articles+ search results

GOVERNMENT business enterprises, MANUFACTURING processes, SOCIALISM -- China -- History, CHINA, and HISTORY of government business enterprises

The article explores Chinese socialism and the history of state-owned enterprises (SOE) in China particularly steel manufacturer Anshan Iron & Steel Works. Topics discussed include the reliance of SOE in the Chinese region of Manchuria on machines and manufacturing knowledge imparted by the Soviet Union in the 1950s, the contribution of SOE in Maoist China to the Chinese socialist political economy, and the link between Chinese SOE and state bureaucracy.

China -- Politics & government, Socialism -- China, Capitalism -- China, Solidarity, Chinese investments, South America -- Foreign relations, and United States -- Foreign economic relations

China's engagement with global capitalism is driven by the emergence of a statist and private transnational capitalist class. Nevertheless, aspects of China's foreign policy from the Maoist period still echo today. Consequently, elements of third world solidarity and opposition to Western domination continue to exist as China's past is redefined to further its transnational strategies in Latin America and the US. The main Chinese investments in South America have been in energy and infrastructure among the left lead countries of the Pink Tide. In the US, Chinese capital has grown despite heated political rhetoric. This paper will examine how economic ties in South and North America reflect past and present conditions, and if China has initiated a non-Western globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, MODERNITY, CHINA, HUNGARY -- Social conditions, and MAGYAR (Hungary)

This paper reconstructs the ways in which the Hungarian People's Army Performing Arts Ensemble arranged its repertoire to perform socialist Hungary in the autumn of 1956, during the Ensemble's tour in the People's Republic of China. The paper performs a close reading of a single archival document, the program of the Ensemble's début performance before non-European socialist audiences that took place in Shenyang on September 21, 1956. The repertoire featured a simple chronological, quasi-historical overview of musical and dance traditions from Hungary. It offered a vague, highly stylized set of references to Hungary's military traditions. It attempted to realize the triple formula of a new, 'modern, Magyar, European,' art form, and foregrounded a plebian ('peasant-') progressive-patriotic theme with hints of ethnic nationalism. The program provided the absolute minimum of the standard Stalinist fare, resolutely avoided any reference to the USSR or Russia, and, most fascinating, closed with a self-ironical dance piece featuring a powerful allegorical story of socialism with a 'Hungarian face,' something that represented a resolute break with the Stalinist aesthetic canon and reinforced the group's political commitment to a socialism that is 'modern, Magyar and European.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical models of decision making, Socialism -- China, Rule of law, Fuzzy sets, and Civilization -- Chinese influences

It is a complex system, which has extensive content, to build socialistic political civilization. Socialistic political civilization includes lots of aspects, such as political consciousness civilization, political system civilization, political behavior civilization and civilization of the rule of law. Comrade Jian Zemin points out, the rule of law belongs to the category of political construction; it is one of the content of political civilization. During the new historical era of building the well-to-do society in an all-round way, to strengthen the rule of law and to build the socialist country running by law is not only the important content and symbol of socialistic political civilization, but also the necessary insurance and way to build it. In this paper, we study on the multiple attribute decision making problems to evaluate the efficiency of socialism with Chinese characteristics by the rule of law with triangular fuzzy information. Then, we have developed the triangular fuzzy Hamacher correlated geometric (TFHCG) operator. We have exploited the TFHCG operator to multiple attribute decision making to evaluate the efficiency of socialism with Chinese characteristics by the rule of law with triangular fuzzy information. In the end, an example to evaluate the efficiency of socialism with Chinese characteristics by the rule of law with triangular fuzzy information has been proposed to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RURAL population, SOCIALISM, CULTURE, EVERYDAY life, and MANNERS & customs

From the mid-twentieth century, the evolving tension between modernity and tradition has become a troublesome issue for the newly-established independent nation-states in Asia. With the ethnographic methodology of field study, this article retraces the drama practice in 1960s’ rural China and tries to reveal the practical formation and specifically, the operative mechanism with which the socialist new culture remolds and summons the subjectivity of People. In such practical process, the subjectivity of People is a key concept of socialist values and a leading principle of people’s everyday life in rural China, which contributes to the formation of a “new tradition” in practice. The “new tradition” has a profound influence on the pathway of the Chinese socialist development, and may also provide necessary reference to other Asian states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, HISTORY, ECONOMIC policy, GREAT powers (International relations), CHINA, TIANANMEN Square Massacre, China, 1989, and CHINA -- Foreign relations -- 1976-

