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1. 100 years of thermal spray: About the inventor Max Ulrich Schoop [2013]

  • SIEGMANN, Stephan and ABERT, Christoph
  • Proceedings of the fifth Workshop RIPT (Les Rencontres Internationales sur la Projection Thermique), 7th to 9th December 2011, Limoges, FranceSurface & coatings technology. 220:3-13
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Projection à chaud, Hot spraying, Proyección en caliente, Spritzen, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, 100 years thermal spray technology, About the inventor, Episodes from his life, and Max Ulrich Schoop
Abstract
The Swiss inventor Max Ulrich Schoop is believed to be the father of thermal spray technology, as he submitted the first two patents in Germany and Switzerland for a metal spraying process delivering dense metallic coatings in the year 1909. This invention was based on the well known observation of his children shooting with Flobert guns in the garden, where the lead bullets formed splats when hitting the wall. But who was this Mr. Schoop? Max Ulrich Schoop completed his basic school in Zurich and apprenticeship in graphic processes at the Kronenberg Institute in Allgäu (Germany). After that he returned to Switzerland as a photographer's assistant and later on as a portrait retoucher. As his oldest brother Paul worked as a director of a factory for batteries, Schoop was sent to the Moscow branch, where he left due to health reasons and went to Nizhny―Novgorod as a French and piano teacher. When he returned to Zurich in 1895 he started to study Physics and Electrotechnology at the Technical University of Zurich. After that he went to Vienna and Cologne, back in the accumulator business. In the year 1903 he went to Paris, where he invented the welding of aluminium. In order to market his invention he travelled to the United States of America where he also met Thomas Alva Edison in the year 1907. Schoop then returned to Zurich and opened his own laboratory in the year 1910 to further develop the thermal spray technology for the next 35 years. He finally died in Zurich on February 29, 1956 at the age of 85. May this summary elucidate this brilliant person at the centenary of the first thermal spray patent application.

2. The effects of plasma nitriding pretreatment in steel substrates on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films [2014]

  • IRALA, D. R, FONTANA, L. C, SAGAS, J. C, and MACIEL, H. S
  • Surface & coatings technology. 240:154-159
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Méthodes de dépôt de films et de revêtements; croissance de films et épitaxie, Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Traitements thermiques, Heat treatment, Traitements thermochimiques et traitements par diffusion, Thermochemical treatment and diffusion treatment, Surface treatment, Acier non allié, Carbon steels, Activité catalytique, Catalyst activity, Actividad catalítica, Couche mince, Thin films, Dépôt physique phase vapeur, Physical vapor deposition, Magnétron, Magnetrons, Nitruration, Nitridation, Oxyde de titane, Titanium oxide, Titanio óxido, Titanoxid, Plasma, Prétraitement, Pretreatment, Pretratamiento, Pulvérisation irradiation, Sputtering, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Traitement thermochimique, Thermochemical treatment, Tratamiento termoquímico, Thermochemische Behandlung, Carbon steel, Magnetron sputtering, Photocatalysis, Plasma nitriding, and TiO2
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative study of TiO2 films deposited on plasma nitrided and non-nitrided carbon steel substrates. It is well known that plasma nitriding contributes to increase film adhesion and corrosion resistance of the substrate. However, most studies about photocatalytic properties of TiO2 on steel substrates do not address the use of nitrided carbon steel. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the deposition of photocatalytic TiO2 film on nitrided carbon steel, obtained through a duplex treatment of plasma nitriding and reactive plasma sputtering deposition. TiO2 films were deposited on nitrided and non-nitrided AISI 1015 steel samples. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by monitoring the effect of photoinduced hydrophilicity and through the degradation of methylene blue dye (MB). The pretreatment by plasma nitriding increases the substrate surface roughness and improves the growth of rutile phase. The roughness of the substrate surface affects wettability only when the TiO2 film is not photoactivated. All samples become super-hydrophilic upon UV irradiation and remaining in this state for at least 24 h. A slightly higher performance in photocatalysis of MB is obtained by TiO2 film deposited on non-nitrided substrate.

