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Plants, Genetically Modified metabolism, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis metabolism, Brassica napus genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Lactoylglutathione Lyase genetics, Plant Proteins genetics, and Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants genetics

Members of the Brassicaceae family have the ability to regulate pollination events occurring on the stigma surface. In Brassica species, self-pollination leads to an allele-specific interaction between the pollen small cysteine-rich peptide ligand (SCR/SP11) and the stigmatic S-receptor kinase (SRK) that activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase ARC1 (Armadillo repeat-containing 1), resulting in proteasomal degradation of various compatibility factors including glyoxalase I (GLO1) which is necessary for successful pollination. In Brassica napus, the suppression of GLO1 was sufficient to reduce compatibility, and overexpression of GLO1 in self-incompatible Brassica napus stigmas resulted in partial breakdown of the self-incompatibility response. Here, we verified if BnGLO1 could function as a compatibility factor in the artificial self-incompatibility system of Arabidopsis thaliana expressing AlSCR b , AlSRK b and AlARC1 proteins from A. lyrata. Overexpression of BnGLO1 is sufficient to breakdown self-incompatibility response in A. thaliana stigmas. Therefore, GLO1 has an indisputable role as a compatibility factor in the stigma in regulating pollen attachment and pollen tube growth. Lastly, this study demonstrates the usefulness of an artificial self-incompatibility system in A. thaliana for interspecific self-incompatibility studies.

Plants, Genetically Modified genetics, Artemisia annua genetics, Artemisinins, Genome, Chloroplast genetics, and Plants, Medicinal genetics

Cesium Radioisotopes, Japan, Nuclear Power Plants, Agriculture, Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Plants, Edible chemistry, Radiation Monitoring, and Radioisotopes analysis

Most of environmental monitoring programs include measurements of the air dose rates and the radionuclides activity concentration in plants. Both these parameters depend on deposition density of radionuclides. Therefore, measurements of one parameter can (with some supplementary information) be used as an indicator for the other parameter. After the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, the Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) operated by the Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring centre of Fukushima and Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) of Japan carried out large sampling programme over different distances from the NPP. The sampling programme was focused on the usage of the weed leaves as a proxy for the prediction of radionuclide transfer to some cultivated plants. The MAFF monitoring programme in 2011-2016 was addressed mainly to agricultural crops. In both cases, the air dose rates were measured at the sites of the sampling. The paper addresses the assessments of relationship between radionuclide activities concentrations in plants and ambient dose rates. The time-dependent relationships were quantified based on weed, buckwheat, brown rice and soybean data obtained in 2011-2016. The recommendations on optimizing emergency sampling programmes based on use of the data of ambient dose rates are also presented.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bacterial Proteins genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, Plants genetics, Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetics, DNA, Bacterial genetics, Plants, Genetically Modified, Toxin-Antitoxin Systems, and Transformation, Genetic

High-value pharmaceutical products are already successfully produced in contained facilities using Agrobacterium -mediated transient transformation of plants. However, transfection methods suitable for open field applications are still desirable as a cheaper alternative. Biosafety concerns related to the use of recombinant agrobacteria in an industrial transfection process include possible transformation or transfection of unintended hosts or spread of the genetically modified agrobacteria in the environment. In this paper, we explored a novel biocontrol approach resulting in greater biosafety of the transient expression process in plants. Our proposed solution involves inducible expression of Agrobacterium tumefaciens toxin PemK and antitoxin PemI that provides for strictly regulated T-DNA transfer from agrobacteria to plants. We also identified several other toxins from putative Agrobacterium toxin-antitoxin modules and demonstrate their potential usefulness in the control of Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a DNA vector.

Antiviral Agents chemistry, COVID-19 drug therapy, Gene Editing, Humans, Plants genetics, Plants metabolism, Plants, Genetically Modified, Antiviral Agents metabolism, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Genomics methods, and Plants chemistry

COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is devastative to the humankind for which neither vaccines nor precise therapeutic molecules for treatment are identified. The search for new drugs and repurposing of existing drugs are being performed; however, at the same time, research on plants to identify novel therapeutic compounds or testing the existing ones is progressing at a slower phase. In this context, genomics and biotechnology offer various tools and strategies to manipulate plants for producing those complex biopharmaceutical products. This review enumerates the scope for research on plant-based molecules for their potential application in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strategies to edit gene and genome, overexpression and silencing approaches, and molecular breeding for producing target biomolecules in the plant system are discussed in detail. Altogether, the present review provides a roadmap for expediting research on using plants as a novel source of active biomolecules having therapeutic applications.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Nanotubes, Carbon, Plants, Genetically Modified, Agriculture, Metal Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Plant Development drug effects, Plant Development physiology, Plants drug effects, and Plants metabolism

