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Food science technology, Sciences technologies alimentaires, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Toxicologie, Toxicology, Toxicologie des pesticides, engrais et autres produits chimiques à usage agricole, Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology, Toxicologie alimentaire, Food toxicology, Céréale, Cereal, Dérivé d'azole, Azole derivatives, Azol derivado, Dérivé du triazole, Triazole derivatives, Triazol derivado, Pesticide, Pesticides, Plaguicida, Blé, Wheat, Trigo, Chinois, Chinese, Chino, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Fongicide, Fungicide, Fungicida, Propiconazole, Résidu, Residue, Resíduo, Sol, Soils, Suelo, Difenoconazole, Dissipation kinetics, Residues, and Soil

An analytical method for simultaneously determining the residues of difenoconazole and propiconazole in wheat straw, wheat grain and soil was developed. Mean recoveries and relative standard deviations in all samples ranged 86.2―101.3% and 3.1―12.1% for propiconazole and difenoconazole. The half-lives of difenoconazole and propiconazole were 3.6―5.5 days and 5.1―6.9 days in wheat straws, and 4.9―5.8 days and 6.1―8.4 days in soil, respectively. The residues in wheat grain were found to be <0.01 mg/kg, based on the application rate (135 g a.i./ha) and the pre-harvest interval (PHI = 28 days) recommended by the manufacturer. The results suggest that the use of difenoconazole and propiconazole on wheat is considered to be safe under the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in the Chinese fields, and the main factors for pesticide residue in crops are application times, rates and pre-harvest intervals.

Energy, Énergie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Roches sédimentaires, Sedimentary rocks, Hydrocarbures, Hydrocarbons, Géologie marine, Marine geology, Roche clastique, clastic rocks, Roca clástica, Roche sédimentaire, sedimentary rocks, Roca sedimentaria, Argile, clay, Arcilla, Cendre, ash, Ceniza, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Concentration, concentration, Concentración, Etude expérimentale, experimental studies, Etude laboratoire, laboratory studies, Gaz naturel, natural gas, Gas natural, Grain, grains, Grano, Hydrate gaz, gas hydrates, Hidrato gas, Méthane, methane, Metano, Off shore, offshore, Particule, particles, Sable, sand, Arena, Silice, silica, Sílice, Silt, silt, Limo, Spectre Raman, Raman spectra, Espectro Raman, Stabilité, stability, Estabilidad, Sédiment marin, marine sediments, Sedimento marino, Hydrate yield, Kinetics, Methane hydrate, Particle size, Raman spectroscopy, and Sediment

The natural gas hydrate deposits in the offshore of India are embedded in different sediments, namely clay rich silts and sands, coarse grain sand and volcanic fly ash. The variations in gas hydrate concentrations at different geological locations shows dependency on sediment mineralogy. It is also known that the particle size of the sediments plays an important role in hydrate formation and gas hydrate concentrations in sediments. We carried out systematic studies on the methane hydrate formation kinetics and methane hydrate volumetric yields, in stirred reactor experiments, using suspensions of synthetic silica and natural sediment from Krishna―Godavari (KG) Basin. The hydrate formation behavior in silica and KG basin sediment is also compared with the formation of methane hydrates in a pure system without sediment or added silica grains. Our results show that the hydrate formation kinetics is faster in 50 μm silica system followed by that in natural marine sediment. Observed methane hydrate yield in the laboratory is higher (∼39%) in both the pure (no sediment) and 1 μm silica suspensions. The gas intake is much quicker (∼375 min) in the suspension of 50 μm silica system, while the hydrate yield is noticeably less (∼29.38%). The methane hydrates are characterized by Raman spectroscopy and they show characteristic structure I (sl) methane hydrate signatures, with a hydration number in the range 5.93-6.12.

Energy, Énergie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Roches sédimentaires, Sedimentary rocks, Hydrocarbures, Hydrocarbons, Géologie marine, Marine geology, Actuel, modern, Actual, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Eau interstitielle, pore water, Agua intersticial, Epaisseur, thickness, Espesor, Hydrate gaz, gas hydrates, Hidrato gas, Matière organique, organic materials, Materia orgánica, Mise en place, emplacement, Emplazamiento, Modèle, models, Modelo, Profondeur, depth, Profundidad, Sulfate, sulfates, Sulfato, Talus continental, continental slope, Transport, transport, Transporte, Kinetic modeling, Krishna-Godavari basin, Mass transport deposits, and Sulfate profiles

Mass transport deposits (MTDs) in the Krishna-Godavari basin from the eastern Indian margin are common sedimentary features over the modern continental slope. Quantitative understanding of the scale and age of these MTDs is relevant to understanding their triggering mechanisms and environmental feedbacks, as well as for interpreting pore water chemical profiles. Pore water profiles in sediments recovered during the 2006 Indian National Gas Hydrate Project (NGHP-01) expedition suggest that MTDs are present at seven of the ten sites cored in the Krishna―Godavari basin. Kinetic modeling of the S-shaped pore water sulfate and ammonium profiles from these sites provides quantitative estimates of the individual MTDs thickness, time elapsed after the event, rate of organic matter-fueled sulfate reduction, and time required to reach a new steady state. Model results suggest that the MTDs at the seven study sites are 8-25 m thick and are 300―1600 years old. Within the MTD sections, the organic matter-fueled sulfate reduction rates are 130―1200 mmol/m2/yr and the time needed to reach a new steady state ranges from 2000 to 3800 years. In comparison to depth-integrated sulfate reduction rates estimated in other regions, our estimates are relatively high reflecting the much thicker sulfate reduction zone that results from the MTDs. A positive correlation is observed between water depth and the MTD activity index defined as thickness of MTD package divided by its emplacement age. This correlation suggests the close relationship between MTD activity and water depth which agrees with previous studies of MTDs in this region and elsewhere. We caution against using the pore water data from sites experiencing significant MTDs to infer metabolic processes and to quantify steady-state reaction rates as our model results confirm the remarkable influence of transient MTDs on pore water profiles.