3. The effects of coating parameters on the quality of TiB2―TiC composite phase coating on the surface of Cu―Cr―Zr alloy electrode [2014]

  • PING LUO, SHIJIE DONG, ZHIXIONG XIE, ANZHUO YANGLI, and WEI YANG
  • Surface & coatings technology. 253:132-138
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Borure de titane, Titanium boride, Titanio boruro, Titanborid, Carbure de titane, Titanium carbide, Titanio carburo, Titancarbid, Electrode, Electrodes, Matériau composite, Composite materials, Qualité, Quality, Calidad, Qualitaet, Revêtement composite, Composite coating, Revestimiento compuesto, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Coating parameters, Coating quality, Copper alloy electrode, and Titanium diboride-titanium carbide
Abstract
To improve the lifetime of electrodes used for the resistance spot welding of Zn-coated steel sheets, a TiB2―TiC composite coating was fused onto the surface of spot welding electrodes using an electro-spark deposition (ESD) process. Different processing parameters were studied in order to improve the quality of the electrode coating. The microstructure, elemental composition, phase structure, and mechanical properties of the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microhardness testing. When TiB2―TiC is deposited onto the electrodes in air, extensive coating defects occur within the bulk TiB2―TiC coating and at the interface with the electrode; however, coating defects are significantly reduced when the TiB2―TiC is deposited in argon. Delamination and oxidation of the TiB2―TiC coating were prevented and the number of cracks diminished. When TiB2―TiC was deposited in air on an electrode pre-coated with Ni, almost all coating defects were eliminated. The TiB2―TiC coated directly onto electrodes in air was found to have the lowest average microhardness of HV50 650, and the average hardness values obtained in argon and with Ni-coated electrodes were about HV50 1050 and HV50 1080, respectively. A heat-affected zone (HAZ) of about 20 μm in depth within the substrate was observed near the interface between the coating and the substrate for all coating conditions.

4. The effect of curing time and curing temperature on the corrosion behavior of nanosilica modified potassium silicate coatings on AA2024 [2014]

  • BAHRI, H, DANAEE, I, and RASHED, G. R
  • Surface & coatings technology. 254:305-312
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Corrosion, Action des agents de corrosion, Corrosion environments, Alliage base aluminium, Aluminium base alloys, Corrosion, Dépôt conversion, Conversion coating, Depósito conversión, Konversionsbeschichten, Revêtement, Coatings, Température, Temperature, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Aluminum 2024, Nanosilica, and Silicate conversion coatings
Abstract
Nanosilica modified potassium silicate conversion coatings were deposited on the surface of 2024 aluminum alloy. The corrosion behavior of coatings was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and the surface analyzing techniques. The effect of curing time and the curing temperature was studied on anti-corrosion behavior of coatings. Curing temperature showed a significant effect in silicate conversion coating and higher corrosion resistance was obtained with 150 °C curing temperature. Also the experimental results indicated that the corrosion resistance was increased with increasing the curing time. This behavior can be related to the increase of the silicate coating continuity and reinforcement of the siloxane chains which formed on the surface. Surface analysis results indicated that the coating obtained from 2.33 silica ratio was more uniform and continuous.

5. The effect of cold sprayed coatings on the mechanical properties of AZ91D magnesium alloys [2014]

  • YUMING XIONG and ZHANG, Ming-Xing
  • Surface & coatings technology. 253:89-95
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Alliage base magnésium, Magnesium base alloys, Dépôt projection, Spray coatings, Matériau composite, Composite materials, Projection à chaud, Hot spraying, Proyección en caliente, Spritzen, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Revêtement composite, Composite coating, Revestimiento compuesto, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Cold spray, Magnesium alloys, and Mechanical property
Abstract
Although many previous studies have confirmed that cold sprayed Al + xAl2O3 (x = 0―75 vol.%) composite coatings on magnesium alloys can effectively improve wear and corrosion resistance, the effect of such coatings on tensile and fatigue properties is still unclear. The present work aims to evaluate the tensile properties and fatigue resistance of an AZ91D alloy with cold sprayed Al + xAl2O3 (x = 0,30, 50 vol.%) coatings. The experimental results showed that although the cold spray coating leads to an increase in yield strength and fatigue limit, the tensile strength is reduced. In-situ examination of the macro-morphology of surfaces of the coated specimens during tensile testing was carried out through video recording. It indicated that once the tensile specimens have yielded, horizontal cracks that were perpendicular to the tensile axis formed on the surface of the specimens. Fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens in a scanning electron microscope revealed that all the cracks within the cold sprayed coatings were suspended at the coating/substrate interface. Based on these experimental observations, it is considered that the improved yield strength is attributed to the constraint effect of the cold sprayed composite coatings on the magnesium substrate. The enhanced fatigue limit is a result of the higher yield strength and the coating/substrate interface barrier to crack propagation. The decrease in tensile strength is attributed to the brittle fracture of the cold sprayed coatings when yielding of the specimens.

