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Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Etudes physiques et chimiques. Granulométrie. Phénomènes électrocinétiques, Physical and chemical studies. Granulometry. Electrokinetic phenomena, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères d'origine naturelle, Natural polymers, Protéines, Proteins, Aliment, Food, Alimento, Application, Aplicación, Biopolymère, Biopolymer, Biopolímero, Encapsulation, Encapsulación, Libération, Release, Liberación, Micronutriment, Micronutrient, Micronutriente, Microstructure, Microestructura, Nanostructure, Nanoestructura, Particule colloïdale, Colloid particle, Partícula coloidal, Protéine, Protein, Proteína, Vecteur médicament, Drug carrier, Vector medicamento, Zéine, Zein, Zeina, Biopolymers, Colloidal particles, and Controlled release

The application of colloidal particles from natural materials for purposes ranging from the delivery of bioactives to interfacial stabilisation and bulk structuring have recently gained a lot of interest for applications in the field of fast moving consumer goods, nutraceuticals, agricultural formulations and medicine. Zein-a proline rich water insoluble protein obtained from natural and sustainable source has been recently researched to generate colloidal structures that can find a wide range of applications. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the preparation of colloidal structures and their further application as functional materials in the field of delivery of functional ingredients and structuring of bulk phases and interfaces.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Membranes, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biophysique moleculaire, Molecular biophysics, Physicochimie des membranes, Membrane physicochemistry, Propriété thermodynamique, Thermodynamic properties, Propiedad termodinámica, Angle contact, Contact angle, Angulo contacto, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Energie libre, Free energy, Energía libre, Energie surface, Surface energy, Energía superficie, Lipide, Lipids, Lípido, Membrane biologique, Biomembrane, Membrana biológica, Membrane, Membrana, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Mouillage, Wetting, Remojo, Contact angles, Lipid layers, Surface free energy, and Wettability changes

Various aspects of native and model biological membrane wettability are discussed. Among others hydration of mono-, bi-, and multi-layers of lipids as well as wettability of macroscopic surfaces of solid supported lipid films was investigated via apparent contact angle measurements and calculation of the apparent surface free energy of the films. The effects of relative humidity on the layer hydration and contact angle changes are also discussed. Finally, the effect of liposomes and enzymes (due to the hydrolysis reactions) on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the film surfaces is overviewed.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Diffusion(transport), Diffusion, Etat adsorbé, Adsorbed state, Estado adsorbido, Microscopie tunnel balayage, Scanning tunneling microscopy, Métal transition, Transition elements, Méthode fonctionnelle densité, Density functional method, Platine, Platinum, Pt, Aromatic adsorbates, Density functional theory, and Van der Waals

