’ design processes as a preliminary step towards establishing, securing, and protecting the rights that are representative of their own culture, tradition, beliefs, experiences, and perspectives. This serves as a call to action that counters the United Nations’ current western Human Rights frameworks and processes, which are ineffective in that they discuss indigenous peoples without the equal representation and understanding of their lived experiences and outlooks. Through an analysis of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), it will pinpoint a few of the faults of contemporary Indigenous Human Rights documents and representation, suggesting that their design processes inadvertently become exclusionary to indigenous peoples. It will then present the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW), a worker-based Human Rights organization, and their successful Fair Food Program as examples of possible design models to be emulated when amending the UNDRIP and drafting future Indigenous Human Rights documents.
12. A sequence-to-sequence regression of genome-wide chromatin data through adversarial training [2018] Online
- Collection
- Undergraduate Theses, School of Engineering
An Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) reveals information about open chromatin regions, individual nucleosomes, and chromatin compaction at nucleotide resolution using only 500 to 50,000 cells. In contrast, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) requires much more biological samples, typically millions of cells, to detect DNA regions with histone modifications. In this sense, regressing histone ChIP-seq data from less costly ATAC-seq data will help us map missing histone marks and understand epigenomic activity in a more efficient way. This paper investigates how our modified deep adversarial training approach can be used to predict ChIP-seq signal based on ATAC-seq signal. We begin by setting the performance of convolutional neural network (CNN) model as a baseline. We then introduce three modifications to the widely used adversarial network architecture. First, we modify the generator component of the adversarial network so that it takes ATAC-seq signal as input instead of random noise and generates ChIP-seq signal from the ATAC-seq signal. Second, we suggest composite objective function based on two different losses - mean squared error and adversarial loss. Third, we apply one-sided label smoothing, which is essential in stabilizing the adversarial training. The generator trained through our new adversarial training approach reports Pearson correlation of 0.562 with respect to the actual ChIP-seq signal, outperforming the CNN baseline. We also conduct qualitative analysis on how the adversarial training based on the composite objective function helps the model predict ChIP-seq peaks using ATAC-seq signal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to tackle epigenomic signal imputation task using deep adversarial training.
An Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) reveals information about open chromatin regions, individual nucleosomes, and chromatin compaction at nucleotide resolution using only 500 to 50,000 cells. In contrast, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) requires much more biological samples, typically millions of cells, to detect DNA regions with histone modifications. In this sense, regressing histone ChIP-seq data from less costly ATAC-seq data will help us map missing histone marks and understand epigenomic activity in a more efficient way. This paper investigates how our modified deep adversarial training approach can be used to predict ChIP-seq signal based on ATAC-seq signal. We begin by setting the performance of convolutional neural network (CNN) model as a baseline. We then introduce three modifications to the widely used adversarial network architecture. First, we modify the generator component of the adversarial network so that it takes ATAC-seq signal as input instead of random noise and generates ChIP-seq signal from the ATAC-seq signal. Second, we suggest composite objective function based on two different losses - mean squared error and adversarial loss. Third, we apply one-sided label smoothing, which is essential in stabilizing the adversarial training. The generator trained through our new adversarial training approach reports Pearson correlation of 0.562 with respect to the actual ChIP-seq signal, outperforming the CNN baseline. We also conduct qualitative analysis on how the adversarial training based on the composite objective function helps the model predict ChIP-seq peaks using ATAC-seq signal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to tackle epigenomic signal imputation task using deep adversarial training.
13. A Smoke Removing DC-DC Converter Composed of a Seven Stage Class DE Rectifier and a Class Phi 2 Inverter [2018] Online
- Collection
- Undergraduate Theses, School of Engineering
This thesis presents the design methodology of a miniaturized, portable, and low power electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to reduce indoor air pollution (IAP) from rural cook-stoves. Decreasing the concentration of aerosol particles helps reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infections that can lead to disease and even death. We trace existing technologies and standards to combat IAP in cookstoves, design an ESP that allows precipitation at lower voltages via an electrode design that utilizes sub 5 kV voltages, and explore how rapidly pulsed converters decrease the power consumption of the circuit and increase smoke collection.
This thesis presents the design methodology of a miniaturized, portable, and low power electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to reduce indoor air pollution (IAP) from rural cook-stoves. Decreasing the concentration of aerosol particles helps reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infections that can lead to disease and even death. We trace existing technologies and standards to combat IAP in cookstoves, design an ESP that allows precipitation at lower voltages via an electrode design that utilizes sub 5 kV voltages, and explore how rapidly pulsed converters decrease the power consumption of the circuit and increase smoke collection.
