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Lost, lien, identité, interconnexion, gnose, anamnèse, épiphanie, gardien, texte sacré, orientation, link, identity, interconnectedness, gnosis, anamnesis, epiphany, protector, and sacred text

Lost fonctionnerait comme une boussole d’orientation dans la vaste tapisserie qu’est l’Histoire de ce monde, et le spectateur de Lost, nouveau gardien de l’île, serait un spectateur dont le regard s’éduque peu à peu par le sens de l’interdépendance universelle.
Lost works as an orienting compass in the vast tapestry that World History is, and the spectator of Lost, as the new protector of the island, is a spectator whose gaze is progressively educated through the sense of universal interdependence.

AFRICAN diaspora, AUSTRALIANS, STOCKBROKERS, ACADEMIC discourse, and DEMOGRAPHY

The 'New African Diaspora' (NAD) in Australia is a small yet diverse and interconnected community. African-born persons make up only 1.5 % of the Australian population, yet collectively represent all 54 independent African nation-states, and speak over 60 languages. Nonetheless, Australia embraces stereotypical and misleading understandings of the 'African migrant', and whilst these have been subject to academic scrutiny, there is a need to reconceptualise the NAD in both public and academic discourse. This article endeavours to challenge contemporary perceptions through an exploration of the history and demography of the NAD and the manifold ways it continues to shape Australia's socio-cultural and economic landscapes. We draw upon our findings from a 2018 mapping project, which comprised analyses of publicly available migration data, an online survey, and a series of six in-depth interviews. Our analysis unveils the central role the NAD plays in brokering between multiple cultures and geographies. Résumé: La « Nouvelle Diaspora Africaine » (NDA) en Australie est une communauté peu nombreuse mais diverse et interconnectée. Les personnes nées en Afrique ne représentent que 1.5 % de la population australienne mais prises collectivement, elles comprennent des personnes issues de l' ensemble des 54 états-nations africains indépendants et parlent plus de 60 langues. Malgré cela, l' Australie embrasse une vision stéréotypée et trompeuse du « migrant africain » et alors que ces populations ont été l' objet de recherche, il est nécessaire de re-conceptualiser la NDA dans le discours public comme dans le discours académique. Cet article propose une approche critique de ces perceptions contemporaines à travers une exploration de l' histoire et de la démographie de la NDA, et des nombreuses façons dont elle continue de façonner le paysage socio-culturel et économique australien. Nous nous basons sur les résultats d' un projet de cartographie de 2018 comprenant l' analyse de données migratoires accessibles au public, une enquête réalisée en ligne, et une série de six entretiens approfondis. Notre analyse dévoile le rôle central que la NDA joue dans la intermédiation entre des cultures et des géographies multiples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lost, lien, identité, interconnexion, gnose, anamnèse, épiphanie, gardien, texte sacré, orientation, link, identity, interconnectedness, gnosis, anamnesis, epiphany, protector, and sacred text

Lost fonctionnerait comme une boussole d’orientation dans la vaste tapisserie qu’est l’Histoire de ce monde, et le spectateur de Lost, nouveau gardien de l’île, serait un spectateur dont le regard s’éduque peu à peu par le sens de l’interdépendance universelle.
Lost works as an orienting compass in the vast tapestry that World History is, and the spectator of Lost, as the new protector of the island, is a spectator whose gaze is progressively educated through the sense of universal interdependence.

régionalisme, accords commerciaux régionaux, ALENA, partenariats, intégration, interconnexion, regionalism, regional trade agreements, NAFTA, partnerships, and integration; interconnection

