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Sorgo, concentración, enzima, hidrólisis, and sacarificación.

La presente investigación está encaminada al estudio de la posible sustitución del maíz por el sorgo en la producción de jarabes glucosados para la industria alimenticia, considerando la evaluación de las potencialidades de dicho cereal. En este sentido se realizó un diseño experimental compuesto del tipo 2k, utilizando el Software Statgraphics Centurion XV en elprocesamiento de los resultados del proceso desarrolladoen el laboratorio. Para ello se analizó la influenciade las variables independientes: concentración deenzima alfa amilasa (X1) en los niveles de 0,06 y 0,16%p/p, la concentración de enzima amiloglucosidasa(AMG) (X2) en los niveles de 0,18 y 0,375 %p/p ytiempo de sacarificación (X3) de 24 y 48 horas sobrelas variables respuestas °Brix y Azúcares ReductoresTotales (ART); además se determinó el rendimiento de cada experimento, obteniéndose los mejores resultados para la mayor concentración de enzima alfaamilasa, concentración de enzima AMG y tiempo de sacarificación en los menores valores. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron para el Brix de 52,22 y ARTde 68,76%.

Sacarificación y Fermentación Simultánea(SSF), cinética, and bagazo.

El incremento de la disponibilidad de residuos y los costos energéticos han incentivado la descomposición de la biomasa lignocelulósica en azúcares y estas a combustible. Un empleo efectivo de los residuales azucarados puede ser la conversión por hidrólisis enzimática de los residuos en azúcares simples y la fermentación de estos azúcares para obtener etanol. El etanol para combustible puede serobtenido mediante el proceso de sacarificación y fermentación simultánea (SSF). En el presente trabajo se analiza el modelo matemático desarrollado por Phillippidis et al.(1992) empleando los datos experimentales obtenidos por Albernas-Carvajal et al. (2014). Para la solución del sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales obtenido se empleó el algoritmo de Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF). El valor del etanol obtenido experimentalmente y determinado por método cromatográfico es similar al valor del etanol obtenido por el algoritmo matemático de (RKF).

Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Rheumatology and Autoimmunity, Medicin och hälsovetenskap, Klinisk medicin, and Reumatologi och inflammation

OBJECTIVE: For decades it has been known that the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles are associated with an increased risk of development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, the following variations in the peptide-binding grooves of HLA molecules that predispose to RA development have been identified: Val and Leu at HLA-DRB1 position 11, Asp at HLA-B position 9, and Phe at HLA-DPB1 position 9. This study was undertaken to investigate whether these variants are also associated with radiographic progression in RA, independent of SE and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status.METHODS: A total of 4,911 radiograph sets from 1,878 RA patients included in the Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic (The Netherlands), Umeå (Sweden), Hospital Clinico San Carlos-Rheumatoid Arthritis (Spain), and National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases (US) cohorts were studied. HLA was imputed using single-nucleotide polymorphism data from an Immunochip, and the amino acids listed above were tested in relation to radiographic progression per cohort using an additive model. Results from the 4 cohorts were combined in inverse-variance weighted meta-analyses using a fixed-effects model. Analyses were conditioned on SE and ACPA status.RESULTS: Val and Leu at HLA-DRB1 position 11 were associated with more radiographic progression (meta-analysis P = 5.11 × 10(-7)); this effect was independent of SE status (meta-analysis P = 0.022) but not independent of ACPA status. Phe at HLA-DPB1 position 9 was associated with more severe radiographic progression (meta-analysis P = 0.024), though not independent of SE status. Asp at HLA-B position 9 was not associated with radiographic progression.CONCLUSION: Val and Leu at HLA-DRB1 position 11 conferred a risk of a higher rate of radiographic progression independent of SE status but not independent of ACPA status. These findings support the relevance of these amino acids at position 11.

Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Géochimie isotopique. Géochronologie, Isotope geochemistry. Geochronology, Géochronologie, Geochronology, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Géomorphologie, morphodynamique, Geomorphology, landform evolution, Quaternaire marin et continental, Marine and continental quaternary, Cénozoïque, Cenozoic, Cenozoico, Phanérozoïque, Phanerozoic, Fanerozoico, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Cuaternario, Age exposition, exposure age, Edad exposición, C 14, C-14, Datation, dating, Fechado, Glacier, glaciers, Glaciar, Géomorphologie, geomorphology, Geomorfología, Luminescence stimulée optiquement, OSL, Luminescence, luminescence, Luminiscencia, Massif montagneux, mountains, Macizo montañoso, Modèle, models, Modelo, Moraine, moraines, Morrena, Morphodynamique, landform evolution, Morfodinámica, Paléoclimat, paleoclimate, Paleoclima, Pléistocène sup, upper Pleistocene, Terrasse, terraces, Terraza, AMS, Exposure ages, Geochronology, Glacial geomorphology, and Iberian Peninsula

In this paper we synthesize the research in glacial geomorphology and geochronology in northern Spain, with special attention to the evidence of local glacier maximum extent earlier than the global LGM of MIS 2 (18-21 ka BP). More accurate models of glacier evolution have been defined based on limnogeological, geochronological and geomorphological data. In the Pyrenees, OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence), surface exposure and radiocarbon dating techniques have identified end moraines and fluvial terraces corresponding to MIS 6 (about 170 ka) and even to MIS 8 (about 260 ka), and also established the timing of the last local glacial maxima as prior to global LGM (MIS 4, ca. 50-70 ka). During the global LGM a smaller re-advance occurred but glaciers reached different extents in the Central and the Eastern Pyrenees. In NW Iberia, radiocarbon and OSL techniques point to local glacial maximum prior to ca 26 ka-38 ka and probably synchronous with 45 ka. Although some bias might have been introduced by the dating procedures, this review demonstrates that in both regions the local maximum extent occurred prior to the global LGM. The asynchronies between the glacial maxima chronologies in the different mountain ranges of northern Spain suggest that local climate factors exert a strong control on mountain glacier dynamics.

Rheumatology, Rhumatologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Cardiologie. Appareil circulatoire, Cardiology. Vascular system, Vaisseaux sanguins et lymphatiques, Blood and lymphatic vessels, Athérosclérose (généralités, étude expérimentale), Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research), Pathologie osteoarticulaire, Diseases of the osteoarticular system, Rhumatisme inflammatoire, Inflammatory joint diseases, Immunopathologie, Immunopathology, Inmunopatología, Maladie autoimmune, Autoimmune disease, Enfermedad autoinmune, Pathologie des vaisseaux sanguins, Vascular disease, Vaso sanguíneo patología, Pathologie du système ostéoarticulaire, Diseases of the osteoarticular system, Sistema osteoarticular patología, Rhumatisme inflammatoire, Inflammatory joint disease, Reumatismo inflamatorio, Athérosclérose, Atherosclerosis, Ateroesclerosis, Chronique, Chronic, Crónico, Génétique, Genetics, Genética, Homme, Human, Hombre, Pathologie de l'appareil circulatoire, Cardiovascular disease, Aparato circulatorio patología, Polyarthrite rhumatoïde, Rheumatoid arthritis, Poliartritis reumatoidea, Polymorphisme, Polymorphism, Polimorfismo, Rhumatologie, Rheumatology, Reumatología, MHCIITA rs3087456 (-168A>G), atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, genetics, rheumatoid arthritis, and rs4774 (+1614G>C)

