"Prototyping"

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Prototype.

A prototype is an early model of a product. A prototype is born from an idea for a product. It is typically built, tested, and redesigned as necessary until an acceptable final version is achieved. Once a prototype is considered final, the product...

Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2023. 2p.

1. Ultrasonic Degradation of Link-Functionalized Polymers for the Activation of Chemical Reactions [0000]

  • Berkowski, Kimberly Louise
Subjects
Chemistry, Biochemistry
Abstract
The third part of this work describes a simple laboratory experiment for junior high or high school students that promotes understanding of photolithography, crosslinking density, and the process of photopolymerization, while demonstrating the power of rapid prototyping used to fabricate microscale devices. The versatility of photolithography for microchip construction is exemplified by allowing each student to fabricate polymers in virtually any shape imaginable, including his or her silhouette.

2. Systematic Computer Architecture Prototyping [0000]

  • Conte, Thomas M.
Subjects
Engineering, Electronics and Electrical and Computer Science
Abstract
The current design process for workstation systems is over-taxed due to the size and diversity of realistic workload models. This thesis advocates a method to improve the design process by synthesizing prototype architectures from workloads. Focus is placed on the processor and memory systems, although the overall philosophy is applicable to other workstation components as well. Prototyping of memory systems is performed using methods to evaluate multiple designs with one pass over the address trace. Statistical sampling of address traces is adapted from traditional cache simulation to improve the performance and trace-size range of the techniques. These methods are extended to account for performance penalties due to multiprogramming. Prototyping of superscalar processors is performed using new statistical sampling techniques in conjunction with two simulation algorithms. The resource usage in an unlimited-resource simulation is used to select processor resource needs, but is only applicable to fixed operation latencies. A more general solution based on simulated annealing is developed and demonstrated as a prototyping method. The interaction between prototypes is investigated via simulation of three common schemes for coupling the processor to the memory system: blocking on a cache miss, limited-blocking, and non-blocking. It is concluded that sufficient design options exist to justify the separate design of the processor and the memory.

3. Additive Fabrication and Soft -Lithographic Patterning of Microelectronic Devices [0000]

  • Erhardt, Martin Karl
Subjects
Engineering, Materials Science
Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the background and motivation for applying selective film deposition and soft-lithographic patterning techniques to microelectronic device fabrication. Chapter 2 describes how microcontact printing of organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be used to induce selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of platinum and palladium metal films on silicon, which are used extensively in the microelectronics industry to make metal silicide interconnects. The fabrication of platinum silicide Schottky diodes described in chapter 3 demonstrates the efficacy of soft-lithographically molded polymer templates for the selective deposition of platinum by CVD and the use of this same polymer template as a resist to buffered HF/NH4F oxide etchant. The silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication detailed in chapter 4 demonstrates the successful use of soft-lithographic surface patterning in the fabrication of silicon devices requiring multilevel pattern registration. The fabrication of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (TFrs) described in chapter 5 demonstrates the use of soft-lithography to pattern micron-scale device features on a spherically curved substrate---a significant advantage over conventional photolithography. Each of the three device arrays described in chapters 3, 4, and 5 was fabricated by a rapid prototyping process that uses mask patterns printed on transparency sheets rather than electron-beam written chrome-on-quartz masks. Finally, the investigation recorded in chapter 6 demonstrated how perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) can be used as contact printing inks to make patterns of discrete beads with micron-scale lateral dimensions and nanoscale vertical dimensions. Such patterns may be useful as nanoscale spacers to prevent contact between patterned substrates in multi-substrate vertical assemblies.

4. An Environment for Interactive Parallel Numerical Computing [0000]

  • Norris, Boyana Radenska
Subjects
Computer Science
Abstract
In the past decades, the use of massively parallel supercomputers and distributed systems has increased, while the cost of computational resources has decreased steadily. This has lead to the emergence of a new dominant cost---that of the human developer. The solution of large-scale scientific problems has generated a need for development environments that ensure good human efficiency in the development of an application, in addition to the application's computational efficiency. We have developed an environment for rapid-prototyping of scientific codes, combining the ease-of-use of a MATLAB-like interactive interface with the high performance of a massively parallel system. This new approach to high-performance computing bridges the gap between high-level interactive interfaces and parallel architectures. It further allows the utilization of highly optimized parallel numerical libraries. Finally, the difficult and error-prone management of distributed resources is handled in a manner transparent to the user.