L’article porte sur les règles qui entourent les accords commerciaux régionaux. Après avoir retracé les débats qui ont entouré la reconnaissance des unions douanières et des zones de libre-échange d’abord dans la Charte de La Havane puis au GATT, l’auteur revient sur les règles actuelles. Elles ont peu changé et sont devenues inefficaces. Les accords commerciaux régionaux se sont non seulement multiplié, en marge du système de l’OMC, mais, en couvrant toujours plus de domaines, ils s’en éloignent toujours davantage. La négociation, en parallèle, de plusieurs méga-accords inter-régionaux vient amplifier le problème. L’auteur revient sur les propositions qui ont été avancées pour y remédier et rétablir l’autorité de l’OMC, mais comment reprendre la main quand on n’a pas le monopole de la négociation et que rien n’avance vraiment ?
The article focuses on the rules governing regional trade agreements. After tracing the debates surrounding the recognition of custom unions and free trade areas, the author discusses the current rules. They have not really changed over the last seven decades and have become ineffective. Regional trade agreements have not only proliferated, but, covering more and more areas, they more than shown their worth and utility. The current negotiations, in parallel, of several mega-agreements amplifies the problem. The author reviews the proposals that have been advanced to remedy it and restore the authority of the WTO. But how to regain control when no really progress is being made in multilateral negotiations? The answer is obvious.

architecture, technologie, hétérotopie, habiter, appareils, dispositifs, appareillage, interfaçage, transplantation, interconnexion, virtualisation, and hybridation

L’architecture, en s’appareillant, en recourant aux appareils high tech (et en s’en laissant recouvrir), nous propose de nouvelles formes d’habitats et de nouvelles manières de les habiter. Les lieux ainsi édifiés sont des ailleurs, des hétérotopies, avec lesquels le sujet s’interface et dans lesquels l’homme se transplante. De sorte que s’inventent ainsi, peut-être, les prodromes d’hétérotopies technologiques…
Architecture, by plugging itself, by covering itself with high tech devices, proposes to us new types of habitats and new ways to inhabit them. The places that are built here are hetero-topias, elsewhere, with which the subject interfaces and into which man transplants himself. So that, perhaps, here, are getting invented the forerunners of technological heterotopias…

territoire, mobilité, autorité organisatrice, interconnexion, exploitation, territory, mobility, operating authority, interconnection, and operation

Depuis près d’un demi-siècle déjà, les agglomérations connaissent un développement important de leur périphérie qui entraîne des besoins croissants de mobilité. Face à cette situation et dans un contexte de contraintes budgétaires, des acteurs publics ont pris la décision de mettre en place de nouveaux systèmes de transports en commun en site propre comme le tram-train. Il s’agit de la connexion d’un réseau existant de chemin de fer régional à celui d’un métro léger ou tramway pour offrir aux passagers des liaisons directes de transports entre le centre ville et la périphérie. Si la liaison de tramway Karlsruhe - Bretten en 1992 marque la première mise en service, entre temps nous notons l’émergence de nombreux projets… et de quelques réalisations. Dans ce contexte de dynamique des territoires périurbains, cette communication s’interroge sur le rôle des acteurs (politiques, bureau d’études, AOT, exploitants, constructeurs,…) et s’intéresse aux preneurs de décisions. Elle se propose d’examiner cette problématique en s’appuyant sur des exemples concrets. Tout d’abord, à partir des caractéristiques et spécificités des réalisations des techniques tram-train, nous examinons le processus de leur mise en place, sans oublier l’analyse de ceux restés à l’état de projets. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons plus spécifiquement aux nombreux acteurs et à leur coopération pour répondre aux besoins de coordinations. Enfin, face aux enjeux des territoires, il est intéressant d’observer quelles seront les perspectives de développement.
For nearly half a century, the cities are developing important to their periphery resulting in growing demand for travel. Faced with this situation and in a context of budget constraints, public actors have decided to set up new systems for public transit in dedicated lanes such as tram-train. This is the connection of an existing network of regional railway to that of a light rail or tram to offer passengers direct connections between the transportation center and the periphery.If tram link Karlsruhe-Bretten in 1992, marks the first time in the meantime we note the emergence of many projects ... and a few achievements. In this context of dynamic peri-urban areas, the proposed communication examines the role of actors (political office, AOT, operators, manufacturers, ...) and focuses on decision makers. It proposes to examine this issue based on concrete examples. First, from the characteristics and specificity of the accomplishments of tram-train technology, we examine the process of their implementation as well analysis of those remained in the draft stage. Then we focus more specifically to the many actors and their cooperation to meet the needs of coordination. Finally, meet the challenges of the territories, it is interesting to observe that they are the prospects for development.