When external eyes turned to China 30 years ago (if they did at all), the focus was still on the extent to which it might be breaking away from its socialist economic past. And though we did not know it at the time, intra-elite debates over how far (and to where) reforms should go would eventually play some part in shaping what happened in Tiananmen Square in 1989; events that would place China on the verge of international isolation. This paper traces the evolution from isolation to a position where some in China now think it is now second only to the USA in the ranking of world powers. It will focus on how scholarship on China in the journal has changed over the years, but also on some of the constants and recurring questions and issues that have inspired research over the years. In addition, notwithstanding a very real and very large shift in China's global power capabilities, it will suggest that asking if China matters, or more correctly, how China matters in different issue areas, remains a very useful intellectual exercise today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development, Mixed economy, Socialism -- China, and Maoism

It has been 40 years since Deng Xiaoping broke dramatically with Maoist ideology and the Maoist variant of socialism. Since then, China has been transformed. Forty years ago, in 1978, China was unquestionably a socialist economy of the familiar and well-studied 'command economy' variant, even though it was more decentralized and more loosely planned than its Soviet progenitor. Twenty years ago-that is, by the late 1990s-China had completely discarded this type of socialism and was moving decisively to a market economy. China today is quite different both from the command economy of 40 years ago, and from the 'Wild West Capitalism' of 20 years ago. Throughout these enormous changes, China has always officially claimed to be socialist. Does the 'socialist' label make sense when applied to China today? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, CIVIL society, CHINA, and CHINA -- Politics & government

This article analyzes the Chinese Communist Party’s “Core Socialist Values” (shèhuì zhŭyì héxīn jiàzhíguān) to show how each of these twelve values is defined, both independently and in relation to others. Using a Gramscian analytical approach, the article examines how a Chinese “integral state” is being prepared to ensure that consensus to the state’s proscribed values is not undermined by competing discourses. Consideration is given to how civil society becomes the ground for building consensus, reinforced by coercive strategies emanating from the Chinese state. In conclusion, the paper argues that the Core Socialist Values campaign represents a shift in focus under the current Xi Jinping Administration to emphasize the superstructure over the economic base, with the objective of creating citizens of and for the People’s Republic of China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

MIGRANT labor, SOCIALISM, CAPITALISM, LOSERS, CORPORATE capitalism, and CHINA

This article examines the emergence since 2011 of the ‘Diaosi’ (loser) identity among second-generation migrant workers in China. This subjective identification of a new social category with little hope can be contrasted with the hopeful policy constructions of a strong China eager to promote the civilizing ‘suzhi’ (population quality) of its population nationally and internationally. Yet, as this article shows, in four steps, these phenomena are intertwined. First, it locates the emergence of this ‘Diaosi’ subject in the global and national dialectics of hope in China since the global financial crisis. Second, drawing on neo-Foucauldian and neo-Gramscian scholarship, Diaosi marginality is related to the interactions among global capitalist production, the socialist market economy, continuous state domination via a household registration system (hukou), and the civilising discourse of ‘suzhi’. Third, it shows how the Diaosi embody their multiplex loser identity and marginality affectively and expressively in their everyday demeanour. Fourth, it examines recent efforts by state/corporate capital and the party-state to re-make and re-hegemonize Diaosi life in the name of consumption, civility, and social stability. The article ends with some neo-Gramscian remarks on the complexities and contradictory consciousness of marginal social categories, such as the Diaosi, and their openness to passive revolution and (re-) hegemonization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

COVID-19, COVID-19 pandemic, SOCIALISM, SOCIALISM -- China, WESTERN countries, and POLITICAL systems

This article compares the response of the Chinese state to the COVID-19 pandemic with that of the major Western capitalist countries. It collates evidence showing that China has mobilised unprecedented governmental, economic, technological, scientific and human resources in order to get the viral outbreak under control. In countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, on the other hand, the response to COVID-19 has thus far been insufficient, and as a result these countries have not had anywhere near China's level of success in protecting their populations from infection. Analysing the reasons for this disparity, the article concludes that China's socialist economic and political system, along with the leadership of the Communist Party of China, have been indispensable factors in China's extraordinary efforts to respond to one of the greatest threats to humanity in modern history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio broadcasting, Socialism -- China -- History, Government ownership, and Political parties -- History