14. A Spectral View of Adversarially Robust Features [2018] Online
- Collection
- Undergraduate Theses, School of Engineering
While great progress has been made in image classification using machine learning, often achieving near-human or even superhuman accuracy on image classification tasks, recent studies have found that image classification models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks: special images crafted to fool the models into mislabeling the picture. In this work, we investigate the problem of creating an adversarially robust feature: a feature f whose value at any point x cannot be changed much by perturbing x slightly. We establish strong connections between adversarially robust features and a natural spectral property of the geometry of the dataset and metric of interest. This connection can be leveraged both to provide robust features and to provide a lower bound on the robustness of any function that has significant variance across the dataset. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that the adversarially robust features yielded via this spectral approach can be fruitfully leveraged to learn a robust (and accurate) model.
While great progress has been made in image classification using machine learning, often achieving near-human or even superhuman accuracy on image classification tasks, recent studies have found that image classification models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks: special images crafted to fool the models into mislabeling the picture. In this work, we investigate the problem of creating an adversarially robust feature: a feature f whose value at any point x cannot be changed much by perturbing x slightly. We establish strong connections between adversarially robust features and a natural spectral property of the geometry of the dataset and metric of interest. This connection can be leveraged both to provide robust features and to provide a lower bound on the robustness of any function that has significant variance across the dataset. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that the adversarially robust features yielded via this spectral approach can be fruitfully leveraged to learn a robust (and accurate) model.
15. "A Stain on Our Souls:" The Darfur Genocide During the Obama Presidency [2018] Online
Since 2003, the Sudanese government and its Arab militia proxies have conducted a genocide against Africans in Darfur, killing roughly 500,000 people and displacing 2.7 million. Public outcry compelled President George W. Bush to take diplomatic measures to end the atrocities, though they achieved little success. In 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama included Darfur on his presidential platform and denounced the genocide as a “stain on our souls.” Nevertheless, during his presidency, Obama not only failed to address the genocide, but also lifted sanctions that had been imposed on Khartoum for its criminal activities in Darfur. This thesis examines why the Obama Administration’s foreign policies in relation to Darfur were so weak. In particular, I focus on four main factors that constrained U.S. action in the region: lack of political salience, South Sudan's creation and subsequent implosion, humanitarian crises elsewhere, and China's and Russia's economic interests in Sudan. By understanding these policy constraints, we might learn how to end this long and violent genocide, as well as other humanitarian conflicts in areas with little national strategic import.
Since 2003, the Sudanese government and its Arab militia proxies have conducted a genocide against Africans in Darfur, killing roughly 500,000 people and displacing 2.7 million. Public outcry compelled President George W. Bush to take diplomatic measures to end the atrocities, though they achieved little success. In 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama included Darfur on his presidential platform and denounced the genocide as a “stain on our souls.” Nevertheless, during his presidency, Obama not only failed to address the genocide, but also lifted sanctions that had been imposed on Khartoum for its criminal activities in Darfur. This thesis examines why the Obama Administration’s foreign policies in relation to Darfur were so weak. In particular, I focus on four main factors that constrained U.S. action in the region: lack of political salience, South Sudan's creation and subsequent implosion, humanitarian crises elsewhere, and China's and Russia's economic interests in Sudan. By understanding these policy constraints, we might learn how to end this long and violent genocide, as well as other humanitarian conflicts in areas with little national strategic import.
16. Absorbing optical antennas [electronic resource] : applications in nanophotonics and combustion [2018] Online
- Book
- 1 online resource.
The promise of optical antennas is the ability to tame the light to behave in ways not achievable using traditional optical components. For example, our results here demonstrate that a careful engineering of optical antennas allow the strong, even perfect, absorption of light in ultra-thin geometries, i.e., geometries much thinner than the wavelength of light. Enabled by geometry-sensitive antenna resonances, this absorption behavior can also be realized for a broad selection of colors. A detailed theoretical analysis of the observed perfect absorption phenomenon reveals the role of incoherently interacting degenerate electric and magnetic resonances in overcoming the well-known absorption limit for infinitesimally thin films. With another set of experiments, we show that strongly absorbed optical energy in aluminum nanoantennas can be used to heat them efficiently above their melting temperature and stimulate an explosive exothermic oxidation reaction called melt-dispersion mechanism. Importantly, we see that engineering the specific geometry of the constituent particles allows an unprecedented control of aluminum ignition, both spectrally and spatially, through the fine tuning of the optical antenna resonances.