Food science technology, Sciences technologies alimentaires, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Toxicologie, Toxicology, Toxicologie alimentaire, Food toxicology, Enzyme, Enzima, Oxidoreductases, Peroxidases, Chromatographie affinité, Affinity chromatography, Cromatografía afinidad, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Inhibition, Inhibición, Peroxidase, Purification, Purificación, Racine, Root, Raíz, and EC 1.11.1.7

Peroxidases (PODs) were purified from the Turkish blackradish (Raphanus sativus L.) (TBR) and Turnip (Brassica rapa L) using a simple and effective single-step method. An affinity resin was synthesised by coupling the 4-aminobenzohydrazide ligand and the L-tyrosine spacer-arm to CNBr-activated-Sepharose-4B. The purification factors for the TBR-POD and the Turnip-POD were 40.3-fold (with a yield of 10.6%) and 269.3-fold (with a yield of 9%), respectively. The molecular masses of the TBR-POD and Turnip-POD were approximately 67.3 and 65.8 kDa, respectively. For guaiacol, the Km and Vmax values were calculated as 24.88 mM and 3.23 EU/mL, respectively for TBR-POD and as 4.09 mM and 0.797 EU/mL for the Turnip-POD. For H2O2, the Km and Vmax values were calculated as 3.247 mM and 0.799 EU/mL, respectively for TBR-POD, and as 12.49 mM and 4.055 EU/mL, respectively for the Turnip-POD. Furthermore, 4-aminobenzohydrazide was determined to be a non-competitive inhibitor of TBR-POD and Turnip-POD.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Analytical chemistry, Chimie analytique, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Pollution, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Pharmacognosie. Homéopathie. Aliment santé, Pharmacognosy. Homeopathy. Health food, Enzyme, Enzima, Flavonoïde, Flavonoid, Flavonoide, Glycosidases, Glycosylases, Hydrolases, Acide uronique, Uronic acid, Acido urónico, Baicaléine, Baicalein, Baicaleina, Bioréacteur, Bioreactor, Biorreactor, C-Glycoside, C-Glicósido, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Composé naturel, Natural compound, Compuesto natural, Criblage, Screening, Cernido, Détecteur UV, Ultraviolet detector, Detector UV, Electrophorèse capillaire, Capillary electrophoresis, Electroforesis capilar, Enzyme immobilisée, Immobilized enzyme, Enzima inmovilizada, Exo-α-sialidase, Glycoside, Glicósido, Inhibiteur enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Inhibidor enzima, Inhibiteur neuraminidase, Neuraminidase inhibitor, Inhibidor neuraminidas, Injection, Inyección, Microréacteur, Microreactor, Médecine traditionnelle, Folk medicine, Medicina tradicional, Pharmacognosie, Pharmacognosy, Farmacognosia, Principe actif, Active ingredient, Principio activo, Baicaline, Bavachine, Bavachinine, Chrysine, Médecine traditionnelle chinoise, Vitexine, Immobilized enzyme microreactor, Inhibitor screening, Neuraminidase, Short-end injection, and Traditional Chinese medicine

A simple and effective neuraminidase-immobilized capillary microreactor was fabricated by glutaraldehyde cross-linking technology for screening the neuraminidase inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines. The substrate and product were separated by CE in short-end injection mode within 2 min. Dual-wavelength ultraviolet detection was employed to eliminate the interference from the screened compounds. The parameters relating to the separation efficiency and the activity of immobilized neuraminidase were systematically evaluated. The activity of the immobilized neuraminidase remained 90% after 30 days storage at 4°C. The immobilized NA microreactor could be continuously used for more than 200 runs. The Michaelis-Menten constant of neuraminidase was determined by the microreactor as 136.6 ± 10.8 μM. In addition, six in eighteen natural products were found as potent inhibitors and the inhibition potentials were ranked in the following order: bavachinin > bavachin > baicalein > baicalin > chrysin and vitexin. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations were 59.52 ± 4.12, 65.28 ± 1.07, 44.79 ± 1.21 and 31.62 ± 2.04 for baicalein, baicalin, bavachin and bavachinin, respectively. The results demonstrated that the neuraminidase-immobilized capillary microreactor was a very effective tool for screening neuraminidase inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Sols, Soils, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Angiospermae, Gramineae, Monocotyledones, Oxyde, oxides, Óxido, Spermatophyta, Caractéristique sol, Property of soil, Característica suelo, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Climat, climate, Clima, Contaminant, Contaminante, Delta, deltas, Etude expérimentale, experimental studies, Expérimentation, testing, Fer ferreux, ferrous iron, Hierro ferroso, Lactate, Lactates, Lactato, Mangrove, Manglar, Modèle logistique, Logistic model, Modelo logístico, Mousson, monsoons, Monzón, Occupation sol, land cover, Oryza, Oxyde fer, iron oxides, Óxido de hierro, PH, pH, Plante légumière, Vegetable crop, Hortalizas (plantas), Rivière, rivers, Río, Sol, soils, Suelo, Utilisation terrain, land use, Utilización terreno, Zone subtropicale, subtropical zone, Zona subtropical, Geochemistry, Iron species, Microbial community, Reductive dechlorination, Soil chemical properties, and Subtropical soils

Soils in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China contain iron with a higher abundance and reactivity formed under a subtropical monsoon climate with a unique biogeochemistry. Iron cycle plays a vital role in transformation of contaminants. However, the linkage between iron cycle and contaminants transformation vs. geochemical properties of soils remains unclear. In this study, a set of experiments for reductions of Fe(III) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were conducted to fill up the gap between Fe(III) reducibility and PCP transformation on the view of geochemistry. Fourteen soil samples were collected from the A (0 to 20 cm) horizon in the PRD and were divided into three groups based on their land use types (LUTs, i.e., vegetable fields, paddy soils and mangroves). The experiments were designed and subsequently conducted at pH 7.0 ± 0.2 (excluding pH interference) in three different conditions (i.e., soil-sterile, soil, and soil + lactate). Kinetic measurements showed that the reduction rates (μmax) of Fe(III) and PCP could be calculated using a logistic model. The stepwise regression analyses showed that oxalate-extractable iron (Feo) was likely one of the most active iron sources for soil Fe(III) reduction. Feo and dithionite-extractable iron (Fed) had close correlations with the rate of PCP reductive transformation. Moreover, parallel correlations exist between μmax-PCP and μmax-Fe(II)sorbed, illustrating the crucial effect of sorbed Fe(II) on PCP reduction in soils. The variance analysis results showed significant differences in the average μmax-PCP and μmax-Fe(II)sorbed value under different LUTs (vegetable field < paddy soil < mangroves) and soil types (Chinese soil taxonomy (CST), Typic Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosols < Typic Fe-Leachi-Stagnic Anthrosols < Sulfic Aqui-Orthic Halosols). Moreover, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism results showed that the differences in reduction of Fe(III) and PCP should be attributable to microbial communities compositions in different soil type (i.e., LUTs or CST). Substrate amendments would obviously impact the bacterial community structure, which could further affect Fe(III) reducibility and PCP transformation. These findings could improve our general understanding of the vital role of iron redox chemistry in PCP transformation vs. geochemical properties of soils. The results also indicated that the linkage of FE(III) reducibility and PCP transformation on the view of soil microbiology should be gained attention in future studies.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Plant biology and physiology, Biologie et physiologie végétales, Soil science, pedology, Science du sol, pédologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Sciences du sol, Soil science, Pollution du sol et de l'eau, Soil and water pollution, Cadmium, Cadmio, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Cuivre, Copper, Cobre, Désorption, Desorption, Desorción, Métal lourd, Heavy metal, Metal pesado, Pollution, Polución, Sol agricole, Agricultural soil, Suelo agrícola, Sud est, Southeast, Sureste, copper, kinetic desorption, and kinetic equations

