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Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Hygiene and public health, epidemiology, occupational medicine, Hygiène et santé publique, épidémiologie, médecine du travail, Immunology, immunopathology, allergology, Immunologie, immunopathologie, allergologie, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Virology, Virologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Microbiologie appliquée, Applied microbiology, Vaccins, immunsérums, immunoglobulines et anticorps monoclonaux thérapeutiques en général, Vaccines, antisera, therapeutical immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies (general aspects), Infection, Infección, Virose, Viral disease, Virosis, Grippe A, Influenza A, Gripe A, Hémagglutinine, Hemagglutinin, Hemoaglutinina, Immunogénicité, Immunogenicity, Inmunogenicidad, Vaccin, Vaccine, Vacuna, Virus grippal A(H1N1), Influenzavirus A(H1N1), H1N1, Plant-produced, and Recombinant vaccine

Background: Novel influenza viruses continue to pose a potential pandemic threat worldwide. In recent years, plants have been used to produce recombinant proteins, including subunit vaccines. A subunit influenza vaccine, HAC1, based on recombinant hemagglutinin from the 2009 pandemic A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) strain of influenza virus, has been manufactured using a plant virus-based transient expression technology in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and demonstrated to be immunogenic and safe in pre-clinical studies (Shoji et al., 2011). Methods: A first-in-human, Phase 1, single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind, dose escalation study was conducted to investigate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an HAC1 formulation at three escalating dose levels (15 μg, 45 μg and 90 μg) with and without Alhydrogel®, in healthy adults 18-50 years of age (inclusive). Eighty participants were randomized into six study vaccine groups, a saline placebo group and an approved monovalent H1N1 vaccine group. Recipients received two doses of vaccine or placebo (except for the monovalent H1N1 vaccine cohort, which received a single dose of vaccine, later followed by a dose of placebo). Results: The experimental vaccine was safe and well tolerated, and comparable to placebo and the approved monovalent H1N1 vaccine. Pain and tenderness at the injection site were the only local solicited reactions reported following vaccinations. Nearly all adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. The HAC1 vaccine was also immunogenic, with the highest seroconversion rates, based on serum hemagglutination-inhibition and virus microneutralization antibody titers, in the 90 μg non-adjuvanted HAC1 vaccine group after the second vaccine dose (78% and 100%, respectively). Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating the safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced subunit H1N1 influenza vaccine in healthy adults. The results support further clinical investigation of the HAC1 vaccine as well as demonstrate the feasibility of the plant-based technology for vaccine antigen production.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Généralités, General aspects, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Conservation, protection, gestion de l'environnement, de la flore et de la faune, Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife, Parcs, réserves, protection de la faune et de la flore. Espèces menacées: surveillance des populations et repeuplement, Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking, Aculeata, Arthropoda, Formicoidea, Insecta, Invertebrata, Vertebrata, Vespidae, Aves, Convergence, Convergencia, Espèce envahissante, Invasive species, Especie invasora, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Insecte social, Social insect, Insecto social, Miellat, Honeydew, Miel roseo, Protection environnement, Environmental protection, Protección medio ambiente, Régime alimentaire, Diet, Régimen alimentario, Sucre, Sugar, Azúcar, Surveillance écologique, Environmental monitoring, Vigilancia ecológica, Vespula, Invasion biologique, Biological invasion, Avian Convergence Hypothesis, Coelostomidia, ant, avian diet, and sugar resource

The Avian Convergence Hypothesis states that avian-honeydew associations are likely to develop when biogeographic and/or climatic factors limit the formation of ant-honeydew associations (the dominant association in tropical ecosystems). In this study we examine a honeydew-influenced forest system in an island archipelago where ant diversity is low but invasive Vespula wasp species (Vespidae) are present. We found honeydew production was highly seasonal, with both standing crop and 24-h production peaking in summer. When Vespula wasps were abundant (summer and autumn) they preferentially visited infested trees and fed regularly on honeydew droplets on infested branches. Two ant species occasionally fed on honeydew. No other insects or birds were observed feeding on honeydew during the study period. With the exception of Vespula, honeydew does not appear to be a preferred food source in this community, possibly because of the range of other food resources available in surrounding forest, farmland and gardens. The abundance of Vespula wasps at the site may also have disrupted bird-honeydew associations. We suggest the Avian Convergence Hypothesis could be restated to explicitly include both nectar availability and invasive social insects as both are likely to influence bird use of honeydew.