6. The effect of calcination temperatures on wear properties of TiO2 coated CP-Ti [2014]

  • COMAKLI, O, YETIM, T, and CELIK, A
  • Surface & coatings technology. 246:34-39
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Frottement. Usure, Contact of materials. Friction. Wear, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Oxyde de titane, Titanium oxide, Titanio óxido, Titanoxid, Procédé sol gel, Sol-gel process, Température, Temperature, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Tribologie, Tribology, Usure, Wear, CP-Ti, Calcination, Sol-gel, and TiO2
Abstract
Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) is commonly used as an implant material especially for orthopedic and dental treatments in biomedical applications. This material shows insufficient tribological properties. Some surface treatments were applied on surface CP-Ti in order to improve tribological properties of the CP-Ti. Among these techniques, sol-gel coating process was used for this purpose. In this study, CP-Ti was coated by TiO2 film with sol-gel dip coating process. Coated samples were calcined at the various temperatures. The effects of calcination temperature on the wear performance of the coated films were observed. It was observed that the hardness, elastic modulus, surface roughness, friction coefficient and wear resistance values of coated samples were higher than the uncoated CP-Ti values. Also, these properties of coated samples increased with increasing of calcination temperature. The intensity of the rutile-TiO2 phase increased with the calcination temperatures. It was determined that rutile-TiO2 structure showed self-lubrication like behavior. The best tribological properties were obtained from the sample calcinated at 900 °C.

7. The effect of bath aging on the microstructure of anodic oxide layers on AA1050 [2014]

  • SCHNEIDER, M and KREMMER, K
  • Surface & coatings technology. 246:64-70
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Autres traitements de surface, Other surface treatments, Alliage base aluminium, Aluminium base alloys, Anodisation, Anodizing, Conception, Design, Couche oxyde, Oxide layer, Capa óxido, Oxidschicht, Microstructure, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxyde anodique, Anodic oxide, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Vieillissement, Aging, Aluminum anodizing, Bath aging, Oxide layer microstructure, and Pore design
Abstract
During the aluminum anodization the anodizing electrolyte changes over time and is well-known as bath aging. This alteration of the bath is mainly caused by the impact of Al3+ ions and ions of alloying elements as well as the consumption of protons. It is shown that the higher the Al3+ concentration the higher the pH value and the electrical resistance of the bath. Consequently, the oxide formation rate decreases, whereby the efficiency of layer formation increases. This work is focused on the effect of the ongoing bath aging on the microstructure of the anodic oxide layers formed on AA1050. It illustrates the fact that the ongoing bath aging significantly influences the morphology, the thickness and the pore structure of the oxide layers that are formed, but does not influence the barrier layer thickness. The pore diameter decreases with ongoing bath aging. As a direct consequence the hardness of the oxide layer increases and the pore diameter decreases.

8. The effect of Mn1.5Co1.5O4 coatings on the development of near surface microstructure for Haynes 230 oxidized at 800 °C in air [2014]

  • MAGDEFRAU, Neal J, LEI CHEN, SUN, Ellen Y, and AINDOW, Mark
  • Surface & coatings technology. 242:109-117
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Air, Alliage base nickel, Nickel base alloys, Développement, Ontogenesis, Microstructure, Oxydation, Oxidation, Pile combustible oxyde solide, Solid oxide fuel cells, Revêtement, Coatings, Superalliage, Superalloys, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Electron microscopy, Nickel base superalloy, and Solid oxide fuel cell interconnects
Abstract
The effect of reactively sintered Mn1.5Co1.5O4 (MCO) coatings on the development of surface microstructure for Haynes 230 (H230) oxidized in air at 800 °C has been studied using a combination of thermo-gravimetric analysis and electron microscopy techniques. The bare alloy exhibits a parabolic rate constant of 8.8 × 10―9 mg2cm―4 s―1 and forms a two-layer oxide scale with a continuous chromia layer and a thinner discontinuous MnCr2O4 overlayer. For the MCO-coated H230, the reduction step of the reactive sintering process converts the MCO coating to a mixture of Co and MnO with a thin Cr-rich oxide layer at the interface with the alloy substrate. Following the re-oxidation step, there is a 200 nm chromia layer and a 400 nm cubic spinel reaction layer (RL) between the alloy and the MCO. These layers thicken to 800 nm and 1.2 μm, respectively after 1000 h oxidation. These observations are compared to our previous studies of MCO-coated Crofer 22 APU, and the implications for long-term SOFC performance are discussed.

