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Teacher Attitudes, Elementary School Teachers, Adoption (Ideas), Educational Games, Misconceptions, Teaching Methods, Reading Habits, Achievement Gains, Student Motivation, Competition, Peer Relationship, Barriers, and Awards

In this research, it is aimed to determine the ideas of primary school teachers about the concept of gamification, the elements of gamification they use, the criteria they take into consideration while using the elements of gamification, the reasons for using them in gamification, the problems they face when using gamification and solutions to these problems. Phenomenology design, a qualitative research design is referred to in the research. The participants of the research consist of twelve primary school teachers who work at different schools and who teach different grades. In this research, semi-structured interview form, which was prepared by the researchers as a data collecting tool was used. The data acquired from the interviews done with the participants, was analyzed through content analysis. According to the results of the research, it was determined that majority of the primary school teachers perceive the concept of gamification as an educational game. Badges and leader boards were determined as the mostly used elements of gamification by primary school teachers. It was observed that the foremost criteria that primary school teachers consider while using the elements of gamification were reading books, starting reading at the first grade and success level in the lessons. Improving the success of the students and increasing their motivation in lessons were determined as the reason for using gamification elements. The foremost problem that primary school teachers face while the using gamification elements is the overcompetitive behavior occurring amongst the students. As the second, the problem of regression in the students whose levels are low is stated. As for solving the problems faced, using the gamification elements taking into consideration some other actions- not success in lessons- is determined to be the most effective solution.

Institutional Autonomy, Higher Education, Student Mobility, Educational Policy, Educational Cooperation, International Cooperation, Educational Change, Competition, Administrative Organization, Standards, Equal Education, Efficiency, Institutional Mission, Educational Finance, Accreditation (Institutions), Educational Development, Foreign Countries, Academic Freedom, Case Studies, Professional Autonomy, Decision Making, Universities, and Norway

The Bologna Process has made a strong impact on the development of European higher education, although the greatest impact has not been from the process itself, but from the national reforms introduced along with it. With a relatively young higher education system, Norway was ahead of most European countries in implementing the Bologna Process and reforms indirectly linked to it. Due to path dependencies and the Higher Education Institutions being, to a certain extent, autonomous and carriers of their own culture, we cannot draw conclusions at the local level without empirical studies. Therefore, the case of Nord University shows us how this process directly and indirectly affected Higher Education Institutions in Norway. The Higher Education Institutions (HEI) integrated horizontally in an education system that was increasingly hierarchical and competitive. The need for standardisation in order to secure equality and efficiency, and the demand for greater autonomy in the HEIs was answered by strengthening some and weakening other forms of institutional autonomy along with the establishment of a new accreditation system. Three dimensions of autonomy are touched on in this study. Firstly, the question of who has decision-making power in the HEIs defines whether they are ruled by professional or administrative autonomy. Secondly, the question of the HEIs' mission is decided either by the HEI itself, representing substantive autonomy, or by external demands on production and external funding, representing what I call beneficial autonomy. Finally, the question of how the HEIs fulfill their mission decides whether they have individual autonomy or procedural autonomy. In the last case, the HEIs are given external frameworks, which, to a great extent, define how they are to carry out their mission in order to succeed. The development of higher education in Norway shows how the introduction of the accreditation system hampered different types of institutional autonomy and strengthened others, a development that also brought dilemmas and tensions related to academic freedom. The Bologna Process played the role of both supplier of terms and a catalyst for these dilemmas. One of the consequences in Norway was a development where former colleges gained university status, among them Nord University (University of Nordland) in 2011.

College Freshmen, Educational Attitudes, Student Attitudes, Student Behavior, Pretests Posttests, First Year Seminars, Student Responsibility, Competition, Planning, Expectation, Wellness, Time Management, Family Involvement, Academic Persistence, Out of State Students, Foreign Students, and Preservice Teachers

Utilizing a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design, this study investigated the impacts of the participation in a First-Year Seminar (FYS) course on student learning attitudes and behaviors. Using the sample of 1,231 freshmen students in a large, public, research university in the Southeast, the study examined if FYS participation promoted students learning attitudes and behaviors in the following ten areas: responsibility, competition, task-planning, expectation, wellness, time-management, college involvement, family involvement, precision, and persistence. Additionally, the study tested for the differences in changes of students learning attitudes and behaviors among five student populations enrolled in the seminar: first-time in college, summer bridge, international, out-of-state, and teacher pre-professionals. Hotelling's T2 test revealed statistically significant differences in learning attitudes and behaviors between pre and posttests for each of the 10 measured factors, while a two-way mixed design MANOVA indicated that changes in students' learning attitudes and behaviors were not significantly different for any of the factors depending on the subgroup. The lack of between-group differences demonstrated that the FYS course participation was equally beneficial for students from all populations examined in the study.