Genetics, Génétique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biologie moleculaire et cellulaire, Molecular and cellular biology, Genetique des eucaryotes. Evolution biologique et moleculaire, Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Neurologie, Neurology, Malformations du système nerveux, Malformations of the nervous system, Genetique medicale, Medical genetics, Maladie héréditaire, Genetic disease, Enfermedad hereditaria, Malformation, Malformación, Pathologie de l'encéphale, Cerebral disorder, Encéfalo patología, Pathologie de l'oeil, Eye disease, Ojo patología, Pathologie du système nerveux central, Central nervous system disease, Sistema nervosio central patología, Pathologie du système nerveux, Nervous system diseases, Sistema nervioso patología, Pathologie neuromusculaire, Neuromuscular diseases, Neuromuscular patología, Pisces, Vertebrata, Brachydanio rerio, Dystrophie musculaire, Muscular dystrophy, Distrofia muscular, Génétique, Genetics, Genética, Lissencéphalie, Lissencephaly, Lisencefalia, Mutation, Mutación, Syndrome de Walker et Warburg, Walker-Warburg syndrome, Walker-Warburg síndrome, Séquence nucléotide, Nucleotide sequence, Secuencia nucleótido, Séquençage, Sequencing, Validation test, Test validation, and Validación prueba

Whole-exome sequencing (WES), which analyzes the coding sequence of most annotated genes in the human genome, is an ideal approach to studying fully penetrant autosomal-recessive diseases, and it has been very powerful in identifying disease-causing mutations even when enrollment of affected individuals is limited by reduced survival. In this study, we combined WES with homozygosity analysis of consanguineous pedigrees, which are informative even when a single affected individual is available, to identify genetic mutations responsible for Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), a genetically heterogeneous autosomal-recessive disorder that severely affects the development of the brain, eyes, and muscle. Mutations in seven genes are known to cause WWS and explain 50%―60% of cases, but multiple additional genes are expected to be mutated because unexplained cases show suggestive linkage to diverse loci. Using WES in consanguineous WWS-affected families, we found multiple deleterious mutations in GTDC2 (also known as AGO61), GTDC2's predicted role as an uncharacterized glycosyltransferase is consistent with the function of other genes that are known to be mutated in WWS and that are involved in the glycosylation of the transmembrane receptor dystroglycan. Therefore, to explore the role of GTDC2 loss of function during development, we used morpholino-mediated knockdown of its zebrafish ortholog, gtdc2, We found that gtdc2 knockdown in zebrafish replicates all WWS features (hydrocephalus, ocular defects, and muscular dystrophy), strongly suggesting that GTDC2 mutations cause WWS.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Généralités, General aspects, Arthropoda, Invertebrata, Composition, Composicion, Insecta, Miellat, Honeydew, Miel roseo, Métabolite, Metabolite, Metabolito, Spécificité espèce, Species specificity, Especificidad especie, Consumer community, GC-MS, Honeydew composition, MCF-derivatization, Metabolite profiling, and TMS-derivatization

The quantity and chemical composition of honeydew produced by scale insects may influence wider community structure, but little is known about the detailed chemical composition of the honeydew found in forest ecosystems. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to examine the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of honeydew from three New Zealand communities. Low molecular weight carbohydrates (mono-, di-, and trisaccharides) were derivatized using a modified trimethylsilyl (TMS) method, and amino and non-amino organic acids were derivatized using methylchloroformate (MCF). These recently developed derivatization methods allowed us to detect atypical compounds such as sugar alcohols, fatty acids, and non-amino organic acids, in addition to the more routinely studied compounds such as sugars and amino acids. Some compounds could not be identified and may be novel. Multivariate analysis showed that honeydew from each scale insect species had a distinctive amino acid and carbohydrate signature. We suggest these chemical signatures may influence the types of consumers that are attracted to different honeydews and may explain the characteristic communities associated with these honeydews.

Multidisciplinary, Multidisciplinaire, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Genetique des eucaryotes. Evolution biologique et moleculaire, Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution, Génétique classique, génétique quantitative, hybrides, Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids, Homme, Human, Chromosome E16, Cromosoma E16, Dose génique, Gene dosage, Dosis génica, Duplication, Duplicación, Homme, Human, Hombre, Indice masse corporelle, Body mass index, Indice masa corporal, Locus, Phénotype, Phenotype, and Fenotipo

Both obesity and being underweight have been associated with increased mortality1,2. Underweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 18.5 kg per m2 in adults and ≤ -2 standard deviations from the mean in children, is the main sign of a series of heterogeneous clinical conditions including failure to thrive3-5, feeding and eating disorder and/or anorexia nervosa6,7. In contrast to obesity, few genetic variants underlying these clinical conditions have been reported8,9. We previously showed that hemizygosity of a ~600-kilobase (kb) region on the short arm of chromosome 16 causes a highly penetrant form of obesity that is often associated with hyperphagia and intellectual disabilities10. Here we show that the corresponding reciprocal duplication is associated with being underweight. We identified 138 duplication carriers (including 132 novel cases and 108 unrelated carriers) from individuals clinically referred for developmental or intellectual disabilities (DD/ID) or psychiatric disorders, or recruited from population-based cohorts. These carriers show significantly reduced postnatal weight and BMI. Half of the boys younger than five years are underweight with a probable diagnosis of failure to thrive, whereas adult duplication carriers have an 8.3-fold increased risk of being clinically underweight. We observe a trend towards increased severity in males, as well as a depletion of male carriers among non-medically ascertained cases. These features are associated with an unusually high frequency of selective and restrictive eating behaviours and a significant reduction in head circumference. Each of the observed phenotypes is the converse of one reported in carriers of deletions at this locus. The phenotypes correlate with changes in transcript levels for genes mapping within the duplication but not in flanking regions. The reciprocal impact of these 16p11.2 copy-number variants indicates that severe obesity and being underweight could have mirror aetiologies, possibly through contrasting effects on energy balance.