The promise of optical antennas is the ability to tame the light to behave in ways not achievable using traditional optical components. For example, our results here demonstrate that a careful engineering of optical antennas allow the strong, even perfect, absorption of light in ultra-thin geometries, i.e., geometries much thinner than the wavelength of light. Enabled by geometry-sensitive antenna resonances, this absorption behavior can also be realized for a broad selection of colors. A detailed theoretical analysis of the observed perfect absorption phenomenon reveals the role of incoherently interacting degenerate electric and magnetic resonances in overcoming the well-known absorption limit for infinitesimally thin films. With another set of experiments, we show that strongly absorbed optical energy in aluminum nanoantennas can be used to heat them efficiently above their melting temperature and stimulate an explosive exothermic oxidation reaction called melt-dispersion mechanism. Importantly, we see that engineering the specific geometry of the constituent particles allows an unprecedented control of aluminum ignition, both spectrally and spatially, through the fine tuning of the optical antenna resonances.
17. Activation of Cell Cycle Re-entry in the Mammalian Inner Ear [2018] Online
Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in the U.S. The adult mammalian cochlea, specifically the sensory hair cells located in the organ of Corti, lack regenerative capacity, which is the main reason for permanent hearing loss. Broadly, this research considers potential ways to restore hearing through hair cell regeneration, which occurs naturally in lower vertebrates, such as chicken and fish, but not in mammals and humans. More specifically, it tests the hypothesis that forced overexpression of positive cell cycle regulators Cyclin B, Cyclin D, CDK1, and CDK4 is sufficient to induce cell cycle re-entry and will enable proliferative hair cell regeneration in postnatal supporting cells of the organ of Corti. To do this, we virally infected organ of Corti explants from Pou4f3DTR/Fgfr3-iCreERT2/Ai14/Atoh1-nGFP mice. In these mice, DTR (Human Diphtheria Toxin Receptor) is expressed under the hair cell specific Pou4f3 promotor and allows for induced hair cell death upon injection of the toxin. In addition to enabling Pou4f3-mediated hair cell death, the mouse model allows fate tracking of a supporting cell subpopulation by Fgfr3-tdTomato-expression and direct identification of hair cells by Atoh1-nGFP signals. After viral infection, explants were exposed to the thymidine analog EdU, which was used to trace supporting cells that re-entered S-phase and divided in response to viral induction. We found that cochlear supporting cells re-entered the cell cycle, subsequently proceeded to mitosis and successfully completed division. The strategy reported in this study is novel and contributes to the field of induced hair cell regeneration in the organ of Corti.
Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in the U.S. The adult mammalian cochlea, specifically the sensory hair cells located in the organ of Corti, lack regenerative capacity, which is the main reason for permanent hearing loss. Broadly, this research considers potential ways to restore hearing through hair cell regeneration, which occurs naturally in lower vertebrates, such as chicken and fish, but not in mammals and humans. More specifically, it tests the hypothesis that forced overexpression of positive cell cycle regulators Cyclin B, Cyclin D, CDK1, and CDK4 is sufficient to induce cell cycle re-entry and will enable proliferative hair cell regeneration in postnatal supporting cells of the organ of Corti. To do this, we virally infected organ of Corti explants from Pou4f3DTR/Fgfr3-iCreERT2/Ai14/Atoh1-nGFP mice. In these mice, DTR (Human Diphtheria Toxin Receptor) is expressed under the hair cell specific Pou4f3 promotor and allows for induced hair cell death upon injection of the toxin. In addition to enabling Pou4f3-mediated hair cell death, the mouse model allows fate tracking of a supporting cell subpopulation by Fgfr3-tdTomato-expression and direct identification of hair cells by Atoh1-nGFP signals. After viral infection, explants were exposed to the thymidine analog EdU, which was used to trace supporting cells that re-entered S-phase and divided in response to viral induction. We found that cochlear supporting cells re-entered the cell cycle, subsequently proceeded to mitosis and successfully completed division. The strategy reported in this study is novel and contributes to the field of induced hair cell regeneration in the organ of Corti.
18. Activist Responsibility and Social Platforms: Analyzing Billie Jean King's Furtherance of Women's Athletics Through Liberal Feminism [2018] Online
This thesis addresses whether members of disadvantaged social groups who have access to an influential platform bear an activist responsibly for their respective community. In answering this overarching question, this thesis focuses on athletics as the platform in discussion and feminism as the mode of advocacy. Through analysis of hegemonic gender ideology in the American public sphere, brief history of women's athletics to the 1970s, and contention between second-wave feminism and women's athletics in the early years of Title IX, research supports the need for prominent female athletes to further feminist causes. Billie Jean King's relationship with both movements sheds light on the struggles faced by each, and an interview conducted for this thesis reaffirms athletes' unique social affordances and consequent social responsibility.