9. The characterization of the oxide based coating synthesized on pure zirconium by plasma electrolytic oxidation [2014]

  • CENGIZ, Sezgin and GENCER, Yucel
  • Surface & coatings technology. 242:132-140
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Dépôt de matériaux non métalliques, Nonmetallic coatings, Céramique, Ceramics, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxyde de zirconium, Zirconium oxide, Zirconio óxido, Zirconiumoxid, Plasma, Revêtement non métallique, Non metal coating, Revestimiento no metálico, Nichtmetallischer Ueberzug, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Ceramic coating, PEO, Plasma electrolytic oxidation, and Pure zirconium
Abstract
The pure zirconium metal was coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation in silicate containing basic electrolyte for the cumulative periods of 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min successively for the total coating duration of 120 min. The phase content, surface morphology and chemical composition of the PEO coating were characterized by XRD, SEM and profilometry after each coating time successively. The equiaxed clusters unique to Zr were formed on the surface of the coating. The number of plasma channels decreased but the sizes and intensities of the sparks increased by increasing the process duration and consequently the amount of materials ejaculated through these channels increased. The thickness and the surface roughness of the coating were increased by the process duration. The presence of cracks and pores resulted in a lower value of microhardness of the coating compared to the theoretical value of ZrO2. The plasma channels containing Si rich and radially grown Zr rich crystals were clearly observed from the cross sectional examination of intentionally created fracture surface. The characterizations carried out upon successive coating and successive removal of this coating confirmed that monoclinic ZrO2/tetragonal ZrO2 ratio was not changing with coating thickness.

10. The adhesion and corrosion resistance of Ti-O films on CoCrMo alloy fabricated by high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) [2014]

  • CHEN, Sh, WU, B. H, SUN, H, XIE, D, JIANG, F, LIU, J, SUN, H. L, SHENGFA ZHU, BAI, B, LENG, Y. X, and HUANG, N
  • Surface & coatings technology. 252:8-14
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Corrosion, Action des agents de corrosion, Corrosion environments, Adhérence, Adhesion, Corrosion, Dépôt physique phase vapeur, Physical vapor deposition, Magnétron, Magnetrons, Pulvérisation irradiation, Sputtering, Résistance corrosion, Corrosion resistance, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, High power pulsed magnetron sputtering, Tensile strain, and Ti-O film
Abstract
In order to explore the potential application on cardiovascular stent, titanium oxide films were fabricated on CoCrMo alloy substrate by high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS). The effect of Ti interlayer and thickness of Ti-O film on the film adhesion was investigated by the scratch test and tension test. After different tensile strain, the corrosion behavior of Ti-O coated CoCrMo alloy and bare CoCrMo alloy was also investigated by polarization tests. The results showed that the deposition of Ti interlayer can obviously improve the film adhesion and the film adhesion decreased with film thickness increase. In addition, the 30 nm Ti-O film with 10 nm Ti interlayer had excellent adhesion and it could withstand 30% relative elongation without obvious delamination. The corrosion resistance of Ti-O coated CoCrMo alloy was superior to bare CoCrMo alloy after different tensile strain. Due to its good adhesion and corrosion resistance after different tensile strain, the HPPMS Ti-O film had a potential application on CoCrMo alloy cardiovascular stent surface modification.