5. Materials Processing Towards Development of Rapid Prototyping Technology for Manufacturing Biomedical Implants [0000]

  • Pekin, Senol
Subjects
Health Sciences, Medicine and Surgery
Abstract
Sintering of gel-cast calcium hydroxyapatite was studied by means of thermal analysis, XRD, mechanical testing, and SEM, both for sub-micron and the agglomerated powder type. Transformation temperatures of tri-calcium phosphate upon cooling were determined as 1475°C for (alpha' to alpha, 1190°C for alpha to beta, and 800--700°C range for beta to hydroxy-oxyapatite transformation. Dilatometry revealed that dimensional change reaches to saturation at 1200°C. Mechanical testing of the parts sintered at 1200--1500°C revealed that compressive strength in the 2--10 MPa range was achieved.

6. Automatic parallelization of Prolog programs [0000]

  • Sehr, David Christopher
Subjects
Computer Science
Abstract
Prolog has a number of advantages for use in rapid prototyping. The explotation of parallelism holds the promise of making these prototypes directly executable. This dissertation addresses the parallel execution of Prolog programs without restricting the language to a pure subset or requiring user annotations. We begin by presenting methods for the OR parallel execution of Prolog programs with side effects such as assert, retract, and cut. Our methods have been implemented in an interpreter on the Alliant FX/8 and some results are presented. The second portion describes a method for estimating the inherent parallelism in Prolog programs. This work is based on the critical path methods of Kumar and is used to measure the best possible speedups under OR and AND/OR parallel models. The results of timing the Berkeley Benchmarks with these methods are presented. The last portion of the dissertation describes a method for applying Fortran techniques to Prolog programs. It begins by describing the construction of control flow graphs and shows how to identify recursive procedures that can be converted to loops. Lastly, dependence analysis methods and several source-to-source transformations from Fortran are used to synchronize and parallelize these loops. The results of hand-applying these transformations to a number of programs are presented. We demonstrate that we are able to obtain significant speedups on a number of programs by applying our transformations.

7. Design and Development of a Portable Microfluidic System for Medical Diagnostics [0000]

  • Shaikh, Kashan
Subjects
Engineering, Electronics and Electrical
Abstract
In this work I present my research towards the development of a portable LOC system for medical diagnostics. A modular microfluidic LOC architecture is presented along with its implementation in two successive generations of devices. The architecture allows for rapid prototyping and simple design changes at low cost. Next, the design, fabrication, and characterization of a latchable microvalve is presented. Such a valve would be quite useful in a portable LOC for fluid storage and low power operation. Finally, I present my work towards realizing a portable instrument that interfaces directly with an LOC to create a simplified user interface. The goal of this research is to take microfluidic LOC technology to the next level where it can move out of the engineering lab and into the hands of the ultimate users (i.e., doctors, biologists, chemists).

8. ENCOMPASS: An Environment for Incremental Software Development Using Executable, Logic-Based Specifications [0000]

  • Terwilliger, Robert Barden
Subjects
Computer Science
Abstract
The Vienna Development Method (VDM) supports the top-down development of software specified in a notation suitable for formal verification. VDM has been used in industrial applications to enhance the development process. In such environments VDM is applied in an informal, non-automated manner; verification conditions are generated and certified without the aid of specialized tools, and data types may not be formally axiomatized. This dissertation is based on the thesis that the time is ripe for the construction of environments which partially automate development methods similar to VDM, and that such environments will prove useful in industrial settings. ENCOMPASS is an automated environment which supports a formal development method similar to VDM; it supports rapid prototyping and program verification, as well as providing simple facilities for configuration control and project management. In ENCOMPASS, components are specified using a combination of natural language and PLEASE, a wide-spectrum executable specification and design language. PLEASE specifications may be used in proofs of correctness; they may also be automatically transformed into prototypes which use Prolog to "execute" pre- and post-conditions. In ENCOMPASS, PLEASE specifications are incrementally refined into Ada$\sp1$ implementations. Each refinement is verified before another is applied; therefore, the final components produced by the development satisfy the original specifications. In ENCOMPASS, the correctness of a refinement step can be verified using either testing, proof or peer review techniques. ENCOMPASS is an environment for the rigorous development of programs. Although detailed mechanical proofs are not required at every step, the framework is present so that they can be constructed if necessary. Proof techniques may be used which range from a very detailed, completely formal proof using mechanical theorem proving, to a development "annotated" with unproven verification conditions. Parts of a project may use detailed mechanical verification while other, less critical parts may be handled using less expensive techniques. We believe the use of future environments similar to ENCOMPASS will enhance the software development process. ftn$\sp1$Ada is a trademark of the U.S. Government, Ada Joint Program Office.

9. Multivariable Robust Control of Nonlinear Systems With Application to an Electro -Hydraulic Powertrain [0000]

  • Zhang, Rong
Subjects
Engineering, Mechanical
Abstract
The benefits of the above methodology to a MIMO powertrain system include a simplified mechanical structure, model-based control coordination, economical prototyping, as well as improved performance, efficiency, and ease of operation. An immediate application of these results to the earthmoving industry can reduce the cost of the control design cycle by formalizing the procedure. Simultaneously, a superior overall system will result by taking advantage of the multivariable structure.

