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1. Noncontact Measurement of River Surface Velocity and Discharge Estimation With a Low-Cost Doppler Radar Sensor. [2020]

  • Alimenti, Federico, Bonafoni, Stefania, Gallo, Elisa, Palazzi, Valentina, Vincenti Gatti, Roberto, Mezzanotte, Paolo, Roselli, Luca, Zito, Domenico, Barbetta, Silvia, Corradini, Cristiano, Termini, Donatella, and Moramarco, Tommaso
  • IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing. Jul2020, Vol. 58 Issue 7, p5195-5207. 13p.
Subjects
DOPPLER radar, WATER depth, COMPUTING platforms, VELOCITY, and RIVERS
Abstract
River discharge is an important variable to measure in order to predict droughts and flood occurrences. Once the cross-sectional geometry of the river is known, discharge can be inferred from water level and surface flow velocity measurements. Since river discharges are of particular interest during extreme weather events, when river sites cannot be safely accessed, noncontact sensing technologies are particularly appealing. To this purpose, this work proposes a prototype of a low-cost continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar sensor, which is able to monitor the surface flow velocity of rivers. The prototype is tested at two gauged sites in central Italy, along the Tiber River. The surface flow velocity distribution across the river is monitored by means of the analysis of received Doppler signal. The surface velocity statistics are then extracted using a novel algorithm that is optimized to run on a microprocessor platform with minimal computing power (ArduinoUNO). In particular, the radar measurements are used to initialize a 2-D entropy-based velocity model (EVM) that is able to estimate river discharges in any flow condition. Finally, the results concerning the observed discharge provided by the EVM prove to be comparable with those obtained with more expensive commercial solutions. The results are important since the described methodology can be extended to small-size Doppler radar sensors onboard unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the latter providing a method for mapping surface velocity of rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2. Gold like lustre : nanometric surface treatment for decoration of glazed ceramics in ancient Islam, Moresque Spain and Renaissance Italy [2005]

  • DARQUE-CERETTI, E, HELARY, D, BOUQUILLON, A, and AUCOUTURIER, M
  • Arts and surfacesSurface engineering. 21(5-6):352-358
Subjects
Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Traitements de surface, Surface treatment, Céramique, Ceramic materials, Cerámica, Keramik, Diffraction RX, X ray diffraction, Difracción RX, Roentgenbeugung, Faisceau ionique, Ion beam, Haz iónico, Ionenstrahl, Microscopie force atomique, Atomic force microscopy, Microscopía fuerza atómica, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica barrido, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Microscopie électronique transmission, Transmission electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica transmisión, Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie, Nanoparticule, Nanoparticle, Nanopartícula, Rétrodiffusion Rutherford, Rutherford backscattering, Retrodifusión Rutherford, Rutherford Rueckstreuung, Spectrométrie, Spectrometry, Espectrometría, Spektrometrie, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Oberflaechenbehandlung, Fustât, Glazed ceramic, Gold like lustre, HR-SEM, Ion beam analyses, Islamic ceramic, Italian Renaissance, Metallic nanoparticles, Particle induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. X-ray diffraction, Spanish ceramic, and Spectrophotocolorimetry
Abstract
Lustre is one of the most fascinating surface decorative effects produced on glazed ceramics. This technique seems to have been born in the ninth century in factories created by the Arabs during their conquests in the Orient (Mesopotamia, Egypt and Persia). Arab potters spread their knowhow all over the Mediterranean basin, especially Spain. Italian Renaissance potters succeeded in applying it to their production. The technique is based on a specific firing of the glazed pottery in a reducing atmosphere in the presence of metallic salts. The result is a surface layer with a metallic appearance, exhibiting various colours, from gold to brown or red. This paper provides the chemical nature and the physical structure of ancient gold like lustre layers and compares them with contemporary lustres produced by a Spanish craftsman reproducing the traditional Islamic techniques. Various analytical investigations (atomic force microscopy, high resolution SEM, particle induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscattering, TEM, X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy, time of flight SIMS and grazing X-ray diffraction) were carried out as well as investigations into the coloured appearance by spectrophotometry. The results show that the lustre layer consists of silver and copper particles of nanometric dimensions dispersed in a glassy matrix. A model of the lustre formation is proposed wherein the development of a new superficial glaze is described. Comparison between ancient and modern production shows how the techniques have varied through the aaes.