Nanomaterials, recently have found burgeoning attention in the field of agriculture, owing to the positive correlation between nanoparticle (NP) application and the enhanced nutritional status of the applied plants. A wide range of NPs, namely carbon-based NPs, titanium dioxide NPs, silica NPs etc. has been found to influence plants in a positive way by increasing their nutrient uptake ratio, nutrient usage efficiency, among others. All these attributes have paved the way for possible improvement in plant growth, development, vigour etc. through the use of these NPs, mainly as nanofertiliser. In view of all these, it can also be concluded that in the global scenario of increased demand of food production and supply in the coming years, nanotechnology promises to play a critical role. In this review, an attempt has been made to consolidate all the positive trends with respect to application of NPs on plants, along with their probable mechanism of action, which may provide a comprehensive insight for researchers working in this field.

Aristolochia genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Genes, Plant, Genes, rRNA, Genetic Loci, Genetic Variation, Genome, Plant, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Phylogeny, Plants, Medicinal genetics, RNA, Transfer genetics, Chloroplasts genetics, Genome, Chloroplast, Houttuynia genetics, and Plants, Edible genetics

Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae), an ancient and relic species, has been used as an important medicinal and edible plant in most parts of Asia. However, because of the lack of genome information and reliable molecular markers, studies on its population structure, or phylogenetic relationships with other related species are still rare. Here, we de novo assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of H. cordata using the integration of the long PacBio and short Illumina reads. The cp genome of H. cordata showed a typical quadripartite cycle of 160,226 bp. This included a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 26,853 bp, separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,180 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,340 bp. A total of 112 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 29 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes, were identified in this cp genome. Eighty-one genes were located on the LSC region, 13 genes were located on the SSC region, and 17 two-copy genes were located on the IR region. Additionally, 48 repeat sequences and 86 SSR loci, which can be used as genomic markers for population structure analysis, were also detected. Phylogenetic analysis using 21 cp genomes of the Piperales family demonstrated that H. cordata had a close relationship with the species within the Aristolochia genus. Moreover, the results of mVISTA analysis and comparisons of IR regions demonstrated that the cp genome of H. cordata was conserved with that of the Aristolochia species. Our results provide valuable information for analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure of H. cordata, which can contribute to further its genetic improvement and breeding.

Biological Products, Plants, Medicinal, Fungi physiology, Plants, and Sustainable Development

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Oryza enzymology, Oryza genetics, Oryza metabolism, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Plant Stomata physiology, Plants, Genetically Modified, Potassium metabolism, Protein Kinases genetics, Protein Kinases metabolism, Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Salt-Tolerant Plants enzymology, Salt-Tolerant Plants metabolism, Sodium metabolism, Oryza physiology, Plant Proteins physiology, Protein Kinases physiology, and Salt-Tolerant Plants physiology

Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) have been widely associated with plant abiotic stress responses. However, the functions of the majority of LRR-RLKs has not been well defined. Here, we identified a novel rice LRR-RLK member involved in salt tolerance and designated as OsSTLK (Oryza sativa L. Salt-Tolerance LRR-RLK). Transcript analysis showed that OsSTLK was significantly induced in response to salt stress in rice shoot and root in a time and dosage-dependent fashion. Phenotypic observations indicated that OsSTLK overexpression exhibited reduced salt sensitivity, and improved salt stress tolerance. Further physiological analysis showed that OsSTLK overexpression remarkably reduced electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under salt stress conditions by up-regulating ROS-scavenging activities and modifying stomatal patterning. Moreover, Na + /K + ratio and MAPK phosphorylation level were also reduced in OsSTLK-overexpression transgenic rice plants compared with WT control. Taken together, our findings suggested that OsSTLK as an important positive regulator of salt stress tolerance perhaps through regulating ROS scavenging system, Na + /K + ratio and MAPK signal pathway.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Antioxidants metabolism, Cloning, Molecular, Cucumis sativus enzymology, Cucumis sativus genetics, Cucumis sativus metabolism, Cucumis sativus physiology, Ectopic Gene Expression, Genes, Plant genetics, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Plant Proteins physiology, Plants, Genetically Modified, Potassium metabolism, Salt-Tolerant Plants metabolism, Salt-Tolerant Plants physiology, Sodium metabolism, Tobacco metabolism, Tobacco physiology, Transglutaminases genetics, Transglutaminases physiology, Polyamines metabolism, Salt-Tolerant Plants genetics, Tobacco genetics, and Transglutaminases metabolism