Electronics, Electronique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Autres dispositifs multijonctions. Transistors de puissance. Thyristors, Other multijunction devices. Power transistors. Thyristors, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Fabrication microélectronique (technologie des matériaux et des surfaces), Microelectronic fabrication (materials and surfaces technology), Circuits électriques, optiques et optoélectroniques, Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits, Propriétés des circuits, Circuit properties, Circuits électroniques, Electronic circuits, Circuits numériques, Digital circuits, Algorithme, Algorithm, Algoritmo, Capacité électrique, Capacitance, Capacitancia, Caractéristique électrique, Electrical characteristic, Característica eléctrica, Circuit intégré CMOS, CMOS integrated circuits, Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Circuit logique, Logic circuit, Circuito lógico, Circuit numérique, Digital circuit, Circuito numérico, Conception circuit, Circuit design, Diseño circuito, Conception optimale, Optimal design, Concepción optimal, Consommation électricité, Electric power consumption, Consumo electricidad, Critère conception, Design criterion, Criterio concepción, Electronique puissance, Power electronics, Electrónica potencia, Evaluation performance, Performance evaluation, Evaluación prestación, Extensibilité, Scalability, Estensibilidad, Extraction paramètre, Parameter extraction, Extracción parámetro, Fabrication microélectronique, Microelectronic fabrication, Fabricación microeléctrica, Fiabilité, Reliability, Fiabilidad, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Lithographie, Lithography, Litografía, Logique seuil, Threshold logic, Lógica umbral, Porte logique, Logic gate, Puerta lógica, Procédé fabrication, Manufacturing process, Procedimiento fabricación, Seuil tension, Voltage threshold, Umbral tensión, Simulation numérique, Numerical simulation, Simulación numérica, Temps retard, Delay time, Tiempo retardo, Transistor puissance, Power transistor, Transistor potencia, Asynchronous router, Die-to-die variation, Environment variation, ISCAS85, Variation-aware methodology, and Within-die variation

In submicron technology, during the fabrication process factors like lithography and lens defect can change some of the physical parameters of transistors and interconnects. This change can modify the transistor electrical characteristics such as current, threshold voltage and gate capacitance, and thus it causes variation in power, delay and performance of the circuit. Process variation has become one of designer's challenges to the point that in below 45 nm technology it is considered as the most important issue in reliability. Power consumption and transistors variation are limiting factors to physical scalability. In this paper, we propose two approaches to reduce D2D and WID variations effects on digital CMOS circuits, at design time. The first approach concerns a variation-aware algorithm capable of extracting optimal design parameters to decrease variation and power. The second approach, using transistor stacking will help further reduce variation and power. Applying the algorithm on a digital design and according to parameters behavior in the presence of variation, we extract for each parameter value that will lead to power and variation reduction. On the other hand, with the stacking approach only basic gates are considered and subsequently gate configurations that reduce power and variation are proposed. The proposed approaches could be used identically for synchronous and asynchronous circuits. To prove this claim, we apply our approaches to a network-on-chip asynchronous router and a circuit from the ISCAS85 benchmark. All simulations are done in 32 nm technology using the HSPICE tool. The proposed algorithm similar to Monte Carlo simulation achieves the same results; however with lower execution time. The application of stacking approach to both asynchronous router and ISCAS85 circuit reduces variation effects up to 40.9% and 13.35%, respectively.