3. Study of surface of early medieval frescoes by micro-PIXE, SEM and Raman spectroscopy [2008]

  • ZUCCHIATTI, A
  • Surface engineering. 24(2):162-165
Subjects
Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Traitements de surface, Surface treatment, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica barrido, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Spectrométrie Raman, Raman spectrometry, Espectrometría Raman, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Oberflaechenbehandlung, Early Medieval, Frescoes, Italy, PIXE, Raman, and SEM
Abstract
The author has studied the artist's palette and the painting techniques in the frescoes of the Longobard temple (late eighth to early ninth century) in Cividale del Friuli (Italy) and of the crypt of San Salvatore in Brescia (Italy) dated from the eighth century. High sensitivity microprobes were used such as PIXE, SEM and micro-Raman for the characterisation of materials in submillimetre samples. Information from multidisciplinary techniques revealed an unexpected richness of details and gave a clue to the economic context in which the two monuments were conceived and built. In both cases the authors found the use of common traditional materials as well as features that distinguish the two sites. Micro-PIXE analysis led to the identification of earth colours and demonstrated a few details of the surface preparation. Raman spectroscopy has identified a carbon based false blue in Cividale and degradation of carbonate into gypsum.

4. Bacterial and fungal deterioration of the Milan Cathedral marble treated with protective synthetic resins [2007]

  • CAPPITELLI, Francesca, PRINCIPI, Pamela, PEDRAZZANI, Roberta, TONIOLO, Lucia, and SORLINI, Claudia
  • Science of the total environment. 385(1-3):172-181
Subjects
Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Pollution, Toxicology, Toxicologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Batiment. Travaux publics, Buildings. Public works, Durabilité. Pathologie. Réparation. Entretien, Durability. Pathology. Repairing. Maintenance, Délabrement des constructions (fissures, altérations physiques, etc.), Building failures (cracks, physical changes, etc.), Matériaux, Materials, Peintures et enduits. Produits de protection, Paints and renderings. Protection products, Construction (bâtiments et ouvrages), Construction (buildings and works), Structure construction, Building structure, Structure en maçonnerie, Masonry structure, Bâtiment, Buildings, Types de bâtiment, Types of buildings, Bâtiment de culte, Religious building, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Analyse dommage, Failure analysis, Análisis avería, Biodétérioration, Biodeterioration, Biodeterioro, Diffraction RX, X ray diffraction, Difracción RX, Eglise, Church, Iglesia, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Hybridation in situ fluorescence, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Hibridación in situ fluorescencia, Marbre, Marbles, Marmol, Maçonnerie pierre, Stone masonry, Mampostería piedra, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica barrido, Patrimoine bâti, Building stock, Patrimonio construido, Programme recherche, Research program, Programa investigación, Spectrométrie IR, Infrared spectrometry, Espectrometría IR, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, ASTM G21-96(2002) method, Acrylic, Biodeteriorated stone, Cultural heritage, Epoxy resins, and Fluorescent in-situ hybridisation
Abstract
Surfaces are continuously exposed to physical, chemical and biological degradation. Among the biological agents that cause deterioration, microorganisms are of critical importance. This work is part of a research programme for the characterisation of the alterations of the Milan Cathedral (Italy). Four stone samples of the Milan Cathedral were chemically analysed and the microbiological growth assessed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that calcite was always present in each sample and one sample was also characterised by the chemical form of alteration gypsum. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) together with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), it was possible to prove that the samples were consolidated with the synthetic acrylics and epoxy resins. The green-black biological patinas of the specimens were studied using cultivation, microscope observations and a method for single-cell detection. Sampling for fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH), with ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probes, was also performed using adhesive tapes. The bulk of the prokaryotes were Bacteria but some Archaea were also found. The bacterial cells were further characterised using specific probes for Cyanobacteria, and α-, β-and γ-Proteobacteria. In addition, black fungi isolated from the stone and the fungi of the standard ASTM G21 -96(2002) method were employed to test if the detected synthetic resins could be used as the sole source of carbon and energy. One isolated Cladosporium sp. attacked the freshly dried acrylic resin. Results show that the detected bacteria and fungi can cause severe damage both to the stone monument and its synthetic consolidants.

