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Data collection.

Data collection is the process by which scientists, scholars, and other researchers gather information to test their hypotheses and arguments. There are many different ways to gather data, including visual observation, textual interpretation,...
Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2023. 2p.
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Bekkering, Ernst and Harrington, Patrick
Information Systems Education Journal , v21 n2 p14-37 May 2023.
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College Students, Computer Science Education, Prerequisites, Governance, Standards, Majors (Students), School Registration, Academic Records, and Data Collection
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This paper describes the study of enforcement of prerequisites in the Computer Science program at a regional university in the Southwest. Prerequisites are a significant factor in programs of study in higher education. Allowing students to register in courses may assume that they have existing knowledge and skills. Some programs treat prerequisites as advisory, while others consider them mandatory. In the latter case, procedures usually exist to make exceptions in the form of registration overrides. The state of prerequisite enforcement at our university over the years, and some factors that may have influenced adherence to the prerequisite structure over the years, will be discussed in this paper.
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Lare, Christine and Silvestri, Katarina N.
Language and Literacy Spectrum , v33 n1 Article 1 Apr 2023.
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Reflection, Literacy Education, Educational Theories, Theory Practice Relationship, Teaching Methods, Elementary School Teachers, Teacher Empowerment, Teacher Attitudes, Goal Orientation, Data Collection, Feedback (Response), Inquiry, and Active Learning
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This paper responds to the need to support complexities of literacy instruction by identifying and illustrating teaching strategies used by a practicing special education teacher rooted in a multi-theoretical approach to teaching literacy. We argue the importance of teaching from multiple theoretical standpoints and utilizing student-centered, asset-based approaches to pedagogy, assessment, and learning relating to literacy. We share our multi-theoretical approach to understanding and teaching literacy, defining literacy and its complexities. Then, we illustrate several teaching practices including using growth mindset, implementing asset-based data collection, utilizing feedback, and integrating inquiry-based learning that ultimately supports the cultivation of empowered literacy learners who deem learning as both interesting and valuable. Finally, we discuss tensions and challenges inherent to implementing a multi-theoretical approach. Throughout, we provide reflection points to empower teachers to rely on their agency, self-efficacy, and expertise and to feel capable in their knowledge and agency in an era where teachers are increasingly experiencing deprofessionalization through disempowering factors.
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Child, Simon and Shaw, Stuart
Research Matters , n35 p27-40 Spr 2023.
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Competence, Validity, Accuracy, Models, Credibility, Definitions, Audiences, Value Judgment, Delphi Technique, Data Collection, Evidence, and Check Lists
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This article provides a conceptual framework for considering both the theoretical and methodological factors that underpin the successful validation of a competency framework. Drawing on educational assessment literature, this article argues that a valid competency framework relates to an interpretive judgement of the credibility of the claims made. To establish a credible approach to competency framework validation, there is a requirement to align the purposes of the competency framework, the claims developers make concerning the uses of the framework, and evidence collection methods to substantiate or challenge these claims. This article concludes with a template of questions for competency framework developers to consider in determining the range of potential claims to be made concerning their framework, and in understanding competency framework users and contexts.
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Akkaya, Burcu
International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research , v10 n1 p89-103 Mar 2023.
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Grounded Theory, Systems Approach, Design, Data, Coding, Constructivism (Learning), Data Collection, Data Analysis, Classification, and Validity
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This study focuses on Grounded Theory, which is one of the qualitative research designs. Glaser and Strauss developed the Grounded Theory; it has been revised by other scientists, resulting in three distinct Grounded Theory approaches: the systematic design (Corbin and Strauss approach), the classical design (Glaser approach), and the constructivist approach (Charmaz approach). This research aims to discover the key characteristics of grounded theory through a comprehensive examination of these three methods and to show the systematic design in depth. In Grounded Theory research, the systematic design is favoured above other designs, so it is essential to understand the application steps carefully. As a result, the systematic design, which is similar to other designs in terms of fundamental characteristics, exhibits coding stage variances. In this regard, it is intended that the study will alleviate ambiguity in Grounded Theory research, particularly during the coding phase.