When socialist China was founded in 1949, led by the Chinese Communist Party and with Mao Zedong as the leader, radio was the most technologically viable medium with little presence of television. As propaganda is the dominant conception mobilized to interpret the role of media in Mao-era China (1949-76), radio is no exception. However, we still do not fully understand how radio worked and the degree to which programming shaped both public and individual life during this era. Addressing these questions is crucial if we are to explore the involvement of radio in modernizing Mao-era China beyond propaganda. Drawing largely upon Chinese material available pertinent to radio in Mao-era China, this article starts by examining the circumstances in which a state-owned radio system was constructed. It then moves on to scrutinize the materiality and forms of listening exercised in Chinese everyday lived reality. It investigates: several radio genres that were prominent during the Maoist era; and; the multiple dimensions that guided radio's production of a socialist subject. Taking the historical context and specific radio practices into account, this article aims to address issues - both theoretical and empirical - to localize the relationship between radio and modernization in socialist China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, CHINESE folklore, CHINA, and CULTURAL Revolution, China, 1966-1969

An introduction is presented in which the edsitor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including inaugural of the journal "Geyao zhoukan," politicized disciplinary orientation in socialist China, and disciplinary communication between international folklore and Chinese scholars.

SOCIALISM, REALISM in literature, POLITICAL parties, WORKING class, REVOLUTIONS, and HISTORY

In this paper, I read the play Red Flag Song (1948) as a window into a moment of missed opportunity in China's revolution, when the Party's re-engagement with the urban working class could have strengthened democratic tendencies within the Party, and when China's critical realist literary tradition could have grounded Chinese socialism in the real-life experiences and aspirations of the grassroots. Written at a time when the Party's control of both industrial and literary productions had begun to tighten, Red Flag Song registered compromise as well as defiance on the shopfloor, and foregrounded two issues as deeply related and fundamental to the making of a New China: work-place democracy as the basis for making China's working class, and realist literature as a means of understanding complexities and pluralities in social upheavals, and of ensuring a humane and democratic socialism. Unfortunately, the visions Red Flag Song carried were never realised in the following years. They remain unfulfilled promises of the Chinese revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHINA -- Politics & government, SOFT power (Social sciences), CHINA -- Foreign relations, SOCIALISM -- China, POWER (Social sciences), and CONCEPTS

This article examines China's unique soft power conceptualisation, which differs from the American coinage. It contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how soft power is theorised by Chinese academicians and policymakers in a distinct way. That means, according to China's own tradition, predating the term. Unlike in America, where soft power is largely developed freely, in China, it is highly centralised. As a rising power, the People's Republic initially concentrates on building domestic soft power, primarily through socialist culture and virtuous governance. These are in turn displayed to the outside world. Beijing uses multiple channels to tell the China story and has been setting up international platforms to portray itself as a responsible global actor. Several soft power indexes show that China holds a relatively positive image in Africa and South America. In Asia, views are mixed, while in Europe and North America, they remain low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development, Technological innovations, Socialism -- China, Social development, and Marxist philosophy

The author reflects on socialism and economic development in China. Topics discussed include accomplishments of the 11th Five-Year Plan for Chinese economic and social development, the role of Marxism perspectives on the country's economy, and the role of independent innovation as foundation of the independent development of the country's economy and the society. It also discusses the goal of the Chinese people to establish a powerful socialist economy.

Afforestation, Tree planting, Forests & forestry -- China, Nature -- Religious aspects, Maoism, History of ecology, and Socialism -- China -- History

This article attempts to cast doubt on prior scholarship regarding Maoist environmental rhetoric regarding forestry, which has tended to characterize it as destructive, militaristic, and irrationally extractive. Against this simplistic portrayal of Maoist rhetoric concerning Chinese forestry and Mao Zedong's attitudes toward nature, this article demonstrates that the rhetoric of forestry and environment in general during Mao's period is scientific, rational, and even constructive regarding tree planting. To demonstrate the rational and premeditated aspect of socialist forestry and environmental history, the article first explores the speeches and writings of Liang Xi, probably the most important forester and bureaucratic forestry official in early socialist China, who advocated tree planting as a way of tackling the problem of the scarcity of trees. During the early 1950s, his firm belief that tree planting could solve the problems of the Yellow River clashed with hydrologists who also aspired to solve China's environmental challenges. Using newspaper reports from the People's Daily , the article then examines the rhetoric of the "Greening the Motherland" campaign launched by Mao in 1956. During this campaign, Mao pushed the Yellow River's tree-planting initiative to a national scale, thanks largely to the foresters' concerted efforts of persuasion. This nationwide campaign required foresters to instill knowledge of tree planting in a broader range of people at the grassroots level as well as to integrate it within the socialist revolutionary discourse. Since various literary sources from the early 1960s reflect this discourse, they provide us with a powerful means for exploring how foresters and writers achieved this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM -- China, DIPLOMACY, and CULTURAL relations

