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Fuuta Tooro, Coppe Mangay, and Omar ibn Saïd

Cet article a un double objectif. Premièrement, il explore les origines de l’esclave musulman Omar ibn Saïd du Fuuta Tooro décrites dans son autobiographie, datée de 1831, et dans ses autres écrits. Deuxièmement, il pose la question du partage du patrimoine d’Omar avec les populations du Fuuta Tooro. En effet, l’autobiographie de l’esclave musulman Omar ibn Saïd a été présentée à la communauté scientifique par la Bibliothèque du Congrès aux États-Unis en 2017. La redécouverte de ce manuscrit de quinze pages restituant des éléments biographiques d’Omar ibn Saïd a attiré l’intérêt d’acteurs très différents de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique. Ce serait le seul manuscrit, conservé aux États-Unis, écrit en arabe ajami, de la main d’un esclave, originaire de la région de Fuuta Tooro, au Sénégal, au XIXe siècle. De plus, se pose aussi la question du retour symbolique de son œuvre intégrale inédite en Afrique afin qu’elle soit partagée avec son peuple d’origine. Un voyage de dix jours au Fuuta Tooro et au-delà nous a permis de montrer les manuscrits d’Omar aux imams et aux locuteurs et traducteurs arabes et pulaar et de mener des entretiens dans le but d’identifier son village natal. Cet article contribue à l’enrichissement des connaissances sur les origines africaines des esclaves musulmans noirs. De plus, il lance le débat sur le partage du patrimoine des anciens esclaves avec le continent africain en vue de la réconciliation des Africains-Américains avec la terre de leurs ancêtres.
This article has a dual purpose. First, it explores the origins of Muslim slave Omar ibn Saïd from Fuuta Tooro, as described in his autobiography, dated 1831, and in his other writings. Secondly, it raises the question of how Omar’s legacy is to be shared with the people of Fuuta. Indeed, the autobiography of the Muslim slave Omar ibn Saïd was presented to the scientific community by the Library of Congress in the United States in 2017. The rediscovery of this fifteen-page manuscript, which provides biographical details of Omar ibn Saïd, has attracted the interest of very different actors on both sides of the Atlantic. It is believed to be the only manuscript preserved in the United States, written in Ajami Arabic, by the hand of a slave from the Fuuta Tooro of Senegal, in the 19th century. In addition, there is the question of the symbolic return of his complete unpublished work to Africa, to share it with his native people. A ten-day trip to Fuuta Tooro and beyond enabled us to show Omar’s manuscripts to Imams, Arabic, Pulaar speakers and translators, and to conduct interviews with the aim of identifying his village of origin. This article contributes to greater knowledge of the African origins of black Muslim slaves. It also opens up the debate on sharing the heritage of former slaves with the African continent, in order to reconcile African Americans with the land of their ancestors.

PUBLIC service advertising and PRIOR learning

Campaigns use different strategies across communication channels. How does this affect voters? What are the consequences of being exposed to targeted campaign messages? How do voters react when they are exposed to campaign messages that are aimed at different voters? Does mistargeting always punish candidates or does it reward them under certain conditions? In a survey experiment relying on a sample of 1137 U.S. adults, participants evaluated a fictional candidate running for the U.S. Senate after being exposed to various sets of campaign messages originally delivered via e-mail and TV. A fictional candidate was used to prevent the effects of prior knowledge while the campaign information given to the participants was based on a real campaign's e-mails and television ads to achieve a degree of realism. Voters perceive the same candidate differently depending on the messages they receive. Politicians may benefit or suffer from mistargeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarity (Psychology) and Legislative voting

