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Foreign Countries, Information Retrieval, Data Analysis, Academic Achievement, Educational Research, Prediction, Artificial Intelligence, Classification, Research Methodology, Sampling, Theses, Journal Articles, and Turkey

The purpose of this research is a comprehensive review of studies towards educational data mining (EDM) in Turkey. For the purpose of this study, graduate theses and articles conducted in Turkey were examined in detail. As a result of the literature review, 48 studies were analyzed in the context of the data mining purpose, the technique used in the study, the purpose of the study, the sample, the data sources and the analysis tool used in the study. In addition, the input variables used in the studies for estimating student achievement in EDM were examined. As a result of the research, it was found that EDM studies were mostly aimed at prediction from data mining tasks. One of the results of this study is that artificial neural networks are the most commonly used technique in EDM studies. When the distributions of EDM studies according to their objectives are examined, it is seen that studies are predominantly aimed at predicting student achievement. It is seen that university students are preferred as the sample in EDM studies, achievement scores are used as data source and SPSS application is used more as an analysis tool. In the last part of the research, recommendations were made based on the results to the researchers.

Empathy, Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Style, College Students, Sampling, Statistical Inference, Foreign Countries, and Turkey

The aim of the study is to examine the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between rational and experiential thinking styles and was designed in a correlational design. The sample of the study consists of 593 university students who were determined by simple random sampling method. Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire--Short Form, Empathy Quotient Scale, and Rational-Experiential Thinking Styles Scale were used for data collection. Bootstrapping method and Pearson product moments analysis were used to analyze the mediating role of empathy. Results indicated that there are significant relationships between the variables. In addition, empathy is a full mediation in the relationship between emotional intelligence and experiential thinking style and empathy is a partial mediation in the relationship between emotional intelligence and rational thinking style.

Creativity, Self Efficacy, Problem Based Learning, Islam, Religious Education, Measures (Individuals), Mathematics Skills, Cognitive Style, Pretests Posttests, Comparative Analysis, Sampling, Student Attitudes, Correlation, Action Research, Foreign Countries, Mathematics Instruction, Grade 8, Group Embedded Figures Test, and Indonesia

Students' creativity and self-efficacy in solving mathematical problems remain low. Students with Field Dependent (FD) and Field Independent (FI)cognitive styles have different creativity and self-efficacy. One learning model that is believed to increase students' creativity and self-efficacy is Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. This study aimed to increase the creativity and self-efficacy of FD and FI students through the application of PBL model. This research is an experimental study with pre-test and post-test control group design. The population of this research was grade VIII students in State Islamic School (MTsN) 1 Banda Aceh, while the sample consisted of two classes out of 11 classes. The sampling technique used random sampling with one experimental class and one control class. Data collection was carried out by using two instruments; a paper-test to measure students' creativity and a questionnaire to measure students' self-efficacy. The grouping of FD and FI students was based on the results of the Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT). Furthermore, a paired t-test was conducted to obtain an increase in students' creativity and self-efficacy. At the same time, a correlation test was performed to see the relationship between creativity and the self-efficacy of students. The results of the study revealed that the increase of FD and FI students' creativity who were taught by the PBL model was better than students taught by conventional methods. The results also reported that the increase of FD and FI students' self-efficacy who were taught with the PBL model was better than the students who were taught with conventional methods. In addition, there was a significant relationship between FI and FD students' creativity and self-efficacy.

STEM Education, Doctoral Dissertations, Foreign Countries, Educational Research, Research Methodology, Sampling, Data Collection, Academic Achievement, Science Process Skills, Scientific Attitudes, and Turkey

The aim of the study is to examine the doctoral theses in STEM education in Turkey in a comprehensive manner. Thematic content analysis method was used in the study. The data were obtained from the doctoral theses published until 2020 by examining CoHE National Thesis Center. As a result of the screenings, 30 doctoral theses were reached in the field of STEM education. Doctoral theses in the study were analyzed using the matrix. The data obtained was analyzed by using descriptive and content analysis method. In the findings obtained from the study, studies investigating the effect of STEM approach on academic success, understanding, scientific process skills and attitudes towards STEM are frequently encountered. In this context, it can be stated that studies have been carried out on the effects of STEM applications on both affective field, skill and cognitive field. However, when we look at the variables examined, it is generally understood that similar variables are studied. In this context, it is thought that studies on new variables, especially current skills in STEM education, will be important for the literature.

Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Electronic Learning, Handheld Devices, Electronic Publishing, Books, Sample Size, Sampling, Preschool Children, College Students, Computers, Multimedia Instruction, Feedback (Response), Educational Games, Individualized Instruction, Data Collection, Pretests Posttests, Outcomes of Education, and Educational Research

This study presents a systematic review of previous research on ebook-based language learning. E-book-based language learning has been increasingly investigated in the field of language education, whereas previous review studies of relevant literature were relatively low in volume and incomprehensive from aspects of research participants and research perspectives. In the present study, we identified 52 relevant journal articles on e-book-based language learning published in the recent decade, coding them from three dimensions: methodology, e-book devices and features, and research issues and findings. The results indicated that: (a) most studies on e-book-based language learning were of a large sample size and one-session investigation; (b) pre-school children and university students were the most frequently investigated sample groups; (c) computers and tablets were the most frequently used devices; (d) multimedia, feedback giving, gamification and personalisation were the four features most frequently applied in enhancing the efficiency of e-book-based language learning; (e) researchers collected and processed data mainly through pre- and post-tests and group comparisons; (f) learning outcomes, learning behaviours and learners' psychological states were investigated in most studies, whereby the findings indicated overall positive effects of e-book on language learning.

Middle School Students, Classroom Communication, Student Interests, Video Technology, Science Teachers, Student Experience, Sampling, and Science Education

Previous research has shown that dialogic teacher talk not only supports students' understanding but also raises their interest. However, there is little, if any, research on the connection between dialogic talk and student interest in classroom situations. To investigate this connection, we collected video observations and experience sampling data. In total, 87 middle school students aged 14 to 16 participated in the study. Data were collected from the classes of six science teachers, and three lessons were video recorded in each teacher's classroom. During the lessons, students were asked several times to express their interest in the situation through the experience sampling method (ESM). The measurements took place in situations where the teacher either talked with the students or talked to the whole group of students. The talk situations were categorised as dialogic or non-dialogic, based on the video recording. On a five-point scale of interest, the median value was 3.3 in non-dialogic talk situations and 3.5 in dialogic talk situations. We hypothesised that students' interest would be higher in dialogic talk situations than in non-dialogic talk situations. The hypothesis was tested with a related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, and the results supported the hypothesis (Z = -2.62; p < 0.05). The results suggest that dialogic talk may trigger students' interest in science learning.

Bayesian Statistics, Randomized Controlled Trials, Effect Size, Sampling, Statistical Distributions, Least Squares Statistics, Simulation, Sample Size, and Accuracy

One important issue in Bayesian estimation is the determination of an effective informative prior. In hierarchical Bayes models, the uncertainty of hyperparameters in a prior can be further modeled via their own priors, namely, hyper priors. This study introduces a framework to construct hyper priors for both the mean and the variance hyperparameters for estimating the treatment effect in a two-group randomized controlled trial. Assuming a random sample of treatment effect sizes is obtained from past studies, the hyper priors can be constructed based on the sampling distributions of the effect size mean and precision. The performance of the hierarchical Bayes approach was compared with the empirical Bayes approach (hyperparameters are fixed values or point estimates) and the ordinary least squares (OLS) method via simulation. The design factors for data generation included the sample treatment effect size, treatment/control group size ratio, and sample size. Each generated data set was analyzed using the hierarchical Bayes approach with three hyper priors, the empirical Bayes approach with twelve priors (including correct and inaccurate priors), and the OLS method. Results indicated that the proposed hierarchical Bayes approach generally outperformed the empirical Bayes approach and the OLS method, especially with small samples. When more sample effect sizes were available, the treatment effect was estimated more accurately regardless of the sample sizes. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.

Meta Analysis, Sampling, Research Problems, Computation, Statistical Analysis, and Correlation

Meta-studies are often conducted on empirical findings obtained from overlapping samples. Sample overlap is common in research fields that strongly rely on aggregated observational data (eg, economics and finance), where the same set of data may be used in several studies. More generally, sample overlap tends to occur whenever multiple estimates are sampled from the same study. We show analytically how failing to account for sample overlap causes high rates of false positives, especially for large meta-sample sizes. We propose a generalized-weights (GW) meta-estimator, which solves the sample overlap problem by explicitly modeling the variance-covariance matrix that describes the structure of dependence among estimates. We show how this matrix can be constructed from information that is usually available from basic sample descriptions in the primary studies (ie, sample sizes and number of overlapping observations). The GW meta-estimator amounts to weighting each empirical outcome according to its share of independent sampling information. We use Monte Carlo simulations to (a) demonstrate how the GW meta-estimator brings the rate of false positives to its nominal level, and (b) quantify the efficiency gains of the GW meta-estimator relative to standard meta-estimators. The GW meta-estimator is fairly straightforward to implement and can solve any case of sample overlap, within or between studies.