10. Rapid Prototyping Shortens Hydraulic Component Development Time [1110]

  • Jones, R., Miller, S., and Stretten, I.
  • PAPERS- SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS NEW YORK. (NO SP-1110):81-86

11. Environmental Impacts of Distributed Manufacturing from 3-D Printing of Polymer Components and Products [1255]

  • Joshua M. Pearce, Megan Kreiger, Michigan Tech Open Sustainability Laboratory, and Michigan Technological University (MTU)
  • Symposium D/G – Materials for Sustainable Development—Challenges and Opportunities
    Symposium D/G – Materials for Sustainable Development—Challenges and Opportunities, Volume 1492, 1255, ⟨10.1557/opl.2013.319⟩
    Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications
Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Distributed manufacturing, 3 d printing, Reversing, Process engineering, business.industry, business, Rapid prototyping, Sustainability, Materials science, Environmental impact assessment, Photovoltaic system, and Embodied energy
Abstract
Although additive layer manufacturing is well established for rapid prototyping the low throughput and historic costs have prevented mass-scale adoption. The recent development of the RepRap, an open source self-replicating rapid prototyper, has made low-cost 3-D printers readily available to the public at reasonable prices (As the open source 3-D printers continue to evolve and improve in both cost and performance, the potential for economically-viable distributed manufacturing of products increases. Thus, products and components could be customized and printed on-site by individual consumers as needed, reversing the historical trend towards centrally mass-manufactured and shipped products. Distributed manufacturing reduces embodied transportation energy from the distribution of conventional centralized manufacturing, but questions remain concerning the potential for increases in the overall embodied energy of the manufacturing due to reduction in scale. In order to quantify the environmental impact of distributed manufacturing using 3-D printers, a life cycle analysis was performed on a plastic juicer. The energy consumed and emissions produced from conventional large-scale production overseas are compared to experimental measurements on a RepRap producing identical products with ABS and PLA. The results of this LCA are discussed in relation to the environmental impact of distributed manufacturing with 3-D printers and polymer selection for 3-D printing to reduce this impact. The results of this study show that distributed manufacturing uses less energy than conventional manufacturing due to the RepRap's unique ability to reduce fill composition. Distributed manufacturing also has less emissions than conventional manufacturing when using PLA and when using ABS with solar photovoltaic power. The results of this study indicate that open-source additive layer distributed manufacturing is both technically viable and beneficial from an ecological perspective.

12. Formal and Programming Tools for Information System Design and Prototyping [1482]

  • Ceska, M. and Janousek, V.
  • ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION USA -REPORTS-. :199-200

13. Perancangan Sistem Informasi Gereja Berbasis Web Menggunakan Framework CodeIgniter: studi kasus Gereja Utusan Pantekosta Kartasura [2016]

  • Pah, Michael Urbanus and Somya, Ramos
Subjects
framework codeigniter, bootstrap, and Gereja Utusan Pantekosta Kartasura
Abstract
Gereja Utusan Pantekosa Kartasura belum memiliki sistem informasi yang dapat diakses secara online. Sistem ini semaksimal mungkin memberikan informasi data gereja kepada user, jemaat, pengurus atau admin. Hal ini menyebabkan pihak pengelola data gereja kesulitan dalam menambah data gereja. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan sistem informasi gereja tersebut dengan framework CodeIgniter dan library Bootstrap. Sistem dikembangkan menggunakan metode prototyping di mana terdapat proses evaluasi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan sistem infromasi gereja ini membantu pengelola data dalam mengelola data gereja dan dapat menampilkan data gereja dalam halaman web yang responsive. Gereja Utusan Pantekosa Kartasura not have an information system that can be accessed online. This system provides information and data as possible to the user churches, congregations, management or admin. This causes the data manager church difficulty in adding the data of the church. In this research, information system design of the church with the framework CodeIgniter and Bootstrap libraries. The system was developed using prototyping methods in which there is an evaluation. The test results showed that the development of this church infromasi system helps data managers to manage data is a church and church can display data in a responsive web pages.

14. IMECE2004-59580 Finite Element Analysis of Solidifying Processes in Rapid Freeze Prototyping [1745]

  • Liu, Q. and Leu, M. C.
  • ASME -PUBLICATIONS- MED. :127-138

15. Executable Logic Prototypes of Systems Engineering Complexes and Processes on Railway Transport [2017]

  • Vera V. Ilicheva, Oleg N. Chislov, and Alexander N. Guda
Subjects
Semantics, Complex system, Software, business.industry, business, First-order logic, Engineering, Systems engineering, Executable, computer.file_format, computer, Logic programming, Freight terminal, and Rapid prototyping
Abstract
In this paper we examine software tools and design examples of executable logic prototypes for modelling of complex systems. The prototype is set by the specification in predicate calculus language. Semantics of specification supposes effectively realized interpretation whose result is a prototype and/or diagnosis of project errors. We use rapid prototyping techniques, the specification is easily modified. The approach provides three levels of logic modelling in the same programming environment: prototyping of static structure of a system, logic of processes, dynamic behaviour. Prototyping of structure and technological processes of freight terminal “Taganrog” has been chosen as an example.