In a previous paper, Kovacs (2010) proposed a generalized relational similarity measure based on iterated correlations of entities in a network calibrated by their relational similarity to other entities. Here I show that, in the case of two-mode network data, Kovacs's approach can be simplified and generalized similarities calculated non-iteratively. The basic idea is to rely on initial similarities calculated from transforming the two-mode data into one-mode projections using the familiar duality approach due to Breiger (1974). I refer to this as two-mode relational similarities and show, using the Southern Women's data and data from Senate voting in the 112th U.S. Congress, that it yields results substantively indistinguishable from Kovacs's iterative strategy. • Previous work introduced two-mode similarity measures using iterated correlations. • This paper proposes non-iterative measures of two-mode similarity using projections. • The two-mode relational similarity performs as well as the iterative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARENTAL influences, RURAL youth, YOUNG adults, TRANSITION to adulthood, RURAL children, TEENAGERS, and ESCALATORS

• Riding with an impaired driver (RWI) and driving while impaired (DWI) pose serious risks to young drivers. • This mixed methods study explored rural-suburban disparities in parent influences on youth RWI/DWI. • Curfews are a shared parental influence on RWI/DWI among rural and suburban youth. • Rural youth recalled parent modeling of DWI throughout their childhood. To explore shared and distinct parental influences on rural and suburban adolescents' riding with an impaired driver (RWI) and driving while impaired (DWI) behaviors during high school. Participants in the NEXT Generation Health Study (NEXT) were classified into four RWI/DWI trajectory classes (i.e., Abstainer, Escalator, Decliner, Persister) which described patterns of RWI/DWI from high school to emerging adulthood. A follow-up, in-depth, qualitative interview was conducted with a purposeful selection of participants from each trajectory class between March and September 2020. Guided by Ecodevelopmental Theory, the interview included questions which explored parent-teen influences on driving and RWI/DWI. Imposition of a curfew was a shared parental influence in rural and suburban contexts. Unique to the rural context, parent modeling of RWI/DWI was described as normative and occurring since childhood. Prevention interventions targeting parent RWI/DWI may reduce their children's risk for RWI/DWI among rural adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AGEISM, HOMOPHOBIA, and SOCIAL constructionism

This piece serves as introduction for the Special Issue: "' I don't know why she swallowed the fly' : On Dubious Cures and Drastic Measures in Post (?) Pandemic Times." A panel presented at the 2023 International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry. Each of 10 performative and poetic essays respond to the prompt and speak to issues of agism, sexism, gender-bias, homophobia, violence, pharmaceutical consumption, medical industry bias, the social construction and consumption of lies, and the potentials of utopian dreams as strategies of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NURSERY rhymes, PUBLIC meetings, AUTOETHNOGRAPHY, and NARRATIVES

Taking as its starting point the nursery rhyme about the old woman who swallowed a fly, this autoethnographic performance text presents a fable of an old woman who first becomes invisible and then realizes that she can reclaim her power, but only once she rids herself of all the "rubbish" she has consumed. The text adopts the traditional format of a play script and references core themes of critical performance studies—gender, power, the body, presence, and meaning. Preserving the integrity of the play script as a literary form, there are no references; however, readers will recognize the implicit theoretical moves in the text. Readers may also note the inevitable challenge of translating the body-in-performance from stage to page. The text was performed by the author for a panel conceived and convened by Bryant Alexander, for the 19th International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhetoric, Dairy industry, Agriculture, Futures, and Plant-based diet

In this essay, I utilize the U.S. Congress' DAIRY PRIDE Act to critique the animal-sourced dairy industry's use of legislative and nutritional discourse to claim the name "dairy" and its analogs. Contextualizing the role of naming, re-naming, and un-naming in environmental communication, I begin with an overview of the U.S. animal-sourced dairy industry's effort to suppress plant-based alternatives through strategic un-naming practices. I call this genre of un-naming "hypocognitive rhetoric." I problematize hypocognitive rhetoric by demonstrating how the U.S. animal-sourced dairy industry uses this rhetorical strategy to obfuscate alternative (more specifically, plant-based) agricultural futures. In claiming dairy's name and painting industrialized, animal-sourced dairying practices as natural, normal, and necessary for human advancement, the animal-sourced dairy industry not only renders invisible the human inequities inherent in animal-sourced dairy production and consumption, but also cloaks the experiences the nonhuman animals used for lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public administration, Household employees, Economic expansion, HIV-positive persons, and Human rights