Copyright of Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World is the property of Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ECONOMIC reform, POLITICAL reform, SELF-culture, SOCIALISM -- China, and TECHNOLOGICAL innovations

The article offers information on the success of China's progressive development which is correctly handling the relationship between theory and practice. Topics include relationship between incremental reform and stock reform and economic reform and political reform; steady and gradual process of self-improvement and development of the socialist system, which is different from the radical reform path in the Soviet Union; and emphasizing innovation and exploration in advancing the reform.

Capitalism, International relations, Mass media, Specialists, and Socialism -- China

Chinese scientific socialism (CSS) is analyzed as a state of purpose rather than one of ambiguity. Distinct historical contexts and associated semantic shifts are integrated to contemporarily situate CSS, particularly regarding foreign policy and practice in Latin America. Findings indicate Western media and specialists generally analyze Chinese economic dynamics along a continuum of capitalism, failing to capture relevant forms of geopolitical socialist-communist expression and their local-to-global impacts. CSS rhetoric and practice reflect principles of unity and reciprocity, are long term, and enjoy trust in Latin America. Thus, the Chinese development model derives and generates benefits comparatively greater than the traditional capitalist model and impacts US hegemony. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, HISTORY, SOCIALISM & society, SOCIAL change, INTELLECTUALS, WORKING class, TWENTIETH century, and CHINA -- Politics & government -- 1949-1976

The Rectification Campaign of 1957 prompted a vibrant debate about Chinese socialism. This debate contained three analytically distinct perspectives on the intellectual, each corresponding to a specific vision of socialist development. The "legislator" perspective, championed by college students, demanded for intellectuals the right to help to define socialism. Leading intellectuals sponsored the "reformer" view, which argued that intellectuals were vital to improving governance under the Chinese Communist Party. The state's "red-and-expert" ideal demanded intellectuals' devotion to the working class and the acceleration of professional training for members of the working class. These perspectives promoted, respectively, a modernist, a traditionalist and a borderline Gramscian path of development--none of which was embraced by the Mao regime or post-Mao leaderships. Recovering these visions enriches our understanding of Chinese socialism; they offer powerful contrasts to extremes of both a subsequent Maoism and the current widening inequalities, official corruption and abuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, WORLD War II, MARXIST philosophy, COMMUNISM, POLITICAL doctrines, and CHINA

This is an address to the Second World Cultural Forum held in Beijing on October 16, 2017, in which the author explained various elements that make up the foundation of the cultural theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. These include the basic tenets of Marxism in relation to culture, the rich components of traditional Chinese culture and the outstanding achievements of Western cultural development. The specific reasons why we should build upon these traditions in developing the cultural theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics are elaborated, and concrete methods to achieve this goal are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ECONOMIC development, SOCIALISM, INTERNATIONAL economic relations, COMMERCIAL policy, and DIPLOMACY

The article focuses on some of the challenges faced by China's new era of socialism which include how to cope with the Thucydides Trap, Kindleberger Trap, and the Cold War Trap. The enormous common interests and similar responsibility China and India in enhancing global governance is mentioned. It adds that the the innovation of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics has showed in new historic opportunities for the China-India friendly cooperative relation expansion.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP, BUSINESSPEOPLE, SOCIALISM -- China, ECONOMIC conditions in China, and ORGANIZATIONAL legitimacy

This article, the product of several years of extensive fieldwork, seeks to reinvigorate the debate on China's private entrepreneurs by arguing that they have become a "strategic group" within the Chinese polity. While they do not openly challenge the current regime, they continuously alter the power balance within the current regime coalition, which connects them to the party-state at all administrative levels. As the future of Chinese socialism depends on the sound development of the private-sector economy and, therefore, on the promotion of private entrepreneurship, it can be expected that entrepreneurial influence within the regime coalition will rise, with inevitable consequences for regime legitimacy and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAPITALISM, ECONOMIC reform, ECONOMIC development, SOCIALISM -- China, and ECONOMIC globalization

