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High Energy Physics - Theory and Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons

We argue that "stringy" effects in a putative gravity-dual picture for SYK-like models are related to the branching time, a kinetic coefficient defined in terms of the retarded kernel. A bound on the branching time is established assuming that the leading diagrams are ladders with thin rungs. Thus, such models are unlikely candidates for sub-AdS holography. In the weak coupling limit, we derive a relation between the branching time, the Lyapunov exponent, and the quasiparticle lifetime using two different approximations.
Comment: 31 pages, 3 figures

High Energy Physics - Theory, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, and Mathematical Physics

In this work, we study non-equilibrium dynamics in Floquet conformal field theories (CFTs) in 1+1D, in which the driving Hamiltonian involves the energy-momentum density spatially modulated by an arbitrary smooth function. This generalizes earlier work which was restricted to the sine-square deformed type of Floquet Hamiltonians, operating within a $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ sub-algebra. Here we show remarkably that the problem remains soluble in this generalized case which involves the full Virasoro algebra, based on a geometrical approach. It is found that the phase diagram is determined by the stroboscopic trajectories of operator evolution. The presence/absence of spatial fixed points in the operator evolution indicates that the driven CFT is in a heating/non-heating phase, in which the entanglement entropy grows/oscillates in time. Additionally, the heating regime is further subdivided into a multitude of phases, with different entanglement patterns and spatial distribution of energy-momentum density, which are characterized by the number of spatial fixed points. Phase transitions between these different heating phases can be achieved simply by changing the duration of application of the driving Hamiltonian. We demonstrate the general features with concrete CFT examples and compare the results to lattice calculations and find remarkable agreement.
Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures; v2: references added

Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases and Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons

We study the quantum dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates when the scattering length is modulated periodically or quasi-periodically in time within the Bogoliubov framework. For the periodically driven case, we consider two protocols where the modulation is a square-wave or a sine-wave. In both protocols for each fixed momentum, there are heating and non-heating phases, and a phase boundary between them. The two phases are distinguished by whether the number of excited particles grows exponentially or not. For the quasi-periodically driven case, we again consider two protocols: the square-wave quasi-periodicity, where the excitations are generated for almost all parameters as an analog of the Fibonacci-type quasi-crystal; and the sine-wave quasi-periodicity, where there is a finite measure parameter regime for the non-heating phase. We also plot the analogs of the Hofstadter butterfly for both protocols.
Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures

Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, and High Energy Physics - Theory

We study quantum many-body systems with a global U(1) conservation law, focusing on a theory of $N$ interacting fermions with charge conservation, or $N$ interacting spins with one conserved component of total spin. We define an effective operator size at finite chemical potential through suitably regularized out-of-time-ordered correlation functions. The growth rate of this density-dependent operator size vanishes algebraically with charge density; hence we obtain new bounds on Lyapunov exponents and butterfly velocities in charged systems at a given density, which are parametrically stronger than any Lieb-Robinson bound. We argue that the density dependence of our bound on the Lyapunov exponent is saturated in the charged Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. We also study random automaton quantum circuits and Brownian Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models, each of which exhibit a different density dependence for the Lyapunov exponent, and explain the discrepancy. We propose that our results are a cartoon for understanding Planckian-limited energy-conserving dynamics at finite temperature.
Comment: 17+3 pages; 3+1 figures; v2, v3: minor changes

Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, High Energy Physics - Theory, and Mathematical Physics

In this paper and its sequel, we study non-equilibrium dynamics in driven 1+1D conformal field theories (CFTs) with periodic, quasi-periodic, and random driving. We study a soluble family of drives in which the Hamiltonian only involves the energy-momentum density spatially modulated at a single wavelength. The resulting time evolution is then captured by a M\"obius coordinate transformation. In this Part I, we establish the general framework and focus on the first two classes. In periodically driven CFTs, we generalize earlier work and study the generic features of entanglement/energy evolution in different phases, i.e. the heating, non-heating phases and the phase transition between them. In quasi-periodically driven CFTs, we mainly focus on the case of driving with a Fibonacci sequence. We find that (i) the non-heating phases form a Cantor set of measure zero; (ii) in the heating phase, the Lyapunov exponents (which characterize the growth rate of the entanglement entropy and energy) exhibit self-similarity, and can be arbitrarily small; (iii) the heating phase exhibits periodicity in the location of spatial structures at the Fibonacci times; (iv) one can find exactly the non-heating fixed point, where the entanglement entropy/energy oscillate at the Fibonacci numbers, but grow logarithmically/polynomially at the non-Fibonacci numbers; (v) for certain choices of driving Hamiltonians, the non-heating phases of the Fibonacci driving CFT can be mapped to the energy spectrum of electrons propagating in a Fibonacci quasi-crystal. In addition, another quasi-periodically driven CFT with an Aubry-Andr\'e like sequence is also studied. We compare the CFT results to lattice calculations and find remarkable agreement.
Comment: 80 pages, many figures

Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons and High Energy Physics - Theory

The most puzzling aspect of the 'strange metal' behavior of correlated electron compounds is that the linear in temperature resistivity often extends down to low temperatures, lower than natural microscopic energy scales. We consider recently proposed deconfined critical points (or phases) in models of electrons in large dimension lattices with random nearest-neighbor exchange interactions. The criticality is in the class of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models, and exhibits a time reparameterization soft mode representing gravity in dual holographic theories. We compute the low temperature resistivity in a large $M$ limit of models with SU($M$) spin symmetry, and find that the dominant temperature dependence arises from this soft mode. The resistivity is linear in temperature down to zero temperature at the critical point, with a co-efficient universally proportional to the product of the residual resistivity and the co-efficient of the linear in temperature specific heat. We argue that the time reparameterization soft mode offers a promising and generic mechanism for resolving the strange metal puzzle.
Comment: 35 pages, 4 figures

High Energy Physics - Theory and Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons

We describe numerous properties of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model for complex fermions with $N\gg 1$ flavors and a global U(1) charge. We provide a general definition of the charge in the $(G,\Sigma)$ formalism, and compute its universal relation to the infrared asymmetry of the Green function. The same relation is obtained by a renormalization theory. The conserved charge contributes a compact scalar field to the effective action, from which we derive the many-body density of states and extract the charge compressibility. We compute the latter via three distinct numerical methods and obtain consistent results. Finally, we present a two dimensional bulk picture with free Dirac fermions for the zero temperature entropy.
Comment: v2: 75 pages, 14 figures, new appendix A.6 and references added; v1: 73 pages, 13 figures, 1 spooky propagator

Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Computer Science - Computational Complexity, and Mathematics - Combinatorics

Recently, Hao Huang proved the Sensitivity Conjecture, an important result about complexity measures of Boolean functions. We will discuss how this simple and elegant proof turns out to be closely related to physics concepts of the Jordan-Wigner transformation and Majorana fermions. This note is not intended to contain original results. Instead, it is a translation of the math literature in a language that is more familiar to physicists, which helps our understanding and hopefully may inspire future works along this direction.
Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, and High Energy Physics - Theory

We study the energy and entanglement dynamics of $(1+1)$D conformal field theories (CFTs) under a Floquet drive with the sine-square deformed (SSD) Hamiltonian. Previous work has shown this model supports both a non-heating and a heating phase. Here we analytically establish several robust and `super-universal' features of the heating phase which rely on conformal invariance but not on the details of the CFT involved. First, we show the energy density is concentrated in two peaks in real space, a chiral and anti-chiral peak, which leads to an exponential growth in the total energy. The peak locations are set by fixed points of the M\"obius transformation. Second, all of the quantum entanglement is shared between these two peaks. In each driving period, a number of Bell pairs are generated, with one member pumped to the chiral peak, and the other member pumped to the anti-chiral peak. These Bell pairs are localized and accumulate at these two peaks, and can serve as a source of quantum entanglement. Third, in both the heating and non-heating phases we find that the total energy is related to the half system entanglement entropy by a simple relation $E(t)\propto c \exp \left( \frac{6}{c}S(t) \right)$ with $c$ being the central charge. In addition, we show that the non-heating phase, in which the energy and entanglement oscillate in time, is unstable to small fluctuations of the driving frequency in contrast to the heating phase. Finally, we point out an analogy to the periodically driven harmonic oscillator which allows us to understand global features of the phases, and introduce a quasiparticle picture to explain the spatial structure, which can be generalized to setups beyond the SSD construction.
Comment: 41 pages, 19 figures

Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, and High Energy Physics - Theory

We compute the transport and chaos properties of lattices of quantum Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev islands coupled by single fermion hopping, and with the islands coupled to a large number of local, low energy phonons. We find two distinct regimes of linear-in-temperature ($T$) resistivity, and describe the crossover between them. When the electron-phonon coupling is weak, we obtain the `incoherent metal' regime, where there is near-maximal chaos with front propagation at a butterfly velocity $v_B$, and the associated diffusivity $D_{\rm chaos} = v_B^2/(2 \pi T)$ closely tracks the energy diffusivity. On the other hand, when the electron-phonon coupling is strong, and the linear resistivity is largely due to near-elastic scattering of electrons off nearly free phonons, we find that the chaos is far from maximal and spreads diffusively. We also describe the crossovers to low $T$ regimes where the electronic quasiparticles are well defined.
Comment: 25 pages, 26 figures; v2: Added a new Sec.II and a new figure; Added clarifications; Corrected Typos

High Energy Physics - Theory and Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons

We derive an identity relating the growth exponent of early-time OTOCs, the pre-exponential factor, and a third number called "branching time". The latter is defined within the dynamical mean-field framework, namely, in terms of the retarded kernel. This identity can be used to calculate stringy effects in the SYK and similar models, we also explicitly define "strings" in this context. As another application, we consider an SYK chain. If the coupling strength $\beta J$ is above a certain threshold and nonlinear (in the magnitude of OTOCs) effects are ignored, the exponent in the butterfly wavefront is exactly $2\pi/\beta$.
Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures

High Energy Physics - Theory

We discuss the connections between the complex SYK model at the conformal limit and warped conformal field theories. Both theories have an $SL(2,R) \times U(1)$ global symmetry. We present comparisons on symmetries, correlation functions, the effective action and the entropy formula. We also use modular covariance to reinterpret results in the complex SYK model.
Comment: 27 pages

Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, High Energy Physics - Theory, and Quantum Physics

Given a quantum many-body system with few-body interactions, how rapidly can quantum information be hidden during time evolution? The fast scrambling conjecture is that the time to thoroughly mix information among N degrees of freedom grows at least logarithmically in N. We derive this inequality for generic quantum systems at infinite temperature, bounding the scrambling time by a finite decay time of local quantum correlations at late times. Using Lieb-Robinson bounds, generalized Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models, and random unitary circuits, we propose that a logarithmic scrambling time can be achieved in most quantum systems with sparse connectivity. These models also elucidate how quantum chaos is not universally related to scrambling: we construct random few-body circuits with infinite Lyapunov exponent but logarithmic scrambling time. We discuss analogies between quantum models on graphs and quantum black holes, and suggest methods to experimentally study scrambling with as many as 100 sparsely-connected quantum degrees of freedom.
Comment: 11+24 pages; 1+3 figures. v2: minor revisions, added references. v3: many revisions to improve presentation

Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons and High Energy Physics - Theory

We describe the phases of a solvable $t$-$J$ model of electrons with infinite-range, and random, hopping and exchange interactions, similar to those in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models. The electron fractionalizes, as in an `orthogonal metal', into a fermion $f$ which carries both the electron spin and charge, and a boson $\phi$. Both $f$ and $\phi$ carry emergent $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge charges. The model has a phase in which the $\phi$ bosons are gapped, and the $f$ fermions are gapless and critical, and so the electron spectral function is gapped. This phase can be considered as a toy model for the underdoped cuprates. The model also has an extended, critical, `quasi-Higgs' phase where both $\phi$ and $f$ are gapless, and the electron operator $\sim f \phi$ has a Fermi liquid-like $1/\tau$ propagator in imaginary time, $\tau$. So while the electron spectral function has a Fermi liquid form, other properties are controlled by $\mathbb{Z}_2$ fractionalization and the anomalous exponents of the $f$ and $\phi$ excitations. This `quasi-Higgs' phase is proposed as a toy model of the overdoped cuprates. We also describe the critical state separating these two phases.
Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures

Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, and High Energy Physics - Theory

We introduce the concept of entanglement features of unitary gates, as a collection of exponentiated entanglement entropies over all bipartitions of input and output channels. We obtained the general formula for time-dependent $n$th-Renyi entanglement features for unitary gates generated by random Hamiltonian. In particular, we propose an Ising formulation for the 2nd-Renyi entanglement features of random Hamiltonian dynamics, which admits a holographic tensor network interpretation. As a general description of entanglement properties, we show that the entanglement features can be applied to several dynamical measures of thermalization, including the out-of-time-order correlation and the entanglement growth after a quantum quench. We also analyze the Yoshida-Kitaev probabilistic protocol for random Hamiltonian dynamics.
Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

High Energy Physics - Theory, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, and Quantum Physics

We study the entanglement entropy of eigenstates (including the ground state) of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. We argue for a volume law, whose coefficient can be calculated analytically from the density of states. The coefficient depends on not only the energy density of the eigenstate but also the subsystem size. Very recent numerical results of Liu, Chen, and Balents confirm our analytical results.

High Energy Physics - Theory and Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons

We study the spread of R\'enyi entropy between two halves of a Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) chain of Majorana fermions, prepared in a thermofield double (TFD) state. The SYK chain model is a model of chaotic many-body systems, which describes a one-dimensional lattice of Majorana fermions, with spatially local random quartic interaction. We find that for integer R\'enyi index $n>1$, the R\'enyi entanglement entropy saturates at a parametrically smaller value than expected. This implies that the TFD state of the SYK chain does not rapidly thermalize, despite being maximally chaotic: instead, it rapidly approaches a prethermal state. We compare our results to the signatures of thermalization observed in other quenches in the SYK model, and to intuition from nearly-$\mathrm{AdS}_2$ gravity.
Comment: 1+46 pages, 11 figures