The Indian Journal of Public Administration's latest issue features fourteen articles and two Notes covering a range of topics. These include an analysis of the election processes for the Speakers of the Indian Lok Sabha and the US House of Representatives, an examination of fiscal discipline and economic growth in India, and a discussion on the role of the judiciary as a bureaucratic and public organization. Other articles explore subjects such as large-scale fortification and public distribution of rice, the effectiveness of e-governance reforms, and the protection of domestic workers and the human rights of HIV-infected persons. The journal provides a valuable resource for those interested in public administration and governance. [Extracted from the article]

Chairman of the board, Housing policy, Trust, Dwellings, and Cabinet system

The Speaker of Lok Sabha in India is regarded as the most important office of legislative functioning. The office of the Speaker is regarded with high esteem and respect in the Parliament. The election of the Lok Sabha Speaker in India carries with it a unanimous trust of different parties in one chair. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is regarded as the presiding officer of the popular chamber there. The Speaker is simultaneously House's presiding officer and the institution's administrative head but he/she is also the parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives. This article attempts to understand the election and overall working of the Speaker's office. This article further explores judicial intervention in the Speaker's office in India in comparison with its counterpart in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COPYRIGHT and ARTIFICIAL intelligence

The author examines the concerns on copyright protection for works generated by computers or artificial intelligence (AI) in the U.S. Topics discussed include the U.S. Copyright Office's position on the issue, a description of generative AI, and a review of the U.S. Constitution's Patents and Copyright Clause and how it interprets the copyright statute.

Utility theory, Alternative investments, Construction projects, Goal (Psychology), and Infrastructure policy

The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), enacted by the US Congress in 2012, establishes seven national infrastructure performance goals that must be considered during funding allocation procedures by state transportation agencies (STAs). These goals' wide range of aspects creates situations where STAs have to deal with conflicting objectives without formal trade-off mechanisms, forcing them to make investments that might be difficult to justify to stakeholders. Moreover, STAs strive to create standard performance metrics that allow the comparison of investment alternatives among different groups of assets. This paper presents a case study on applying a Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) model to make trade-offs among conflicting objectives in different types of transportation construction projects. The case study was conducted on ten construction projects executed by the Iowa Department of Transportation. The case study shows how the proposed MAUT model can be used as an objective mechanism to prioritize infrastructure projects across asset classes to provide the necessary justification for infrastructure policy decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NATIONAL security, BIPARTISANSHIP, and TERRORISM

The National Security Act of 1947 enabled the CIA to "to perform such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the National Security Council [NSC] may from time to time direct." Although intended to establish the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s control over the collection of clandestine foreign intelligence, this language was vague enough to authorize other covert operations (psychological, political, and paramilitary) at the direction of the NSC. Attempts at covert action oversight gained traction only after the exposure of unacknowledged CIA activities. The term "covert action" was not defined in legislation until the 1990s. This article categorizes congressional attempts to establish the parameters and regulate covert action both in terms of prohibiting or enabling such action and of enacting substantive or procedural rules. The success of such attempts has depended heavily on the extent of bipartisan support in Congress. Congress is more likely to choose substantive laws when faced with recent intelligence scandals, and Congress is less likely to create prohibitive laws as bipartisan support increases. These trends are supported by the legislative history of the 1991 Intelligence Authorization Act and the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OVUM, FROZEN human embryos, FERTILITY preservation, and HUMAN in vitro fertilization