We present a combined density functional theory (DFT) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigation of the adsorption and diffusion of non-interacting 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone (TFAP) and (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine ((R)-NEA) on the Pt(111) surface. The two adsorbates are prochiral and chiral, respectively, and their surface diffusion is of specific interest in relation to chirality transfer from chiral modifiers to prochiral reactants in Orito-type hydrogenation on metal catalysts. Using a van der Waals-DFT description, the two adsorbates are shown to bind strongly to the surface through the aromatic groups and their respective side groups with carbonyl and amine functions. Adsorption energies were calculated for twelve different (R)-NEA adsorption conformers. A naming convention is introduced to describe the different conformers, and the two most stable ones are labeled (R)-NEA-1 and (R)-NEA-2. Diffusion of both adsorbates is calculated to proceed in a walking manner, moving either the aromatic group or the substituent group. For TFAP a diffusion barrier of 0.66 eV is calculated while 0.74-0.89 eV barriers are found for the two adsorption conformers of (R)-NEA. In agreement with the computed results, the room temperature STM study shows rapid diffusion of TFAP and significantly slower diffusion of (R)-NEA. Whereas TFAP monomers are rarely imaged at room temperature, consistent with rapid diffusion, time-lapsed images of (R)-NEA show limited molecular motion in localized regions of the surface. Furthermore, the motion of (R)-NEA is strongly conformation dependent. (R)-NEA-1 displays a much greater propensity to undergo rotational motion. The STM data for (R)-NEA are compared with DFT calculated energy barriers for translation and rotation. The possible implications of the experimental and calculated data for a role for induced fit stereodirection by (R)-NEA/Pt(111) are commented on.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Préparation, cinétique, thermodynamique, mécanisme et catalyseurs, Preparation, kinetics, thermodynamics, mechanism and catalysts, Polycondensation, Acide gras monoinsaturé, Monounsaturated fatty acid, Acido graso monoinsaturado, Alcool polymère, Alcohol polymer, Alcohol polímero, Autocondensation, Self condensation, Autocondensación, Caprolactone copolymère, Caprolactone copolymer, Caprolactona copolímero, Copolymère insaturé, Unsaturated copolymer, Copolímero insaturado, Copolymère soufre, Sulfur copolymer, Copolímero azufre, Copolymère triséquencé, Triblock copolymer, Copolímero trisecuencia, Dithiol, Ditiol, Ester copolymère, Ester copolymer, Ester copolímero, Ester polymère, Ester polymer, Ester polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fonctionnalisation, Functionalization, Funciónalización, Hydroxyacide, Hydroxyacid, Hidroxiácido, Marquage fluorescent, Fluorescent labelling, Marcación fluorescente, Mercaptoalcool, Mercaptoalcohol, Modification chimique, Chemical modification, Modificación química, Point fusion, Melting point, Punto fusión, Polycondensation, Condensation polymerization, Policondensación, Polymère fonctionnel, Functional polymer, Polímero funcional, Polymère insaturé, Unsaturated polymer, Polímero insaturado, Polymère soufre, Sulfur containing polymer, Polímero azufre, Polymérisation ouverture cycle, Ring opening polymerization, Polimerización abertura ciclo, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Réaction surface, Surface reaction, Reacción superficie, Réticulation photochimique, Photochemical crosslinking, Fotorreticulación, Stabilité thermique, Thermal stability, Estabilidad térmica, Structure moléculaire, Molecular structure, Estructura molecular, Sulfure organique, Organic sulfide, Sulfuro orgánico, Réaction click, Réaction thiol yne, Réaction thiol ène, enzymatic polymerization, fatty acids, polyesters, thiol-ene, and thiol-yne

The synthesis of a vinylsulfide-containing hydroxy acid (VSHA) from undecylenic fatty acid via thiol-yne monoaddition is described. Metal- and enzymatic-catalyzed polycondensation of VSHA is investigated to obtain functional polyesters with a view to further modification. Higher molecular weights are obtained when using enzymatic polymerization. Random copolymers are prepared by direct enzymatic copolymerization of VSHA and ε-caprolactone (CL) and triblock CL-VSHA-CL copolymers are obtained by consecutive VSHA self-condensation and ring-opening polymerization. The copolymers display semicrystalline behavior and a good thermal stability with no significant weight loss below 300 °C. Thiol-ene chemistry-type crosslinking and surface functionalization are employed to open new application fields. Evidence of the successful reactions is obtained by NMR, IR, and fluorescence measurements.

Mechanical engineering, Génie mécanique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Fatigue, Charge variable, Variable load, Carga variable, Ungleichmaessige Beanspruchung, Contrainte seuil, Threshold stress, Tension umbral, Fatigue, Fatiga, Ermuedung, Fissure courte, Short crack, Fisura corta, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Non-propagating small cracks, Threshold stress intensities, Ultrasonic fatigue, Variable amplitude loading, and Very high cycle fatigue (VHCF)

Ever since high-strength steels were found to fail below the traditional fatigue limit when loaded with more than 108 cycles, the investigation of metals' and alloys' very high cycle fatigue properties has received increased attention. A lot of research was invested in developing methods and machinery to reduce testing times. This overview outlines the principles and testing procedures of very high cycle fatigue tests and reports findings in the areas of crack formation, non-propagating small cracks, long crack propagation and thresholds. Furthermore, superimposed and variable amplitude loading as well as frequency effects are reported.