Transglutaminases (TGases), mediators of the transamidation of specific proteins by polyamines (PA), play critical roles in PA metabolism in animals, but their functions and regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown in plants. In this study, we demonstrated that TGase from cucumber played a protective role in the regulation of PA metabolism under salt stress. The expression of TGase was induced by salt stress in cucumber. Ectopic overexpression of cucumber TGase in tobacco conferred enhanced tolerance to salt stress based on both external symptoms and membrane integrity. Overexpression lines maintained high levels of PAs under salt stress, suggesting that PAs played a vital role in TGase-induced salt tolerance. In contrast, the levels of Na + content in the wild-type (WT) plants increased, while they decreased in the overexpression plants. The expression levels of several genes related to ion exchange enhanced, and the Na + /K + ratio decreased by increased TGase activity under salt stress. The activities of the proton-pump ATPase (H + -ATPase), vacuolar H + -ATPase (V-ATPase) and vacuolar H + -pyrophosphatase (PPase) were higher in the overexpression lines than in WT plants under salt stress. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H 2 O 2 contents were significantly lower in the overexpression lines than in WT plants, accompanied by increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TGase plays protective roles in response to salt stress, which may promote plant survival by regulating PA metabolism and the Na + /K + balance under salt stress.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Biosynthetic Pathways, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System physiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Glucuronosyltransferase physiology, Molecular Structure, Plants, Genetically Modified, Transcription Factors, Uridine Diphosphate physiology, Plants, Medicinal chemistry, Plants, Medicinal genetics, Saponins biosynthesis, and Triterpenes chemistry

In recent years, biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in medicinal plants has been widely studied because of their active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities. Various oxidosqualene cyclases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, and transcription factors related to triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis have been explored and identified. In the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins, the progress of gene mining by omics-based sequencing, gene screening, gene function verification, catalyzing mechanism of key enzymes and gene regulation are summarized and discussed. By the progress of the biosynthesis pathway of triterpenoid saponins, the large-scale production of some triterpenoid saponins and aglycones has been achieved through plant tissue culture, transgenic plants and engineered yeast cells. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and structural diversity limit the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in different system. Special focus can further be placed on the systematic botany information of medicinal plants obtained from omics large dataset, and triterpenoid saponins produced by synthetic biology strategies, gene mutations and gene editing technology.
(Copyright © 2020 China Pharmaceutical University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Crops, Agricultural genetics, Genetic Engineering, Glucuronidase metabolism, Metals, Heavy metabolism, Organ Specificity, Oryza genetics, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Roots metabolism, Plant Stems metabolism, Plants, Genetically Modified metabolism, Tobacco genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Salt-Tolerant Plants genetics, Stress, Physiological genetics, and Zinc Fingers genetics

Halophyte Lobularia maritima LmSAP encodes an A20AN1 zinc-finger stress-associated protein which expression is up-regulated by abiotic stresses and heavy metals in transgenic tobacco. To deepen our understanding of LmSAP function, we isolated a 1,147 bp genomic fragment upstream of LmSAP coding sequence designated as PrLmSAP. In silico analyses of PrLmSAP revealed the presence of consensus CAAT and TATA boxes and cis-regulatory elements required for abiotic stress, phytohormones, pathogen, and wound responses, and also for tissue-specific expression. The PrLmSAP sequence was fused to the β-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene and transferred to rice. Histochemical GUS staining showed a pattern of tissue-specific expression in transgenic rice, with staining observed in roots, coleoptiles, leaves, stems and floral organs but not in seeds or in the root elongation zone. Wounding strongly stimulated GUS accumulation in leaves and stems. Interestingly, we observed a high stimulation of the promoter activity when rice seedlings were exposed to NaCl, PEG, ABA, MeJA, GA, cold, and heavy metals (Al3+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+). These results suggest that the LmSAP promoter can be a convenient tool for stress-inducible gene expression and is a potential candidate for crop genetic engineering.