Sampling, Experience, Adults, Intellectual Disability, Handheld Devices, Online Surveys, Data Collection, Interviews, Response Rates (Questionnaires), Reliability, Validity, and Feasibility Studies

Background: Experiences of people with intellectual disability are often reported by proxy, excluding the person's own perception. To assist people with intellectual disabilities ability to communicate their own experiences, the current study explored the feasibility, reliability and validity of experience sampling methods (ESMs) for people with intellectual disability. Method: After a training session, 19 participants carried a mobile device for 7 consecutive days, answering a survey when prompted 7 times daily. Participants were interviewed at the end of data collection. Results: Excluding incomplete entries, the response rate was 33.8%, varying by living arrangement and employment. Split-half reliability and correlations among logically linked internal experiences demonstrated strong reliability and validity. Illustration of the context of responses supported face validity. Technological and content difficulties were discussed in interviews. Conclusions: Experience sampling methods is feasible for some people with intellectual disability, providing valid and reliable information. Future research is needed to further improve feasibility.

Educational Trends, Values Education, Educational Research, Content Analysis, Journal Articles, Foreign Countries, Research Methodology, Data Collection, Preservice Teachers, Sampling, Sample Size, Authors, Information Sources, and Turkey

In recent years there has been a large increase in the number of research that deal with values education in Turkey. There are several reviews to determine the trends of these studies. However, these reviews were mostly limited to theses, dissertations and proceedings, and it is necessary to review articles on values education. The data of the research conducted with the qualitative research method was gathered by document analysis. 479 articles were included in the research after duplicates and the articles published in non-refereed journals were removed. Content analysis was used to analyze the obtained data. According to the findings of the research; (a) the highest number of articles were published in 2017, (b) qualitative research methods were the most common research methods, (c) most frequently document analysis was preferred as the data collection tool, and content analysis was preferred as the analysis method, (d) data were collected from pre-service teachers the most and purposeful sampling was the most favored sampling method, (e) the sample size is mostly less than 50, (f) mostly the answer to a single research question was sought, (g) the majority of articles were written by two authors, (h) most articles were written by assistant professors as titles and by teachers of the Ministry of National Education on an institutional basis, (i) the articles mostly used domestic sources (j) the majority of the articles were written in Turkish and had not an English extended summary, (k) the most favored journal was The Journal of Values Education.

Foreign Countries, Masters Theses, Doctoral Dissertations, Creativity, Educational Research, Research Methodology, Data Collection, Sampling, Population Groups, Universities, and Turkey

The aim of this research is to examine the trends of the studies that address the education-training dimension of creativity in Turkey. The research was conducted using a qualitative research pattern. The data was collected and analyzed through document analysis. In the analysis of the data, the thesis analysis form developed by the researchers was used. One hundred and forty-five graduate theses studied between 2005 and 2019 in the field of education, which were allowed access by their authors, constitute the study group of this research. 114 of these works consist of graduate theses and 31 of them consist of doctoral theses. The graduate theses in the Council of Higher Education database were examined under a total of 10 titles according to their distribution over the years-educational levels, university distributions, institute distributions, branch distributions, methods and sub-methods, data collection tools, sampling/study groups, sampling methods, education level of the study group and thesis titles. As a result of the research, it was observed that although studies addressing the educational-educational dimension of creativity have increased at a certain level over the years, they are not at the desired point and have not been studied adequately. In addition, it was determined that the studies carried out in terms of the discipline, the methods used and the variety of topics studied had similarities, that no studies on creativity were conducted in some departments, that the study group usually consists of a single level of education, that this situation does not allow to look at creativity from a broad perspective, and that there are many aspects of creativity that have not been studied for those who will work in the educational dimension.