Electronics, Electronique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Circuits intégrés par fonction (dont mémoires et processeurs), Integrated circuits by function (including memories and processors), Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Algorithme, Algorithm, Algoritmo, Capacité électrique, Capacitance, Capacitancia, Circuit VLSI, VLSI circuit, Circuito VLSI, Commutation, Switching, Conmutación, Dimensionnement, Dimensioning, Dimensionamiento, Dissipation énergie, Energy dissipation, Disipación energía, Espacement, Spacing, Espaciamiento, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Microprocesseur, Microprocessor, Microprocesador, Multicouche, Multiple layer, Capa múltiple, Méthode partition, Partition method, Método partición, Optimisation sous contrainte, Constrained optimization, Optimización con restricción, Partitionnement, Partitioning, Subdivisión, Système n dimensions, Multidimensional system, Sistema n dimensiones, Technologie MOS complémentaire, Complementary MOS technology, Tecnología MOS complementario, Temps retard, Delay time, Tiempo retardo, Interconnect sizing and spacing, and Power-delay optimization

Reduction of interconnect delay and interconnect power has become a primary design challenge in recent CMOS technology generations. Spacing between wires can be modified so that line-to-line capacitances will be optimized for minimal power under timing constraints. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for simultaneous multilayer interconnect spacing that minimizes the total dynamic power dissipation caused by an interconnect, while maximum delay constraints are satisfied. A multidimensional visibility graph is used to represent the problem, and a layout partitioning technique is applied to solve the problem efficiently. The algorithm was evaluated on an industrial microprocessor designed using the 32 nm technology, and it achieved a 5-12% reduction in interconnect switching power.

Electrical engineering, Electrotechnique, Energy, Énergie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Fabrication microélectronique (technologie des matériaux et des surfaces), Microelectronic fabrication (materials and surfaces technology), Electrotechnique. Electroenergetique, Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering, Matériaux, Materials, Electroénergétique, Electrical power engineering, Conversion directe et accumulation d'énergie, Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation, Conversion électrochimique: piles et accumulateurs électrochimiques, piles à combustibles, Electrochemical conversion: primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Appareils de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie thermique, énergie électrique, énergie mécanique, etc, Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc, Piles à combustible, Fuel cells, Acier inoxydable ferritique, Ferritic stainless steel, Acero inoxidable ferrítico, Composé ternaire, Ternary compound, Compuesto ternario, Cuivre Oxyde, Copper Oxides, Cobre Óxido, Fabrication microélectronique, Microelectronic fabrication, Fabricación microeléctrica, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Manganèse Oxyde, Manganese Oxides, Manganeso Óxido, Matériau revêtement, Coating material, Material revestimiento, Pile combustible oxyde solide, Solid oxide fuel cell, Pila combustible oxido sólido, Revêtement, Coatings, Revestimiento, Spinelles, Spinels, Espinelas, Coating, Interconnect, and Spinel

To protect solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) from chromium poisoning and to improve area specific resistance (ASR), Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 is thermally grown on AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) and 4-probe ASR tests. The results show that the coating not only decreases the ASR considerably, but also acts as a barrier to mitigate the sub-scale growth and to prevent chromium migration through the coating and the cathode. The EDS analysis reveals that a mixed spinel region is formed between the coating and oxide scale after 500 h oxidation at 750 °C causing a noticeable decrease in oxygen diffusivity through this layer and subsequent decline in sub-scale growth rate. The ASR of uncoated sample is measured to be 63.5 mΩ cm2 after 500 h oxidation, while the Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 spinel coated sample shows a value of 19.3 mΩ cm2 representing ∼70% reduction compared to the uncoated sample. It is proposed that the high electrical conductivity of Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 (140 S cm-1), reduction of oxide scale growth, and good bonding between the coating and substrate contribute to the substantial ASR reduction for the coated sample.