Objectives MHCIITA is a major regulator of MHC expression that has been reported to be involved in the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and myocardial infarction. In this study we investigated the potential association of two MHCIITA gene polymorphisms with cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with RA. Methods 1302 patients fulfilling the 1987 ACR classification criteria for RA were genotyped for the MHCIITA rs3087456 and rs4774 gene polymorphisms to determine the influence of MHCIITA variants in the development of CV events. The potential influence of these polymorphisms in the development of subclinical atherosclerosis was also analysed in a subgroup of patients with no history of CV events by the assessment of two surrogate markers of atherosclerosis; brachial and carotid ultrasonography to determine endothelial function and carotid artery intima-media thickness, respectively. Results No statistically significant differences in the allele or genotype frequencies for each individual MHCIITA gene polymorphism between RA patients who experienced CV events, or not, were found. This was also the case when each polymorphism was assessed according to results obtained from surrogate markers of atherosclerosis. Also, in assessing the combined influence of both MHCIITA gene polymorphisms in the risk of CV disease after adjustment for gender, age at time of disease diagnosis, follnw-up time, traditional CV risk factors, and shared epitope status, patients with CV events only showed a marginally decreased frequency of the MHCIITA rs3087456-rs4774 G-G allele combination (p=0.08; odds ratio: 0.63 [95% confidence interval: 0.37―1.05]). Conclusion Our data do not support an influence of MHCIITA rs3087456 and rs4774 polymorphisms in the increased risk of CV events of patients with RA.

Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Géologie régionale. Cartes, Areal geology. Maps, Géologie régionale, Areal geology, Cartes géologiques, cartographie, Geologic maps, cartography, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Géomorphologie, morphodynamique, Geomorphology, landform evolution, Quaternaire marin et continental, Marine and continental quaternary, Cénozoïque, Cenozoic, Cenozoico, Phanérozoïque, Phanerozoic, Fanerozoico, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Cuaternario, Ablation, ablation, Ablación, Bedrock, bedrock, Roca firme, Boue, mud, Carotte, drill cores, Testigo, Carte, maps, Mapa, Déglaciation, deglaciation, Desglaciación, Forage, drilling, Sondeo, Gestion, management, Gestión, Glacier, glaciers, Glaciar, Lac, lakes, Lago, Modèle, models, Modelo, Moraine, moraines, Morrena, Morphodynamique, landform evolution, Morfodinámica, Morphologie glaciaire, glacial features, Morfología glaciar, Pléistocène sup, upper Pleistocene, Stabilisation, stabilization, Estabilización, Système information géographique, geographic information systems, Vallée, valleys, Valle, lac Sanabria, Deglaciation model, Early deglaciation, GIS, LGM, SW Europe, and Sanabria Lake

Geomorphologic mapping, morphometric analysis of glacial features, and sedimentologic characterization of glacial deposits, together with GIS management, have led to reconstruction of the glacial evolution of the Tera valley glacier (Sanabria Lake basin, NW Spain) after the local glacial maximum. Moreover, a structural analysis of the bedrock fracture network based on a detailed map containing 898 fractures has been used to evaluate the influence of bedrock geology in the development of the glacier pattern. A detailed model of the deglaciation has been constructed by complementing the geomorphologic evidence with the chronological and sedimentologic study of a drilling core retrieved from the eastern subbasin of Sanabria Lake in 2004. According to this model, 10 episodes of glacier front retreat and stabilization took place after the local glacial maximum. Subsequently, a proglacial lake was established in the eastern subbasin of current Sanabria Lake, fed by ablation waters coming from the glacier front retreat. The proglacial activity was extended from a minimum age of 25.6 to 14.3 ka BP, in which the sedimentation of organic-rich muds took place until 13.1 ka BP. Subsequently, around 13.1 to 12.2 ka BP, a short advance of the Tera glacier is inferred from the deposition of coarser and less organic sediments. After this date, the glacier front would have retreated to the headwaters of the Tera valley. Sedimentologic and chronological data from another core retrieved in a moraine-dammed deposit indicate that a marginal lake would have been active since at least 22 ka BP until at least up to 10.5 ka BP to the north of Sanabria Lake. These results suggest a local glacial maximum prior to the global LGM and, therefore, new evidence of an early deglaciation in SW Europe.