Foreign Countries, Doctoral Dissertations, Chemistry, Science Education, Teaching Methods, Research Methodology, Sampling, Data Collection, Data Analysis, and Turkey

Purpose: This study analyzes the content of doctoral theses completed in chemistry education within the last two decades (1999-2019) after the restructuring of education faculties in Turkey. This study examines the doctoral dissertations completed in chemistry education in 1999-2019 concerning their year of publication, university, objective, research design, sample properties, data collection tools and data analysis methods. Research Methods: This study was conducted using the qualitative research method of document review. The documents analyzed as part of this study were PhD theses completed in chemistry education in Turkey in 1999-2019. The theses were subjected to descriptive content analysis. Findings: The findings obtained in this study showed that the number of theses began to increase in 2001 and reached its peak in 2012, before beginning to taper off in the following years. The Middle East Technical University published the highest number of theses. It was observed that most theses concerned the development and implementation of a teaching method. Quasi-experimental designs featured prominently as a research method, with most samples comprising high-school-level study groups. Although examples of quantitative research were more on the whole, in recent years, there was a higher number of studies based on mixed and qualitative research. Interviews and concept testing/achievement tests were frequently observed as data collection tools, while inferential and descriptive statistics were predominantly brought to bear as data analysis methods. Implications for Research and Practice: This findings obtained in this study suggest that more emphasis should be placed on graduate courses that teach research methods, incorporating more practice sessions because the research methods used in the theses were not specified appropriately by the researchers. There is also a need, in keeping with international trends, to focus more on mixed method research, and to increase the number of qualitative studies, which do a better job of exploring educational environments naturally.

High School Students, Grade 11, Private Schools, Foreign Countries, Statistical Inference, Problem Based Learning, Data Use, Evidence, Probability, Student Attitudes, Sampling, Mathematics Instruction, Statistical Distributions, and Indonesia

Drawing inference from data is an important skill for students to understand their everyday life, so that the sampling distribution as a central topic in statistical inference is necessary to be learned by the students. However, little is known about how to teach the topic for high school students, especially in Indonesian context. Therefore, the present study provides a teaching experiment to support the students' informal inferential reasoning in understanding the sampling distribution, as well as the students' perceptions toward the teaching experiment. The subjects in the present study were three 11th-grader of one private school in Yogyakarta majoring in mathematics and natural science. The method of data collection was direct observation of sampling distribution learning process, interviews, and documentation. The present study found that that informal inferential reasoning with problem-based learning using contextual problems and real data could support the students to understand the sampling distribution, and they also gave positive responses about their learning experience.

Foreign Countries, Organizational Climate, Trust (Psychology), Educational Research, Elementary Schools, Research Design, Research Methodology, Geographic Regions, Data Analysis, Sampling, Public Colleges, Doctoral Dissertations, Masters Theses, and Turkey (Istanbul)

The aim of this research is to analyze dissertations on organizational trust conducted from 2000 to 2018 in Turkey comprehensively and from a holistic point of view and reveal similarities and differences between these studies. In the study, descriptive content analysis method was used. The data source of this study was dissertations on organizational trust written between 2000 and 2018 found in the Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. In the analysis of the data, categorical analysis technique, one of the content analysis types, was used. Results showed that limited dissertations were done between 2006 and 2008, most of them were master's theses largely conducted in public universities and had, as sample, Istanbul, East Marmara, Aegean and West Anatolian regions. In addition, they were mainly held in primary schools and they mostly had relational screening model as research design, simple random methods as sampling, questionnaires as data collection tool and independent samples t-test and ANOVA as analysis methods. Based on the results of this study, it can be offered that the sampling regions of studies that will be held on organizational trust should be varied, doctoral dissertations should put more emphasis on the subject, school levels in which data will be collected and participant types should be diversified, research methods, models, study groups, data collection tools, data analysis should also be varied.

Foreign Countries, Inservice Teacher Education, Graduate Study, Masters Theses, Doctoral Dissertations, Content Analysis, Educational Research, Research Methodology, Validity, Reliability, Sampling, Data Analysis, Program Evaluation, Curriculum Evaluation, and Turkey

The present study aims to examine the graduate studies related to in-service training programs for teachers conducted between the years 2000 and 2018 in Turkey. In this context, the content analysis of 88 graduate studies, including 71 master thesis and 17 dissertations, was conducted for the in-service teacher training accessible to the Council of Higher Education thesis center. In this study, research methods of the graduate thesis, university and institute, research methods, validity and reliability reports, sampling methods, study group characteristics, study area, research area, data analysis methods, and research tendencies of studies were investigated. When the research methods used in the studies examined, it was observed that the majority of the studies are carried out using the quantitative studies conducted through the survey method. When the reliability reports were reviewed, it was found that validity reports (22 of 88) and reliability reports (36 of 88) were not reported. Similarly, it was seen that the sampling techniques were not reported in 35 studies. The majority of the studies used the scale and questionnaire as data collecting tools. When the tendencies of studies are examined, it was seen that most studies focused on program evaluation. Most studies highlighted some problems caused by the place, time, and trainers of the in-service training. Concerning the findings of the present study, it can be suggested that further studies on in-service teacher training should be conducted in the visual art branch as well.