Mechanical engineering, Génie mécanique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Fatigue, Alliage base aluminium, Aluminium base alloys, Charge variable, Variable load, Carga variable, Ungleichmaessige Beanspruchung, Fatigue, Fatiga, Ermuedung, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, 2024 Aluminium alloy, Damage accumulation, Ultrasonic fatigue, Variable amplitude loading, and Very high cycle fatigue

Ultrasonic fatigue tests with variable amplitude are performed for the first time at positive load ratios. The method utilising ultrasonic equipment, a servo-hydraulic or electromechanical load frame and computer control is described. Aluminium alloy 2024-T351 is tested at approximately 20 kHz with variable amplitude in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) and very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime at load ratios R = -1, R = 0.1 and R = 0.5. Constant amplitude data are available and are used for Miner damage accumulation calculations. For load ratio R = -1, the mean damage sum decreases from 0.5 to 0.3 when lifetimes increase from the HCF regime to 109 cycles, and increases at higher numbers of cycles. For load ratio R = 0.1, the mean damage sum decreases from 1.1 to 0.2 when lifetimes increase from HCF to VHCF. At load ratio R = 0.5, the mean damage sum is approximately 0.1 in the VHCF regime. Cracks leading to VHCF failures start at broken constituent particles, probably Al7Cu2(Fe,Mn), or at agglomerations of fractured particles. Crack initiation occurs at the surface or less frequently in the interior.

Mechanical engineering, Génie mécanique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Fatigue, Acier cémenté, Case hardened steel, Acero cementado, Amorçage fissure, Crack initiation, Iniciación grieta, Risseinleitung, Fatigue, Fatiga, Ermuedung, Microstructure, Microestructura, Mikrogefuege, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Case-hardened steel, Competing sites of crack initiation, Kitagawa diagram, and Very high cycle fatigue (VHCF)

In this investigation notched and fracture mechanics specimens were machined from the steel SAE 5120 (DIN EN 20MnCr5) in two cleanliness conditions. The first material is used for high-performance components and is nearly free of oxides. The second material is standard steel and used for common requests in the field of drive engineering containing non-metallic inclusions in a dimension that is state of the art in steel making. The notched specimens were case-hardened in two different ways. Afterwards, the surfaces were ground and therefore showed compressive residual stresses. Uniaxial VHCF tests were performed up to 200 million cycles under the stress ratios R = ―1 and R = 0 using two resonant pulse systems. For this purpose the geometries of the specimens had been optimised so that the achieved test frequency was 190 Hz. Fatigue failure is possible at all applied numbers of cycles meaning that there is no real fatigue limit in this region. Fatigue crack initiation took place from different origins and at different sites. Different analyses are shown for interpretating the type of fatigue crack initiation and its site in the specimen. The fracture mechanics specimens were blank hardened in order to have the core properties of the notched specimens. Crack propagation was measured in the near-threshold region. An extended Kitagawa diagram is shown to demonstrate the influence of stress amplitude and flaw size on the failure probability.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Réactions et propriétés chimiques, Chemical reactions and properties, Modifications chimiques, Chemical modifications, Azide, Organic azide, Azida orgánica, Complexe de cuivre, Copper complex, Cobre complejo, Cyclisation, Cyclization, Ciclización, Cycloaddition dipolaire 1,3, 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, 1,3-Dipolar cicloadición, Désorption laser, Laser desorption, Desorción láser, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Groupe terminal, End group, Grupo terminal, Impureté, Impurity, Impureza, Isolement matrice, Matrix isolation, Aislamiento matriz, Macrocycle, Macrociclo, Méthode étude, Investigation method, Método estudio, Oligomère, Oligomer, Oligómero, Polymère cyclique, Cyclic polymer, Polímero cíclico, Réaction catalytique, Catalytic reaction, Reacción catalítica, Réaction intramoléculaire, Intramolecular reaction, Reacción intramolecular, Spectrométrie masse temps vol, Time of flight mass spectroscopy, Structure topologique, Topological structure, Estructura topológica, Styrène polymère, Styrene polymer, Estireno polímero, Chimie clic, Groupe azido, Groupe propargyle, (MALDI-ToF MS), Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne click, Cyclic oligomers, Cyclic polymers, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Size-Exclusion Chromatography, Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, and cycloaddition (CuAAC)