Competition, Personality Traits, Graduate Students, Competence, Foreign Countries, Regression (Statistics), Employment Potential, Intellectual Disciplines, and Malaysia

The intense desire to produce good quality human capital is not sufficient by having basic skills for certain fields only. There is a need to have a competitive attitude to enhance their level of competency as it is a big concern for many employers today. Hence, the study was conducted to identify the competitiveness factors that influence the level of competency among graduates, especially those who are employed in the service sector in Malaysia. This study used the survey method for data collection. Stratified purposive sampling was applied and a questionnaire was distributed to 450 graduates from 13 service sectors based on the statistics obtained from the Ministry of Higher Education 2016. The findings from the exploratory factor analysis found that seven competitiveness factors consisting of 47 items formed the competitiveness attitude among graduates. However, based on a multiple linear regression analysis, only five models of competitiveness factors produced significant relationships with graduates' competency, which are job competitiveness, organizational management competitiveness, dominant competitiveness, goal competitiveness and self-improvement competitiveness. In fact, aggressive competitiveness and general competitiveness do not influence graduates' competency level significantly. Therefore, it can be concluded that graduates' competitive attitude such as having emotional control, innovation, and competitive enthusiasm to be the best, is one of the important characteristics for graduate marketability in the future. In addition, it is hoped that their level of competency can be enhanced through the development of competitive factors for the advancement of the country's higher education talents.

Professional Education, Masters Degrees, Educational Benefits, Program Effectiveness, STEM Education, Graduate Students, Educational Quality, Alumni, Employment Potential, Curriculum Design, Employer Attitudes, Student Satisfaction, College Faculty, Coordinators, Data Analysis, Statistics, Computer Science Education, State Universities, Competition, Relevance (Education), and North Carolina

Since the early 2000s, we have seen an increase in the need for graduates in various STEM fields. The Professional Science Master's (PSM) program was created in 2001 to address this increased demand. While research has shown the benefits these programs may provide, there is limited research examining the current state of PSM programs. The current research evaluates the perspective of students, alumni, faculty and program directors concerning the benefits from the PSM. Results suggest these programs still create competitive graduate students with concepts from the PSM being implemented in non-PSM programs.

Athletes, Team Sports, Attitudes, Self Esteem, Competition, Psychomotor Skills, Income, Expertise, Training, Physical Fitness, Age Differences, Injuries, Athletic Coaches, Foreign Countries, and Turkey

The present study aims to analyze football players' percentages of shot on target and level of self-confidence in different leagues. The sample of the study consisted of 70 football players who regularly play in Tier 1, Tier 2 and Regional Amateur League in Yozgat province of Turkey. Football players' demographic data were obtained using a "personal information form". Participants' shooting abilities were measured using shooting ability test, which is one of the sub-parameters of Mor-Christian football ability test. Participants' levels of self-confidence, on the other hand, were measured using a self-confidence scale developed by Akin (2007). The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18 package program. Normality test, frequency analysis, percentage analysis, arithmetic means, t test, ANOVA analyses and post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. The present study found statistically significant differences among football players' total shot on target scores in terms of league level, monthly income, individual shooting training and individual fitness training (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed among football players' total shots on target and self-confidence scale scores in terms of age, duration as a registered football player, being a registered athlete in another sports branch, playing position, preferred foot, history of serious injury and preferred football coach type (p > 0.05).

Skill Development, Psychomotor Skills, Team Sports, Athletes, Males, Competition, Training, Exercise Physiology, Foreign Countries, and Turkey

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-week skill-based volleyball training program on the running economy (RE) of male competitive volleyball players. Ten male amateur volleyball players (age 21.1 ± 1.5 years) participated in a 6-week skill-based volleyball training program three times a week in the pre-season preparatory period. Before and after the training period, the following tests were completed: (i) incremental treadmill test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO[subscript 2max]), ventilator threshold (VT), and running velocity associated with VO[subscript 2max] (vVO2max); (ii) submaximal constant-intensity test to determine RE. RE was determined by measuring steady-state VO[subscript 2] (ml/kg/min) for 6 min at speed corresponding to 90% of the VT. The training program caused a significant improvement in RE by 5.3 ± 4.1% (p = 0.01). VO[subscript 2max], VT and vVO[subscript 2max] were not significantly affected by the training program (p> 0.05). There were no significant changes in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and minute ventilation (VE) measured during the submaximal constant-intensity test (p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in maximal RER and VE values measured during the incremental treadmill test (p> 0.05). The absence of significant changes in VO[subscript 2max] as well as VE and RER suggests that the improved RE after a skill-based volleyball training may not be the result of an increase in the delivery and utilization capacity of oxygen or a change in substrate utilization. The improvement in RE may be related to more effective storage and release of elastic energy with the skill-based volleyball training.