Desorption of heavy metals is an important factor in determining heavy-metal availability in soils. The objective of this research was to determine the applicability of kinetic equations to describe the kinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) desorption at two agricultural soils of Kerman Province in Iran. For Cd and Cu desorption studies, 5 g of the air-dried <2-mm soil fraction was extracted with 25 ml of 0.01 M ethylene-diamenetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with a shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. The desorption patterns of Cu and Cd were generally characterized by an initial fast reaction, followed by a slower continuing reaction. Desorption of Cu and Cd from the two soils was equally well described by the two-constant rate and simple Elovich equations. The results of this study can be used to make better prediction about the mobility and bioavailability of the Cu and Cd in soil.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Analytical chemistry, Chimie analytique, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Pollution, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Pharmacognosie. Homéopathie. Aliment santé, Pharmacognosy. Homeopathy. Health food, Ginkgoales, Gymnospermae, Spermatophyta, Acide phénolique, Phenolic acid, Acido fenólico, Adsorbant affinité, Affinity adsorbent, Adsorbente afinidad, Adsorption, Adsorción, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Analyse trace, Trace analysis, Análisis huella, Caractérisation, Characterization, Caracterización, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Copolymère réticulé, Crosslinked copolymer, Copolímero reticulado, Copolymérisation radicalaire, Radical copolymerization, Copolimerización radical, Détecteur UV, Ultraviolet detector, Detector UV, Empreinte moléculaire, Molecular imprinting, Huella molecular, Enrichissement chimique, Chemical enrichment, Enriquecimiento químico, Extraction SPE, Solid phase extraction, Extracción SPE, Feuille végétal, Plant leaf, Hoja vegetal, Ginkgo biloba, HPL, Isotherme adsorption, Adsorption isotherm, Isotermo adsorción, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica barrido, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Médecine traditionnelle, Folk medicine, Medicina tradicional, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Pharmacognosie, Pharmacognosy, Farmacognosia, Plante médicinale, Medicinal plant, Planta medicinal, Préparation échantillon, Sample preparation, Preparación muestreo, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Pyridine(4-vinyl)copolymère, Pyridine(4-vinyl) copolymer, Piridina(4-vinil) copolímero, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Agent structurant, Template, Benzoïque acide(3-alkyl-2-hydroxy), Diméthacrylate d'éthylène copolymère, Ginkgolique acide, Médecine traditionnelle chinoise, Salicylique acide dérivé, Dummy template, Ginkgo biloba L, Ginkgolic acids, Molecular imprinted polymers, and Solid-phase extraction

Dummy molecularly imprinted polymers (DMIPs) for simultaneously selective removal and enrichment of ginkgolic acids (GAs) during the processing of Ginkgo biloba leaves have been prepared. Two dummy template molecule with similar structural skeleton to GAs, 6-methoxysalicylic acid (MOSA, DT-1) and 6-hexadecyloxysalicylic acid (HOSA, DT-2), have been designed and synthesized. The performance of the DMIPs and NIPs were evaluated including selective recognition capacity, adsorption isotherm, and adsorption kinetics. The selective recognition capacity of the three GAs with four analogues on the sorbents illustrated that the DMIPs sorbents have high specificity for GAs. An efficient method based on DMIP-HOSA coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for simultaneously selective removal and enrichment of ginkgolic acids (GAs) during the processing of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The method showed excellent recoveries (82.5-88.7%) and precision (RSD 0.5-2.6%, n = 5) for licorice extracts, Gastrodia elata extracts and pepper extracts spiked at three concentration levels each (50, 100, 200 μg mL-1). The results indicated that GAs and standardized Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts could be obtained simultaneously through the DMIP-SPE.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Analytical chemistry, Chimie analytique, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Pollution, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Pharmacognosie. Homéopathie. Aliment santé, Pharmacognosy. Homeopathy. Health food, Angiospermae, Monocotyledones, Spermatophyta, Adsorbant affinité, Affinity adsorbent, Adsorbente afinidad, Adsorption, Adsorción, Aldose, Aldosa, Allylique dérivé copolymère, Allylic derivative copolymer, Alílico derivado copolímero, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Analyse trace, Trace analysis, Análisis huella, Caractérisation, Characterization, Caracterización, Chromatographie HPLC, HPLC chromatography, Cromatografía HPLC, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Copolymère fluor, Fluorine containing copolymer, Copolímero flúor, Copolymère réticulé, Crosslinked copolymer, Copolímero reticulado, Copolymérisation radicalaire, Radical copolymerization, Copolimerización radical, Détecteur UV, Ultraviolet detector, Detector UV, Empreinte moléculaire, Molecular imprinting, Huella molecular, Enrichissement chimique, Chemical enrichment, Enriquecimiento químico, Extraction SPE, Solid phase extraction, Extracción SPE, Glycoside, Glicósido, Isotherme adsorption, Adsorption isotherm, Isotermo adsorción, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica barrido, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Médecine traditionnelle, Folk medicine, Medicina tradicional, Orchidaceae, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Pharmacognosie, Pharmacognosy, Farmacognosia, Plante médicinale, Medicinal plant, Planta medicinal, Préparation échantillon, Sample preparation, Preparación muestreo, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Solution aqueuse, Aqueous solution, Solución acuosa, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Styrène dérivé copolymère, Styrene derivative copolymer, Estireno derivado copolímero, Diméthacrylate d'éthylène copolymère, Gastrodia elata, Gastrodine, Médecine traditionnelle chinoise, Styrène(pentafluoro) copolymère, Gastrodin, Molecular imprinted polymers, Novel functional monomer, and Solid-phase extraction