Electronics, Electronique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Circuits électriques, optiques et optoélectroniques, Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits, Propriétés des circuits, Circuit properties, Circuits électroniques, Electronic circuits, Circuits numériques, Digital circuits, Circuit séquentiel, Sequential circuit, Circuito secuencial, Circuit bistable, Flip-flop circuits, Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Consommation électricité, Electric power consumption, Consumo electricidad, Diaphonie, Crosstalk, Diafonía, Economies d'énergie, Energy savings, Ahorros energía, Electronique faible puissance, Low-power electronics, Gain, Ganancia, Horloge, Clock, Reloj, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Multi-bit flip-flop, Physical design, Power optimization, and Synthesis for low power

Applying multi-bit flip-flops (MBFFs) for clock power reduction in modern nanometer ICs has been becoming a promising lower-power design technique. Many previous works tried to utilize as more MBFFs with larger number of bits as possible to gain more clock power saving. However, an MBFF with larger number of bits may lead to serious crosstalk due to the close interconnecting wires belonging to different signal nets which are connected to the same MBFF. This paper analyzes, evaluates, and compares the relationship between power consumption and crosstalk when applying MBFFs with different numbers of bits. To solve the addressed problem, a novel crosstalk-aware power optimization approach is further proposed to optimize power consumption while satisfying the crosstalk constraint. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is very effective in crosstalk avoidance when applying MBFFs for power optimization.

Transportation, Transports, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Batiment. Travaux publics, Buildings. Public works, Infrastructure des transports, Transportation infrastructure, Voies ferrées (fondations et plateformes), Railway tracks (foundations and track subgrades), Transports terrestres, transports aeriens, transports maritimes, constructions navales, Ground, air and sea transportation, marine construction, Economie, gestion et planification des transports, Transportation planning, management and economics, Transports et trafic ferroviaires, Railway transportation and traffic, Exploitation, Explotación, Gestion trafic, Traffic management, Gestión tráfico, Infrastructure transport, Transportation infrastructure, Infraestructura transporte, Innovation, Innovación, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Intervalle, Interval, Intervalo, Raccordement, Connection, Conexión, Régulation trafic, Traffic control, Regulación tráfico, Réseau ferroviaire, Railway network, Red ferroviaria, Schéma directeur, Master plan, Plan rector, Trafic voyageur, Passenger traffic, Tráfico viajero, Transport ferroviaire, Rail transportation, and Transporte ferroviaro

Afin d'améliorer le service rendu à l'utilisateur final, le voyageur, deux innovations en terme d'exploitation d'une ligne de banlieue type sont explorées: un schéma de desserte « en doigts de la main » limitant les interconnexions entre les dessertes de part et d'autre du tronçon central, et une régulation à l'intervalle privilégiant la fréquence des trains.

Electronics, Electronique, Telecommunications, Télécommunications, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Circuits électriques, optiques et optoélectroniques, Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits, Propriétés des circuits, Circuit properties, Circuits électroniques, Electronic circuits, Circuits numériques, Digital circuits, Circuits hyperfréquences, circuits intégrés hyperfréquences, lignes de transmission hyperfréquences, circuits à ondes submillimétriques, Microwave circuits, microwave integrated circuits, microwave transmission lines, submillimeter wave circuits, Telecommunications et theorie de l'information, Telecommunications and information theory, Télécommunications, Telecommunications, Radiocommunications, Antennes, Antennas, Alliage semiconducteur, Semiconductor alloys, Alliage Ge Si, Ge-Si alloys, Antenne intégrée, Integrated antenna, Antena integrada, Antenne microruban, Microstrip antennas, Antenne réflecteur, Reflector antenna, Antena reflector, Antenne réseau équiphase, Phased array antenna, Antena red equifase, Circuit MMIC, MMIC, Circuit actif, Active circuit, Circuito activo, Circuit combinateur, Combiner circuit, Circuito combinador, Circuit commande, Control circuit, Circuito control, Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Circuit numérique, Digital circuit, Circuito numérico, Combinateur puissance, Power combiners, Commande numérique, Digital control, Mando numérico, Distribution puissance, Power distribution, Evaluation performance, Performance evaluation, Evaluación prestación, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Multicouche, Multiple layer, Capa múltiple, Technologie planaire, Planar technology, Tecnología planar, Réseau d'antennes, and Antenna array