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5. Action Research in the Time of COVID-19 [2023]
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Seeger, Victoria, Fredde, Troy, O'Neal, Brianna, and Stewart, Johnna
Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research , v24 n1 Article 5 Feb 2023.
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Action Research, COVID-19, Pandemics, Graduate Students, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Research Methodology, and Student Research
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This study provides a picture of the impact the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) had on action research performed by graduate students at a small Midwest university. A qualitative case study was conducted to examine how the participants' abilities to implement their research, gather data, and analyze the results was impacted by COVID-19. Research participants, graduate students at the time of the study, were asked a series of questions regarding modifications made, the impact to the research that was done, the impact to their findings, and implications for future research. Based on the responses to these surveys, researchers determined four prominent themes: altered timelines, limited access to data and materials, quality of academic work, and long-term impacts. Overall, while most research participants were impacted by COVID-19, few were discouraged. Considering the research findings of this study, education can greatly be enhanced by a shift in mindset about the processes of teaching and lessons learned by the pandemic.
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Bishoff, Liz and Clareson, Thomas F. R.
Council on Library and Information Resources .
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Doctoral Degrees, Novices, Scholarship, Data, Information Management, Social Networks, Social Support Groups, Fellowships, Postdoctoral Education, and Data Collection
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Established in 2004, the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) Postdoctoral Fellowship Program (program) had as its goal the recruitment, training, and creation of cohorts of new PhDs working within the library or cultural heritage digital environment to help manage, sustain, and generate valuable information in support of research and learning. With the data curation fellowships, introduced in 2012, the goal was for the fellows to "contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of data curation and its often determining role in the conduct of scientific and social science research" (Bishop and Williford 2019). This report: (1) discusses the methodology of the 2018-2022 assessment of the CLIR program; (2) provides an analytical review of prior program assessments; (3) identifies the types of data curated through the fellowships; (4) identifies differences in data curation across the different cohorts; (5) explores the challenges emerging from those curation activities; (6) identifies the impact of the fellows' work on their host organizations and communities; (7) assesses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and contemporaneous social movement events on the fellows; and (8) identifies future priorities for the program.
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Meholick, Sarah, Honey, Rose, and LaTurner, Jason
National Center for Education Statistics .
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Longitudinal Studies, State Programs, State Policy, Data Collection, Federal Aid, Data Use, Elementary Secondary Education, Data Processing, Decision Making, Accountability, Automation, and United States
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Statewide longitudinal data systems (SLDSs) can enable researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to identify and understand important relationships and trends across the education-to-workforce continuum. A well-developed SLDS can increase state and territory governments' ability to establish more informed and equitable policies, enable agency leaders to act more strategically, and help practitioners make more data-informed decisions. The SLDS Survey was created to capture information about the data capacity of states' and territories' SLDSs across these varying circumstances. In addition to inventorying information about whether a given data type, link, or use is in place, the SLDS Survey explores the development of SLDSs and their varying degrees of implementation. By providing standard measures for various aspects of data capacity, the SLDS Survey helps stakeholders understand and assess the ability of SLDSs to store, manage, link, and use key data types across the preschool through workforce (P-20W+) spectrum. This Statistics in Brief provides aggregate data from the 2019 and 2020 administrations of the SLDS Survey. The primary focus of the report is on the 2020 SLDS Survey with results specific to the 2019 SLDS Survey. This brief is structured to address the following four research questions: (1) What types of K-12 data are included in the statewide longitudinal data system (SLDS)?; (2) What is the capacity for linking K-12 student data in the SLDS to other data? How are the data linked?; (3) Are there data dictionaries published publicly? Are data aligned to the Common Education Data Standards (CEDS)?; and (4) How do states and territories use data for reporting and decision-making?