Story Telling, Computer Uses in Education, Social Justice, Ethics, Higher Education, Educational Research, Art Education, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Confidentiality, Sampling, Informed Consent, Caring, Foreign Countries, Preservice Teacher Education, Personal Narratives, Preservice Teachers, and South Africa

Background: Digital storytelling (DST) has been embraced in classrooms around the world as a way to unpack issues of identity and positionality which are critical for any pedagogy concerned with social justice. However, adopting this process-orientated practice into higher education raises ethical concerns especially in relation to the normative approach to traditional research. Objectives: The objective of this article was to explore the ethical concerns surrounding DST when used as a pedagogy and to determine if an 'ethics of care' approach could help to mitigate the ethical dilemmas experienced by teachers and researchers alike. Method: A single case study, narratives, illustrations and reflections from a final-year arts education project were used to explore some of the ethical issues we encountered when employing DST as a pedagogy and in educational research. Results: The results of this reflection show that special attention needs to be paid to the following issues: the collection and interpretation of data, how anonymity and confidentiality are ensured in DST, who owns the stories, how sampling is conducted and how consent is sought and, finally, how the tenant of 'do no harm' is adhered to in DST. Conclusion: We argue that traditional deontological approaches to ethics are not able to fully respond to the complex, nuanced and ongoing concerns posed by DST projects. We adopt Joan Tronto's Ethic of Care to argue that ethical practice cannot be contained in codes of conduct alone and cannot simply be signed off on by institutional review boards, but is rather a matter of a daily personal, professional and political caring practice.

Student Attitudes, College Students, Lecture Method, Student Interests, Comparative Analysis, Student Motivation, Interrater Reliability, Measurement Techniques, Foreign Countries, Teacher Education Programs, Classification, Sampling, Models, and Germany

This article proposes a study design developed to disentangle the objective characteristics of a learning situation from individuals' subjective perceptions of that situation. The term objective characteristics refers to the agreement across students, whereas subjective perceptions refers to inter-individual heterogeneity. We describe a novel strategy for assessing and disentangling objective situation characteristics and subjective perceptions thereof, propose methods for analysing the resulting data, and illustrate the procedure with an example of a first study using this design to examine situational interest in 155 university students. Situational interest was assessed nine times per weekly lecture with three measurement time points per person and a rotated multi-group schedule. Assessments took place over the course of an entire semester of ten weeks. One of the advantages of the proposed design is that objective group agreements can be disentangled from subjective deviations from the group's average at each of the nine measurement time points per weekly lecture. Furthermore, the proposed design makes it possible to study the development of both subjective and objective parameters across the time span of one weekly lecture and an entire semester, while the burden for each person is kept relatively low with three beeps per lecture.

Cutting Scores, Standard Setting (Scoring), Sampling, Error of Measurement, Test Items, Difficulty Level, Middle School Students, Student Placement, Mathematics Tests, and New Jersey

In this study, the efficiency of various random sampling methods to reduce the number of items rated by judges in an Angoff standard-setting study was examined and the methods were compared with each other. Firstly, the full-length test was formed by combining Placement Test 2012 and 2013 mathematics subsets. After then, simple random sampling (SRS), content stratified (C-SRS), item-difficulty stratified (D-SRS) and content-by-difficulty random sampling (CD-SRS) methods were used to constitute different length of subsets (30%, 40%, 50%, 70%) from the full-test. In total, 16 different study conditions (4 methods x 4 subsets) were investigated. In data analysis part, ANOVA analysis was conducted to examine whether minimum passing scores (MPSs) for the subsets were significantly different from the MPSs of the full-length test. As a follow-up analysis, RMSE and SEE (Standard Error of Estimation) values were calculated for each study condition. Results indicated that the estimated Angoff MPSs were significantly different from the full-test Angoff MPS (45.12) only in the study conditions of 30%-C-SRS, 40% C-SRS, 30% D-SRS and 30%-CD-SRS. According to RMSE values, the C-SRS method had the smallest error while the SRS method had the biggest one. Moreover, SEE examinations revealed that to achieve estimations similar to the full-test Angoff MPS (within one SEE), it is sufficient to get 50% of items with the C-SRS method. C-SRS method was the more effective one compared to the others in reducing the number of items rated by judges in MPS setting studies conducted with the Angoff method.