Polymers with a cyclic topology exhibit a range of unique and potentially useful physical properties, including reduced rates of degradation and increased rates of diffusion in bulk relative to linear analogs. However, the synthesis of high purity cyclic polymers and verification of their structural purity remain challenging. The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne click cyclization route toward cyclic polymers has been widely used, due to its synthetic ease and its compatibility with diverse polymer backbones. Yet unoptimized click cyclization conditions have been observed to generate oligomeric byproducts. In order to optimize these cyclization conditions, and to better understand the structure of the higher molecular weight oligomers, these impurities have been isolated and characterized. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF) MS is a particularly valuable characterization tool and was used to determine that the high molecular weight impurities are predominantly cyclic oligomers. It should also be noted that the rapid analysis and small analyte requirements of this MS technique make it particularly attractive as a general tool for elucidating polymer architecture.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Etudes physiques et chimiques. Granulométrie. Phénomènes électrocinétiques, Physical and chemical studies. Granulometry. Electrokinetic phenomena, Propriété rhéologique, Rheological properties, Propiedad reológica, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Colloïde, Colloid, Coloide, Déplétion, Depletion, Depleción, Elasticité, Elasticity, Elasticidad, Matière molle, Soft matter, Materia suave, Particule, Particle, Partícula, Polymère étoile, Star polymer, Polímero estrella, Rhéologie, Rheology, Reología, Suspension colloïdale, Colloidal suspension, Suspensión coloidal, Viscosité, Viscosity, Viscosidad, Viscoélasticité, Viscoelasticity, Viscoelasticidad, Flow curves, Glass/Jamming, Microgels, Particle elasticity, Soft colloids, Star polymers, and Yield stress/strain