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Data Quality Campaign .
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Parent Attitudes, Data Collection, Information Dissemination, Parents, Decision Making, Academic Achievement, Scores, Student Characteristics, Graduation Rate, High Schools, and Educational Quality
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The Data Quality Campaign (DQC) has been reviewing state report cards for the past seven years. They continue to examine the landscape of state report cards because they believe states must increase transparency and build trust by sharing information. But after many years, it was time to look at state report cards with fresh eyes. In addition to the regular review of state report cards from all 50 states and the District of Columbia--conducted in March and April 2023-- DQC decided to ask parents, who are the audience that these report cards are meant to serve, what they think. [For "Show Me the Data 2022 Deep Dive: Data for Equity," see ED629865. For "Show Me the Data 2022 Deep Dive: Making Data Meaningful," see ED629871. For "Show Me the Data 2022 Deep Dive: Postsecondary Pathways," see ED626465.]
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Complete College America .
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Measurement, Guides, College Faculty, College Administration, Graduation Rate, Disadvantaged, Data Analysis, Achievement Gap, Academic Achievement, Educational Change, Strategic Planning, Benchmarking, Data Collection, Standards, Educational Improvement, and College Students
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Measurement systems give colleges a structure for collecting, sharing, and acting on data. The guidebook and tools presented here help faculty, staff, college leadership, and policymakers understand and use measurement systems--and specifically use data to improve completion rates, close institutional performance gaps, and facilitate economic mobility for historically excluded students. This report lists four cornerstones to strong measurement systems: (1) measure what matters; (2) source the data your college needs; (3) use the national student clearing house PDP; and (4) have regular conversations about data.
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Di Gangi, Paul M., Wech, Barbara A., Hamrick, Jennifer D., Worrell, James L., and Goh, Samuel H.
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice , v2022 n2 Article 5 Jan 2023.
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Risk Assessment, Consumer Economics, Computer Security, Information Security, Delphi Technique, and Data Collection
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Internet-of-Things (IoT) research has primarily focused on identifying IoT devices' organizational risks with little attention to consumer perceptions about IoT device risks. The purpose of this study is to understand consumer risk perceptions for personal IoT devices and translate these perceptions into guidance for future research directions. We conduct a sequential, mixed-methods study using multi-panel Delphi and thematic analysis techniques to understand consumer risk perceptions. The results identify four themes focused on data exposure and user experiences within IoT devices. Our thematic analysis also identified several emerging risks associated with the evolution of IoT device functionality and its potential positioning as a resource for malicious actors to conduct security attacks.
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Casagrande, Marco, Conti, Mauro, Fedeli, Monica, and Losiouk, Eleonora
Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice , v2022 n2 Article 2 Jan 2023.
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Fraternities, Computer Security, Information Security, Higher Education, Universities, Electronic Mail, Web Sites, Data Collection, Crime, Users (Information), College Students, College Faculty, Foreign Countries, Deception, and Italy
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Phishing is a common social engineering attack aimed to steal personal information. Universities attract phishing attacks because: (1) they store employees and students sensitive data; (2) they save confidential documents; and (3) their infrastructures often lack security. In this paper, we showcase a phishing assessment at the University of Redacted aimed to identify the people, and the features of such people, that are more susceptible to phishing attacks. We delivered phishing emails to 1.508 subjects in three separate batches, collecting a clickrate equal to 30%, 11% and 13%, respectively. We considered several features (i.e., age, gender, role, working/studying field, email template) in univariate and multivariate analyses and found that students are more susceptible to phishing attacks than professors or technical/administrative staff, and that emails designed through a spearphishing approach receive a highest clickrate. We believe this work provides the foundations for setting up an effective educational campaign to prevent phishing attacks not only at the University of Redacted, but in any other university
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Köngäs, Mirja and Määttä, Kaarina
International Journal of Research in Education and Science , v9 n3 p787-801 2023.