A highly integrated phased array transmit/receive architecture is presented. Multilayer microstrip antennas with a scanning potential up to 60° are combined, on a common manifold, with SiGe MMICs including four RF channels each, together with the necessary digital control circuits. Power distribution and combining are realised by the concept of a folded planar reflectarray. This study also includes the necessary solutions for multilayer interconnects and efficient heat removal from the active circuits. To prove the concept, passive arrays with different fixed beam positions have been tested successfully; followed by a first active array demonstrating excellent scanning performance up to 60° both in E- and H-plane.

Electronics, Electronique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Nanomatériaux et nanostructures : fabrication et caractèrisation, Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization, Nanotubes, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Appareillage électronique et fabrication. Composants passifs, circuits imprimés, connectique, Electronic equipment and fabrication. Passive components, printed wiring boards, connectics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Traitements de surface, Surface treatment, Capteur humidité, Moisture sensor, Sensor humedad, Feuchteaufnehmer, Capteur mesure, Measurement sensor, Captador medida, Messwertaufnehmer, Circuit intégré CMOS, CMOS integrated circuits, Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Integrierte Schaltung, Compatibilité, Compatibility, Compatibilidad, Kompatibilitaet, Configuration interdigitale, Interdigital configuration, Configuración interdigital, Configuration électrode, Electrode configuration, Configuración electrodo, Elektrodenkonfiguration, Couche mince, Thin film, Capa fina, Duennschicht, Critère performance, Performance requirement, Criterio resultado, Dispositif couche mince, Thin film device, Dispositivo capa delgada, Désorption, Desorption, Desorción, Haute performance, High performance, Alto rendimiento, Humidité, Humidity, Humedad, Feuchtigkeit, Hystérésis, Hysteresis, Histéresis, Hysterese, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Matériau revêtu, Coated material, Material revestido, Beschichteter Werkstoff, Microcapteur, Microsensor, Microcaptador, Miniaturisation, Miniaturization, Miniaturización, Miniaturisierung, Nanotube carbone, Carbon nanotubes, Nanotube multifeuillet, Multiwalled nanotube, Nanotubo pared múltiple, Norme, Standards, Norma, Norm, Oxyde de silicium, Silicon oxides, Polycristal, Polycrystal, Policristal, Polykristall, Revêtement, Coatings, Revestimiento, Ueberzug, Réseau (arrangement), Array, Red, Résistance électrique, Resistor, Resistencia eléctrica(componente), Sensibilité élevée, High sensitivity, Alta sensibilidad, Silicium polycristallin, Polysilicon, Silicio policristal, Technologie MOS complémentaire, Complementary MOS technology, Tecnología MOS complementario, Traitement thermique, Heat treatment, Tratamiento térmico, Waermebehandlung, 0707D, 0707V, 8107D, SiO2, Heating, Integration, Micro humidity sensor, Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and Single chip

Miniaturization, integration and high performance are key requirements for the present humidity sensor development. One kind of single chip integrated MWCNTs thin film humidity sensor based on standard CMOS IC process was proposed in this paper. The sensor was designed and realized with MWCNTs/SiO2 thin film coated on exposed interdigital electrodes on chip, which was achieved by arrange PADs (bond pad opening) array on the top layer of layout by 0.5 μm DMDP 18 V process, at maximum exposure of the interdigital patterned metal2 electrodes. The sensor was surrounded by the heating cells formed by paralleled polysilicon resistors, which can accelerate desorption of condensed vapors and thus lower the humidity hysteresis, and provide good long time stability at high humidity environments. As the film was fabricated onto the electrodes in post process, it has great IC compatibility. The sensor has high sensitivity of 270% at 200 kHz and 120% at 50 kHz under sine source signal, and a fast response and recovery of 5 s and 7 s, respectively. It was found that nano SiO2 dispersed in film and middle frequency AC source on sensor can both reduce fluctuation of electron waves, and further lower the sensor's inherent noise. Besides, given the 30 μm interdigital finger gap, sensors with MWCNTs of 4-6 μm length has apparently lower current noise than those with 1-2 μm tubes under 4 kHz source signal. The chip is simple and compact, and low cost, and has good long time endurance in high humidity environments.