Nutrition, obesity, metabolic disorders, Nutrition, obésité, maladies métaboliques, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Vertebres: anatomie et physiologie, organisme dans son ensemble ou etude de plusieurs organes ou systemes, Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems, Alimentation. Comportement alimentaire, Feeding. Feeding behavior, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Maladies metaboliques, Metabolic diseases, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, Alimentation, Feeding, Alimentación, Homme, Human, Hombre, Adulte jeune, Young adult, Adulto joven, Affect affectivité, Affect affectivity, Afecto afectividad, Aliment, Food, Alimento, Comportement alimentaire, Feeding behavior, Conducta alimenticia, Femelle, Female, Hembra, Femme, Woman, Mujer, Humeur, Mood, Humor, Image corporelle, Body image, Imagen corporal, Nutrition, Nutrición, Perception sociale, Social perception, Percepción social, Psychologie, Psychology, Psicología, Psychométrie, Psychometrics, Psicometría, Psychopathologie, Psychopathology, Psicopatología, Régime alimentaire restrictif, Restricted diet, Régimen alimenticio restrictivo, Satisfaction, Satisfacción, Restriction alimentaire, Dietary restraint, Restricción alimenticio, Body image state, Body image states scale, Body satisfaction, Food perception, Profile of mood states, and Women

Body image can be influenced by day-to-day events, including food intake. The present study investigated the effects of foods typically perceived as healthy or unhealthy on state body image and mood. College-aged women were told the experiment was designed to assess the effects of food on cognition. Using a between-subjects design, participants consumed isocaloric amounts of foods perceived to be healthy (banana) or unhealthy (donut) or ate nothing. Next, participants completed three cognitive tasks. Prior to eating and following the cognitive tests, participants completed the BISS, POMS, the Figure Rating Scale, and the Restraint Scale. Body satisfaction decreased following intake of a donut, but was not altered in the other conditions. Depression scores significantly decreased after intake of either a donut or banana, but did not decrease in the no-food condition. Tension scores decreased significantly after consumption of a banana and in the no-food condition, but did not decrease following consumption of a donut. These results indicate that intake of a food that is perceived as unhealthy negatively affects state body image.

Alimentation, Feeding, Alimentación, Homme, Human, Hombre, Adulte jeune, Young adult, Adulto joven, Affect affectivité, Affect affectivity, Afecto afectividad, Aliment, Food, Alimento, Comportement alimentaire, Feeding behavior, Conducta alimenticia, Femelle, Female, Hembra, Femme, Woman, Mujer, Humeur, Mood, Humor, Image corporelle, Body image, Imagen corporal, Nutrition, Nutrición, Perception sociale, Social perception, Percepción social, Psychologie, Psychology, Psicología, Psychométrie, Psychometrics, Psicometría, Psychopathologie, Psychopathology, Psicopatología, Régime alimentaire restrictif, Restricted diet, Régimen alimenticio restrictivo, Satisfaction, Satisfacción, Restriction alimentaire, Dietary restraint, Restricción alimenticio, Body image state, Body image states scale, Body satisfaction, Food perception, Profile of mood states, Women, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Vertebres: anatomie et physiologie, organisme dans son ensemble ou etude de plusieurs organes ou systemes, Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems, Alimentation. Comportement alimentaire, Feeding. Feeding behavior, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Maladies metaboliques, Metabolic diseases, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, Nutrition, obesity, metabolic disorders, Nutrition, obésité, maladies métaboliques, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

Body image can be influenced by day-to-day events, including food intake. The present study investigated the effects of foods typically perceived as healthy or unhealthy on state body image and mood. College-aged women were told the experiment was designed to assess the effects of food on cognition. Using a between-subjects design, participants consumed isocaloric amounts of foods perceived to be healthy (banana) or unhealthy (donut) or ate nothing. Next, participants completed three cognitive tasks. Prior to eating and following the cognitive tests, participants completed the BISS, POMS, the Figure Rating Scale, and the Restraint Scale. Body satisfaction decreased following intake of a donut, but was not altered in the other conditions. Depression scores significantly decreased after intake of either a donut or banana, but did not decrease in the no-food condition. Tension scores decreased significantly after consumption of a banana and in the no-food condition, but did not decrease following consumption of a donut. These results indicate that intake of a food that is perceived as unhealthy negatively affects state body image.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Animal sciences, zootechny, veterinary medicine, Sciences animales, zootechnie, médecine vétérinaire, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Industries agroalimentaires, Food industries, Industries des poissons et des produits de la pêche, Fish and seafood industries, Bactérie lactique, Lactic acid bacteria, Bacteria láctica, Bactérie, Bacteria, Micrococcales, Streptococcaceae, Zone tropicale, Tropical zone, Zona tropical, Antimicrobien, Antimicrobial agent, Antimicrobiano, Conservation aliment, Food preservation, Conservación alimento, Durée conservation, Shelf life, Tiempo conservación, Filet poisson, Fish fillet, Filete pescado, Lactococcus lactis, Poisson comestible, Edible fish, Pescado comestible, Sel, Salt, Sal, Stockage, Storage, Almacenamiento, Sénégal, antimicrobien, bactéricide, conservation (stockage), filet de poisson, and sel