5. Imaging topological radar for 3D imaging in cultural heritage reproduction and restoration [2005]

  • POGGI, Claudio, GUAMERI, Massimiliano, FORNETTI, Giorgio, DE COLLIBUS, Mario Ferri, DE DOMINICIS, Luigi, PAGLIA, Emiliano, and RICCI, Roberto
  • Electro-optical remote sensing (26-28 September 2005, Bruges, Belgium)Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. :598802.1-598802.8
Subjects
Electronics, Electronique, Optics, Optique, Physics, Physique, Telecommunications, Télécommunications, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Telecommunications et theorie de l'information, Telecommunications and information theory, Théorie de l'information, du signal et des communications, Information, signal and communications theory, Théorie du signal et des communications, Signal and communications theory, Modulation, démodulation, Modulation, demodulation, Traitement du signal, Signal processing, Traitement des images, Image processing, Télécommunications, Telecommunications, Systèmes, réseaux et services de télécommunications, Systems, networks and services of telecommunications, Transmission et modulation (techniques et équipements), Transmission and modulation (techniques and equipments), Radiorepérage et radionavigation, Radiolocalization and radionavigation, Aide diagnostic, Diagnostic aid, Ayuda diagnóstica, Evaluation performance, Performance evaluation, Evaluación prestación, Formation image, Imaging, Formación imagen, Haute résolution, High resolution, Alta resolucion, Image tridimensionnelle, Tridimensional image, Imagen tridimensional, Imagerie radar, Radar imaging, Internet, Modulation amplitude, Amplitude modulation, Modulación amplitud, Modulation fréquence, Frequency modulation, Modulación frecuencia, Modèle 3 dimensions, Three dimensional model, Modelo 3 dimensiones, Outil logiciel, Software tool, Herramienta software, Qualité image, Image quality, Calidad imagen, Reconstruction image, Image reconstruction, Reconstrucción imagen, Résolution image, Image resolution, Resolución imagen, Scanneur, Scanner, Escáner, Traitement image, Image processing, Procesamiento imagen, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Télédétection, Remote sensing, Teledetección, Télémétrie, Range finding, Telemetría, Reconstruction volume, and Volume reconstruction
Abstract
We present the last results obtained by using our Imaging Topological Radar (ITR), an high resolution laser scanner aimed at reconstruction 3D digital models of real targets, either single objects or complex scenes. The system, based on amplitude modulation ranging technique, enables to obtain simultaneously a shade-free, high resolution, photographic-like picture and accurate range data in the form of a range image, with resolution depending mainly on the laser modulation frequency (current best performance are ∼100μm). The complete target surface is reconstructed from sampled points by using specifically developed software tools. The system has been successfully applied to scan different types of real surfaces (stone, wood, alloy, bones) and is suitable of relevant applications in different fields, ranging from industrial machining to medical diagnostics. We present some relevant examples of 3D reconstruction in the heritage field. Such results were obtained during recent campaigns carried out in situ in various Italian historical and archaeological sites (S. Maria Antiqua in Roman Forum, Grotta dei cervi Porto Badisco - Lecce, South Italy). The presented 3D models will be used by cultural heritage conservation authorities for restoration purpose and will available on the Internet for remote inspection.

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