In the last two decades, advances in synthetic, experimental and modeling/simulation methodologies have considerably enhanced our understanding of colloidal suspension rheology and put the field at the forefront of soft matter research. Recent accomplishments include the ability to tailor the flow of colloidal materials via controlled changes of particle microstructure and interactions. Whereas hard sphere suspensions have been the most widely studied colloidal system, there is no richer type of particles than soft colloids in this respect. Yet, despite the remarkable progress in the field, many outstanding challenges remain in our quest to link particle microstructure to macroscopic properties and eventually design appropriate soft composites. Addressing them will provide the route towards novel responsive systems with hierarchical structures and multiple functionalities. Here we discuss the key structural and rheological parameters which determine the tunable rheology of dense soft deformable colloids. We restrict our discussion to non-crystallizing suspensions of spherical particles without electrostatic or enthalpic interactions.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Préparation, cinétique, thermodynamique, mécanisme et catalyseurs, Preparation, kinetics, thermodynamics, mechanism and catalysts, Polymères à propriétés spéciales, Polymers with particular properties, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Technologie pharmaceutique. Industrie pharmaceutique, Pharmaceutical technology. Pharmaceutical industry, Propriété biologique, Biological properties, Propiedad biológica, Amine copolymère, Amine copolymer, Amina copolímero, Cellule tumorale, Tumor cell, Célula tumoral, Ciblage, Targeting, Blancado, Copolymère bigreffé, Bigraft copolymer, Copolímero biinjertado, Copolymère biséquencé, Diblock copolymer, Copolímero bisecuencia, Copolymère soufre, Sulfur copolymer, Copolímero azufre, Copolymérisation radicalaire, Radical copolymerization, Copolimerización radical, Cytotoxicité, Cytotoxicity, Citotoxicidad, DNA, Disulfure organique, Organic disulfide, Disulfuro orgánico, Ethylène oxyde copolymère, Ethylene oxide copolymer, Etileno óxido copolímero, Ethylène oxyde polymère, Ethylene oxide polymer, Etileno óxido polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Greffage, Grafting, Injerto, Lignée HeLa, Hela cell line, Célula HeLa, Macromère, Macromer, Macrómero, Micelle mixte, Mixed micelle, Micela mixta, Molécule asymétrique, Asymmetric molecule, Molécula asimétrica, Méthacrylate copolymère, Methacrylate copolymer, Metacrilato copolímero, Méthacrylique acide ester, Methacrylic acid esters, Plasmide, Plasmid, Plasmido, Polymère vecteur, Control release polymer, Polímero vector, Polymérisation radicalaire, Free radical polymerization, Polimerización radicalar, Polymérisation transfert atome, Atom transfer polymerization, Polimerización transferencia atomo, Potentiel électrocinétique, Electrokinetic potential, Potencial electrocinético, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Rayon hydrodynamique, Hydrodynamic radius, Radio hidrodinámico, Réaction successive, Successive reaction, Reacción consecutiva, Solution aqueuse, Aqueous solution, Solución acuosa, Solution micellaire, Micellar solution, Solución micelar, Transfection, Transfección, Transfert chaîne, Chain transfer, Transferencia en cadena, Trithiocarbonate organique, Organic trithiocarbonate, Tritiocarbonato orgánico, Vecteur médicament, Drug carrier, Vector medicamento, Copolymère réductible, Folique dérivé copolymère, Groupe méthacryloyle, Méthacrylate de 2-[diméthylamino]éthyle copolymère, Polyplexe, Polyplex, Ptéridine dérivé copolymère, biodegradable, brush block copolymers, gene delivery, reductive milieu, and stimuli-responsive polymers

Novel neutral-cationic brush block copolymer, poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate-co-folic acid methacrylate]-b-poly[2-(2-(2-(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoyloxy)-ethyl) disulfanyl) ethyl methacrylate-g-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate], P(OEGMA-co-FAMA)-b-P(BSSMA-g-PDMAEMA), is synthesized via consecutive controlled radical polymerizations. Containing disulfide linkages bridging backbone and side chains in the cationic brush block and cancer cell-targeting ligands (folic acid) in the neutral hydrophilic block, the diblock copolymer is employed as a tumor-targeted redox-responsive degradable nonviral gene delivery vector. P(OEGMA-co-FAMA)-b-P(BSSMA-g-PDMAEMA) brush block copolymers can condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) efficiently via the formation of electrostatic polyplex micelles. Under reductive milieu, pDNA can be released due to the cleavage of disulfide linkages and accordingly pDNA-binding cationic PDMAEMA side chains. In addition, the brush block copolymer exhibits low cytotoxicity and the corresponding polyplex micelles show relatively high gene transfection efficiency.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Etudes physiques et chimiques. Granulométrie. Phénomènes électrocinétiques, Physical and chemical studies. Granulometry. Electrokinetic phenomena, Agrégation limitée diffusion, Diffusion limited aggregation, Agregación limitada difusión, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Colloïde, Colloid, Coloide, Diffusion RX centrale, Small angle X ray scattering, Difusión rayo X central, Diffusion RX, X ray scattering, Difusión rayo X, Echelle nanométrique, Nanometer scale, Fractal, Huile, Oil, Aceite, Matière grasse, Fat, Materia grasa, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Nanocristal, Nanocrystal, Nucléation, Nucleation, Nucleación, Simulation ordinateur, Computer simulation, Simulación computadora, Triglycéride, Triglyceride, Triglicérido, Mesoscale, Nanoscale, Triacylglycerols, and X-ray scattering