Contending views about the ‘threats’ and ‘opportunities’ relating to China’s economic rise reflect the complex and, for many, confusing role of the state in China’s reform and development process. This in turn relates to a marked difference between China’s official perception of ‘Socialism with Chinese characteristics’ and alternative views regarding the nature of its emerging capitalist system. This glaring gap in perceptions is problematic in an increasingly globalised world, complicating debates about what China should and will do to rebalance its domestic economy how other nations should and will react to the recent surge in Chinese investment overseas. This paper reflects on these debates in the context of China’s multifaceted and ever-evolving economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM -- China and POLITICIANS

The article focuses on the socialist developmental model designed by Chinese President Xi Jinping for promoting development in China. It mentions that despite toying with the idea of promoting his protégé Chen Min'er to the Politburo Standing Committee and raising the prospect that Chen may be his successor, Xi preferred to eliminate speculation on succession. It also mentions that political leaders like Wang Yang and Han Zheng are expected to get promoted to inner sanctum of power.

INDUSTRIALIZATION, SOCIAL mobility, SOCIALISM -- China, SOCIAL status, and CAPITALISM

This study examines trends in intergenerational class mobility in China by analyzing six comparable, nationally representative surveys between 1996 and 2012. Defying a simplistic, unidirectional account, the authors report two countervailing trends in social mobility in postrevolution China. On the one hand, the authors find a decline in social fluidity following China's transition from state socialism to a market economy, as the link between origin and destination in vertical social status has significantly strengthened. On the other hand, horizontal mobility between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors has increased substantially during recent decades. To put these trends in a global context, the authors compare China's experience with those in 11 advanced industrial countries. The authors find that despite its recent decline, social fluidity in China is still high by international standards. Yet, the direction of vertical social mobility trends in China stands in contrast with that in mature capitalist countries, in which the class structure has either stayed stable or become more open over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ECONOMIC development, ECONOMIC reform, MIXED economy, DEVELOPMENT economics, SOCIALISM -- China, and CHINA -- Economic policy

Copyright of Social Sciences in China is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SOCIALISM -- China, MODERNIZATION (Social science), SOCIAL change, and CIVILIZATION

SOCIALISM, PATRIOTISM, POLITICAL science education, EFFECTIVE teaching, and COLLEGE students

In recent years, along with the gradual spreading of the core values of Chinese socialism, the "Patriotism-centered national spirit", "Spirits of the times centering on reform and innovation", "Socialist outlook on honor and disgrace (eight honors and eight shames)" and some other core socialist values have already been embedded into the ideological and political education in Chinese colleges and universities. As a result, college students have largely improved their understanding over ideologies and politics, thinking quality, morals and attitudes, together with the rising of the teaching quality of ideological and political education in colleges. Based on a regression analysis model, the paper tried to explore the exact path through which the core socialist values affect the college ideological and political education. It's discovered that all of the four essential components of the core socialist values have immediate and positive influence over student thoughts. Among them, the "Socialist outlook on honor and disgrace", "Patriotism-centered national spirit" and "Spirits of the times centering on reform and innovation" have stronger influence, while the "Guiding ideology of Marxism" and the "Common Ideal of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" are less influential to students. In addition, the improvement of student understanding over ideological and political thinking will directly improve the teaching quality of the ideological and political education in colleges and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WOMEN'S sports, 20TH century Chinese history, URBANIZATION, BODY image in women, SOCIALISM -- China -- History, WOMEN -- China -- Social conditions, HISTORY of sports, CHINESE history, 1949-, TWENTIETH century, POLITICAL parties -- History, and HISTORY

The article discusses the development of sports for women under Socialism in China during the twentieth century, and it mentions issues involving urbanization and women's body image in China between 1949 and 1979. A women's emancipation movement is addressed, along with the national power exerted by the Chinese Communist party since 1949. Socialist ideology and the social conditions of women in China during the twentieth century are assessed, along with a social production concept.

CENTRAL economic planning, SOCIALISM, FIVE year plans, AGENCY theory, VILLAGES, PROVINCIAL governments, FACTIONALISM (Politics), TAXATION, ECONOMIC development, and ECONOMIC history

The article discusses the Chinese government's shehui zhuyi xin nongcun jianshe (XNCJS) policy program, aimed at spreading the ideas of Socialism in the rural areas, and examines how the goals of the program were carried out through the formation of a cadre by several counties including Mizhi, Quingyuan, and Dingnan. Particular focus is given to ways in which county and township cadres were able to develop strategic agency to carry out central government policies, foster communication between villages and provincial governments, and increase political participation within villages. Other topics explored include factionalism, taxation, and the Chinese government's 11th Five-Year Plan.