Student Welfare, Competition, Testing, Educational Practices, Educational Change, Holistic Approach, Stress Variables, Social Development, Emotional Development, Values Education, Learner Engagement, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries, and Singapore

Purpose: Singapore's education system is known for its robust curriculum and excellent results. It is also a system of keen competitiveness and high pressure. This article addresses how such an education system responds to the issue of student well-being. Design/Approach/Methods: This article analyses the recent initiatives and shift in education philosophy in Singapore's education system, which have a bearing on the issue of student well-being. Findings: This article argues that while there are direct efforts to address student well-being, the direction Singapore is taking is to pursue a holistic education paradigm, in which education is engaging, joyful, meaningful, and values-based. This article also argues that such a paradigm goes beyond the current well-being agenda and is aligned with a view that education should be about wholeness and purpose. While there are challenges associated with these changes, the Singapore experience suggests that the more we focus on holistic education, rather than interpret student well-being narrowly, the more wellness the students may actually and eventually experience. Originality/Value: This article brings to readers learning points from Singapore regarding student well-being, as the country grapples with change to develop a generation of young people, whose "beings" are and will continue to be "well."

Socialization, Competition, Music Activities, Music Education, Teaching Methods, Teacher Surveys, Teacher Attitudes, Student Interests, Creative Activities, Spiritual Development, Self Esteem, Individual Development, Communication Skills, Friendship, Elementary Secondary Education, Program Descriptions, Foreign Countries, and Russia

The article examines the socialization of children and adolescents in the process of participating in the innovative festival and competition project "Music-Making for All" involving concerts in which school students perform along with professional orchestras. The basis for achieving the desired result is provided by the author's pedagogical technology of interactive music activity, which presents living through the music in the process of its creation or perception based on complementary interaction with an external sound source. A teacher survey is employed as a method of identifying the indicators of the formation of socialization and the factors affecting the socialization process. The survey reveals numerous factors determining the successful socialization of a modern person. Creating a festive mood at the concerts of the project stimulates students' interest in creative activity. High-quality repertoire orients young artists towards spiritual values. Overcoming the difficulties of music activity contributes to their personal self-affirmation. Interaction with the instrumental ensemble becomes an effective means of creative expression of students. The communicative skills of the younger generation develop in the process of creative communication between students, professional musicians, and the public. The desire of children and adolescents to establish friendships and work in a team contributes to the formation of moral qualities. Children realize the value of labor, acquire personal qualities valuable for successful socialization, such as higher self-esteem and ethical and aesthetic personal growth, and overcome personal issues.

Educational Quality, Higher Education, Professional Education, Educational Change, Competition, Educational Administration, Foreign Countries, Teacher Attitudes, Student Attitudes, Educational Planning, College Faculty, College Students, Educational Improvement, and Russia

Economic and political changes in contemporary society lead to reforms of many social spheres. The system of education in general and higher professional education in particular is no exception. The issue of ensuring the quality of education has recently attracted great attention in all countries of the world. The key problem of reforming education is raising its quality. In this paper, the object of research was the quality of education provided by higher education institutions. The authors have conducted the analysis of models for raising the quality of education and qualimetry of the laboratory work quality based on a survey of teachers and students. The QFD method was described by the example of its application in five universities of the Russian Federation. It has been proved that this method can provide the university with a planning tool with which higher education institutions can provide services that fully meet the requirements of customers (students, parents, employers, the state and society as a whole), thereby ensuring the suitability of the system to meet external requirements -- the Fitness-for-Purpose approach (building goals based on the external environment). In addition, it has also been substantiated that the application of this method in the system of higher professional education will ensure the suitability of the system to achieve its own goals -- the Fitness-for-Purpose approach (development, improvement, effective management). Thus, the QFD method will make it possible to support of all types of coordinated activities for the leadership and management of higher education institutions in relation to quality, as well as a set of developed regulatory and methodological documents that determine the content, technologies, methods and means of work of all officials, teachers and students to further improve the quality of educational process, thereby ensuring the competitiveness of higher education institutions and effective development on the global market of educational services.

Computer Security, Computer Science Education, Computer Literacy, Information Technology, Business Schools, College Students, Information Security, Student Attitudes, Open Source Technology, Vandalism, and Competition

Learning cybersecurity awareness builds on basic information technology concepts and digital literacy skills. In an effort to raise cybersecurity awareness among information technology students, this paper describes a series of three different interactive sessions offered to students of all levels at a business university. The sessions introduced cybersecurity awareness through identifying actual breaches and incidents, using open source intelligence tools, and participating in a capture the flag style competition. Student comments in blog posts and interviews after these sessions show the relevance of cybersecurity awareness in their daily lives and a general sense of surprise, amazement and concern at how much personal information is readily available online.

