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Organizational behavior, Power (Social sciences), Intergroup relations, Political science, and Honesty

Honesty is a fundamental human value. Yet, the world has witnessed increasing indifference toward honesty over the past several years and stood by while dishonest leaders rose to positions of power and influence. This article provides novel theorizing to explain the rise of dishonest leaders. We theorize that intergroup conflict elicits a zero-sum mindset, leading people to focus myopically on how their in-group can triumph over an out-group. This focus leads people not only to engage in dishonesty, but also to judge dishonesty more positively in others—including leaders. Specifically, when dishonesty is used to defeat an out-group, it is perceived as a signal of competence and parochial benevolence, despite being costly in the long run. As a result, people knowingly support (e.g., elect, follow) dishonest leaders. In the present article, we integrate recent findings in organizational behavior, moral psychology, political science, and sociology to build this theory. We conclude by discussing new strategies that individuals and organizations can implement to promote honesty. Ultimately, this research deepens our understanding of honesty and the forces that promote and impede its development in leaders and their followers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power (Social sciences), Professional ethics, Women employees, Organizational sociology, Workplace retaliation, Objectivity, Gender role, and Self-control

Organizational scholars have called upon higher-power individuals to serve as moral objectors to combat unethical behavior at work because it is assumed they will face less retaliation. However, research has painted an unclear picture of whether power protects women in the same way as it does men. In this paper, we draw on two distinct role theories (i.e., power role theories and gender role theories) as well as expectancy violation theory, theorizing and finding that female moral objectors benefit less from power than male moral objectors because they are viewed as lower in self-control. We further investigate an alternative remedy, or organizational frame, that may mitigate retaliation against higher-powered female moral objectors, finding that using this frame increases perceptions of self-control and reduces retaliation. We test and find support for our theory across four studies, including an archival study (n = 33,715), a critical incident technique experiment, and two preregistered experiments testing our intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power (Social sciences), Business ethics, Gender expression, Feminist ethics, Patriarchy, and Internet pornography

In defining this situation, Garcia provides one answer to Beauvoir's original provocation: "to be a woman is to be in a situation where submission appears as one's destiny" (42). Garcia thus clarifies the nature of the situation - again, the political, social, and economic conditions coalescing such that submission appears to women as inevitable - in which women experience their bodies as both their own and not their own, by which Garcia means always already viewed and judged by men. Following Beauvoir in adopting a phenomenological method - proceeding from women's lived experiences, not from abstract theories about humanity - Garcia demonstrates not only that women can I consent i to (if not "choose") submission but that this submission is I rational. i Why is it rational for women to submit to men?. [Extracted from the article]

Social enterprises, Online shopping, Soft power (Social sciences), Promotional films, Environmental music, and 3-D animation

Promotional videos are rapidly becoming a popularmedium for persuading people to change their behaviours in many settings (e.g., online shopping, social enterprise initiatives). Today, such videos are often produced by professionals, which is a time-, labour- and cost-intensive undertaking. In order to produce such contents to support large applications (e.g., e-commerce), the field of artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered persuasive video generation (AIPVG) has gained traction in recent years. This field is interdisciplinary in nature, which makes it challenging for new researchers to grasp. Currently, there is no comprehensive survey of AIPVG available. In this paper, we bridge this gap by reviewing key AI techniques that can be utilized to automatically generate persuasive videos. We offer a first-of-its-kind taxonomy which divides AIPVG into three major steps: (1) visual material understanding, which extracts information from the visual materials (VMs) relevant to the target of promotion; (2) visual storyline generation, which shortlists and arranges highquality VMs into a sequence in order to compose a storyline with persuasive power; and (3) post-production, which involves background music generation and still image animation to enhance viewing experience. We also introduce the evaluation metrics and datasets commonly adopted in the field of AIPVG. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the existing works belonging to the above-mentioned steps, and discuss interesting potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power (Social sciences), Economic development, Income inequality, Free enterprise, Economic liberty, and Social evolution

Neoliberalism is a political-economic philosophy that consists of two claims: one economic and the other political. The economic claim is: that free market laissez faire economies are the best way to organize economic activity as they generate efficient outcomes that maximize well-being. The political claim is: that free market economic arrangements promote individual liberty. This paper argues both claims are problematic. The evidence from the forty-year experiment that began in 1980 shows neo liberalism has undercut shared prosperity and unleashed illiberal forces that threaten liberty. The paper distinguishes between the first political turn which saw the establishment of neoliberal political hegemony, and the second one toward proto-fascism that we are now experiencing. The second turn is being driven by a collection of factors that have created a demand for proto-fascism and weakened the defenses against alt-right ideas. Those factors include socio-economic disembedding, institutional destruction and political disembedding, increased economic inequality that tilts political power, an alteration in attitudes to government and governance, transformation of economic identity, and a cultural transformation that celebrates sociopathic egotism. The Third Way's capture of center-left politics means liberal elites occupy the political place that should be held by true opponents of neoliberalism. Those liberal elites obstruct the politics needed to reverse the deep causes of the drift to proto-fascism. Ironically, that makes those elites a real danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power (Social sciences), Digital technology, and Erosion