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Ethnography, Early Childhood Education, Educational Research, Research Methodology, Ethics, Child Development, Well Being, Data Collection, Educational Researchers, and Role
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Childhood research is increasingly being conducted from different disciplines, and research methods for showing the child's world are also increasing and evolving. This article examines the challenges and opportunities of childhood research in an early childhood education and care (ECEC) environment from an ethnographic approach. The purpose of the article is to create a vision of what ECEC ethnography is, which can be used to make visible the culture of an under-school-age child, his or her experience, feelings, voice, and actions. A key challenge in ECEC ethnography is that the researcher is a representative of adult culture, emphasizing the need for reflexivity. We highlight five key themes for the researcher: the acquisition of material, the degree of researcher participation, taking on the role of a researcher, reaching the child's voice, and describing the results in a child-centered and ethically sustainable way. Respect for the child and earning the child's trust are essential. When successful, ECEC ethnography provides knowledge and understanding of childhood in a way that can contribute to supporting children's development and overall well-being.
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Flippin, Michelle
Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders , v7 n1 Article 6 2023.
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Student Attitudes, Language Tests, Sampling, Language Impairments, Speech Language Pathology, Communication Disorders, Undergraduate Students, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Allied Health Occupations Education, Child Language, Language Acquisition, Critical Thinking, and Computational Linguistics
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Language sample analysis (LSA) is valuable clinical tool and an important component of comprehensive language assessment. However, LSA is underutilized in real-world practice. SLPs have identified time constraints, insufficient training, and lack of confidence in LSA skills as barriers to regular LSA implementation. Communication science and disorders (CSD) programs have opportunities to provide LSA instruction to address these barriers and prepare students to reliably, feasibly, and confidently use LSA in clinical practice. This pilot study examined CSD students' perspectives on LSA instruction using the Language ENvironment Analysis System (LENA). Undergraduate students (n = 38) completed a series of two electronic surveys prior to and following LSA instruction using LENA. Changes in students' self-ratings of knowledge and skills in collecting and analyzing language samples, attitudes towards studying LSA and child language development, and critical thinking skills were assessed. Significantly higher student ratings were found for all items measuring language sampling knowledge and skills following digital LSA instruction compared to baseline. In addition, student ratings of enthusiasm for and confidence in studying LSA and child language development were also significantly higher. Students' self-ratings of critical thinking skills did not increase significantly following instruction in digital LSA. Implications for LSA teaching and learning are discussed.
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14. Research Methods Courses Redesigned for an EdD in Instructional and Performance Technology [2023]
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Handley, Holley and Hastings, Nancy B.
Impacting Education: Journal on Transforming Professional Practice , v8 n2 p25-29 2023.
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Instructional Design, Research Methodology, Doctoral Programs, Curriculum, Action Research, Data Collection, and Data Analysis
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This essay describes the design, and subsequent redesign, of the research methods courses included in an Instructional and Performance Technology (IPT) EdD program at a regional comprehensive university in the southeast United States. The program under examination was developed based on the principles of the Carnegie Project for the Education Doctorate (CPED) and research and best practices aligned with the practice of performance improvement. The curriculum includes three research methods courses. The first introduces the students to the principles of action research as applied to the analysis of performance problems in organizational settings. The second addresses instrumentation and data collection processes used in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research, and the third examines analyzing and reporting quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Collectively these courses provide students with the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to serve as scholarly practitioners, examining any type of problem of practice in any organizational setting.
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So, Joseph Chi-ho, Wong, Adam Ka-lok, Tsang, Kia Ho-yin, Chan, Ada Pui-ling, Wong, Simon Chi-wang, and Chan, Henry C. B.
Journal of Technology and Science Education , v13 n1 p104-115 2023.