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high selectivity and affinity to gastrodin in water were designed using allyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-glucopyranoside (TAGL) and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-vinylbenzene (PFVB) as novel functional monomers. Binding characterization of pre-polymerization complexes was researched by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the MIPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The properties involving adsorption isotherm, adsorption kinetics and selective recognition capacity were evaluated. The MIPs/TAGL exhibited good site accessibility in which it only took 30 min to achieve adsorption equilibrium and highly selective recognition for the template. Furthermore, the performance of the MIPs/TAGL as solid phase extraction material was investigated in detail and hot water at 50°C served as the eluting solvent. Pure gastrodin with the recovery of 76.6% was obtained from the aqueous extract of Gastrodia elata roots.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Pollution, Toxicology, Toxicologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Pollution, Pollution globale de l'environnement, Global environmental pollution, Accident réacteur fission, Fission reactor accidents, Canopée, Canopy(vegetation), Dosel, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Césium 137, Cesium 137, Dynamique, Dynamics, Dinámica, Environnement, Environment, Medio ambiente, Forêt, Forests, Bosque, Lessivage, Leaching, Lavado, Lixiviation, Lixiviación, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Pollution radioactive, Radioactive pollution, Polución radioactiva, Précipitation au sol, Throughfall, Precipitación directa, Radioisotope, Radionúclido, Stock, Existencias, Transport, Transporte, Zone forestière, Forest zone, Zona forestal, Accident nucléaire Fukushima, Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, Ecoulement supercortical, Stemflow, Escurrimiento fustal, Dynamic, Initial leachable stock, and Radionuclide

The Fukushima accident dispersed significant amounts of radioactive cesium (Cs) in the landscape. Our research investigated, from June 2011 to November 2013, the mobility of leachable Cs in forests canopies. In particular, 137Cs and 134Cs activity concentrations were measured in rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow in broad-leaf and cedar forests in an area located 40 km from the power plant. Leachable 137CS loss was modeled by a double exponential (DE) model. This model could not reproduce the variation in activity concentration observed. In order to refine the DE model, the main physical measurable parameters (rainfall intensity, wind velocity, and snowfall occurrence) were assessed, and rainfall was identified as the dominant factor controlling observed variation. A corrective factor was then developed to incorporate rainfall intensity in an improved DE model. With the original DE model, we estimated total 137Cs loss by leaching from canopies to be 72 ± 4%, 67 ± 4%, and 48 ± 2% of the total plume deposition under mature cedar, young cedar, and broad-leaf forests, respectively. In contrast, with the improved DE model, the total 137Cs loss by leaching was estimated to be 34 ± 2%, 34 ± 2%, and 16 ± 1% of the total plume deposition under mature cedar, young cedar, and broad-leaf forests, respectively. The improved DE model corresponds better to observed data in literature. Understanding 137Cs and 134Cs forest dynamics is important for forecasting future contamination of forest soils around the FDNPP. It also provides a basis for understanding forest transfers in future potential nuclear disasters.

Ecology, Ecologie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Roches sédimentaires, Sedimentary rocks, Hydrocarbures, Hydrocarbons, Géologie marine, Marine geology, Stratigraphie, Stratigraphy, Cénozoïque, Cenozoic, Cenozoico, Phanérozoïque, Phanerozoic, Fanerozoico, Tertiaire, Tertiary, Terciario, Baie, bays, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Condensat, condensates, Condensado, Etude expérimentale, experimental studies, Fissure, fissures, Fisura, Gaz naturel, natural gas, Gas natural, Hydrocarbure, hydrocarbons, Hidrocarburo, Kérogène, kerogen, Querogeno, Maturité, maturity, Modèle, models, Modelo, Paléogène, Paleogene, Paleógeno, Prospection pétrolière, petroleum exploration, Pyrolyse, pyrolysis, Pirólisis, Roche mère, source rocks, Roca madre, Système ouvert, open systems, Sistema abierto, Baie Liaodong, Gas potential, Gold tube pyrolysis, Liaodong Bay, Oil-prone source rock, and Primary cracking gas

The exploration history of Bohai Sea reveals that Liaodong Bay is relatively rich in natural gas, which is mainly gas condensate; however, the source rocks in Liaodong Bay share a medium maturity level with values of %Ro being generally < 1.3. This study was undertaken to better understand gas potential of Paleogene oil-prone source rocks (II) in Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea. Three immature Paleogene source rocks were selected to complete gold tube pyrolysis experiments. The experiment results reveal that the secondary gas from oil cracking can be neglected until the cumulative yields of C6-C14 compounds reach the maximum (corresponding to %Ro ~ 1.3). Above %Ro ~ 1.3%, oil starts to crack to wet gases substantially. Based on comparative analysis of pyrolysis results and source rock geochemical parameters, we constructed a hydrocarbon generation model, especially for hydrocarbon gas, and validated the calculated %Ro values for pyrolysis conditions. The C1-C5 yields for source rocks at ~1.3 %Ro in gold tube pyrolysis approximate the maximum gas yield for source rock in open system pyrolysis, indicating the majority of primary gas from kerogen cracking has been generated at ~1.3 %Ro, with its yields being 156 ml/g TOC, 100 ml/g TOC and 117 ml/g TOC for Ed3, ES1 and ES3 source rocks, respectively. This suggests that source rocks with %Ro < 1.3 are of good primary gas generation potential. The extrapolation of kinetic parameters of Ci-C5 shows that source rocks are generally at the stage of primary gas in Liaodong Bay, where proved gases are primary gas with estimated values of %Ro < 1.3.

Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Géochimie, Geochemistry, Géologie de l'ingénieur et de l'environnement. Géothermie, Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics, Pollution, géologie de l'environnement, Pollution, environment geology, Carbonate, carbonates, Carbonato, Cénozoïque, Cenozoic, Cenozoico, Phanérozoïque, Phanerozoic, Fanerozoico, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Cuaternario, Roche carbonatée, carbonate rocks, Roca carbonatada, Roche clastique, clastic rocks, Roca clástica, Roche métamorphique, metamorphic rocks, Roca metamórfica, Roche sédimentaire, sedimentary rocks, Roca sedimentaria, Affleurement, outcrops, Afloramiento, Calcite, calcite, Calcita, Calcium, calcium, Calcio, Carbone, carbon, Carbono, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Combustion, combustion, Combustión, Croûte calcaire, calcrete, Costra calcarea, Encroûtement, encrustations, Enrichissement, enrichment, Enriquecimiento, Exposition, exhibits, Haute température, high temperature, Alta temperatura, Isotope stable, stable isotopes, Isótopo estable, Marbre, marbles, Marmol, Marne, marl, Marga, Minéralogie, mineralogy, Mineralogía, Oxygène, oxygen, Oxígeno, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Solution solide, solid solution, Solución sólida, Strelkinite, strelkinite, Strelkinita, Travertin, travertine, Travertino, Tyuyamunite, tyuyamunite, Tyuyamunita, Uranium, uranium, Uranio, Vanadate, vanadates, Vanadato, Vanadium, vanadium, and Vanadio

Secondary uranium encrustations are hosted in thick travertine and calcrete deposits of Pleistocene-Recent age in central Jordan. The central Jordan varicolored marble and travertine are equivalent to the active metamorphic area in Maqarin, north Jordan. More than 100 samples were collected from the outcrops of the varicolored marble, travertine, calcrete, and the yellow uranium encrustations. The secondary yellow encrustations are mainly composed of uranyl vanadate complexes. Tyuyamunite Ca(UO2)2V5-2O8 · 3(H2O)―strelkinite Na2(UO2)2V2O8·6(H2O) solid solution series are the major components and their composition reflects changes in the Ca/Na ratio in solution. Potentially, new vanadium free calcium uranate phases (restricted to the varicolored marble) were identified with CaO:UO3 ratios different from the known mineral vorlanite (CaU6+)O4. Carbon and oxygen isotope data from calcite in the varicolored marble are characterized by Rayleigh-type enrichment in light isotopes associated with release of 13C and 18O enriched CO2 by high temperature decarbonation during combustion of the bituminous marl. Stable isotope results from uranium hosted travertine and calcrete varieties exhibit a wide range in isotopic values, between decarbonated and normal sedimentary carbonate rocks. The depleted δ13C and δ18O values in the travertine are related to the kinetic reaction of atmospheric CO2 with hyperalkaline Ca(OH)2 water. The gradual enrichment of δ13C and δ18O values in the calcrete towards equilibrium with the surrounding environment is related to continuous evaporation during seasonal dry periods. Uranium mineralization in central Jordan resulted from the interplay of tectonic, climatic, hydrologic, and depositional events. The large distribution of surficial uranium occurrences hosted in travertine and calcrete deposits is related to the artesian ascending groundwater that formed extensive lakes along NNW―SSE trending depressions. Fresh groundwater moved upward through the highly fractured phosphate, bituminous marl and varicolored marble to form unusual highly alkaline water (hydroxide―sulfate type) enriched with sensitive redox elements among which were U and V.

Energy, Énergie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Roches sédimentaires, Sedimentary rocks, Hydrocarbures, Hydrocarbons, Géologie marine, Marine geology, Stratigraphie, Stratigraphy, Amérique du Nord, North America, America del norte, Roche clastique, clastic rocks, Roca clástica, Roche sédimentaire, sedimentary rocks, Roca sedimentaria, Carotte, drill cores, Testigo, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Epaisseur, thickness, Espesor, Evaporation, evaporation, Evaporación, Fraction fine, fine-grained materials, Fracción fina, Grain, grains, Grano, Hydrocarbure, hydrocarbons, Hidrocarburo, Lac, lakes, Lago, Milieu lacustre, lacustrine environment, Medio lacustre, Prospection pétrolière, petroleum exploration, Roche magasin, reservoir rocks, Roca reservorio, Roche mère, source rocks, Roca madre, Réservoir, reservoirs, Shale, shale, Esquisto, Cracking kinetics, Fracability, Generation kinetics, Lake level, Shale gas, Shale oil, Waltman Shale, and Wind River basin

There has been a revival in hydrocarbon source rock characterization and development associated with growing interest in unconventional resources, where these fine-grained organic-rich rocks act as both source and reservoir. To-date, the exploration focus on shale reservoirs has been largely on marine systems. Lacustrine source rocks for conventional resources are geographically important, dominating regions such as China, Indonesia, and Brazil's resource-base. However, they have been generally untested for unconventional resources. There are a number of key differences in the nature of these hydrocarbon systems that should be considered when assessing whether lacustrine systems may represent future unconventional opportunities in areas where the conventional resource-base is dominated by lacustrine-sourced oil. Among the key differences between these depositional systems is the greater sensitivity to high frequency climatic variability within lacustrine systems. Lacustrine systems are highly sensitive to changes in the balance between precipitation and evaporation, which may lead to rapid changes in lake level, potentially exceeding 600 m. These changes in depositional conditions are geologically rapid and may occur over periods of thousands of years. Such changes can reduce the areal extent of potentially thick source rock intervals to only those portions of a basin where a permanent deep lake was present. Thus the core unconventional target area may be geographically limited compared with their marine counterpart. Although potentially areally limited, a review of many lacustrine source rocks suggests that their thicknesses are often significantly greater than marine source rocks. An examination of the more distal portions of lacustrine systems, where better source rock potential is present reveals that there is generally limited connectivity between source and conventional reservoir. In these settings, such as the Wind River basin (Waltman Shale), the hydrocarbons remain trapped within the shales, potentially leading to over-pressured hydrocarbon charged systems. Such conditions suggest that although areally limited, viable unconventional targets may exist, if suitable reservoir conditions are present. Finally, the character of the oils produced is different in these settings, with lacustrine oils being waxy and displaying different hydrocarbon generation and cracking kinetics. High wax oils display distinct flow characteristics, being more viscous, and may offer different production challenges than their non-waxy marine equivalents. Additionally, differences in their cracking kinetics may indicate that the timing of gas generation for shale gas plays may differ significantly from marine systems.

Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Hydrologie. Hydrogéologie, Hydrology. Hydrogeology, Hydrogéologie, Hydrogeology, Ressources en eau, Water resources, Géologie de l'ingénieur et de l'environnement. Géothermie, Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics, Pollution, géologie de l'environnement, Pollution, environment geology, Aquifère, aquifers, Cinétique, kinetics, Cinética, Contamination, contamination, Contaminación, Distribution spatiale, spatial distribution, Distribución espacial, Eau potable, drinking water, Agua potable, Eau souterraine, ground water, Agua subterránea, Eau surface, surface water, Agua superficie, Ecoulement, flow, Effluent, effluents, Efluente, Etang, ponds, Estanque, Etude expérimentale, experimental studies, Filtration, filtration, Filtración, Gestion ressource eau, water resource management, Gestión recurso agua, Hydraulique, hydraulics, Hidraúlica, Modèle, models, Modelo, Mousson, monsoons, Monzón, Pollution, pollution, Polución, Puits eau, water wells, Pozo agua, Ressource eau, water resources, Recurso agua, Rétention, retention, Sable, sand, Arena, Théorie, theory, Teoría, Transport, transport, Transporte, Escherichia coli, E. coli, Filtration theory, Groundwater, Microbial transport, and Reversible attachment

Drinking water wells indiscriminatingly placed adjacent to fecal contaminated surface water represents a significant but difficult to quantify health risk. Here we seek to understand mechanisms that limit the contamination extent by scaling up bacterial transport results from the laboratory to the field in a well constrained setting. Three pulses of Escherichia coli originating during the early monsoon from a freshly excavated pond receiving latrine effluent in Bangladesh were monitored in 6 wells and modeled with a two-dimensional (2-D) flow and transport model conditioned with measured hydraulic heads. The modeling was performed assuming three different modes of interaction of E. coli with aquifer sands: (1) irreversible attachment only (best-fit ki = 7.6 day-1); (2) reversible attachment only (ka = 10.5 and ka = 0.2 day-1); and (3) a combination of reversible and irreversible modes of attachment (ka = 60, kd = 7.6, ki = 5.2 day-1). Only the third approach adequately reproduced the observed temporal and spatial distribution of E. coli, including a 4-log10 lateral removal distance of ~9 m. In saturated column experiments, carried out using aquifer sand from the field site, a combination of reversible and irreversible attachment was also required to reproduce the observed breakthrough curves and E. coli retention profiles within the laboratory columns. Applying the laboratory-measured kinetic parameters to the 2-D calibrated flow model of the field site underestimates the observed 4-log10 lateral removal distance by less than a factor of two. This is promising for predicting field scale transport from laboratory experiments.

Energy, Énergie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Combustibles, Fuels, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Hydrocarbure, Hydrocarbon, Hidrocarburo, Shale, and Pizarra no metamórfica

The upper Triassic Yanchang shale in Southeast Ordos Basin (SOB) is a main potential source rock for conventional petroleum fields and has been recently recognized as an important unconventional reservoir. Here, we report on the hydrocarbon potential of this lacustrine shale using bulk and quantitative pyrolysis techniques. The rock samples were taken from the Chang7 and Chang9 intervals of upper Triassic-aged cores. The analytical program included total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval, pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py—GC), source rock analyzer (SRA), and microscale sealed vessel (MSSV) pyrolysis. Phase kinetic modeling was also employed on the basis of these data sets. The results were used to determine the petroleum-type organofacies, bulk hydrocarbon composition during maturation, bulk and compositional kinetics, and phase behavior of fluids generated in the Yanchang shales. The shales proved to contain type II2 kerogen with organic matter in high abundance and generate paraffinic—naphthenic—aromatic (PNA) low wax oils when mature, whereas samples with increasing maturity show a potential for gas condensate generation. Bulk kinetic parameters of the immature Yanchang shale reveal a relatively broad distribution of activation energies and indicate lower stabilities than marine Cambrian type II shale in south China. Hydrocarbon generation could be characterized by a frequency factor A = 2.20 × 1012 S-1 and a main activation energy at 50 kcal/mol. Extrapolation to the geological heating rate of 1.0 °C/Ma in SOB, the onset (transformation ratio = 10%) and peak generation temperatures were 115 and 124 °C, respectively. Compositional kinetic modeling predicts that the generated gas fraction mainly consists of C1, C2, and C3, while the liquid phase is predominated by compound groups of C7-15 and C16-25. Furthermore, the gas/oil ratio (GOR) varies between 83.6 Sm3/Sm3 (97.1 m3/t) and 168.2 Sm3/Sm3 (195.3 m3/t). The saturation pressure (Psat) and formation volume factor (Bo) display a linear correlation as a function of the transformation ratio (TR). The property of the generated hydrocarbons is in agreement with naturally occurring petroleum fluids. Using the pressure—temperature (P—T) envelope defined from these experiments, only a single liquid phase (black oil) is predicted at different TRs (10-70%). This research provides the first case study with respect to phase kinetics description of Yanchang shale oil and shale gas in the study area.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Analytical chemistry, Chimie analytique, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie analytique, Analytical chemistry, Méthodes chromatographiques et méthodes physiques associées à la chromatographie, Chromatographic methods and physical methods associated with chromatography, Autres méthodes chromatographiques, Other chromatographic methods, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Pharmacognosie. Homéopathie. Aliment santé, Pharmacognosy. Homeopathy. Health food, Acrylamide dérivé copolymère, Acrylamide derivative copolymer, Acrilamida derivado copolímero, Adsorbant affinité, Affinity adsorbent, Adsorbente afinidad, Adsorption, Adsorción, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Analyse thermique, Thermal analysis, Análisis térmico, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic medicine, Medicina Ayurveda, Caractérisation, Characterization, Caracterización, Chromatographie HPLC, HPLC chromatography, Cromatografía HPLC, Chromatographie phase inverse, Reversed phase chromatography, Cromatografía fase inversa, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Composé naturel, Natural compound, Compuesto natural, Condition opératoire, Operating conditions, Condición operatoria, Copolymère réticulé, Crosslinked copolymer, Copolímero reticulado, Copolymérisation radicalaire, Radical copolymerization, Copolimerización radical, Curcuma épice, Turmeric, Curcuma especia, Détecteur UV, Ultraviolet detector, Detector UV, Effet température, Temperature effect, Efecto temperatura, Empreinte moléculaire, Molecular imprinting, Huella molecular, Fer II Fer III Oxyde, Iron II Iron III Oxides, Hierro II Hierro III Óxido, Isotherme adsorption, Adsorption isotherm, Isotermo adsorción, Matériau modifié, Modified material, Material modificado, Microscopie électronique transmission, Transmission electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica transmisión, Microsphère, Microsphere, Microsfera, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Médecine traditionnelle, Folk medicine, Medicina tradicional, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Particule magnétique, Magnetic particles, Pharmacognosie, Pharmacognosy, Farmacognosia, Pigment organique, Organic pigment, Pigmento orgánico, Plante médicinale, Medicinal plant, Planta medicinal, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Spectrométrie IR, Infrared spectrometry, Espectrometría IR, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Séparation magnétique, Magnetic separation, Separación magnética, Thermogravimétrie, Thermogravimetry, Termogravimetría, Transformation Fourier, Fourier transformation, Transformación Fourier, Copolymère thermosensible, Curcuma longa, Curcuminoïde, Diarylheptanoïde, Diméthacrylate d'éthylène copolymère, FT IR, RP HPLC, Curcuminoid, Molecularly imprinted polymers, Natural product, and Thermo-responsiveness