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the majority molecules present in edible fats and oils. Many of the functional characteristics of fat products depend on the colloidal fat crystal network present. Identifying the hierarchies of these colloidal networks and how they spontaneously self-assemble is important to understand their functionality and the oil binding capacity, and new insights into the nano- to meso-scale structure in these colloidal fat networks have been reported in recent years. Ultra small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) is a technique new to the study of edible oil structures and, when combined with modelling and computer simulation, has enabled significant advances to be made in understanding the nano- to micro-scale crystalline structures of edible oils. In the four years since crystalline nanoplatelets (CNPs) were characterized, models have been made of these highly anisotropic nanoscale structures in which they were treated as the primary unit. In those models, CNPs were represented as close-packed rigid layers of spheres, so chosen because the van der Waals sphere―sphere interaction is known. The intent of the models was to predict the hierarchy of colloidal fat networks that would self-assemble from the components in edible oils. Initially, CNP aggregation was modelled under the assumption that all CNPs are present before aggregation begins and that their solubility in liquid oil is very low. The models successfully predicted the fractal dimensions subsequently measured using USAXS. This brief review reports on some of the latest models and simulations together with the results of USAXS experiments carried out on binary lipid systems, such as SSS in OOO, as well as certain complex systems that contain many different TAG molecules. The excellent agreement between the two approaches has established that USAXS is a powerful tool in the elucidation of the nano- to meso-length scales in fats and oils.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Propriétés et caractérisation, Properties and characterization, Propriétés des solutions et des gels, Solution and gel properties, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Technologie pharmaceutique. Industrie pharmaceutique, Pharmaceutical technology. Pharmaceutical industry, Amine polymère, Amine polymer, Amina polímero, Amine tertiaire, Tertiary amine, Amina terciaria, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Colorant organique, Organic dye, Colorante orgánico, Effet structure, Structure effect, Efecto estructura, Effet température, Temperature effect, Efecto temperatura, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Gel colloïdal, Colloidal gel, Gel coloidal, Gonflement, Swelling, Inflamiento, Libération, Release, Liberación, Méthacrylate polymère, Methacrylate polymer, Metacrilato polímero, Polymère vecteur, Control release polymer, Polímero vector, Polymérisation radicalaire, Free radical polymerization, Polimerización radicalar, Polyélectrolyte, Polyelectrolyte, Polielectrolito, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Rhodamine, Rodamina, Triazole dérivé polymère, Triazole derivative polymer, Triazol derivado polímero, Vecteur médicament, Drug carrier, Vector medicamento, pH, Effet densité réticulation, Interaction pi pi, Polymère sensible stimuli, DMAEMA, anticancer, hydrogels, sustained release, and triazole

The purpose of this study is to develop novel triazole-containing hydrogels (TGs) as drug carrier and to investigate the sustained drug release accomplished by their time-dependent swelling behavior. The synthetic pathway of TGs includes: (1) DCC-coupling on hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) to prepare HEMA-alkyne (HA), (2) click-coupling to prepare a triazole-ring-containing monomer (TM), and (3) the synthesis of a series of TGs. The aggregation between triazole rings is found to be responsible for drug release controllability. Rhodamine 6G is studied as a model anticancer drug for release experiments. The effects of pH and temperature on the properties of sustained drug release are also studied.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Stratifiés, Laminates, Analyse contrainte, Stress analysis, Análisis tensión, Etude théorique, Theoretical study, Estudio teórico, Matériau aiguilleté, Needled material, Material cosado, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau fibre unidirectionnelle, Unidirectional fiber material, Material fibra unidireccional, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Méthode élément fini, Finite element method, Método elemento finito, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété travers court, Through thickness property, Propiedad corta travesía, Résistance compression, Compressive strength, Resistencia compresión, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Simulation numérique, Numerical simulation, Simulación numérica, Stratifié, Laminate, Estratificado, Tissu textile, Woven material, Tela textil, A. Fabrics/textiles, A. Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), C. Analysis, and D. Mechanical testing