L'effet antimicrobien du surnageant de culture neutralisé (SCN) bactéricide issu de Lactococcus lactis CWBI-B1410 d'origine locale, utilisé seul ou en combinaison avec du chlorure de sodium (NaCl) comme conservateurs, a été évalué sur poissons maigre (Pomadasys jubelini), moyennement gras (Polydactylus quadrifilis) et gras (Arius heudeloti)] au Sénégal. Les poissons ont été achetés dans un marché local, éviscérés, lavés avec de l'eau de robinet potable, puis filetés. Cent millilitres de SCN de CWBI-B1410 non salé et salé ont été additionnés dans 100 grammes de filets (concentration finale de NaCl entre 0 et 7 %) dans des bocaux en verre conservés à 10 °C. L'évolution de la flore mésophile totale (FMT) des filets a été comparée à celles de filets traités avec du SCN non salé et salé (concentration finale de NaCl entre 0 et 7 %), issu de L. lactis LMG6890 ne produisant pas de bactériocine. Un niveau de FMT de 106 micro-organismes par gramme (ufc/g) a été considéré comme la fin de la durée de conservation. Le niveau de la flore mésophile totale des filets crus atteignait 5,74 log ufc/g. L'ajout de SCN de CWBI-B1410 dans les filets de poisson maigre réduit la flore mésophile totale de 1 log ufc/g et stabilise la flore pendant 4 jours ― correspondant à la durée de conservation de ces filets à 10 °C, contre 0,5 jour pour le contrôle négatif. L'addition de SCN de CWBI-B1410 salé sur les poissons (NaCl, 7 %) réduit davantage la FMT et retarde sa croissance à 10°C, entraînant comme résultat l'augmentation de la durée de conservation de respectivement 12, 7,5 et 8 jours pour le poisson maigre, moyennement gras et gras. Ces résultats suggèrent que cette stratégie peut constituer un moyen convenable d'améliorer la conservation des produits halieutiques tropicaux.

Food science technology, Sciences technologies alimentaires, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Industries agroalimentaires, Food industries, Microbiologie alimentaire, Food microbiology, Bactérie lactique, Lactic acid bacteria, Bacteria láctica, Bactérie, Bacteria, Bactériocine, Bacteriocin, Bacteriocina, Micrococcales, Streptococcaceae, Fermentation, Fermentación, Interaction microorganisme, Microorganism interrelationships, Interacción microorganismo, Lactococcus lactis, Nisine, Nisin, Nisina, Utilisation, Use, and Uso

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain CWBI B1410, which produces various antibacterial compounds including organic acids and nisin, was used as a starter culture to improve the traditional Senegalese fish fermentation in which fish are mostly transformed to guedj by spontaneous fermentation for 24 to 48 h at ambient temperatures near 30°C followed by salting (with NaCl) and sun drying. Assays were performed on lean fish (Podamasys juhelini) and fat fish (Arius heudelotii) purchased at a local market. The total viable microbial counts in raw fillets of P. jubelini and A. heudelotii were 5.78 and 5.39 log CFU/g, respectively. Populations of enteric bacteria (which can include pathogenic bacteria) in P. jubelini and A. heudelotii were 4.08 and 4.12 log CFU/g, respectively. Spontaneous fermentation of raw fillets at 30°C led to the proliferation of enteric bacteria to 9 log CFU/g after 24 h in fermented P. jubelini and A. heudelotii fillets with pH values of 6.83 and 7.50, respectively. When raw fish fillets were supplemented with glucose (1%, wt/wt) and inoculated with Lactococcus lactis (107 CFU/g), the pH decreased to about 4.60 after 10 h at 30°C, and nisin activity was detected in juice from the fillets. Traditionally fermented fillets of P. jubelini and A. heudelotii contained enteric bacteria at higher levels of 4 and 2 log CFU/g, respectively, than did fillets of the same fish supplemented with glucose and fermented with the starter culture. These data suggest that this new fish fermentation strategy combined with salting and drying can be used to enhance the safety of guedj.