16. A Low Cost SIPM Evaluation and Control Prototyping System including accurate bias voltage generation, leakage current measurement, and temperature control using Peltier cooling [1900]

  • Sergey Los, James Freeman, and Sam Atac

17. ラピッド・プロトタイピングシンポジウム = The Japan Rapid Prototyping Symposium [1900]

  • RP産業協会 and RP産業協会 編

18. 2014 Passenger Car Yearbook [1901]

  • Automotive Engineering International (editor)

19. Advances in Additive Manufacturing Processes [1901]

  • Jeyaprakash Natarajan (editor)

20. Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and Process Control : Proceedings of the AHFE 2021 Virtual Conferences on Human Aspects of Advanced Manufacturing, Advanced Production Management and Process Control, and Additive Manufacturing, Modeling Systems and 3D Prototyping, July 25-29, 2021, USA [1901]

  • Trzcielinski Stefan (editor)

21. Essentials of User Interface Design [1901]

  • Alvin Albuero De Luna (author)

22. Phaser III Game Prototyping [1901]

  • Gose Stephen (author)

23. Le prototypage basé sur des méta données phase 1 du cycle de développement [2013]

  • Gomez, Dario and Pascot, Daniel
Subjects
HF 91.5 UL 2013, Systèmes d'information de gestion -- Conception, Gestion de l'information -- Études de cas, Logiciels -- Modèles de conception -- Études de cas, and Prototypes
Abstract
Le processus de conception des systèmes d'information (SI) est un processus long et complexe qui résulte en de nombreux échecs. Le prototypage informatique et la conception guidée par modèles ont été proposés comme une solution en améliorant la qualité des spécifications au début du cycle de vie d'un SI. L'objectif de notre recherche est de mieux orienter l'action de spécification des exigences dans la phase initiale de conception "Communication Client - Concepteur" et dans le début de la phase de développement "Communication Concepteur - Développeur" en utilisant des artefacts de prototypage. Notre travail ouvre concrètement une voie dans laquelle il devient possible d'envisager que toute modification au cours de la vie d'un SI puisse être effectuée à partir du modèle du domaine qui est l'intrant du "prototypeur", qui devient alors le SI lui-même. Mots clés: système d'information; méthodologie de conception; modèle conceptuel de données; spécification déclarative; spécification exécutable; prototype; méta-donnée; architecture applicative Designing information systems is a lengthy and complex process that leads to numerous failures. Prototyping has been proposed as a solution to improve the specifications' quality in the beginning of an information system's life cycle. Every information system (IS) is based upon the information architecture ; it is, before all, a content about the perceived reality. A "domain" is a formalization of the perceived reality in which the IS users identify the representations of facts (the data) by means of semantic keys. IS designers have to transform this model using their knowledge about the abstract functioning of computers. The objective of our research is to guide the action of requirements specification in the initial design phase of "Communication Customer - Designer" and in the beginning of the development phase "Communication Designer - Developer" using prototyping artifacts. Our work actually opens the way where it becomes possible to envisage that every modification during the information system's life cycle could be done from within the domain model, which is an input for the "prototyper" and becomes then itself an information system. Keywords : information system ; design method ; conceptual data model ; déclarative specification; executables pecification; prototype ; méta-data ; application architecture

24. Rubber with Holes. [1939]

  • BusinessWeek; 4/22/1939, Issue 503, p24-27, 3p
Subjects
RUBBER goods, NEW product development, BATHING suits, STORAGE batteries, and RAPID prototyping
Abstract
The article reports that the mechanical division of U.S. Rubber Co. in New York has developed two new products, Multiple rubber and Microporous hard rubber. As reported, these products can be used in preparing diverse products ranging from filters and sieves to storage batteries, bathing suits, and reducing girdles.

25. Auto Suppliers Take the Bumps. [1954]

  • BusinessWeek; 10/23/1954, Issue 1312, p72-82, 5p
Subjects
ORIGINAL equipment manufacturers, DISTRIBUTORS (Commerce), MANUFACTURERS' agents, SUPPLY chains, and RAPID prototyping
Abstract
The article reports that automotive supply companies are selling out or looking for new products to manufacture. The suppliers who were hit hardest are Chrysler, American Motors, Kaiser-Willys and Studebaker-Packard. Even high sales by major customers do not guarantee good business for the maker of original equipment or parts.