Purpose: Assess the rate, rationale, and characteristics of patients who cryopreserved and subsequently discarded their oocytes, and compare their characteristics to patients with continued cryopreservation of oocytes. Methods: All patients who disposed of cryopreserved oocytes between 2009 and 2022 reported their reason for discarding their oocytes. This was a retrospective cohort study. Results: Of 5,010 patients who underwent oocyte cryopreservation (OC) cycles, 201 (4%) patients elected to discard their oocytes and 751 (15%) thawed oocytes for clinical use. The average ages of OC and disposal were 35 and 39 years old, respectively. Of the 201 patients who discarded their oocytes, 71 patients (35%) requested disposal after having a child. Twenty-six (13%) discarded oocytes because of worsening cancer and three (1.4%) discarded because of death. 16 (8%) discarded oocytes due to cost of cryopreservation and eight (4%) due to low oocyte yield. Ten (5%) patients underwent new IVF cycles and discarded previously stored oocytes. Sixty-seven patients (33%) discarded oocytes for unspecified reasons. When comparing patients who discarded oocytes with those who did not, the former had lower AMH (2.7 vs 3.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001) but otherwise comparable age and number of cryopreserved oocytes. The mean age for those with continued cryopreservation was 35.4 years at time of OC and 40 years at time of data collection in June 2023. Conclusion: Childbirth was the most common reason to dispose of oocytes followed by unspecified reasons. Larger studies of oocyte disposal may better define clinical characteristics of patients most likely to use, maintain or discard their oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microfilm cameras, national library of peiping, rockefeller foundation, library of congress, the american council of learned societies, and Bibliography. Library science. Information resources

Based on enormous firsthand materials such as archives, diaries and newspapers etc., this article tries to clarify the exchange service between the National Library of Peiping and American academics by Microfilm Camera from 1936 to 1950s. By doing so, the author analyzes the cause, process and impact of this services from the perspective of library interaction between China and the United States, and the history of the development of Chinese studies in the United States. (Article content in Chinese with English extended abstract)

SUBSTANCE abuse, HOSPITAL emergency services, FOCUS groups, BUPRENORPHINE, WORK, PHARMACISTS' attitudes, INTERVIEWING, QUALITATIVE research, CONCEPTUAL structures, EXPERIENTIAL learning, QUALITY assurance, and THEMATIC analysis

Clinical pharmacists are well positioned to enhance efforts to promote emergency department (ED)-initiated buprenorphine to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Among clinical pharmacists in urban EDs, we sought to characterize barriers and facilitators for ED-initiated buprenorphine to inform future implementation efforts and enhance access to this highly effective OUD treatment. This study was conducted as a part of Project ED Health (CTN-0069, NCT03023930), a multisite effectiveness-implementation study aimed at promoting ED-initiated buprenorphine that was conducted between April 2017 and July 2020. Data collection and analysis were grounded in the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework to assess perspectives on the relationship between 3 elements: evidence for buprenorphine, the ED context , and facilitation needs to promote ED-initiated buprenorphine. The study used an iterative coding process to identify overlapping themes within these 3 domains. The study conducted eight focus groups/interviews across four geographically disparate EDs with 15 pharmacist participants. We identified six themes. Themes related to evidence included (1) varied levels of comfort and experience among pharmacists with ED-initiated buprenorphine that increased over time and (2) a perception that patients with OUD have unique challenges that require guidance to optimize ED care. With regards to context , clinical pharmacists identified: (3) their ability to clarify scope of ED care in the context of unique pharmacology, formulations, and regulations of buprenorphine to ED staff, and that (4) their presence promotes successful program implementation and quality improvement. Participants identified facilitation needs including: (5) training to promote practice change and (6) ways to leverage already existing pharmacy resources outside of the ED. Clinical pharmacists play a unique and critical role in the efforts to promote ED-initiated buprenorphine. We identified 6 themes that can inform pharmacist-specific interventions that could aid in the successful implementation of this practice. • Pharmacists are well-positioned to promote ED-initiated buprenorphine. • Interdepartmental collaboration among pharmacists improves this practice. • Protocolization improves uptake of ED-initiated buprenorphine among pharmacists. • Pharmacists contribute to ED-initiated buprenorphine quality improvement efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHINESE people, TRIALS (Law), CIVIL war, HABEAS corpus, WOMEN immigrants, and STATUS (Law)