Endocrinology, Endocrinologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Vertebres: endocrinologie, Vertebrates: endocrinology, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Endocrinopathies, Enzyme, Enzima, Hydrolases, Hémodynamique, Hemodynamics, Hemodinámica, Deiodinase, Endocrinologie, Endocrinology, Endocrinología, Fonction thyroïdienne, Thyroid function, Función de la tiroides, Génotype, Genotype, Genotipo, Polymorphisme, Polymorphism, Polimorfismo, Pression artérielle, Arterial pressure, Presión arterial, Pression sanguine, Blood pressure, Presión sanguínea, Variabilité génétique, Genetic variability, and Variabilidad genética

Introduction Thyroid function and genetic variation in the hypothalamus―pituitary―thyroid axis have been implicated in blood pressure regulation and susceptibility to hypertension. However studies conducted thus far were small with controversial results. Objective To examine whether serum thyroid parameters and polymorphisms in the type 2 deiodinase and the TSH receptor are associated with blood pressure and the presence of hypertension in two large cohorts of elderly subjects. Design and participants We studied a random sample of 1444 subjects of the Rotterdam study, and 997 subjects of the Rotterdam Scan study, two population-based cohort studies among elderly individuals aged 55―90 years. Outcome measurements Data on blood pressure and hypertension were obtained, and serum thyroid parameters, D2-Thr92Ala, D2-ORFa-Gly3Asp and TSHR-Asp727Glu polymorphisms were determined. Results In contrast to previous findings, no consistent and/or significant associations were found between serum TSH and FT4 and blood pressure in both cohorts. In addition, the D2-Thr92Ala, D2-ORFa-Gly3Asp and TSHR-Asp727Glu polymorphisms were not associated with blood pressure or the risk of hypertension. Conclusions In two large populations of elderly subjects, neither serum thyroid parameters nor polymorphisms in the type 2 deiodinase and the TSH receptor, were associated with blood pressure or the presence of hypertension. Our data suggest that thyroid function is not an important determinant of hypertension in elderly Dutch subjects.

Genetics, Génétique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biologie moleculaire et cellulaire, Molecular and cellular biology, Genetique des eucaryotes. Evolution biologique et moleculaire, Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution, Génétique classique, génétique quantitative, hybrides, Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids, Homme, Human, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Face, maxillaires, dents, parodonte: maladies, sémiologie, Facial bones, jaws, teeth, parodontium: diseases, semeiology, Maladies non tumorales, Non tumoral diseases, Genetique medicale, Medical genetics, Généralités. Conseil génétique, General aspects. Genetic counseling, Maladie congénitale, Congenital disease, Enfermedad congénita, Malformation, Malformación, Pathologie de la cavité buccale, Oral cavity disease, Cavidad bucal patología, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Bec de lièvre, Cleft lip, Labio leporino, Carte génétique, Genetic mapping, Mapa genético, Criblage, Screening, Cernido, Dépistage, Medical screening, Descubrimiento, Déterminisme génétique, Genetic determinism, Determinismo genético, Fente palatine, Cleft palate, Palato hendido, Fissure congénitale, Congenital cleft, Fisura congenital, Génome, Genome, Genoma, Génomique, Genomics, Genómica, Génétique, Genetics, Genética, Liaison génétique, Genetic linkage, Ligamiento genético, Pathogénie, Pathogenesis, Patogenia, GDF6, MYH9, SDC2, cleft lip and palate, and genome scan

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common birth anomaly that requires prolonged multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Although variation in several genes has been identified as contributing to NSCLP, most of the genetic susceptibility loci have yet to be defined. To identify additional contributory genes, a high-throughput genomic scan was performed using the Illumina Linkage IVb Panel platform. We genotyped 6008 SNPs in nine non-Hispanic white NSCLP multiplex families and a single large African-American NSCLP multiplex family. Fourteen chromosomal regions were identified with LOD> 1.5, including six regions not previously reported. Analysis of the data from the African-American and non-Hispanic white families revealed two likely chromosomal regions: 8q21.3-24.12 and 22q12.2-12.3 with LOD scores of 2.98 and 2.66, respectively. On the basis of biological function, syndecan 2 (SDC2) and growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) in 8q21.3-24.12 and myosin heavy-chain 9, non-muscle (MYH9) in 22q12.2-12.3 were selected as candidate genes. Association analyses from these genes yielded marginally significant P-values for SNPs in SDC2 and GDF6 (0.01≤P<0.05). Evidence for an altered transmission was found for four MYH9 SNPs (P<0.01). SNP rs1002246 exhibited altered transmission by all analytic methods. However, analysis of two SNP MYH9 haplotypes did not identify a single high-risk haplotype. Our results confirm a previous report that 8q21.3-24.12 may harbor a clefting gene and identify 22q12.2-12.3 as a new candidate region that contains MYH9. Most importantly, we confirm the previous report of an association with MYH9.

Food science technology, Sciences technologies alimentaires, Animal sciences, zootechny, veterinary medicine, Sciences animales, zootechnie, médecine vétérinaire, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Industries agroalimentaires, Food industries, Industries de la viande et des produits carnés, Meat and meat product industries, Microbiologie alimentaire, Food microbiology, Bactériocine, Bacteriocin, Bacteriocina, Dégradation, Degradation, Degradación, Interaction microorganisme, Microorganism interrelationships, Interacción microorganismo, Produit carné, Meat product, Producto de carne, Viande porc, Pork, Carne cerdo, Commercial pork meat, Lactobacillus curvatus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Proteases

This work focused on Listeria monocytogenes growth inhibition and growth rebound in raw and cooked pork meat inoculated with Lactobacillus curvatus strains. During storage of raw meat homogenates in the presence of the bacteriocin-producing strain Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28wt, the Listeria monocytogenes cfu count was initially reduced to an undetectable level, but a growth rebound occurred after two weeks, coinciding with loss of 70% of the bacteriocin activity present at the end of week 2. The Listeria growth rebound was suppressed when proteolysis of bacteriocin was countered by the absence of proteases (bacteriocin addition to cooked meat) or the presence of 1% soy flour (added to provide competing substrates). Further experiments confirmed that bacteriocin is sensitive to the action of proteolytic enzymes isolated from both Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28wt and the meat matrix. Bacteriocin proteolysis thus emerges as a cause of Listeria growth rebound.