11. Temperature effect on the microstructural development of Al-Ni layered binary couples produced by an unconventional method [2014]

  • CELKO, L, DE LA TORRE, S. Díaz, KLAKURKOVA, L, KAISER, J, SMETANA, B, SLAMECKA, K, ZALUDOVA, M, and SVEJCAR, J
  • Surface & coatings technology. 258:95-101
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Calorimétrie, Calorimetry, Composé intermétallique, Intermetallic compounds, Développement, Ontogenesis, Effet température, Temperature effects, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microstructure, Projection à chaud, Hot spraying, Proyección en caliente, Spritzen, Température, Temperature, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Aluminide miscellaneous, Aluminium, and Thermal spraying
Abstract
In this work, the authors have used an unconventional experimental route that consists of (i) deposition of a nickel coating onto an aluminium substrate and (ii) the subsequent heat treatment of created couple in order to produce intermetallic-layered structures, hypereutectic or bulk aluminide intermetallic alloys. The procedure was conducted by controlling chemical concentrations in the Al-rich corner of Al-Ni binary system. The couple was prepared by high velocity oxyfuel spraying of 99.0 wt.% Ni powder onto the surface of 99.999 wt.% Al sheet. The specimens for heat treatment were manufactured immediately after the spraying. The heat treatment was carried out in a differential thermal analysis apparatus by using the temperature range of 600―1200 °C, thus considering the solid state, transient liquid as well as liquid phase of aluminium, with a constant heating/cooling rate of 5 °C/min in an argon atmosphere. Microstructural development of produced alloys was studied by conventional metallography and scanning electron microscopy. Formed intermetallic layers and compounds were evaluated by using energy dispersive microanalysis and image analysis techniques. The development of a novel ultra-fine eutectic alloy is reported.

12. Temperature dependence of the residual stresses and mechanical properties in TiN/CrN nanolayered coatings processed by cathodic arc deposition [2014]

  • LOMELLO, F, ARAB POUR YAZDI, M, SANCHETTE, F, SCHUSTER, F, TABARANT, M, and BILLARD, A
  • Surface & coatings technology. 238:216-222
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Dépôt de matériaux non métalliques, Nonmetallic coatings, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Chrome, Chromium, Contrainte résiduelle, Residual stresses, Effet température, Temperature effects, Nitrure de chrome, Chromium nitride, Cromo nitruro, Chromnitrid, Nitrure de titane, Titanium nitride, Titanio nitruro, Titannitrid, Procédé dépôt, Deposition process, Procedimiento revestimiento, Beschichtungsverfahren, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Revêtement non métallique, Non metal coating, Revestimiento no metálico, Nichtmetallischer Ueberzug, Température, Temperature, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Tribologie, Tribology, Cathodic arc deposition, Superlattices, Titanium and chromium nitrides, and Tribological properties
Abstract
Nanolayered TiN―CrN coatings were synthesized by cathodic arc deposition (CAD) on M2 tool steel substrates. The aim of this study was to establish a double-correlation between the influence of the bilayer period and the deposition temperature on the resulting mechanical―tribological properties. The superlattice hardening enhancement was observed in samples deposited at different temperatures ― i.e. without additional heating, 300 °C and 400 °C. Nonetheless, the residual compressive stresses are believed to be the responsible for reducing the hardness enhancement when the deposition temperature was increased. For instance, sample deposited without additional heating presented a hardness of 48.5 ± 1.3 GPa, while by increasing the processing temperature up to 400 °C it was reduced down to 31.2 ± 4.1 GPa due to the stress relaxation. Indeed, the sample deposited at low temperature which possesses the thinnest bilayer period (13 nm) exhibited better mechanical properties. On the contrary, the role of the interfaces introduced when the period is decreased seems to rule the wear resistance.

13. Tailoring the physicochemical and mechanical properties of optical copper-cobalt oxide thin films through annealing treatment [2014]