Salesmanship, Self Esteem, Marketing, Business Administration Education, College Students, Scores, Role Playing, and Competition

Confidence and enthusiasm are considered critical to sales performance, as well as job performance and satisfaction. However, the literature has little discussion of how confidence and enthusiasm impact the overall sales process. We examine the National Collegiate Sales Contest (NCSC) scoring system within marketing classes and note that there are significant differences in individual scores on confidence and enthusiasm; these differences separate our sample into three distinct classes of personal sales learners. The paper confirms the importance of confidence and enthusiasm in student role-play presentations and notes the implications for instructors and practitioners in sales training programs.

Academic Achievement, Gender Differences, College Students, Foreign Countries, Correlation, Moral Values, Social Values, Grade Point Average, Cultural Pluralism, Social Responsibility, Altruism, Social Justice, Competition, Peace, Student Characteristics, Cultural Background, and United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi)

In the modern society of the twenty-first century, the values of tolerance, respect and openness are the basis for the successful development of the individual, so it is important to properly shape the attitude towards them among students during their university studies. This study is aimed to identify the values of tolerance of university students in relation to academic achievements and study variables in the United Arab Emirates. The descriptive and correlative approaches are used, as they are relevant for the study. The questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection, the sample of the study consisted of 200 students from different universities in the UAE. The results show that the respondents have a tolerance of 83.5% in the following order: positive competition, softness, peace with oneself, social responsibility, openness, cultural diversity, assistance, participation, altruism, respect and appreciation, peace with others, equality and finally justice. The results of the study also indicate a positive correlation between the values of tolerance. Moreover, as the results indicate, there are statistical differences in the tolerance level of females, which is higher than the average tolerance among males. The results also indicate that there are statistically significant differences in tolerance among students, due to the culture variable in favor of UAE nationality. The results also show that there are no statistically significant differences in tolerance among the students due to the variable of the year of study.

Academically Gifted, Personality Traits, Academic Achievement, Foreign Countries, Correlation, High School Students, Academic Failure, Self Concept, Expectation, Adolescents, Behavior Patterns, Competition, Cultural Influences, Social Influences, Parent Influence, Context Effect, and Jordan

This study aimed to examine the relationship between perfectionism and academic self-handicapping strategies among gifted students in Jordan. This study used a mixed-method approach to explore the relationship as well as exploring any other factors associated with using such strategies. The Revised Almost Perfect Scale (APSR) and the Academic Self-Handicapping Strategies Scale were used to measure perfectionism and academic self-handicapping among 242 gifted students on a high school for gifted learners. Subsequently, the researchers conducted four focus group discussions with 23 gifted students to identify the factors that may lead those students to use self-handicapping strategies. The results showed that Self-handicapped students were 4.58 times more likely to be maladaptive perfectionists than non-selfhandicapped students. The results also revealed a combination of environmental, personal, and cultural factors that contributed to the use of these strategies by gifted students. This study has proposed an explanatory model to illustrate the relationship between perfectionism, academic self-handicapping, and factors that might be related. Finally, this study provided a range of educational implications that can be used in the field of gifted education.

Team Sports, Audiences, Audience Response, Identification (Psychology), Foreign Countries, Psychological Patterns, Competition, Scores, Gender Differences, Socioeconomic Status, Age Differences, and Turkey

This study was conducted to test the identification and loyalty levels of Euro Cup fans. 354 people from the Euro Cup fans, male (n = 249) and female (n = 105), participated in the study. Male participants constitute 70.3% of the total sample, while female participants constitute 29.7%. Identification and loyalty scale, which was adapted to Turkish from the scale created by Donavan et al. (2005) for the determination of the degree of identification and PCT (Psychological Commitment to Team) scale created by Pritchard et al. (1992) and tested for validity and reliability by Mahony et al. (2000) to analyze the level of psychological commitment of the fan by Giray (2008), and whose reliability and validity was made, was used in this study. Nonparametric analysis methods were used in the study. In conclusion, statistical differences were found between the groups of gender, income status, occupations and age variables of the participants.

Females, Athletes, Competition, Foreign Countries, Schemata (Cognition), Questionnaires, Emotional Disturbances, Emotional Adjustment, and Azerbaijan

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of winning on early maladaptive schema of individual female athletes. The present study was a descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population of this study was all female athletes in two age groups of adolescents and young athletes from individual teams (Tennis, Tack and Chess) who participated in the championship of East Azerbaijan province and country in 2020. Exactly 1400 athletes participated in this competition. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table (1970), 302 athletes were selected by simple random sampling. Yang Schema Questionnaire (2003) was used to collect the data and was analyzed using independent t-test by SPSS software version 22. The results of this study showed there is a significant difference between early maladaptive schemas among female athletes with a competitive level. Athletes with a competitive national level have a higher initial maladaptive mean level. Athletes in the youth age group have a higher initial maladaptive mean level.