26. Automobil-Industrie [1956]

Subjects
Kraftfahrzeugindustrie and Zeitschrift
Abstract
[1.]1956 - [8.]1963; 9.1964

27. LEON3 ViP: A Virtual Platform with Fault Injection Capabilities [2010]

  • Sebastián F. Sánchez and Antonio da Silva
  • DSD
Subjects
Software, business.industry, business, Fault injection, Robustness (computer science), Processor register, Software prototyping, Formal verification, Computer science, XML, computer.internet_protocol, computer, Embedded system, SystemC, and computer.programming_language
Abstract
In addition to functional simulation for validation of hardware/software designs, there are additional robustness requirements that need advanced simulation techniques and tools to analyze the system behavior in the presence of faults. In this paper, we present the design of a fault injection framework for LEON3, a 32bit SPARC CPU based system used by the European Space Agency, described at Transaction Level using System C. First of all an extension of a previous XML formalization of basic binary faults, like memory and CPU registers corruption, is done in order to support TLM2.0transaction’s parameters corruptions. Next a novel Dynamic Binary Instrumentation (DBI) technique for C++ binaries is used to insert fault injection wrappers in SystemC transaction path. For binary faults in model components the use ofTLM2.0 “transport_dbg” is proposed. This way each component with fault injection capabilities exposes a standard interface to allow internal component inspection and modification.

28. Design of an aircraft power-type circuit breaker for 600 F ambient [1958]

  • Austin, B. O.
  • Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part II: Applications and Industry Trans. AIEE, Part II: Applicat. Ind. American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part II: Applications and Industry, Transactions of the. 77(5):338-342 Nov, 1958

29. Print Reader MX2021 ( )/G IMR Analyzing Reader Model 8PT1. [1959]

  • DTIC AND NTIS
Abstract
On 14-16 November 1989, the US Army CECOM Center for Software Engineering hosted the TTCP Workshop on Requirements Engineering and Rapid Prototyping. This even was sponsored by the Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) . The workshop's forty-nine international participants met to share current information on the field, to identify and clarify the most pressing issues. and to provide recommendations to DoD for management, development, and research relating to Requirements Engineering. The workshop provided a forum for thirteen technical presentation. Participants divided into three working groups for small-group interaction. These proceedings document the presentations and findings of this workshop and its working groups. Keywords: Software requirements, System requirements. (KR)

30. Imaging requirements for medical applications of additive manufacturing [1961]

  • Huotilainen, Eero, Paloheimo, Markku, Salmi, Mika, Paloheimo, Kaija-Stiina, Björkstrand, Roy, Tuomi, Jukka, Markkola, Antti, and Mäkitie, Antti
  • Acta Radiologica; January 1961, Vol. 55 Issue: 1 p78-85, 8p
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), formerly known as rapid prototyping, is steadily shifting its focus from industrial prototyping to medical applications as AM processes, bioadaptive materials, and medical imaging technologies develop, and the benefits of the techniques gain wider knowledge among clinicians. This article gives an overview of the main requirements for medical imaging affected by needs of AM, as well as provides a brief literature review from existing clinical cases concentrating especially on the kind of radiology they required. As an example application, a pair of CT images of the facial skull base was turned into 3D models in order to illustrate the significance of suitable imaging parameters. Additionally, the model was printed into a preoperative medical model with a popular AM device. Successful clinical cases of AM are recognized to rely heavily on efficient collaboration between various disciplines – notably operating surgeons, radiologists, and engineers. The single main requirement separating tangible model creation from traditional imaging objectives such as diagnostics and preoperative planning is the increased need for anatomical accuracy in all three spatial dimensions, but depending on the application, other specific requirements may be present as well. This article essentially intends to narrow the potential communication gap between radiologists and engineers who work with projects involving AM by showcasing the overlap between the two disciplines.

31. Neue Werkzeuge reduzieren den Entwicklungsaufwand [1990]

  • Eckardt, D.
  • Fraunhofer IGD
Subjects
Anwendungsrahmen, Application Framework, graphische Benutzungsoberfläche, toolkit, user interface, and user interface management system
Abstract
Die Entwicklung von Konzepten und Werkzeugen für den effizienten Entwurf und die Realisierung anwendungsunabhängiger, dem Erkenntnisstand der Software-Ergonomie entsprechender graphischer Benutzerschnittstellen ermöglicht einer breiten Palette von Softwaresystemen aus verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen den systematischen Zugang zu modernen Dialogtechniken. Diese Schnittstellen bieten dem Benutzer eine hohe software-ergonomische Qualität der Mensch-Rechner-Schnittstelle sowie Effizienz und Konsistenz in der Benutzung, unterstützen das Rapid Prototyping und gewährleisten einen hohe Wirtschaftlichkeit.