  • AMRI, Amun, JIANG, Zhong-Tao, XIAOLI ZHAO, ZONGHAN XIE, YIN, Chun-Yang, ALI, Nurshahidah, MONDINOS, Nick, MAHBUBUR RAHMAN, M, and HABIBI, Daryoush
  • Surface & coatings technology. 239:212-221
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Méthodes de dépôt de films et de revêtements; croissance de films et épitaxie, Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Couche mince, Thin films, Couche oxyde, Oxide layer, Capa óxido, Oxidschicht, Etat solide, Solid state, Estado sólido, Fester Zustand, Modélisation, Modelling, Méthode élément fini, Finite element method, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxyde de cobalt, Cobalt oxide, Cobalto óxido, Cobaltoxid, Oxyde de cuivre, Copper oxide, Cobre óxido, Kupferoxid, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propriété physicochimique, Physicochemical properties, Propiedad fisicoquímica, Recuit, Annealing, Revêtement, Coatings, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Traitement thermique, Heat treatments, Copper―cobalt oxides, Finite element modeling, Solid state ionics, and Thin film coating
Abstract
Sol―gel dip-coated optical coatings, copper―cobalt oxides on aluminum substrates, were thermally treated at different annealing temperatures in the range 500―650 °C. The resulting films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV―Vis―NIR spectrophotometry and nanoindentation techniques. The crystallinity of CoCu2O3 enhanced significantly, with increasing annealing temperature from 500 to 650 °C, while the electronic structure and bonding states of the copper―cobalt oxides matrix remained unchanged. UV―Vis―NIR analysis showed that the solar absorptance (α) of the coatings changed with increase of annealing temperature and an optimum α (84.4%) was achieved at 550 °C, which also coincides to the maximum tensile residual stress of the coating. Nanoindentation tests exhibited an increasing trend in both the hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E) of the coatings with increase in annealing temperature, although a slight decrease in the H/E ratio was also observed. The experimental studies were complemented by finite element modeling (FEM). The results showed that, under mechanical loading, the stress deformation and plastic deformation were concentrated within the coating layers. As such, the likelihood of delamination of the coating layer upon unloading would be reduced.

14. Tailoring solubility and drug release from electrophoretic deposited chitosan―gelatin films on titanium [2014]

  • PATEL, Kapil D, SINGH, Rajendra K, LEE, Eun-Jung, HAN, Cheol-Min, WON, Jong-Eun, KNOWLES, Jonathan C, and KIM, Hae-Won
  • Surface & coatings technology. 242:232-236
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Dépôt électrophorèse, Electrophoresis coating, Depósito electrofóresis, Elektrophoretisches Beschichten, Matériau composite, Composite materials, Revêtement composite, Composite coating, Revestimiento compuesto, Solubilité, Solubility, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Chitosan, Composite coatings, Degradation, Drug eluting, Electrophoretic deposition, and Gelatin
Abstract
We prepared chitosan―gelatin (Chi―Gel) composite coatings on Ti via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method for utilization in tissue repair and drug delivery. Uniform coatings were produced over a wide compositional range (0―75% Gel) with coating gains dependent on the EPD parameters including voltage and time. Coating degradation increased as the Gel content increased, with 16―54% weight losses after 3 weeks of immersion in phosphate buffered saline. Ampicillin, used as a model drug, was successfully incorporated within the coatings during the EPD process, and the release was highly sustainable with no burst effect up to a month, proving the potential of these materials as long-term drug eluting coatings. The release rate was dependent on the coating degradation, i.e., the more degradable with increasing Gel content, suggesting a rate-controllable drug release by a compositional change. Preliminary cell tests showed favorable cell adhesion and spreading on the composite coatings, with significant improvement in cell proliferation as Gel content increased. While more in-depth biological assays remain, the Chi―Gel might be useful as a drug eluting electrophoretic coating system on metallic implants for tissue repair.

15. Ta-containing coatings formed on titanium and stainless steel by plasma electrolytic oxidation and/or extraction pyrolysis [2014]

  • RUDNEV, V. S, MEDKOV, M. A, LUKIYANCHUK, I. V, STEBLEVSKAYA, N. I, KILIN, K. N, and BELOBELETSKAYA, M. V
  • Surface & coatings technology. 258:1232-1238
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Acier inoxydable, Stainless steels, Extraction, Oxydation, Oxidation, Plasma, Pyrolyse, Pyrolysis, Revêtement, Coatings, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Extraction-pyrolysis method, Oxide coatings, Plasma electrolytic oxidation, Stainless steel, Ta2O5, and Titanium
Abstract
Coatings with up to 20 at.% of tantalum and phases of Ta2O5, Ta2O5 • TiO2, and TiO2 have been formed on titanium in an aqueous electrolyte containing NH4[TaF6] by means of the method of plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO). The addition of ethylene glycol into the electrolyte enables one to change the morphology and phase composition of resulting coatings. By combining the PEO and extraction-pyrolysis (EP) methods, layered coatings composed, in the upper part, of alternating elevations with predominant content of tantalum oxides and lows containing titanium oxides and calcium phosphates. The sizes of elevations and lows are about 10 μm. Layers consisting predominantly of tantalum oxides of a thickness of 3 μm have been formed on stainless steel by means of the EP method. The composition and structure of the obtained coatings make it possible to recommend their use in tests as biocompatible or bioinert media for deposition on titanium or steel implants, stents, or catheters.