Agriculture, Ecotoxicology trends, Environmental Pollutants chemistry, Humans, Nanostructures chemistry, Plant Development drug effects, Plants classification, Plants metabolism, Species Specificity, Stress, Physiological drug effects, Ecotoxicology standards, Environmental Pollutants toxicity, Nanostructures toxicity, and Plants drug effects

Owing to the unique properties and useful applications in numerous fields, nanomaterials (NMs) received a great attention. The mass production of NMs has raised major concern for the environment. Recently, some altered growth patterns in plants have been reported due to the plant-NMs interactions. However, for NMs safe applications in agriculture and medicine, a comprehensive understanding of bio-nano interactions is crucial. The main goal of this review article is to summarize the results of the toxicological studies that have shown the in vitro and in vivo interactions of NMs with plants. The toxicity mechanisms are briefly discussed in plants as the defense mechanism works to overcome the stress caused by NMs implications. Indeed, the impact of NMs on plants varies significantly with many factors including physicochemical properties of NMs, culture media, and plant species. To investigate the impacts, dose metrics is an important analysis for assaying toxicity and is discussed in the present article to broadly open up different aspects of nanotoxicological investigations. To access reliable quantification and measurement in laboratories, standardized methodologies are crucial for precise dose delivery of NMs to plants during exposure. Altogether, the information is significant to researchers to describe restrictions and future perspectives.
(Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Adult, Asteraceae, Ethnobotany, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Medicine, Traditional, Middle Aged, Morocco epidemiology, Phytotherapy, Poisons, Surveys and Questionnaires, Plant Poisoning epidemiology, Plant Preparations poisoning, and Plants, Medicinal

Popular herbal medicine has served as a unique health provider for human beings for thousands of years. In the present study, we document the toxic plants used as medicines in the Rif, intending to assess the knowledge of indigenous people on the toxicity of the natural products used. Ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the Rif, northern Morocco between June 2016 and June 2018 using semi-structured questionnaires and focus groups. An investigation of the scientific literature was conducted to sustain or verify the claimed toxicological information. A total of 84 species of plants belonging to 67 genera and 30 families were reported as being used in the prevention and treatment of diseases. The families reported to be most representatives of these kinds of plants are Asteraceae and Fabaceae (7 species). However, the highly toxic plant prescribed was Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf was the most commonly used plant part, and the majority of herbal remedies were prepared from a decoction (40.6%). The results of this investigation showed that the local people in the Rif are still dependent on herbal medicine. These species used for remedial purposes are noted to have a potential toxic impact associated with their irrational consumption. Therefore, we recommend that attention should be observed when using them as medicinal sources.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Amino Acid Sequence, Chloride Channels chemistry, Chloride Channels metabolism, Gene Expression Profiling, Genome, Plant, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins chemistry, Plant Proteins metabolism, Pomegranate genetics, Salt-Tolerant Plants genetics, Salt-Tolerant Plants metabolism, Sequence Alignment, Chloride Channels genetics, Multigene Family, Plant Proteins genetics, Pomegranate physiology, Salt Tolerance genetics, and Salt-Tolerant Plants physiology

Backgrounds: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important commercial fruit tree, with moderate tolerance to salinity. The balance of Cl - and other anions in pomegranate tissues are affected by salinity, however, the accumulation patterns of anions are poorly understood. The chloride channel (CLC) gene family is involved in conducting Cl - , NO 3 - , HCO 3 - and I - , but its characteristics have not been reported on pomegranate.
Results: In this study, we identified seven PgCLC genes, consisting of four antiporters and three channels, based on the presence of the gating glutamate (E) and the proton glutamate (E). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven PgCLCs were divided into two clades, with clade I containing the typical conserved regions GxGIPE (I), GKxGPxxH (II) and PxxGxLF (III), whereas clade II not. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that PgCLC-B had a P [proline, Pro] residue in region I, which was suspected to be a NO 3 - /H + exchanger, while PgCLC-C1, PgCLC-C2, PgCLC-D and PgCLC-G contained a S [serine, Ser] residue, with a high affinity to Cl - . We determined the content of Cl - , NO 3 - , H 2 PO 4 - , and SO 4 2- in pomegranate tissues after 18 days of salt treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl). Compared with control, the Cl - content increased sharply in pomegranate tissues. Salinity inhibited the uptake of NO 3 - and SO 4 2- , but accelerated H 2 PO 4 - uptake. The results of real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that PgCLC genes had tissue-specific expression patterns. The high expression levels of three antiporters PgCLC-C1, PgCLC-C2 and PgCLC-D in leaves might be contributed to sequestrating Cl - into the vacuoles. However, the low expression levels of PgCLCs in roots might be associated with the exclusion of Cl - from root cells. Also, the up-regulated PgCLC-B in leaves indicated that more NO 3 - was transported into leaves to mitigate the nitrogen deficiency.
Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the PgCLC genes played important roles in balancing of Cl - and NO 3 - in pomegranate tissues under salt stress. This study established a theoretical foundation for the further functional characterization of the CLC genes in pomegranate.

Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics, Plants genetics, Plants microbiology, and Research trends

This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.The past few decades have seen major discoveries in the field of molecular plant-microbe interactions. As the result of technological and intellectual advances, we are now able to answer questions at a level of mechanistic detail that we could not have imagined possible 20 years ago. The MPMI Editorial Board felt it was time to take stock and reassess. What big questions remain unanswered? We knew that to identify the fundamental, overarching questions that drive our research, we needed to do this as a community. To reach a diverse audience of people with different backgrounds and perspectives, working in different areas of plant-microbe interactions, we queried the more than 1,400 participants at the 2019 International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions meeting in Glasgow. This group effort resulted in a list of ten, broad-reaching, fundamental questions that influence and inform our research. Here, we introduce these Top 10 unanswered questions, giving context and a brief description of the issues. Each of these questions will be the subject of a detailed review in the coming months. We hope that this process of reflecting on what is known and unknown and identifying the themes that underlie our research will provide a framework to use going forward, giving newcomers a sense of the mystery of the big questions and inspiring new avenues and novel insights.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Acacia chemistry, Animals, Antimalarials classification, Antimalarials toxicity, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ethnopharmacology, Female, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, HEK293 Cells, Humans, India, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Medicine, East Asian Traditional, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Plant Extracts toxicity, Plant Leaves chemistry, Plants, Medicinal classification, Rubus chemistry, Syzygium chemistry, Antimalarials pharmacology, Plant Extracts pharmacology, Plants, Medicinal chemistry, Plasmodium berghei drug effects, and Plasmodium falciparum drug effects

A hallmark of mortality and morbidity, malaria is affecting nearly half of the world's population. Emergence of drug-resistant strains of malarial parasite prompts identification and evaluation of medicinal plants and their constituents that may hold the key to a new and effective anti-malarial drug. In this context, nineteen methanolic extracts from seventeen medicinal plants were evaluated for anti-plasmodial potential against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 (Chloroquine (CQ) sensitive) and INDO (CQ resistant) using fluorescence based SYBR-Green assay and for cytotoxic effects against mammalian cell lines. Leaf extract of two plants showed promising in vitro anti-malarial activity (Pf3D7 IC 50  ≤ 10 μg/ml); one plant extract showed good activity (Pf3D7 IC 50  = 10.1-20 μg/ml); seven were moderately active (IC 50  = 20.1-50 μg/ml), four plant extracts showed poor activity (PfD7 IC 50  = 50.1-100 μg/ml) and five extracts showed no activity up to IC 50  = 100 μg/ml. Further, six extracts were found equipotent to PfINDO (resistance index ranging 0.4-2) and relatively nontoxic to mammalian cell lines HEK293 (cytotoxicity index ranging 1.4-12.5). Based on good resistance and selectivity indices, three extracts were evaluated for in vivo activity in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg and they showed significant suppression of P. berghei parasitemia. Further, these active plant extracts were fractionated using silica-gel chromatography and their fractions were evaluated for anti-plasmodial action. Obtained fractions showed enrichment in antimalarial activity. Active fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass-spectrometery. Results suggests that the three active plant extracts could serve as potent source of anti-malarial agent and therefore require further analysis.
(Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Flavonoids, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidative Stress, Polyphenols, Phenols, and Plants

In this study, we screened 287 plant tissue samples from 175 plant species for their phenolic profiles. The samples were oxidized enzymatically in planta or at high pH in vitro to determine how these two oxidative conditions would alter the initial polyphenol profiles of the plant. Compounds that contained a pyrogallol or dihydroxyphenethyl group were highly active at pH 10. Enzymatic oxidation favored compounds that contained a catechol group, whereas compounds containing a pyrogallol group or monohydroxysubstituted phenolic moieties at most were oxidized less frequently. This study gives a broad overview of the distribution and alkaline oxidative activities of water-soluble phenolic compounds in plants as well as the enzymatic oxidative activities of various plant tissues.
(Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)