Genetics, Génétique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Genetique des eucaryotes. Evolution biologique et moleculaire, Genetics of eukaryotes. Biological and molecular evolution, Génétique classique, génétique quantitative, hybrides, Classical genetics, quantitative genetics, hybrids, Homme, Human, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Face, maxillaires, dents, parodonte: maladies, sémiologie, Facial bones, jaws, teeth, parodontium: diseases, semeiology, Maladies non tumorales, Non tumoral diseases, Genetique medicale, Medical genetics, Généralités. Conseil génétique, General aspects. Genetic counseling, Cavité buccale pathologie, Oral cavity disease, Cavidad bucal patología, Maladie congénitale, Congenital disease, Enfermedad congénita, Malformation, Malformación, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Bec de lièvre, Cleft lip, Labio leporino, Carte génétique, Genetic mapping, Mapa genético, Chromosome A2, Cromosoma A2, Chromosome C9, Cromosoma C9, Fente palatine, Cleft palate, Palato hendido, Gène, Gene, Gen, Génome, Genome, Genoma, Génétique, Genetics, Genética, Homme, Human, Hombre, Locus, Multiple, Múltiple, Métaanalyse, Metaanalysis, Meta-análisis, Fente labiale, and Labio hendido

Isolated or nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common birth defect with a complex etiology. A 10-cM genome scan of 388 extended multiplex families with CL/P from seven diverse populations (2,551 genotyped individuals) revealed CL/P genes in six chromosomal regions, including a novel region at 9q21 (heterogeneity LOD score [HLOD] = 6.6). In addition, meta-analyses with the addition of results from 186 more families (six populations; 1,033 genotyped individuals) showed genomewide significance for 10 more regions, including another novel region at 2q32-35 (P = .0004). These are the first genomewide significant linkage results ever reported for CL/P, and they represent an unprecedented demonstration of the power of linkage analysis to detect multiple genes simultaneously for a complex disorder.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Généralités. Techniques, General aspects. Techniques, Méthodes et techniques (échantillonnage, marquage, piégeage, modélisation...), Methods and techniques (sampling, tagging, trapping, modelling...), Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Généralités, General aspects, Animal, Correction erreur, Error correction, Corrección error, Erreur systématique, Bias, Error sistemático, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Habitat, Localisation, Localization, Localización, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Système GPS, GPS system, and Sistema GPS

1. Compared to traditional radio-collars, global positioning system (GPS) collars provide finer spatial resolution and collect locations across a broader range of spatial and temporal conditions. However, data from GPS collars are biased because vegetation and terrain interfere with the satellite signals necessary to acquire a location. Analyses of habitat selection generally proceed without correcting for this known sampling bias. We documented the effects of bias in resource selection functions (RSF) and compared the effectiveness of two bias-correction techniques. 2. The effects of environmental conditions on the probability of a GPS collar collecting a location were modelled for three brands of collar using data collected in 24-h trials at 194 test locations. The best-supported model was used to create GPS-biased data from unbiased animal locations. These data were used to assess the effects of bias given data losses in the range of 10-40% at both 1- and 6-h sampling intensities. We compared the sign, value and significance of coefficients derived using biased and unbiased data. 3. With 6-h locations we observed type II error rates of 30-40% given as little as a 10% data loss. Biased data also produced coefficients that were significantly more negative than unbiased estimates. Increasing the sampling intensity from 6- to 1-h locations eliminated type II errors but increased the magnitude of coefficient bias. No type I errors or changes in sign were observed. 4. We applied sample weighting and iterative simulation given a 30% data loss. For a biased vegetation type, simulation reduced more type II errors than weighting, most probably because the original sample size was re-established. However, selection for areas near trails, which was influenced by a biased vegetation type, showed fewer type II errors after weighting existing animal locations than after simulation. Both techniques corrected 100% and ≥ 80% of the biased coefficients at the 6- and 1-h sampling intensities, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates that GPS error is predictable and biases the coefficients of resource selection models dependant upon the GPS sampling intensity and the level of data loss. We provide effective alternatives for correcting bias and discuss applying corrections under different sampling designs.