A multiscale approach is used to predict transverse tensile and transverse compressive strength of unidirectional non-crimp fabric (NCF) composites. Numerical analysis on fibre/matrix scale is performed to obtain the transverse strength of the fibre bundle to be further used in an analytical mesoscale model to predict the strength of the unidirectional NCF composite. Design of unidirectional layer composites with the same fibres, interface, matrix and volume fractions as in the bundle is suggested as an alternative method for bundle strength determination. Good agreement of both methods for bundle transverse strength determination is demonstrated. The simple analytical model used on mesoscale gives accurate predictions of the tensile transverse strength whereas the compressive strength is underestimated. The necessity of including bundle waviness in models when bidirectional NCF composites are analysed is demonstrated by FEM stress analysis and by experimental data showing differences in transverse cracking pattern due to bundle waviness.

Mechanical engineering, Génie mécanique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Fatigue, Acier austénito ferritique, Austenitic ferritic steel, Acero ferrítico austenítico, Austenitisch ferritischer Stahl, Acier double phase, Dual phase steel, Acero doble fase, Dualphasenstahl, Acier inoxydable duplex, Duplex stainless steel, Acero inoxidable duplex, Acier inoxydable, Stainless steel, Acero inoxidable, Nichtrostender Stahl, Contrainte thermomécanique, Thermomechanical stress, Tensión termomecánica, Décomposition spinodale, Spinodal decomposition, Decomposición espinodal, Spinodale Entmischung, Fatigue, Fatiga, Ermuedung, Point Curie, Curie temperature, Punto Curie, Curie Temperatur, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Température, Temperature, Temperatura, Temperatur, and Thermo mechanical fatigue

The thermo mechanical fatigue behaviour of a ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel has been investigated in a temperature range of 350-600 °C. The Curie temperature (TCURIE) was determined by an abrupt increase of the power of the inductive heating device and a small control deviation of the temperature. Thus, according to Tavares et al. [1] the evolution of the spinodal decomposition in the DSS was characterised by the shift of the Curie temperature for each test. The results are compared with ageing and annealing experiments in combination with tensile tests at room temperature. In addition, microstructure observations were performed in a field-emission scanning electron microscope.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Autoassemblage, Self-assembly, Matériau poreux, Porous materials, Modélisation, Modelling, Méthode Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo methods, Simulation numérique, Digital simulation, Surcouche, Overlayers, Adsorption, Chiral porous networks, Functional molecules, and Monte Carlo simulations

Formation of complex ordered patterns by simple molecular building blocks adsorbed on solid substrates is an intriguing phenomenon in which small changes in the geometry and chemistry of the molecular brick can lead to entirely different 2D architectures. In this contribution we demonstrate how theoretical modeling can be effectively used to predict the morphology of adsorbed overlayers comprising cross-shaped functional molecules equipped with active interaction centers. In particular, we use the Monte Carlo lattice model to explore the effect of distribution of the centers within the probe molecule on the structure of the corresponding molecular assemblies. The simulated results show that, depending on the number and position of the active centers, the outcome of the self-assembly can be extended homochiral porous networks, molecular strings and dispersed molecular clusters. Our theoretical investigations can be helpful in custom designing methods for imparting chirality to solid surfaces via the adsorption of functional molecules.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Métal transition, Transition elements, Chiral, Inorganic materials, and Topological insulators