32. Experimentation, Prototyping, Intervention [1963]

  • Lasswell, Harold D.
  • Section 5 / Experimentation, Prototyping, Intervention [notes] / Lasswell, Harold D.

33. Below Allergen research group [1963]

  • 大島
  • Japanese Journal of Allergology. 1963 12(5/6):224-224

34. How Long Does It Take to Introduce New Products? [1965]

  • Twedt, Dik Warren
  • Journal of Marketing. Jan1965, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p71-72. 2p. 1 Diagram.
Subjects
Advertising, New product development, Marketing management, Consumption (Economics), Marketplaces, Marketing research, Competition, Marketing executives, Rapid prototyping, Product management, Marketing personnel, and Marketing strategy
Abstract
The article presents an editorial focusing on marketing questions relating to the introduction of new products. The author believes that in the past, there was little product choice. In the 1960s however, variety has brought up new questions for marketing personnel, namely when to enter a new product into the marketplace. He thinks that an evaluation period of about two and a half years is needed to truly get a good idea of how well a product might do in the grocery marketplace.

35. USE OF THE TIME-SHARING COMPUTER IN BUSINESS PLANNING AND BUDGETING. [1966]

  • Raymond, R. C.
  • Management Science; Apr1966, Vol. 12 Issue 8, pB-363-B-381, 19p
Subjects
TIME-sharing computer systems, BUSINESS forecasting, CASE method (Teaching), BUSINESS planning, BUSINESS budgeting, COMPUTER systems, RAPID prototyping, BUDGET, ELECTRONIC data processing, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, and INNOVATION adoption
Abstract
The time-sharing computer system now being operated in Phoenix by the Computer Department offers any Company executive willing to spend a few days learning to use the system an entirely new capability to explore and prepare business forecasts. The system does the arithmetic and prints the results in the privacy of the user's office in a few minutes. The planner can explore a range of assumptions and estimates impossible to handle by manual methods and difficult and time-consuming by more traditional computer methods. With the system, the planner can state his basic data and assumptions, observe the results, and then modify any of the assumptions he chooses and get new results within a few minutes. By following this procedure several times it is possible to explore the effects of a variety of environmental assumptions, such as market and price structure for a new product, and to find out what budget of costs for the new product must be realized to yield acceptable business results. This procedure, which requires many days of the time of several individuals by manual methods, can be completed in most eases by one man in less than one day, including the initial programming. An example from a recent new business study is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

36. PHASEPLOT: An On-Line Graphical Display Technique [1967]

  • Dertouzos, Michael L.
  • IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers IEEE Trans. Electron. Comput. Electronic Computers, IEEE Transactions on. EC-16(2):203-209 Apr, 1967

37. A NEW PRODUCT ANALYSIS AND DECISION MODEL. [1968]

  • Urban, Glen L.
  • Management Science; Apr1968, Vol. 14 Issue 8, pB-490-B-517, 28p
Subjects
NEW product development, PRODUCT management, ECONOMIC demand, DECISION making, RAPID prototyping, MATHEMATICAL models, LIFE cycle costing, RATE of return, NONLINEAR functional analysis, DYNAMIC programming, MATHEMATICAL programming, and QUANTITATIVE research
Abstract
The decision to add, or to reject, or to investigate more fully a new product proposal is one of the most important problems faced by businessmen. The factors surrounding the decision can be mathematically considered by four sub-models in the areas of demand, cost, profit, and uncertainty. The demand model is structured to consider life cycle, industry, competitive and product interdependency effects, and will admit non-linear and discontinuous functions. A cost minimization model is joined to the demand model to formulate a constrained profit maximization problem. The optimization is accomplished by the use of dynamic programming. The final decision is based on the businessman's criterion in combining uncertainty and the rate of return on investment. A practical application of the model is presented to demonstrate the usefulness and problems of a quantitative approach to new product decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

38. CRITIQUE OF: "A NEW PRODUCT ANALYSIS AND DECISION MODEL" [1968]

  • Lipstein, Benjamin
  • Management Science; Apr1968, Vol. 14 Issue 8, pB-518-B-519, 2p
Subjects
NEW product development, COMMERCIAL products, MATHEMATICAL analysis, MATHEMATICAL models, DECISION making, PRODUCT management, SEQUENTIAL analysis, DECISION theory, HEURISTIC programming, MATHEMATICAL programming, FUNCTIONAL analysis, and RAPID prototyping
Abstract
The article features the author's comments on the research paper "A New Product Analysis and Decision Model." The author acknowledges the important applications of the paper for sequential decision theory in the field of management science, but expresses concern as to generalizations made in the text. It is suggested that the demand function component of the mathematical analysis discussed in the paper. The author proposes that the functional analysis overlooks some main difficulties associated with the featured decision making variables. The industrial product development process is discussed. A heuristic programming approach is also examined.