Ethology, Ethologie, Zoology, Zoologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Vertebrata, Aves, Vertebres: zoologie generale, morphologie, phylogenese, systematique, cytogenetique, repartition geographique, Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution, Vertebrata, Aves, Etat nutritionnel, Nutritional status, Estado nutricional, Parus ater, Statut social, Social status, Situación social, and Paridae

The costs and benefits of dominance status have been investigated in the past and it has generally been reported that subdominant birds are at a nutritional disadvantage owing to their low dominance status. The nutritional condition of birds during winter can be important in determining their likelihood of survival. This is particularly so in small passerines that are sensitive to severe weather conditions. Ptilochronology is an accurate method used to produce a long-term estimate of body condition spanning the number of days that it takes to grow a new feather. Ptilochronology was used during this study to estimate the nutritional condition of Coal Tits Pares ater during one winter and how condition was affected by dominance status. Dominant Coal Tits produced poorer quality feathers, which they grew at a slower rate, than did subdominant conspecifics. This study highlights a nutritional cost to high dominance status that could have long-term consequences because the induced tail feathers will not be replaced for at least 5 months.

Interaction sociale, Social interaction, Interacción social, Cognition sociale, Social cognition, Cognición social, Comportement social, Social behavior, Conducta social, Etude critique, Critical study, Estudio crítico, Homme, Human, Hombre, Inférence, Inference, Inferencia, Jugement, Judgment, Juicio, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Personnalité, Personality, Personalidad, Psychologie sociale, Social psychology, Psicología social, Raisonnement, Reasoning, Razonamiento, Rationnel irrationnel, Rational irrational, Racional irracional, Biais, Psychologie positive, Positive psychology, Psicología positiva, Bayesian inference, biases, normative models, personality, positive psychology, rationality, reasoning, social behavior, social judgment, social psychology, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Attribution, perception et cognition sociale, Social attribution, perception and cognition, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurologie, Psychophysiology, Psychophysiologie, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

Mainstream social psychology focuses on how people characteristically violate norms of action through social misbehaviors such as conformity with false majority judgments, destructive obedience, and failures to help those in need. Likewise, they are seen to violate norms of reasoning through cognitive errors such as misuse of social information, self-enhancement, and an over-readiness to attribute dispositional characteristics. The causes of this negative research emphasis include the apparent informativeness of norm violation, the status of good behavior and judgment as unconfirmable null hypotheses, and the allure of counter-intuitive findings. The shortcomings of this orientation include frequently erroneous imputations of error, findings of mutually contradictory errors, incoherent interpretations of error, an inability to explain the sources of behavioral or cognitive achievement, and the inhibition of generalized theory. Possible remedies include increased attention to the complete range of behavior and judgmental accomplishment, analytic reforms emphasizing effect sizes and Bayesian inference, and a theoretical paradigm able to account for both the sources of accomplishment and of error. A more balanced social psychology would yield not only a more positive view of human nature, but also an improved understanding of the bases of good behavior and accurate judgment, coherent explanations of occasional lapses, and theoretically grounded suggestions for improvement.

Neurology, Neurologie, Psychophysiology, Psychophysiologie, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Psychologie sociale, Social psychology, Attribution, perception et cognition sociale, Social attribution, perception and cognition, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, Interaction sociale, Social interaction, Interacción social, Cognition sociale, Social cognition, Cognición social, Comportement social, Social behavior, Conducta social, Etude critique, Critical study, Estudio crítico, Homme, Human, Hombre, Inférence, Inference, Inferencia, Jugement, Judgment, Juicio, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Personnalité, Personality, Personalidad, Psychologie sociale, Social psychology, Psicología social, Raisonnement, Reasoning, Razonamiento, Rationnel irrationnel, Rational irrational, Racional irracional, Biais, Psychologie positive, Positive psychology, Psicología positiva, Bayesian inference, biases, normative models, personality, positive psychology, rationality, reasoning, social behavior, social judgment, and social psychology

Mainstream social psychology focuses on how people characteristically violate norms of action through social misbehaviors such as conformity with false majority judgments, destructive obedience, and failures to help those in need. Likewise, they are seen to violate norms of reasoning through cognitive errors such as misuse of social information, self-enhancement, and an over-readiness to attribute dispositional characteristics. The causes of this negative research emphasis include the apparent informativeness of norm violation, the status of good behavior and judgment as unconfirmable null hypotheses, and the allure of counter-intuitive findings. The shortcomings of this orientation include frequently erroneous imputations of error, findings of mutually contradictory errors, incoherent interpretations of error, an inability to explain the sources of behavioral or cognitive achievement, and the inhibition of generalized theory. Possible remedies include increased attention to the complete range of behavior and judgmental accomplishment, analytic reforms emphasizing effect sizes and Bayesian inference, and a theoretical paradigm able to account for both the sources of accomplishment and of error. A more balanced social psychology would yield not only a more positive view of human nature, but also an improved understanding of the bases of good behavior and accurate judgment, coherent explanations of occasional lapses, and theoretically grounded suggestions for improvement.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Aspergillus awamori, Heme limitation, Heterologous protein production, and Peroxidase

The heterologous production of Arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (ARP) was analysed in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus awamori under control of the inducible endoxylanase promoter. Secretion of active ARP was achieved up to 800 mg l-1 in shake flask cultures. Western blot analysis showed that an rARP product of the correct molecular weight was produced. In contrast to several other studies about heterologous production of heme containing peroxidases, our results suggest that in A. awamori no heme limitation exists during overproduction of ARP.