INTERNATIONAL relations, SOCIALISM, HISTORY, NEOLIBERALISM, ECONOMIC development, CHINA -- Politics & government -- 1949-, and ECONOMIC conditions in China -- 1949-

Starting from issues Wang Hui raises in 'The Dialectics of Autonomy and Opening' (Critical Asian Studies 43:2), the authors of this article focus on the problematic coexistence of continuities and discontinuities in modern and contemporary Chinese politics. China's present role in the international scene, they argue, cannot be assessed in terms of economic performance, but requires new perspectives for rethinking the search of China for an original path in domestic politics, as well as the universalistic attitude toward the various forms of thinking coming from all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital, Business ethics, Marxian economics, Production (Economic theory), Capitalism, Mixed economy, Surplus value, Overproduction, Decision making, Managerial economics, Socialism -- China, and Marxist philosophy

Making use of capital to develop China’s socialist market economy requires China not only to fully recognize the tendency of capital civilization but also to realize its intrinsic limitations and to seek conditions and a path for overcoming contradictions in the mode of capitalist production. Karl Marx’s theory of capital provides us with a key to understanding and dealing properly with problems of capital. At the same time we should also pay heed to Western research on, experience with, and lessons from capitalist economies developed over the past four centuries summarized in the field of “business ethics”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUSTAINABILITY, ECONOMIC globalization, ECONOMIC development, SOCIALISM -- China, and CAPITALISM -- China

The contemporary economic system developed by China in the last two decades, supremely successful in achieving economic growth, defies traditional classification. It has been variously defined as socialist (by Chinese leaders), capitalist (Kornai), state socialist (Coase and Wang), political capitalism (Milanovic), a unique system with features of both socialism and capitalism not conforming to either system (Kolodko). This essay seeks to support, substantiate and develop Kolodko's notion of the uniquess of China, while expressing greater pessimism than Kolodko about the economic, social and political sustainability of that system, its merits as a beneficial engine of globalisation and growth, and its exportability to other countries in the developed West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM -- China, CAPITALISM -- China, ECONOMIC development, and LABOR market

The article reveals the logical and historical grounds of Grzegorz W. Kolodko's approach to the interpretation of the phenomenon of China building socialism with Chinese characteristics and developing capitalist relations. Reality goes beyond the dilemma of "socialism or capitalism" and represents something third, having an independent meaning. It is shown that the starting point for the emergence of society and man is a jointly-divided labour whose two sides (jointness and separation) while historically evolving, are embodied on the side of separation in the market economy and capitalism, and on the side of jointness in the state and socialism. On this basis, there arises a confrontation between two opposing systems: capitalism and socialism. The subsequent historical progress turns capitalisation and socialisation into two complementary processes of the development of society, which are no longer adequate to describe in terms of the two systems. A certain third entity emerges. This proves that "Tertium Datur" by Grzegorz W. Kolodko has not only practical importance, but also deep logical and historical grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, FEDERAL government, COMMUNAL living, and CHINA -- Politics & government -- 2002-

The article focuses on the development trajectory of Mianyang, a city-level economy in the Southwest Provice of Sichuan, which illustrates past experiences of China socialism and local construction. It states that the Mianyang case provides a chance to examine two large-scale schemes of the Central Government. It mentions that most of the national defence projects built in Mianyang during the Third Front Construction were not adaptable to civil production.

FIVE year plans, MONETARY policy -- China, SOCIALISM -- China, and CHINESE history, 1949-1976

During China's First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957), a state purchasing monopsony on grain injected sudden, concentrated spurts of cash into the rural economy. Grassroots cadres faced a new problem: peasants with too much cash burning a hole in their collectivized pocket were prone to "spontaneous capitalist tendencies," including high-interest lending, hoarding, and black-market activity. By examining previously unused documents from the Wenzhou Party Committee, this study explores the role of " huilong "—the return flow of cash into the coffers of the People's Bank of China—as a tool of local governance to mitigate such tendencies. Ultimately, the study shows that illicit economic activity was not merely a function of capitalist ideology but was a structural side effect of the planned economy itself. Regional authorities recognized this. Their attempts to curb capitalist behavior reflected a sophisticated appreciation of the perils of excess money and an almost monetarist policy prescription to counter them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, ECONOMIC reform, ECONOMIC policy, 1976-2000, CHINA -- Politics & government -- 1976-2002, and CHINESE history, 1976-2002