Thermo-responsive magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (TMMIPs) for selective recognition of curcuminoids with high capacity and selectivity have firstly been developed. The resulting TMMIPs were characterized by TEM, FT-IR, TGA, VSM and UV, which indicated that TMMIPs showed thermo-responsiveness [lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 33.71°C] and rapid magnetic separation (5 s). The polymerization, adsorption and release conditions were optimized in detail to obtain the highest binding capacity, selectivity and release ratio. We found that the adopted thermo-responsive monomer [N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm)] could be considered not only as inert polymer backbone for thermo-responsiveness but also as functional co-monomers combination with basic monomer (4-VP) for more specific binding sites when ethanol was added in binding solution. The maximum adsorption capacity with highest selectivity of curcumin was 440.3 μg/g (1.93 times that on MMIPs with no thermosensitivity) at 45°C (above LCST) in 20% (v/v) ethanol solution on shrunk TMMIPs, and the maximum release proportion was about 98% at 20°C (below LCST) in methanol―acetic acid (9/1, v/v) solution on swelled TMMIPs. The adsorption process between curcumin and TMMIPs followed Langumuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The prepared TMMIPs also showed high reproducibility (RSD < 6% for batch-to-batch evaluation) and stability (only 7% decrease after five cycles). Subsequently, the TMMIPs were successfully applied for selective extraction of curcuminoids from complex natural product, Curcuma longa.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Hygiene and public health, epidemiology, occupational medicine, Hygiène et santé publique, épidémiologie, médecine du travail, Toxicology, Toxicologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Agronomie générale. Phytotechnie, General agronomy. Plant production, Relations sol-plante. Fertilité des sols. Fertilisation. Amendement, Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments, Fertilisations azotée, phosphorée, potassique, Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizations, Fertilisation azotée, Nitrogen fertilization, Ammonium, Amonio, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Engrais, Fertilizers, Fertilizante, Evaluation, Evaluación, Fertilisation azotée, Nitrogen fertilization, Fertilización nitrogenada, Fixation, Fijación, Libération, Release, Liberación, Méthode empirique, Empirical method, Método empírico, Sol calcaire, Calcareous soils, and Suelo calcáreo

Release, fixation, and distribution of ammonium (NH+4) as a source of nitrogen can play an important role in soil fertility and plant nutrition. In this study, ten surface soils, after addition of 1,000 mg NH+4 kg-1 were incubated for 1 week at the field capacity moisture and 25 ± 2 °C temperature, and then NH+4 release kinetic was investigated by sequential extractions with 10 mM CaCl2. Furthermore, NH+4 distribution among three fractions, including water-soluble, exchangeable, and non-exchangeable, was determined in all soil samples. NH+4 release was initially rapid followed by a slower reaction, and this was described well with the Elovich equation as an empirical model. The cumulative NH+4 concentration released in spiked soil samples had a positive significant correlation with sand content and negative ones with pH, exchangeable Ca2+m and K+, cation exchange capacity (CEC), equivalent calcium carbonate (ECC), and clay content. The cation exchange model in the PHREEQC program was successful in mechanistic simulation of the release trend of native and added NH+4 in all control and spiked soil samples. The results of fractionation experiments showed that the non-exchangeable fraction in control and spiked soil samples was greater than that in water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. Soil properties, such as pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and K+, CEC, ECC, and contents of sand and clay, had significant influences on the distribution of NH+4 among three measured fractions. This study indicated that both native and recently fixed NH+4, added to soil through the application of fertilizers, were readily available for plant roots during 1 week after exposure.

Immunology, immunopathology, allergology, Immunologie, immunopathologie, allergologie, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Tropical medicine, Médecine tropicale, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pathologie infectieuse, Infectious diseases, Homme, Human, Hombre, Zone tropicale, Tropical zone, Zona tropical, Anticorps, Antibody, Anticuerpo, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Infection, Infección, Nourrisson, Infant, and Lactante