We demonstrate that an intrinsically chiral, high Miller index surface of an achiral metal can be used to template the enantioselective growth of chiral transition metal chalcogenide films. Specifically, Cu(643)R can be used as a template for the enantioselective growth of a chiral copper telluride alloy surface. Beyond a critical alloy thickness the chiral influence of the Cu(643)R surface diminishes and an achiral surface forms. Our work demonstrates a new method of producing chiral transition metal chalcogenide surfaces, with potential applications in the study of structurally chiral topological insulators.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Physicochimie de surface, Surface physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Gels colloïdaux. Sols colloïdaux, Colloidal gels. Colloidal sols, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Eau, Water, Agua, Hydratation, Hydration, Hidratación, Interface, Interfase, Ion, Ions, Ión, Lanthanide, Lantánido, Lipide, Lipids, Lípido, Matière molle, Soft matter, Materia suave, Cation hydration and coordination, Hofmeister series, Lanthanides, Soft matter interfaces, and Specific ion effects

At charged surfaces bound ions reduce the repulsive electrostatic forces, while dissociated ions control the osmotic pressure in colloidal systems. For systems charged through ionic adsorption on the other hand, the adsorbed ions determine the charging boundary condition and colloidal interactions. Soft-matter interfaces have considerable flexibility and compressibility, hence ionic adsorption at such interfaces may generate new phenomena when (a) the ions compete with the lipid or polymeric components for water of hydration, or (b) position themselves at the polar-nonpolar interface and modify its structure. We review some recent advances on the understanding of specific ion effects from this perspective, and provide some unpublished illustrative examples involving soft flexible interfaces. We propose an extension of the chaotropic series to include disruptors of soft matter, which may act as cosurfactants or even as hydrotropes. We also examine the effects of coordinating ligands on specific ion adsorption at soft interfaces, using lanthanides as test cations, and discuss how such effects may be used to change the affinities between ions and interfaces in controlled ways.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Rhéologie, Rheology, Techniques et appareillage, Techniques and apparatus, Mesures rhéologiques, Rheological measurements, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Mécanique fluide, Fluid mechanics, Mecánica flúido, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Couche mince, Thin film, Capa fina, Microfluidique, Microfluidics, Microfluidic, Propriété rhéologique, Rheological properties, Propiedad reológica, Rhéologie, Rheology, Reología, Microrhéologie, Microrheology, Microrheometric, Piezo vibrators, Thin film rheology, and Wall slip

Microrheology probes the mesoscale between bulk rheology, which provides an integral sample response, and nanorheology, which refers to a local response at a molecular confinement level. The term 'microrheology' is often used to refer to optical particle tracking methods that measure a local response of a sample. In contrast to this, non-optical microrheology techniques generally allow two different effects to be studied: actual confinement effects on the rheology and boundary effects such as slip. Investigating the mesoscale range has additional advantages such as the possibility to perform measurements with small sample volumes and at high shear rates. This review bundles the wide array of non-optical techniques into five categories: adaptations to a conventional rotational rheometer, sliding plate rheometry on a micrometer scale, microfluidics, piezo vibrators and radial channel flows. The concept of each set of techniques is described, together with their operational window and examples of recent studies.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Gels colloïdaux. Sols colloïdaux, Colloidal gels. Colloidal sols, Apatite hydroxylée, Hydroxyapatite, Hidroxiapatito, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Céramique, Ceramic materials, Cerámica, Os, Bone, Hueso, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Rhéologie, Rheology, Reología, Suspension, Suspensión, Ceramics, Scaffold, Slurry, and Tissue Engineering

As a result of aging populations in the industrialized world, the development of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering is becoming increasingly important. Rheology, which is a key parameter in process engineering, plays a decisive role in designing these biomaterials. As a prime example of biomaterials engineering, this review focuses on formulations that are based on hydroxyapatite (HAp). More specifically, we will discuss the contribution of rheology for designing injectable bone replacement materials, composite gel scaffolds, porous scaffolds and scaffolds that can be generated using rapid prototyping or 3D printing techniques.