The power of the digital platforms and the increasing scope of their control over individuals and institutions have begun to generate societal concern. However, the ways in which digital platforms exercise power and organize immaturity—defined as the erosion of the individual's capacity for public use of reason—have not yet been theorized sufficiently. Drawing on Bourdieu's concepts of field, capitals, and habitus, we take a sociosymbolic perspective on platforms' power dynamics, characterizing the digital habitus and identifying specific forms of platform power and counterpower accumulation. We make two main contributions. First, we expand the concept of organized immaturity by adopting a sociological perspective, from which we develop a novel sociosymbolic view of platforms' power dynamics. Our framework explains fundamental aspects of immaturity, such as self-infliction and emergence. Second, we contribute to the platform literature by developing a three-phase model of platform power dynamics over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POWER (Social sciences), QUALITATIVE research, SCHOLARLY method, and VIRTUAL communities

The use of online camera-based interviews (OCBI) in qualitative studies is increasing. While recent studies have addressed the benefits and limitations of this method, scholarship still lacks an understanding of it beyond the technicalities. The present study explores how the online setting shapes power relations in qualitative OCBI. The data includes 52 OCBI that were conducted in two different qualitative studies. By applying the concept of interview shocks to the analysis, we gained a deep understanding of how surprising incidents and unexpected moments that occurred during the interviews revealed the role online settings play in shaping the power relations between interviewers and interviewees in OCBI. We identified three types of online interview shocks: the shocking use of the camera, the shocking presence of others during the interview, and the shocking body dispositions in online interviews. The findings demonstrate the different ways that both interviewers and interviewees use the online setting functionalities, or the affordances of OCBI, to position and negotiate their social-cultural-political stand within the interview. Furthermore, the findings uncover the socio-cultural-political context within which the power relations were shaped in OCBI. Thus, we argue that the online setting is yet another aspect that interacts dynamically with the interviewers' and interviewees' social locations in shaping the power relations in OCBI. We conclude by highlighting the importance of further studying the qualities of OCBI as a distinct qualitative method that is valid even when other options are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAREER development, POWER (Social sciences), SPACE research, PSYCHOTHERAPY, PATIENT-professional relations, and TEXT messages

We are three psychotherapists, also trainers at different universities in the United Kingdom, who came together to explore the application of duoethnography as a research method in the context of counselling and psychotherapy. The focus of our dialogues was on privilege and power as experienced between client and therapist in the therapeutic relationship, mirroring the social worlds we each come from and return to. The article presented here is written largely in the form of 'speaking turns,' reflecting the dialogical nature through which data were generated. We met periodically through Microsoft Teams to record our dialogues and furthered our exchange via email communications and other text messages. We came together explicitly mindful of and valuing our differences – one woman and two men; our ethnocultural heritages being Greek, African, and English, with different trajectories towards our professional positions; and we highlight differentials in privilege emerging along lines of gender, race, and class. Emergent themes include: 'the visible – invisible spectrum of privilege,' 'the historic present,' and 'power with versus power over.' As an ongoing, highly relational form of encounter, this project highlighted the benefits this approach can bring in the ongoing development of therapists. Participation facilitated the revelation of more unconscious or unarticulated material. We found the duoethnography depended upon our mutual negotiation of trust and preparedness to be vulnerable in the encounter. Recognising that each dialogue brings unique configurations of similarity and difference, we thus argue for greater uptake of duoethnography methods in counselling and psychotherapy training and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social marketing, Power (Social sciences), Social change, Critical thinking, Self-efficacy, and Communities

This paper analyses how social marketing scholarship engages with the concept of empowerment and reflects critically on its usage and conceptualisations. Based on a systematic literature review, the paper discusses the importance of empowerment theory for increasing the emancipatory potential of social marketing in pursuit of community betterment and social change. The paper offers a definition of empowerment for the social marketing discipline, constructs a conceptual framework of empowerment for social marketers, and clarifies the main aspects and principles of empowerment theory relevant for the development of critical social marketing, thereby providing sources for future research, continuing critical reflections and critique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]