39. The Early Diffusion of Color Television Receivers into a Fringe Area Market. [1968]

  • Gorman III, Walter P. and Moore, Charles T.
  • Journal of Retailing. Fall68, Vol. 44 Issue 3, p46-56. 11p.
Subjects
Commercial products, Rapid prototyping, Product management, Systems theory, Diffusion, Color television, Separation (Technology), and Social systems
Abstract
This article focuses on a study which examined the effect of diffusion theory in the marketing of color television in the United States. The high rate of new product failures in the United States and the consequent loss of economic resources have been attributed to a lack of knowledge about the socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of prospective purchasers of new products. Sociologists have established through replicated empirical research a synthesized theory describing the penetration of new agricultural producer goods such as hybrid seed corn and mechanical harvesting equipment into the farm sector. Diffusion theory has a broad historical base in anthropology and sociology. In anthropology, the diffusion of innovistic ideas across ethnic boundaries is one of the basic concepts used to explain man's cultural progress in acquiring the ideas and tools which have advanced civilization. In sociology which examines the group behavior of contemporary man, the emphasis has been on the identification of individuals responsible for spreading innovistic ideas into social systems. In the study which investigated the acceptance process of a durable consumer product, relative time group dassifications had to be modified to include product life-.cycle divisions. The rate studies deal with the relative time of acceptance of social systems members and the effects of an innovation on its rate of acceptance.

40. Product Planning at Perkins Engines Group. [1968]

  • Kraushar, C.A.A.
  • Long Range Planning. Dec68, Vol. 1 Issue 2, p15-18. 4p.

41. THE INNOVATIVE FIRM. [1968]

  • Ansoff, H. Igor
  • Long Range Planning. Dec68, Vol. 1 Issue 2, p26-27. 2p.

42. Design models as emergent features: An empirical study in communication and shared mental models in instructional [1969]

  • Lucca Botturi
  • Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, Vol 32, Iss 2 (2006)
Subjects
Management of Technology and Innovation, Computer Science Applications, Education, Actual practice, Information technology, business.industry, business, Team communication, Mass media, Computer science, Educational technology, Instructional design, Empirical research, Knowledge management, Teamwork, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, lcsh:Education, and lcsh:L
Abstract
This paper reports the results of an empirical study that investigated the instructional design process of three teams involved in the development of an e-learning unit. The teams declared they were using the same fast-prototyping design and development model, and were composed of the same roles (although with a different number of SMEs). Results indicate that the design and development model actually informs the activities of the group, but that it is interpreted and adapted by the team for the specific project. Thus, the actual practice model of each team can be regarded as an emergent feature. This analysis delivers insights concerning issues about team communication, shared understanding, individual perspectives and the implementation of prescriptive instructional design models.

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45. A case study of two NRL Pump prototypes [1970]

  • Kang, M.H., Moskowitz, I.S., Montrose, B.E., and Parsonese, J.J.
  • ACSAC
Subjects
Network congestion, Computer-aided software engineering, Transport layer, Computer hardware, business.industry, business, Software prototyping, Communications protocol, Covert channel, Embedded system, Secure communication, Computer science, Reference model, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, and ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS
Abstract
As computer systems become more open and interconnected, the need for reliable and secure communication also increases. The NRL (Naval Research Laboratory) Pump was introduced by Kang and Moskowitz (1993) to balance the requirements of reliability, congestion control, fairness and good performance against those of threats from covert channels and denial-of-service attacks. In this paper, we describe two prototype efforts. One (the event-driven Pump or E-Pump) implements the Pump at the process (top) layer in terms of a 4-layer network reference model, and the other (the DOS-Pump or D-Pump) implements the Pump at the transport layer. We then discuss lessons learned and how these lessons are to be used in deciding upon the final hardware implementation of the Pump.

46. A process for introducing agent technology into Space missions [1970]

  • W. Truszkowski and Christopher A. Rouff
Subjects
Autonomy, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Mission operations, Ground station, Risk analysis (engineering), Engineering, business.industry, business, Commit, Space exploration, Community or, Operations research, Software, and Multi-agent system
Abstract
This paper discusses issues relating to introducing agent technology into satellite mission operations. Due to the high cost and long development time of satellite systems, scientists, commercial operators and the military are reluctant to use new and unproven technology, such as agent technology. We are in the process of developing methods and processes for introducing agent-based systems into future satellite missions while both drastically reducing the risk of mission failures and gaining the confidence and support of mission management and principal investigators (PI). We are doing this by designing and prototyping a robust mechanism to support dynamic agent-community evolution (e.g., agents adapting to community changes, agents joining a community or agents leaving a community). This dynamic capability of agents to join or leave a community or to adapt is necessary to achieve what we call "progressive autonomy." Progressive autonomy will allow us to gradually introduce autonomy and agent technology into missions and gain the confidence of PI without having to commit to the technology from the start. It will also allow us to introduce mission management and autonomy into existing missions via ground station autonomy by working alongside existing ground station software.