16. Synthesis of porous ZnO/TiO2 thin films with superhydrophilicity and photocatalytic activity via a template-free sol-gel method [2014]

  • YANFENG CHEN, CHAOJIE ZHANG, WEIXIN HUANG, CHUNXIAO YANG, TAO HUANG, YUE SITU, and HONG HUANG
  • Surface & coatings technology. 258:531-538
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Méthodes de dépôt de films et de revêtements; croissance de films et épitaxie, Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Activité catalytique, Catalyst activity, Actividad catalítica, Couche mince, Thin films, Oxyde de titane, Titanium oxide, Titanio óxido, Titanoxid, Procédé sol gel, Sol-gel process, Synthèse, Synthesis, Séparation phase, Phase separation, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Photocatalytic performance, Porous structure, Superhydrophilic, Surface hydroxyl, and ZnO/TiO2 thin film
Abstract
Superhydrophilicity of TiO2 thin film under natural conditions is of great importance for antifogging and self-cleaning applications of glass products. Transparent superhydrophilic porous ZnO/TiO2 composite films were prepared on glass substrates using a template-free sol-gel method. The results indicated that the porous ZnO (10%)/TiO2 composite film possesses superhydrophilicity with water contact angle less than 5° without UV irradiation. Surface chemical composition of the films was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphologies of the porous films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The porous morphology, crystal structure and surface chemical composition were significantly affected by ZnO addition. The natural superhydrophilic performance was attributed to the synergistic effect of the porous structure and surface hydroxyl groups. Photocatalytic activities of the ZnO/TiO2 composites were also evaluated using methyl orange (MO) as a model pollutant, with 78.1% of MO degraded by ZnO (10%)/TiO2, which was higher than 49.3% obtained from pure TiO2.

17. Synthesis of meso-crystalline Al2O3 nano-platelet coatings using combustion chemical vapor deposition (C-CVD) [2014]

  • DHONGE, Baban P, MATHEWS, Tom, and TYAGI, A. K
  • Surface & coatings technology. 254:418-422
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Alumine, Alumina, Combustion, Dépôt chimique phase vapeur, CVD, Dépôt chimique, Chemical deposition, Depósito químico, Stromloses Beschichten, Dépôt phase vapeur, Vapor deposition, Revêtement, Coatings, Synthèse, Synthesis, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Combustion-CVD, Fused and isolated platelets, Meso-crystalline Al2O3, and Nano-platelets
Abstract
Meso-crystalline alumina (Al2O3) coatings having a nano-platelet microstructure were synthesized using an indigenously designed combustion chemical vapor deposition facility. Aluminum acetylacetonate of 0.001 to 0.005 M concentrations dissolved in ethanol was used as the precursor. Ultrasonically atomized precursor aerosols were fed coaxially into a flame, where it underwent evaporation followed by decomposition on a substrate kept in the flame. The deposition was carried out at 1150 ± 15 °C. Microstructures consisting of vertically standing isolated and fused hexagonal alumina platelets were obtained using 0.003 M and 0.005 M precursor concentrations, respectively. At lower concentrations (0.001 M) platelets of irregular shapes were observed. The meso-crystalline platelets were of 1.0 to 1.5 μm length and 50 to 100 nm thickness.