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Pattern Recognition, Artificial Intelligence, Higher Education, College Students, Competence, Skill Development, Student Characteristics, Expectation, Self Evaluation (Individuals), Data Collection, Programming Languages, Academic Achievement, Classification, Extracurricular Activities, Grade Point Average, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Foreign Countries, and Hong Kong
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The project presented in this paper aims to formulate a recommendation framework that consolidates the higher education students' particulars such as their academic background, current study and student activity records, their attended higher education institution's expectations of graduate attributes and self-assessment of their own generic competencies. The gap between the higher education students' generic competence development and their current statuses such as their academic performance and their student activity involvement was incorporated into the framework to come up with a recommendation for the student activities that lead to their generic competence development. For the formulation of the recommendation framework, the data mining tool Orange with some programming in Python and machine learning models was applied on 14,556 students' activity and academic records in the case higher education institution to find out three major types of patterns between the students' participation of the student activities and (1) their academic performance change, (2) their programmes of studies, and (3) their English results in the public examination. These findings are also discussed in this paper.
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Education Trust-West .
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Early Childhood Education, Child Care, Young Children, Access to Education, Equal Education, Data, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Systems Development, Information Technology, and California
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As California invests in early learning and care, the state is also moving forward with a long-overdue plan to build a statewide longitudinal data system (SLDS) -- known as the Cradle-to-Career (C2C) Data System -- which will eventually connect data over time and across sectors like education, health, human services, and the workforce. This is a significant milestone that will allow California to identify inequities and roadblocks to success while also recognizing where things are going well, especially for children of color, those living in poverty, children with disabilities, and dual-language learners. However, California's early learning and care system has shortcomings in the way data is collected, managed, and used which present challenges in accessing and integrating data from the "Cradle" side of the C2C Data System. In this policy brief, we provide an overview of the current early learning and care data landscape in California, three key shortcomings, and recommendations for a coordinated, cross-agency effort to design a comprehensive Early Childhood Integrated Data System (ECIDS). A fully operational ECIDS will also provide the foundation necessary for stronger "Cradle" data that is an essential component of a robust C2C Data System.
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Talan, Tarik and Demirbilek, Muhammet
Informatics in Education , v22 n1 p161-181 2023.
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Bibliometrics, Learning Analytics, Publications, Web Sites, Citation Analysis, Citations (References), Foreign Countries, Data Collection, MOOCs, Blended Learning, Social Networks, Network Analysis, Journal Articles, Authors, United States, Australia, and Spain
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The purpose of this study is to reveal the status of scientific publications on learning analytics from the past to the present in terms of bibliometric indicators. A total of 659 publications on the subject between the years 2011-2021 were found in the search using keywords after various screening processes. Publications were revealed through descriptive and bibliometric analyses. In the study, the distribution of publications by years and citation numbers, the most published journals on the subject, the most frequently cited publications, the most prolific countries, institutions and authors were examined. In addition, the cooperation between the countries, authors and institutions that publish on the subject was mentioned and a network structure was created for the relations between the keywords. It has been determined that research in this field has progressed and the number of publications and citations has increased over the years. As a result of the bibliometric analysis, it was concluded that the most influential countries in the field of learning analytics are the USA, Australia and Spain. The University of Edinburgh and Open University UK ranked first in terms of the number of citations and Monash University as the most prolific institutions in terms of the number of publications. According to the keyword co-occurrence analysis, educational data mining, MOOCS, learning analytics, blended learning, social network analysis keywords stand out in the field of learning analytics.
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Dogan, Esra, Bay, Erdal, and Dös, Bülent
International Education Studies , v16 n1 p24-41 2023.