This paper reviews the evolution of the Chinese socialist regime since the early reforms introduced in 1978. It explores the revisionist concept and innovative practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Differently from the East Asian newly industrialized countries, the Chinese reform had to deliver from the beginning both on the economic and socio-political fronts. This explains why China has forged its own model of economic and political development through redefining the concept of Chinese socialism, learning from Western and Eastern capitalisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM, CHINESE civilization -- 1976-2002, and SOCIAL conditions in China, 1976-2000

The article discusses the development of the socialist civilization theory in China in the years following the death of Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Details about the efforts of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to promote the idea of a civilized society in China are included. The author describes the four civilizations at work within China, the material civilization, the spiritual civilization, the political civilization, and the social civilization. The efforts of Chinese political leaders Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin to develop spiritual and material civilization are also explored.

CRITICAL theory, MAOISM, and SOCIALISM -- China

In his article, "Rethinking Critical Theory and Maoism," Kang Liu reviews the existing literature in English on the relationship of Critical Theory and Maoism and discusses the need to explore and reconstruct a genealogy of Critical Theory and Maoism within the global context of political, ideological, and intellectual currents and trends. The special issue will focus on three clusters of issues: first, the western invention of Maoism as a universal theory of revolution; second, the reception of Critical Theory in China and its relationship to Maoism; and third, the relevance of Maoism and Critical Theory today. Liu raises the question in the end: can Maoism be seen as a revolutionary universalism, or a nationalist ideology of Chinese Exceptionalism? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIALISM -- China and HISTORY of the Soviet Union

The breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991 has had a profound impact on China. The Soviet dissolution has had a variety of significant repercussions on Chinese politics, foreign policy, and other aspects. However, many myths about post-1991 Chinese research on the Soviet Union have been circulated and perpetuated by a body of secondary literature written by Western scholars. Some issues have been unclear or misunderstood in previous studies, and one of these inaccuracies has to do with Chinese perceptions of the role of the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. A number of the secondary sources argue that, after 1991, because of their impact on China's 1989 pro-democracy movements as perceived by the Chinese communist regime, most Chinese Soviet-watchers considered Gorbachev and his liberalization to be the fundamental catalysts in triggering the collapse of the Soviet Union. The literature seems to agree that those Chinese scholars were univocal in assessing Gorbachev's individual actions and failings, and that they overstated the implications of Gorbachev and his liberal programs for China. This research reveals that since the mid-1990s, many Chinese Sovietwatchers have traced the roots of the tragedy back to the administrations of Leonid Brezhnev and Joseph Stalin, arguing that the conservative forces and the rigid communist system were the decisive factors in bringing it about - rather than the figure of Gorbachev alone. Their writings confirmed and legitimized the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's post-Tiananmen agendas of opposing leftism and saving Chinese socialism by speeding up the reform and open door policy. By depicting that Brezhnev's stagnation and Stalin's rigid centralization as the primary causes of the collapse, their writings suggested that state legitimacy comes more from economic results than democratic politics. They justified that economic prosperity, not political reform, which is the reigning principle for the survival of Chinese socialism after the fall of the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IDEOLOGY & literature, ART & literature, SOCIALISM -- China, SOCIAL constructionism in literature, and CHINESE drama

The article discusses the art and ideology in the postsocialist productions of the play "A Doll's House," by Henrik Ibsen in China. Topics include various factors involved in country's socialism, the function of the play on the themes of women's independence in the modern Chinese drama, and the socialist construction in literature and art in the country.

POLITICAL economic analysis, MARXIST philosophy, SOCIALISM -- China, and SOCIAL development

The political economics of socialism with Chinese characteristics highlighted "Chinese wisdom" in the process of its theoretical innovation of contemporary political economics, which adhered to the principles and methods of combining Marxist political economics with Chinese reality, while getting a full, systematic and profound knowledge of political economics and firmly grasping the stage characteristics of China's economic and social development. Therefore, it firmly adhered to "dialectics and the doctrine that everything has two aspects" in the aspects of the basic economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the socialist market economy. Moreover, it persevered in maintaining stability in the general work guideline and put forth the major principles of the political economics of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which emphasized to grasp the "new normal" of economic development, while pushing forward the supply-side structural reform. And more than anything else, it made a full exploration of "systematized economic theory" that took "the new concepts of development" as a guide. In the course of gaining a qualitative leap from "the first draft of political economics" to "Marxist political economics in contemporary China," these theoretical innovations kept a good practice of summing up the laws of economy to improve and perfect the theoretical system of the socialist political economics with Chinese characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIDDLE class women, MIDDLE class, CAPITALISM -- China, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, SOCIAL classes, LABOR market, and SOCIALISM -- China

The article discusses the experiences of middle class Chinese women as Internet-based resellers using social media. Topics include the relation of women's work to capitalism, the impact of class dynamics on women as entrepreneurs, and socialist influences on the relation of Chinese women to the labor market.