Background. Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality globally. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral cause of pneumonia. Maternal serum antibody protects infants from RSV disease. The objective of our study was to characterize RSV antibody levels in mother-infant pairs. Methods. Serial serum samples were collected from mother-infant pairs in Bangladesh from the third trimester of pregnancy to 72 weeks postpartum and tested using an RSV antibody microneutralization assay. Serologic infection was defined as a 4-fold increase in antibody titer. Maternal antibody half-life was calculated using infant antibody titers from birth to 20 weeks. Results. The ratio of infant cord blood to maternal serum RSV antibody titers in 149 mother-infant pairs was 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], .99-1.03). Maternal RSV antibody titers in the third trimester and at birth were strongly correlated (R = 0.68). Antibody half-life was 38 days (95% CI, 36-42 days). Higher cord blood RSV antibody titers were associated with a lower risk of serologic infection (P = .01) and maintenance of antibody titer above a potentially protective threshold (P < .001). Conclusions. Efficient transplacental transfer of RSV-specific antibody from mother to the fetus was documented in mother-infant pairs in Asia. Higher cord blood antibody titers were associated with protection from serologic infection.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Analytical chemistry, Chimie analytique, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Pharmacologie générale, General pharmacology, Pharmacognosie. Homéopathie. Aliment santé, Pharmacognosy. Homeopathy. Health food, Angiospermae, Dicotyledones, Spermatophyta, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Analyse quantitative, Quantitative analysis, Análisis cuantitativo, Chauffage hyperfréquence, Microwave heating, Calentamiento hiperfrecuencia, Chimiométrie, Chemometrics, Quimiometría, Chromatographie HPLC, HPLC chromatography, Cromatografía HPLC, Chromatographie phase inverse, Reversed phase chromatography, Cromatografía fase inversa, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Composé du guanidinium, Guanidinium compounds, Guanidinio compuesto, Composé tricyclique, Tricyclic compound, Compuesto tricíclico, Condition opératoire, Operating conditions, Condición operatoria, Dérivé de la coumarine, Coumarine derivatives, Détecteur UV, Ultraviolet detector, Detector UV, Extraction solvant, Solvent extraction, Extracción solvente, Hétérocycle oxygène, Oxygen heterocycle, Heterociclo oxígeno, Lactone, Lactona, Liquide ionique, Ionic liquid, Líquido iónico, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microscopía electrónica barrido, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Mécanisme, Mechanism, Mecanismo, Médecine traditionnelle, Folk medicine, Medicina tradicional, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Partie souterraine végétal, Below ground plant part, Parte subterránea vegetal, Pharmacognosie, Pharmacognosy, Farmacognosia, Plan expérience, Experimental design, Plan experiencia, Plante médicinale, Medicinal plant, Planta medicinal, Préparation échantillon, Sample preparation, Preparación muestreo, Racine, Root, Raíz, Relation structure propriété, Property structure relationship, Relación estructura propiedad, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Umbelliferae, Validation, Validación, Extraction assistée par hyperfréquence, Microwave assisted extraction, Médecine traditionnelle chinoise, Peucedanum praeruptorum, Praeruptorine A, Pyranocoumarine dérivé, RP HPLC, Extraction mechanisms, Guanidinium ionic liquids, High-performance liquid chromatography, Microwave-assisted extraction, and Praeruptorin A

A series of novel tetramethylguanidinium ionic liquids and hexaalkylguanidinium ionic liquids have been synthesized based on 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine. The structures of the ionic liquids were confirmed by 'H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A green guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction method has been developed with these guanidinium ionic liquids for the effective extraction of Praeruptorin A from Radix peucedani. After extraction, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was employed for the analysis of Praeruptorin A. Several significant operating parameters were systematically optimized by single-factor and L9 (34) orthogonal array experiments. The amount of Praeruptorin A extracted by [1,1,3, 3-tetramethylguanidine]CH2CH(OH)COOH is the highest, reaching 11.05 ± 0.13 mg/g. Guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction presents unique advantages in Praeruptorin A extraction compared with guanidinium ionic liquid based maceration extraction, guanidinium ionic liquid based heat reflux extraction and guanidinium ionic liquid based ultrasound-assisted extraction. The precision, stability, and repeatability of the process were investigated. The mechanisms of guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction were researched by scanning electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy. All the results show that guanidinium ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction has a huge potential in the extraction of bioactive compounds from complex samples.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Pollution, Traitement et pollution des eaux, Water treatment and pollution, Eaux potables, eaux de piscine, dessalement, Drinking water and swimming-pool water. Desalination, Pollution des eaux naturelles, Natural water pollution, Eaux souterraines, Groundwaters, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Environnement et pollution, Environment and pollution, Divers, Miscellaneous, Actinomycetes, Elément trace, Trace element, Elemento traza, Eubacteria, Pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiaceae, Actinobacteria, Analyse composante principale, Principal component analysis, Análisis componente principal, Arbre phylogénétique, Phylogenetic tree, Arbol filogenético, Arsenic III Composé, Arsenic III Compounds, Arsénico III Compuesto, Arsenic V Composé, Arsenic V Compounds, Arsénico V Compuesto, Arséniate, Arsenates, Arseniato, Arsénite, Arsenites, Arsenito, Bactérie, Bacteria, Bioremédiation, Bioremediation, Biorremediación, Caractérisation, Characterization, Caracterización, Carcinogène, Carcinogen, Carcinógeno, Chimiométrie, Chemometrics, Quimiometría, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Concentration minimale inhibitrice, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Concentración mínima inhibidora, Décontamination, Decontamination, Descontaminación, Eau souterraine, Ground water, Agua subterránea, Espèce indigène, Native species, Especie indigena, Isolement, Isolation, Aislamiento, Microbacterium, Métal lourd, Heavy metal, Metal pesado, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxidación, Pollution eau, Water pollution, Contaminación agua, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Réduction chimique, Chemical reduction, Reducción química, Résistance, Resistance, Resistencia, Toxicité, Toxicity, Toxicidad, Traitement eau, Water treatment, Tratamiento agua, Bactéries arsénite-oxydantes, Souche résistante, Arsenic, arsenate reduction, arsenite oxidation, groundwater, and indigenous bacteria

Nine arsenic (As)-resistant bacterial strains isolated from As-rich groundwater samples of West Bengal were characterized to elucidate their potential in geomicrobial transformation and bioremediation aspects. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains were affiliated with genera Actinobacteria, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas and Rhizobium. The strains exhibited high resistance to As [Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 10 mM As3+ and MIC ≥ 450 mM As5+] and other heavy metals, e.g., Cu2+, Cr2+, Ni2+, etc. (MIC > 2 mM) as well as As transformation (As3+ oxidation and As5+ reduction) capabilities. Their ability to utilize diverse carbon source(s) including hydrocarbons and different alternative electron acceptor(s) (As5+, SO42, S2O32-, etc.) during anaerobic growth was noted. Growth at wide range of pH, temperature and salinity, production of siderophore and biofilm were observed. Together with these, growth pattern and transformation kinetics indicated a high As3+ oxidation activity of the isolates Rhizobium sp. CAS934i, Microbacterium sp. CAS905i and Pseudomonas sp. CAS912i. A positive relation between high As3+ resistance and As3+ oxidation and the supportive role of As3+ in bacterial growth was noted. The results highlighted As3+ oxidation process and metabolic repertory of strains indigenous to contaminated groundwater and indicates their potential in As3+ detoxification. Thus, such metabolically well equipped bacterial strains with highest As3+ oxidation activities may be used for bioremediation of As contaminated water and effluents in the near future.