Electronics, Electronique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Autres dispositifs multijonctions. Transistors de puissance. Thyristors, Other multijunction devices. Power transistors. Thyristors, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Caractéristique dynamique, Dynamic characteristic, Característica dinámica, Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Pastille électronique, Wafer, Pastilla electrónica, Réponse dynamique, Dynamic response, Respuesta dinámica, Système tampon, Buffer system, Sistema amortiguador, Thyristor, and Tiristor

The model of interconnected numerical device segments can give a prediction on the dynamic performance of large area full wafer devices such as the Gate Commutated Thyristors (GCTs) and can be used as an optimisation tool for designing GCTs. In this study the authors evaluate the relative importance of the shallow p-base thickness, its peak concentration, the depth of the p-base and the buffer peak concentration.

Chemical engineering, Génie chimique, Computer science, Informatique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines classiques de la physique (y compris les applications), Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications), Transfert de chaleur, Heat transfer, Méthodes numériques et analytiques, Analytical and numerical techniques, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Dispositifs d'utilisation de l'énergie thermique, Devices using thermal energy, Echangeurs de chaleur (y compris transformateurs de chaleur, tours de refroidissement, condenseurs), Heat exchangers (included heat transformers, condensers, cooling towers), Autocontrôle, Self control, Autocontrol, Autoorganisation, Self organization, Autoorganización, Différence température, Temperature difference, Diferencia temperatura, Echangeur chaleur, Heat exchanger, Intercambiador calor, Fonction logarithmique, Logarithmic function, Función logarítmica, Fonctionnement optimal, Optimal operation, Funcionamiento óptimo, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Mesure température, Temperature measurement, Medida temperatura, Moyenne arithmétique, Arithmetic mean, Media aritmética, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Ramification, Branching, Ramificación, Système réparti, Distributed system, Sistema repartido, Transfert chaleur, Heat transfer, Transferencia térmica, Heat exchanger networks, Parallel systems, and Self-optimizing control

For heat exchanger networks with stream splits, we present a simple way of controlling the split ratio. We introduce the Jäschke Temperature, which for a branch with one exchanger is defined as TJ = (T-T0)2/(Th-T0), where T0 and T are the inlet and outlet temperatures of the split stream (usually cold), and Th is the inlet temperature of the other stream (usually hot). Assuming the heat transfer driving force is given by the arithmetic mean temperature difference, the Jäschke Temperatures of all branches must be equal to achieve maximum heat transfer. The optimal controlled variable is the difference between the Jäschke Temperatures of each branch, which should be controlled to zero. Heat capacity or heat transfer parameters are not needed, and no optimization is required to find the optimal setpoints for the controlled variables. Most importantly, our approach gives near-optimal operation for systems with logarithmic mean temperature difference as driving force.