SOCIAL responsibility, SOCIAL development, INDIVIDUAL development, SOCIALISM -- China, and SUSTAINABLE development

Copyright of Journal of Beijing Normal University is the property of Beijing Normal University, Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ADVERTISING, CULTURAL values, TECHNOLOGICAL innovations, and SOCIALISM -- China

Advertising studies allow us not only to differentiate successful from unsuccessful marketing activities, but establish the fact as well that advertising reveals specific cultural norms that somehow differ depending on global regions. Advertising studies feature a clearly pronounced interdisciplinary nature and allow us to better understand what cultural basis specific advertising texts are made on. An advertising message is oriented on both rational and emotional-affective processes among the people perceiving the message. Modern Chinese consumers live in a complex social and cultural space. The ideology of the People's Republic of China combines traditional philosophy, socialist ideas, and technological pragmatism. In modern China, advertising costs are skyrocketing (the year-to-year increase is about 100%). Chinese visual advertising images are based on a complex mixture of global and traditional cultural values and embody different aspects of 'the Great Chinese Dream.' A visual analysis of Chinese advertisements allows us to see what traditional and global values are embodied by advertisers in advertising texts in order to render such advertising messages more effectively. Generally encountered are female images, nature-related images, and images pertaining to the ancient past of China. At the same time, ancient Chinese traditions are subject to globalization. Chinese traditional female images are created in the context of trends of mass culture. Nevertheless, the keynote remains within China's traditional values. All the while, it features no forced separation from the global culture. It is more likely that China harmoniously includes the components considered acceptable within its own worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INDUSTRIALIZATION, SOCIAL engineering, RAILROAD travel, RAILROAD design & construction, CONSTRUCTION projects, SOCIALISM -- China -- History, and TWENTIETH century

The article examines China's industrialization, social engineering projects, and national imagination prominently figured in mobilizational socialized films between 1949 and 1965. It argues that railway travel and construction site symbolize the poetics of socialist industrialization in representational form of industrial enterprise. It exploes the mobilization of camaraderie, professional care, domestic warmth, and communitarian intimacy into productive energy to raise productive efficiency.

PEOPLE with disabilities, CULTURAL activities, SOCIALISM -- China, and EQUALITY

The opinion of the Communist Party of China Central Propaganda Department and other authorities on strengthening the construction of the culture of disabled persons in China is outlined. Topics covered include the significance of strengthening the construction of disabled persons' culture to the development and prosperity of socialist culture, the need to provide equal public cultural services to disabled persons and offering individualized cultural services to disabled persons.

INTERNATIONAL economic relations, SOCIALISM -- China, and CHINA -- Politics & government

The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi,中国特色社会主义) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, 走出去战略) - the current Belt and Road Initiative is China's continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China's accession to WTO in 2001 marked China's full integration into the global economy and since then the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism "16+1", with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the "16+1" China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTERNATIONAL law, SOCIALISM -- China, and POLITICAL scientists

SOCIALISM -- China, CHINA -- Politics & government -- 2002-, PEACE, and DEMOCRACY -- China

Copyright of Social Sciences in China is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MODERNITY, PUBLIC goods, SOCIALISM -- China, GROSS domestic product, and CIVIL society

The radical modernist ideology (both Socialism and GDP-ism) that has overwhelmed China for the past sixty years has produced profound and distinctive problems. This article explores cultural resources at the grassroots level that are able to balance the influence of radical modernist ideology. Chinese new migrants (primarily ex-peasants from rural areas of South China who migrated to Western countries, particularly to the US in the past three decades) have revived local cultural and societal mechanisms in the construction of transnational self-rule communities. By applying an anthropological approach, this research shows that the new migrants’ practices express their understanding of modernity and what “a better life” is. Their rich experiences may inspire us to look into the local tradition of South China, which represents a possible resource that could evolve in the direction of helping to form a modern civil society in China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]