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diabetes, leptin, nanofibers, taurine, Pharmacy and materia medica, and RS1-441

Diabetes poses a high risk for debilitating complications in neural tissues, regulating glucose uptake through insulin-dependent and predominantly insulin-independent pathways. Supramolecular nanostructures provide a flexible strategy for combinatorial regulation of glycemia. Here, we compare the effects of free insulin to insulin bound to positively charged nanofibers comprised of self-assembling amino acid compounds (AACs) with an antioxidant-modified side chain moiety (AAC2) in both in vitro and in vivo models of type 1 diabetes. Free AAC2, free human insulin (hINS) and AAC2-bound-human insulin (AAC2-hINS) were tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of type 1 diabetes. AAC2-hINS acted as a complex and exhibited different properties compared to free AAC2 or hINS. Mice treated with the AAC2-hINS complex were devoid of hypoglycemic episodes, had improved levels of insulin in circulation and in the brain, and increased expression of neurotransmitter taurine transporter, Slc6a6. Consequently, treatment with AAC2-hINS markedly advanced both physical and cognitive performance in mice with STZ-induced and genetic type 1 diabetes compared to treatments with free AAC2 or hINS. This study demonstrates that the flexible nanofiber AAC2 can serve as a therapeutic platform for the combinatorial treatment of diabetes and its complications.

HYDROCEPHALUS, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, INTRACRANIAL pressure, PAPILLEDEMA, CEREBRAL edema, and INTRACRANIAL hypertension

Increased intracranial pressure is the most common cause of papilledema. Multiple etiologies such as cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, space occupying lesions, infection, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension among others should be considered. Imaging plays a critical role in the detection of pathologies that can cause papilledema. MRI with contrast and CE-MRV, in particular, are key for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. This review will focus in common and infrequent causes of papilledema, the role of imaging in patients with papilledema as well as its potential mimickers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INFORMED consent (Medical law) and PLASTIC pipe

Self-application of topical therapy to the skin of the back skin can be challenging. The metal hanger is unwound and passed through the plastic tube, and then the metal wire is bent to hold the tube (Fig. (a) A metal clothes hanger covered with paint or plastic and part of a plastic water pipe are used; (b) the hanger is unwound and passed through the tube; (c) the metal wire is bent on each side of the tube. [Extracted from the article]

EMPLOYER attitudes, SOFT skills, EMPLOYMENT, GRADUATE attitudes, and DATA analysis

In recent years, there has been a shift towards seeing employability as a key outcome of higher education (HE). Despite this, there is still a concern that graduates are not well prepared for the labour market. One way to bridge the gap between education and the labour market is to involve employers in considerations of employability frameworks or sets of required graduate attributes. This paper reports on a study aimed at identifying how employers of medical graduates in Saudi Arabia conceptualise quality in HE. The main objective of this study is to develop a model of quality in HE that incorporates employers' views of medical education and its graduates. An exploratory two-stage design was adopted, utilising interviews and survey data. This paper discusses the interview findings relating to medical graduates' attributes in particular. Fourteen medical employers were interviewed to determine how they conceptualise quality in relation to medical educational experience and graduate attributes. Thematic Analysis of these interviews suggests that views of quality fall into three broad themes: Graduate Abilities, Graduate Readiness, and Research and Engagement Experience. Data drawn from these interviews indicate that employers favour the soft skills of medical graduates over their basic medical knowledge. Additionally, effective practical skills were cited as being of particular importance and highly desirable. This study has implications for the development and delivery of medical education in Saudi Arabia, aspiring to narrow the gap between HE and the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HUNTINGTON disease, SUICIDE risk factors, SUICIDE, SUICIDE victims, and TIME of death

Objective: To examine the relative risk of suicide mortality in patients with Huntington's disease (HD). Methods: A case–control study design was used. We used linked electronic records from primary care, secondary care and Office for National Statistics from England from 2001 through 2019. Controls were matched to cases by general practice and suicide date. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for gender and age at suicide/index date. Results: Data were available for 594,674 individuals. Patients with HD who died from suicide were significantly younger at time of death than patients with HD who died from causes other than suicide (p < 0.001). The adjusted OR for HD was 9.2 (95% confidence intervals, CI 4.9–17.4) compared to those without HD. The increase in risk was higher amongst the younger age group who were ≤ 45.8 years at suicide/index date (OR 54.5, 95% CI 10.8–276.1). Conclusion: The markedly elevated suicide risk in patients with HD suggests that implementation of suicide risk assessment may improve survival in individuals with these diseases, especially in younger patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]