Physiology, morphology, Physiologie, morphologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Vertebres: systeme cardiovasculaire, Vertebrates: cardiovascular system, Vaisseaux sanguins et récepteurs, Blood vessels and receptors, Appareil circulatoire, Circulatory system, Aparato circulatorio, Enzyme, Enzima, Hormone ovarienne, Ovarian hormone, Hormona ovárica, Mammalia, Oxidoreductases, Rodentia, Vaisseau sanguin, Blood vessel, Vaso sanguíneo, Vasomotricité, Vasomotricity, Vasomotricidad, Vertebrata, Artère mésentérique, Mesenteric artery, Arteria mesentérica, Artère rénale, Renal artery, Arteria renal, Azote monoxyde, Nitric oxide, Nitrógeno monóxido, Endothéline, Endothelin, Endothelina, Gestation, Pregnancy, Gestación, Nitric-oxide synthase, Rat, Rata, Relaxine, Relaxin, Relaxina, Récepteur endothéline ETB, ETB endothelin receptor, Receptor endotelina ETB, Vasodilatation, Vasodilation, and Vasodilatación

Administration of the ovarian hormone relaxin to nonpregnant rats vasodilates the renal circulation comparable to pregnancy. This vasodilation is mediated by endothelin (ET), the ETB receptor, and nitric oxide. Furthermore, endogenous relaxin mediates the renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration that occur during gestation. The goal of this study was to investigate whether myogenic reactivity of small renal and mesenteric arteries is reduced in relaxin-treated rats comparable to the pregnant condition. Relaxin or vehicle was administered to virgin female Long-Evans rats for 5 days at 4 μg/h, thereby producing midgestational blood levels of the hormone. The myogenic responses of small renal arteries (200-300 μm in diameter) isolated from these animals were evaluated in an isobaric arteriograph system. Myogenic reactivity was significantly reduced in the small renal arteries from relaxin-treated compared with vehicle-treated rats. The reduced myogenic responses were mediated by the ETB receptor and nitric oxide since the selective ETB receptor antagonist RES-701-1 and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester restored myogenic reactivity to virgin levels. The influence of relaxin was not limited to the renal circulation because myogenic reactivity was also reduced in small mesenteric arteries isolated from relaxin-treated rats. Thus relaxin administration to nonpregnant rats mimics pregnancy, insofar as myogenic reactivity of small renal and mesenteric arteries is reduced in both conditions.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Food science technology, Sciences technologies alimentaires, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Industries agroalimentaires, Food industries, Industries des poissons et des produits de la pêche, Fish and seafood industries, Productions animales, Animal productions, Aquiculture animale, Animal aquaculture, Aquiculture des vertébrés, Vertebrate aquaculture, Pisciculture, Alimentation animale, Animal feeding, Alimentación animal, Huile alimentaire, Edible oil, Aceite alimentario, Huile animale, Animal oil, Aceite animal, Huile végétale, Vegetable oil, Aceite vegetal, Lipide, Lipids, Lípido, Pisciculture, Piscicultura, Poisson comestible, Edible fish, Pescado comestible, Acide gras polyinsaturé, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Acido graso poliinsaturado, Composé volatil, Volatile compound, Compuesto volátil, Huile lin, Linseed oil, Aceite linaza, Huile poisson, Fish oil, Aceite pescado, Huile soja, Soybean oil, Aceite soya, Odeur, Odor, Olor, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxidación, Propriété organoleptique, Organoleptic properties, Propiedad organoléptica, Régime alimentaire enrichi, Supplemented diet, Régimen alimenticio enriquecido, Turbot, Rodaballo, and Psetta maxima

Les effets d'une alimentation à base d'huile de poisson, de soja ou de lin sur l'odeur de la chair de turbot sont étudiés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et olfactométrie. Parmi les composés responsables de l'odeur détectés, 23 proviennent de l'oxydation des acides gras insaturés et dépendent de l'alimentation de l'animal. Les composés volatils qui ne sont pas formés par ce mécanisme ne sont pas influencés par le régime alimentaire du poisson.
Odour-active compounds in muscle of turbot (Psetta maxima) fed experimental diets containing fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) were investigated by a gas chromatographylolfactometry technique. Thirty-one areas associated with odours were detected in muscle extracts. Among the compounds responsible for these odours, 23 were formed by oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Independently of diet, (E)-2-penten-1-ol and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol contribute strongly to the odour of turbot. (E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal, (E)-2-pentenal and (E,E)-1,3-(Z)-5-octatriene seem to contribute strongly to the odour of turbot fed diets containing high levels of n-3 PUFA (FO and LO groups). Hexanal and decanal show a high detection frequency in turbot fed diets containing vegetable oils. Odorous compounds which are not formed by lipid oxidation (methional, 1-acetyl pyrazine, 4-ethyl benzaldehyde and 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline) were not affected by dietary lipid sources.