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Curriculum Evaluation, Evaluation Methods, Foreign Countries, Theses, Research Methodology, Sampling, Models, Data Collection, Curriculum Research, and Turkey
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This study analyzed studies done in Turkey in the context of curriculum evaluation (CE) by asking, "How is it made? The study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the document analysis method used 215 theses written between 1991 and 2020 on CE were analyzed according to the "thesis review form." In the second stage, depth analysis was made through semi-structured interviews with the authors (students) and the field experts (supervisors of the authors) of the theses to make the results of the first stage more understandable. Interviews were conducted with 32 participants. A maximum sampling method was used to determine the participants. The data analysis calculated percentage and frequency values for the data obtained in the first stage. In the second stage, descriptive analysis and content analysis were carried out with the MAXQDA 2020 qualitative data analysis program. The majority of theses did not employ a CE model as a consequence of the research, and the CIPP model was the most popular CE model. Many of the theses were not justified in using the CE model. Model usage increased as time passed to the present day. Many theses used quantitative models but did not explicitly state the sampling technique. Teachers were mainly used in this research as a source for data gathering, and participant numbers ranged from 10 to 50. Additionally, most studies used questionnaires and interviews as the primary data-gathering tools. All of these findings suggest that CE studies have several flaws.
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19. Enhancing the Performance of Educational Systems Using Efficient Opinion Mining Techniques [2023]
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Mohamed, Mohamed Hegazy, Abdelgaber, Sayed, and Abd-Ellatif, Laila
Journal of Education and e-Learning Research , v10 n1 p19-28 2023.
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Educational Practices, Program Evaluation, Opinions, Data Collection, Course Evaluation, Algorithms, Student Attitudes, Teacher Attitudes, Educational Assessment, Accuracy, Models, College Students, Academic Achievement, Prediction, and Efficiency
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Governments and educational authorities around the world are emphasizing performance evaluation of educational systems. Opinion Mining (OM) has gained acceptance among experts in various regions, including the preparation space. The proposed model involves Two modules: the data preprocessing module and the opinion mining module. The main objective of our article is to enhance educational systems through the analysis of student comments, teacher comments and course comments. Furthermore, the proposed model uses a bundling task to make groups of packs for students from its comments. The datasets were 10,000 instances, 80% of which were for training and 20% for testing. The results showed that K-Means Algorithm had the best accuracy time /Sec of 0.03. The correctly classified 8,000 instances were equal to 96%, and incorrectly classified 2,000 instances were equal to 4%, Accuracy of the model is 95%, Recall is 94.8% and F-Measure is 93.7% between others algorithms. clustering and Association Rule Mining phases Algorithms namely Chi-Square test is good quality than Others Algorithms.
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Barroso-Moreno, Carlos, Rayon-Rumayor, Laura, and García-Vera, Antonio Bautista
Comunicar: Media Education Research Journal , v31 n74 p45-56 Jan 2023.
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Data Collection, Social Media, Spanish, English, Data Analysis, Digital Literacy, Technological Literacy, Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Teaching Methods, Citizenship, Disabilities, Inclusion, Access to Education, Correlation, Gender Differences, Content Analysis, Political Attitudes, Economic Factors, Nonprofit Organizations, Altruism, Trend Analysis, Computer Software, Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, Social Problems, Business, Social Networks, Maps, and Persuasive Discourse
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Social media can contribute to an inclusive society, but they are also asymmetrical and polarised communication spaces. This requires competent teachers to build critical digital citizenship. The aim of this article is twofold: to present web scraping and text analytics as tools that define teachers' digital competences, and to investigate which posts on Twitter and Instagram are most viral in relation to education, disability and inclusion. A total of 48,991 publications in Spanish and English were analysed, corresponding to the period from 13 October 2021 to 1 May 2022. The 100 most viral posts were selected, and correlations were identified between the sentiment, gender and influence associated with the content, its temporal and geographic space. The results show that economic and political influence groups are the most viral, relegating non-profit organisations or individuals with altruistic outreach to second place; only on international days is this trend reversed. Bots do not interfere to impose messages; it is artificial intelligence algorithms that overshadow vindictive and humanistic content. The most influential people are predominantly male, associated with institutional accounts in the political sphere. It is concluded that Big Data and Business Intelligence tools help teachers to analyse relevant educational and social issues, and to acquire a collective ethic in the face of new educational challenges.
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