18. Synthesis of fused mullite and its use in multifunctional nickel based composite coating [2014]

  • SRIVASTAVA, Meenu, MUNIPRAKASH, M, and SINGH, S. K
  • Surface & coatings technology. 245:148-155
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Frottement. Usure, Contact of materials. Friction. Wear, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Alliage base nickel, Nickel base alloys, Matériau composite, Composite materials, Mullite, Plasma, Revêtement composite, Composite coating, Revestimiento compuesto, Stabilité thermique, Thermal stability, Synthèse, Synthesis, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Tribologie, Tribology, Usure, Wear, Arc thermal plasma reactor, Fused mullite, Ni―mullite, Potentiodynamic polarization, and Wear behavior
Abstract
Fused mullite, a commonly used refractory material has been synthesized and adopted in the present study as reinforcement in the nickel composite coating. The composite has been developed through electrodeposition method. The thermal stability of Ni―mullite composite in terms of microhardness was studied at temperatures up to 800 °C and compared with Ni―SiC, a commercialized wear resistant coating. The microhardness of as deposited electroforms was similar for both Ni―mullite and Ni-SiC composites (400 Hk). A marginal decrease in the microhardness of Ni―mullite occurred at 600 °C while, significant reduction was observed beyond 400 °C for Ni―SiC coating. Thus, the Ni―mullite composite has higher thermal stability compared to Ni-SiC. The tribological studies showed that the wear volume loss for Ni―mullite is 2.38 × 70―5 mm3/m while, of Ni-SiC it is 9.58 × 10―5 mm3/m under identical conditions. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance showed that the corrosion resistance of Ni―mullite composite is better compared to Ni―SiC. Thus, Ni―mullite is a multifunctional coating.

19. Synthesis and fabrication of NiAl coatings with Ti underlayer using induction heating [2014]

  • TRI WIDODO BESAR RIYADI, TAO ZHANG, MARCHANT, Denis, and XIAOMENG ZHU
  • Surface & coatings technology. 258:154-159
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Chauffe induction, Induction heating, Couche interfaciale, Interfacial layer, Capa interfacial, Fabrication, Revêtement, Coatings, Synthèse, Synthesis, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, NiAl coating, SHS, and Ti underlayer
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a new technique to synthesize and fabricate NiAl coatings on a steel substrate in one processing step. Induction heating was used as the ignition source to initiate the self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction of Ni/Al, while titanium was used as the underlayer to facilitate the adhesion between the coating and the substrate. The temperature profiles during the process were measured to monitor the heating and synthesis reaction in the coating and underlayer. The microstructure and the phase compositions of the synthesized products were studied using SEM and XRD. The results showed that the SHS reactions of Ni/Al produced stoichiometric and substoichiometric NiAl such as Ni0.58Al0.42 and Ni1.04Al0.96 in the coating. The Ti underlayer joined the reaction. The reacted part changed into Ti3Al-Ti2Ni composite and the unreacted Ti formed an alloy with the NiAl. The mechanical properties of the synthesized products, evaluated using Vickers indentation, showed that the hardness of the underlayer was higher than that of the coatings and substrate, while the test at the substrate/underlayer interface indicated that the existence of a Ti underlayer had improved the adhesion between the coating and the substrate.

20. Synthesis and characterization of hybrid aminopropyl silane-based coatings on stainless steel substrates [2014]

  • HANETHO, S. M, KAUS, I, BOUZGA, A, SIMON, C, GRANDE, T, and EINARSRUD, M.-A
  • Surface & coatings technology. 238:1-8
Subjects
General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Surface treatment, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Abrasion, Acier inoxydable, Stainless steels, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Revêtement, Coatings, Résistance usure, Wear resistance, Synthèse, Synthesis, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, Tribologie, Tribology, Usure abrasive, Abrasive wear, Desgaste abrasivo, Abrasivverschleiss, Abrasion resistance, Gamma-APS, and Hybrid materials
Abstract
Transparent and homogeneous hybrid aminopropyl silane-based coatings on steel were prepared by the sol-gel method using hydrolyzed γ-APS as a precursor. The coatings were fabricated by dip coating, and the effect of pH, water/silane ratio and solvent/silane ratio during the coating process was investigated with respect to thermal stability, coating thickness, roughness, contact angle and abrasion resistance. The thickness of the coatings was controlled by the preparation conditions as well as the viscosity of the sols and varied between 0.17 and 4.1 μm. The coatings were in general smooth and the roughness was in the order of a few nanometer. The coatings possessed hydrophilic character with contact angles of water from 65 to 80°, while organic pentadecane wetted the coatings. The abrasion resistance improved with decreasing pH of the water used during hydrolysis of the silane. The abrasion resistant properties of the coatings were characterized with respect to delamination and smearing. Thicker coatings were delaminated while thinner coatings were smeared and displayed lubricating properties. The coatings were thermally stable up to 350 °C, and also displayed a low pore volume and a low surface area.

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