47. Kompiuterinio tomografo, skirto žmogaus žandikauliui skenuoti, darbo režimų eksperimentinis nustatymas [1970]

  • D. Macianskytė, Rimas Adaskevicius, and Egle Monastyreckiene
  • Elektronika ir elektrotechnika, Kaunas : Technologija, 2011, Nr. 5, p. 129-132
Subjects
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, business.industry, business, Mean square, Engineering, Scanner, 3d laser scanner, Data acquisition, Rapid prototyping, Computed tomography scanner, Computed tomography, medicine.diagnostic_test, medicine, Software, Dental models, Dental casting technique, Tomography scanners, X-Ray computed, 616.314-77 [udc], and udc:616.314-77
Abstract
Aim of our study is to develop a method for the experimental identification of the settings of a computed tomography (CT) scanner used for scanning of human jaw. I this case, CT can be used for rapid prototyping of human jaw, design and manufacture of implants. The experimental identification of settings of a computed tomography scanner is done by comparing 3D computer models built using different data acquisition technologies: CT scanner and 3D laser scanner. The modified Iterative Closest Points algorithm is used for alignment of 3D computer models, obtained using different scanning methods. The different test objects were scanned using a spiral CT scanner and 3D laser scanner for testing the method. 3D computer models were compared uding the mean square value of distance between two surfaces. The test results indicate hardware and software parameters impacting on the accuracy and surface quality of 3D computer model reconstructed from CT data. Ill. 5, bibl. 7 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.111.5.373

48. HC-130H GPS upgrade: a case study incorporating digital avionics into the cockpit [1970]

  • R.M. Palatka
Subjects
Documentation, Systems engineering, Upgrade, Operability, Electronics, Embedded system, business.industry, business, Cockpit, Computer-aided software engineering, Avionics, Suite, and Engineering
Abstract
When designed in the late 1970's, the avionics suite for the US Coast Guard's HC-130H fleet contained state of the art components. Although the rapid advancement of electronics technology soon surpassed that employed in some of these units, the suites remained highly functional and economically feasible into the late 1980's. A desire to improve joint operability between the various military services coupled with the opportunity to capitalize on the advanced characteristics of current avionics components combined to enhance the viability of the Coast Guard's wish to upgrade the capabilities of its fleet. The Coast Guard finalized the plans and designs which incorporated digital avionics into a suite which formerly contained only analog components. The nonrecurring engineering necessary to perform this integration included the design of several new subsystems to allow for the interface between existing components and the new digital data bus. This case study reviews the project which encompassed the specification, engineering, testing, prototyping, and fielding of this combined system. In addition, it shall also review the documentation, simulation, and training associated with a project of this scope.

49. Integrated Model Development Environment [1970]

  • P.K. Clark and D.A. Popken
Subjects
Computer science, Object-oriented programming, Software prototyping, Software, business.industry, business, Software engineering, Rapid prototyping, User interface, User Friendly, Sun Microsystems, and Computer programming
Abstract
Airbase logistics simulation analyses have historically been done using large monolithic software models, which are not well documented in terms of algorithms used, have no user friendly interfaces, provide little in the way of postprocessing and graphical display of simulation results, and allow limited flexibility to modify the algorithms. The Integrated Model Development Environment (IMDE) addresses these problems using object-oriented design and rapid prototyping philosophies. The environment is written in C++, the simulation elements are written in MODSIM II and stored using the VERSANT object-oriented database management system (OODBMS), and the user interface is designed iteratively using devGuide from Sun Microsystems. >

50. Interactive prototyping methodology for a domain-dependent user interface [1970]

  • D.A. Popken and P.H. Jones
Subjects
Human–computer interaction, Interactive programming, User interface, Knowledge acquisition, Task analysis, Expert system, computer.software_genre, computer, Conceptual model, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Software prototyping, Computer science, Graphical user interface, business.industry, and business
Abstract
TASC is developing the Integrated Model Development Environment (IMDE) as a software environment for airbase logistics modeling. The authors describe the methodology for developing the user interface (UI). A UI prototyping process is planned to elicit task-oriented requirements from users of current airbase simulations. An interactive prototyping methodology was developed as an alternative to formal task analysis due to the absence of an existing user base from which to gather task information. An initial graphical UI (GUI) is designed based on analyses of projected user's and expert's conceptual (mental) models of airbase logistics and simulations. A cognitive network method is used for mental model extraction, which is based on knowledge acquisition methods from artificial intelligence. This network of expert/user concepts affords the design of GUl prototypes that map to the expert/user's conceptual model of the domain. >

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