Electrical engineering, Electrotechnique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electrotechnique. Electroenergetique, Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering, Machines électriques, Electrical machines, Régulation et commande, Regulation and control, Electroénergétique, Electrical power engineering, Réseaux et lignes électriques, Power networks and lines, Perturbation. Régulation. Protection, Disturbances. Regulation. Protection, Conversion directe et accumulation d'énergie, Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation, Divers, Miscellaneous, Energie, Energy, Energie naturelle, Natural energy, Energie éolienne, Wind energy, Algorithme, Algorithm, Algoritmo, Energie éolienne, Wind energy, Energía eólica, Equation non linéaire, Non linear equation, Ecuación no lineal, Evaluation performance, Performance evaluation, Evaluación prestación, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Méthode Newton, Newton method, Método Newton, Méthode analyse, Analysis method, Método análisis, Méthode formelle, Formal method, Método formal, Méthode itérative, Iterative method, Método iterativo, Production énergie électrique, Electric power production, Producción energía eléctrica, Programme transitoire électromagnétique, EMTP, Rétroaction, Feedback regulation, Retroacción, Stabilité réseau électrique, Power system stability, Système commande, Control system, Sistema control, Système équation, Equation system, Sistema ecuación, Transitoire réseau électrique, Power system transients, Virgule fixe, Fixed point, Coma fija, Coates graph, Control system equations, Feedback interconnection, Fixed-point iterations, and Nonlinear equations

This paper contributes toward the establishment of a formal analysis method of control system equations solved through fixed-point iterations. The success of fixed-point iterations relies on contraction properties of the function to be iterated. A convergence criterion is presented and accuracy is not sacrificed over gain in computational performance. The presented algorithms are illustrated in EMTP-RV for practical control systems used in wind power generation and for a user defined model case. Limitations and performances are discussed in relation to the Newton method.

Ecology, Ecologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Synécologie, Synecology, Généralités, General aspects, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Conservation, protection, gestion de l'environnement, de la flore et de la faune, Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife, Parcs, réserves, protection de la faune et de la flore. Espèces menacées: surveillance des populations et repeuplement, Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking, Analyse composante principale, Principal component analysis, Análisis componente principal, Dynamique, Dynamics, Dinámica, Etude cas, Case study, Estudio caso, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconexión, Milieu urbain, Urban environment, Medio urbano, Modèle logistique, Logistic model, Modelo logístico, Modèle régression, Regression model, Modelo regresión, Paysage, Landscape, Paisaje, Protection environnement, Environmental protection, Protección medio ambiente, Régression logistique, Logistic regression, Regresión logística, Surveillance écologique, Environmental monitoring, Vigilancia ecológica, Système information géographique, Geographic information system, Sistema información geográfica, Zone urbaine, Urban area, Zona urbana, Indicateur écologique, Ecological indicator, Bratislava, GIS, Landscape pattern, Logistic regression model, and Urban dynamics

The change of land use in urban and suburban areas is an on-going process. The aim of this paper is to study and statistically model landscape patterns changes in the Bratislava region (Slovakia) between 2002 and 2011. In the study, we perform the classic landscape-ecological method of land use mapping, and several spatial analytical tools provided by the GIS environment with statistical modeling using obtained spatial data. In order to explicitly study the determinants of landscape patterns changes between 2002 and 2011, firstly an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) is performed with variables obtained from GIS modeling. Secondly, the results from PCA are used in the logistic regression model. The landscape patterns changes were defined as transition areas in which the change of function has been performed in the study time period. The proposed regression model estimates the threshold probability of the landscape patterns' changes of transition areas under the effect of the adjacent areas. In order to accurately capture land use changes, high resolution aerial photographs of the Bratislava area including the city and surrounding villages from 2002 to 2011 were analyzed. The spatial buffers mapping of the transition areas in the GIS environment was based on data from ortophotos in the precise scale of 1:2000. Key methodology findings are regularities about the process of urban dynamics, focused on the change of urban boundaries in the urban system contact area. Various behavior rules have been defined such as embedded distance, spatial pattern and transition probabilities, which are essential in the proposed logistic regression model. In order to pragmatically incorporate the regression model as a software model tool, it needs to generate effective urban simulations consistent with GIS data inputs, outputs and related functionality. This enables utilizing the software model, which might be incorporated as a plugin in the GIS environment. Both GIS and statistical regression modeling might be used as predictive tools in an urban policy decision making, with a better understanding of discrete non-linear urban dynamics and to ensure the sustainable use of land and the protection of biodiversity in urban ecosystems.