This thesis addresses whether members of disadvantaged social groups who have access to an influential platform bear an activist responsibly for their respective community. In answering this overarching question, this thesis focuses on athletics as the platform in discussion and feminism as the mode of advocacy. Through analysis of hegemonic gender ideology in the American public sphere, brief history of women's athletics to the 1970s, and contention between second-wave feminism and women's athletics in the early years of Title IX, research supports the need for prominent female athletes to further feminist causes. Billie Jean King's relationship with both movements sheds light on the struggles faced by each, and an interview conducted for this thesis reaffirms athletes' unique social affordances and consequent social responsibility.
- Book
- 1 online resource.
The playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) produced a body of work—thirty-one full-length plays, and twenty-one one-act plays—that was ambitious in its stylistic innovations, and daring in its thematic concerns. As recounted by historians, biographers, and critics, O'Neill's private life informed his writing process, with his various ailments serving as prompts for the stage. Whenever the theme of addiction appears, as it does in his final plays The Iceman Cometh (1939), Long Day's Journey Into Night (1941), and A Moon for the Misbegotten (1943), scholars note the autobiographical aspect as generative for his artistic output. Painted as a depressive figure whose dysfunctional upbringing made a lifelong impression on him, current literature on O'Neill celebrates the playwright for his distinctly sincere expression of suffering and strife. O'Neill wrote his final plays during a period of renewed interest in addiction science in the nation following World War II. After the failed enterprise of Prohibition, scientists, politicians, and the public instated a new treatment paradigm that placed responsibility on the individual who drinks problematically. This approach helped solidify addiction as a biological—rather than a social or cultural—phenomenon. As a result, the disease model of addiction offered an identity that was receptive to addiction treatment. While the previous century saw the construction of the addict as a person with a weak will, the disease model of addiction constituted the addict's condition as an illness treatable through performative acts. O'Neill's final plays, then, reflect more than the playwright's direct experience with addiction. They reveal the nation's ambivalence towards the concept of addiction as a disease, and with the addict as a sick person. Spectators in post-WWII America labeled O'Neill's final plays as autobiographical not only because he drew from his personal experiences while writing them, but also because such an approach was seen as critical to the addict's recovery. As a result, theater scholars continue to position O'Neill as an artist who utilized the theatre as a transformative tool to address how addiction impacted his own life. Through his compassionate depictions of characters suffering from a disease, O'Neill's late plays showed how recovery depended upon theatrical acts of self-reflection, self-narrative, and self-actualization. They also reflect how spectators saw autobiography as the discursive mode for recovering from addiction. In this sense, I claim that it was not so much that O'Neill's plays were true to life and accepted as such, but that their content on addiction necessitated a search for disclosure in the first place. Rather than explore how the theatre allowed O'Neill to channel his suffering, I instead consider why live performance serves as a durable site for legitimating addiction as an illness. As O'Neill's late plays show, self-disclosure does not lead to an emancipatory experience devoid of coercion. Despite claims made by the medical field and mutual aid groups of its liberatory potential, these acts of recovery encourage self-governance, and trade on the morally inflected narratives about the addict circulating since the nineteenth century. As the first study to consider the collaborative relationship between Eugene O'Neill and the medical field, I consider how the playwright's representation of addicts directly influenced doctors and scientists who engaged with his work from 1939 until the present.
The playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) produced a body of work—thirty-one full-length plays, and twenty-one one-act plays—that was ambitious in its stylistic innovations, and daring in its thematic concerns. As recounted by historians, biographers, and critics, O'Neill's private life informed his writing process, with his various ailments serving as prompts for the stage. Whenever the theme of addiction appears, as it does in his final plays The Iceman Cometh (1939), Long Day's Journey Into Night (1941), and A Moon for the Misbegotten (1943), scholars note the autobiographical aspect as generative for his artistic output. Painted as a depressive figure whose dysfunctional upbringing made a lifelong impression on him, current literature on O'Neill celebrates the playwright for his distinctly sincere expression of suffering and strife. O'Neill wrote his final plays during a period of renewed interest in addiction science in the nation following World War II. After the failed enterprise of Prohibition, scientists, politicians, and the public instated a new treatment paradigm that placed responsibility on the individual who drinks problematically. This approach helped solidify addiction as a biological—rather than a social or cultural—phenomenon. As a result, the disease model of addiction offered an identity that was receptive to addiction treatment. While the previous century saw the construction of the addict as a person with a weak will, the disease model of addiction constituted the addict's condition as an illness treatable through performative acts. O'Neill's final plays, then, reflect more than the playwright's direct experience with addiction. They reveal the nation's ambivalence towards the concept of addiction as a disease, and with the addict as a sick person. Spectators in post-WWII America labeled O'Neill's final plays as autobiographical not only because he drew from his personal experiences while writing them, but also because such an approach was seen as critical to the addict's recovery. As a result, theater scholars continue to position O'Neill as an artist who utilized the theatre as a transformative tool to address how addiction impacted his own life. Through his compassionate depictions of characters suffering from a disease, O'Neill's late plays showed how recovery depended upon theatrical acts of self-reflection, self-narrative, and self-actualization. They also reflect how spectators saw autobiography as the discursive mode for recovering from addiction. In this sense, I claim that it was not so much that O'Neill's plays were true to life and accepted as such, but that their content on addiction necessitated a search for disclosure in the first place. Rather than explore how the theatre allowed O'Neill to channel his suffering, I instead consider why live performance serves as a durable site for legitimating addiction as an illness. As O'Neill's late plays show, self-disclosure does not lead to an emancipatory experience devoid of coercion. Despite claims made by the medical field and mutual aid groups of its liberatory potential, these acts of recovery encourage self-governance, and trade on the morally inflected narratives about the addict circulating since the nineteenth century. As the first study to consider the collaborative relationship between Eugene O'Neill and the medical field, I consider how the playwright's representation of addicts directly influenced doctors and scientists who engaged with his work from 1939 until the present.
20. Adaptive capacity to climate change [2018] Online
- Book
- 1 online resource.
Our climate is changing. Although the extent and rate of change are still uncertain, it is abundantly clear that the climate of the future will not resemble the climate of the past and will pose significant risks to people around the world. How well people adapt to address these risks will be determined by their adaptive capacity, their ability to instigate and implement change. Understanding and building adaptive capacity may therefore be key to reducing long-term vulnerability to global change. This dissertation clarifies the concept of adaptive capacity, synthesizes the substantial but largely unconnected body of research on adaptive capacity to date, and introduces a new methodological approach to conducting meta-analyses of adaptation science. I express a definition of adaptive capacity in mathematical terms that summarizes current theories on how adaptability is built, ties the concept to related concepts in adaptation, and poses questions about theoretical limits and thresholds for adaptation. I apply computational text analysis and network analysis tools to develop a concept model of adaptive capacity that identifies and organizes 158 determinants of adaptive capacity into 8 categories according to the functional role they play in building capacity. I propose a modular theory of adaptive capacity, in which all eight functional categories are critical but multiple pathways exist to achieve each function. This modular theory reconciles a theoretical debate in the literature and connects insights from existing theories with empirical findings from the field. I propose a new framework, the Adaptive Capacities Framework (ACF), based on the eight functional categories, that enables assessment of adaptive capacity across scales and within multi-scalar systems. Results demonstrate the fragmented nature of adaptive capacity research to date and propose new directions for future research. The dissertation also provides insights for practitioners seeking to prioritize adaptation efforts.
Our climate is changing. Although the extent and rate of change are still uncertain, it is abundantly clear that the climate of the future will not resemble the climate of the past and will pose significant risks to people around the world. How well people adapt to address these risks will be determined by their adaptive capacity, their ability to instigate and implement change. Understanding and building adaptive capacity may therefore be key to reducing long-term vulnerability to global change. This dissertation clarifies the concept of adaptive capacity, synthesizes the substantial but largely unconnected body of research on adaptive capacity to date, and introduces a new methodological approach to conducting meta-analyses of adaptation science. I express a definition of adaptive capacity in mathematical terms that summarizes current theories on how adaptability is built, ties the concept to related concepts in adaptation, and poses questions about theoretical limits and thresholds for adaptation. I apply computational text analysis and network analysis tools to develop a concept model of adaptive capacity that identifies and organizes 158 determinants of adaptive capacity into 8 categories according to the functional role they play in building capacity. I propose a modular theory of adaptive capacity, in which all eight functional categories are critical but multiple pathways exist to achieve each function. This modular theory reconciles a theoretical debate in the literature and connects insights from existing theories with empirical findings from the field. I propose a new framework, the Adaptive Capacities Framework (ACF), based on the eight functional categories, that enables assessment of adaptive capacity across scales and within multi-scalar systems. Results demonstrate the fragmented nature of adaptive capacity research to date and propose new directions for future research. The dissertation also provides insights for practitioners seeking to prioritize adaptation efforts.