This article examines how Chinese women and men used habeas corpus proceedings in California to contest transpacifi c relations of gender, commerce, law, and power. The fi rst section looks at habeas hearings about runaway or allegedly kidnapped Chinese women already in the United States. The second chronicles how these hearings correlated with and diverged from the habeas proceedings involving the detention of Chinese women immigrants upon arrival. The California judges' approach to these cases mirrored Congress's concern over "the enormous diversity of domestic arrangements" in slavery by the end of the Civil War, when lawmakers introduced monogamous marriage and dependency on a male head of household as the most acceptable conditions for a nonwhite woman's freedom. The habeas proceedings concerning Chinese women thus revealed a Pacifi c, subnational practice of governance that was consonant with the national trend of reconstructing nonwhite women's sociolegal status in the Civil War era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) require IgG or IgM isotypes of the anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies, anti-β2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies, and/or the lupus anticoagulant (LA) to satisfy the laboratory disease definition. Over the past 20 years, non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) directed to other proteins of the coagulation cascade (i.e. prothrombin and/or phosphatidylserine–prothrombin complex) or to some domains of β2GPI have been proposed. This task force concentrated and reviewed the literature on data including aPS/PT, antibodies to domain 4/5 of β2GPI and the newly described antibodies to protein/HLA-DR complex. In addition, we discussed testing of LA in the 'new' oral anticoagulants' era and the value of triple positivity in the risk assessment of aPL. The conclusions were presented at a special session during the 16th International Congress on aPL, Manchester, UK, September 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

YOUNG adults, VOTERS, and AGE

On average, members of Congress are significantly older than the constituents they represent, while young people remain under-represented in elected office. Is this because people prefer older politicians and fail to see young people as viable candidates? Drawing on survey and experimental evidence, we explore how the age of a politician affects both candidate evaluations and incumbent approval. We find that people tend to see younger candidates as less experienced, less qualified, and less conservative than older candidates. However, we find few differences in people's willingness to support a younger candidate than an older candidate. In fact, when looking at patterns of approval in Congress, people report more negative ratings of older members of Congress rather than younger ones. The over-representation of older voices in Washington likely reflects structural factors like incumbency that favor the success of older politicians, rather than the demands of the electorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TRIALS in absentia, EMIGRATION & immigration lawsuits, APPELLATE courts, JUDICIAL process, and IMMIGRATION status

Within the politically charged immigration system in the United States, Congress mandates the entry of in absentia removal orders against immigrants who fail to appear for immigration court hearings. Statutory guidance similarly constrains the ability of appellate courts to overturn those in absentia orders. In this article, we examine how federal circuit court judges make decisions in the review of in absentia orders when faced with discretion-revoking congressional statutory language pitted against a highly politicized area of law where policy preferences sit at the forefront of judges' minds. Using an original dataset of U.S. Courts of Appeals cases decided from 2001 to 2020, we find that pro-immigrant decisions are rare, as intended by the governing statute. We also find, however, that judicial policy preferences predict the degree to which federal judges support the petitioning immigrant through statutory factors related to the adequacy of government notice and the presence of exceptional circumstances to justify nonappearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAMPAIGN funds, POLITICAL action committees, BUSINESS & politics, VOTING, and UNITED States legislators

Political scientists have repeatedly failed to establish a relationship between the money companies funnel into political campaigns and how members of Congress vote. Notably, studies have mainly examined how campaign contributions affect the voting of their direct recipients. However, considering the partisan divide and intense power struggle between the two major American parties, this paper proposes that the influence of campaign contributions operates at the party level. That means a member of Congress is more likely to side with a firm whose donations favor her party, even if the firm has not given to the member's own campaign. Correspondingly, legislators should be less likely to vote in line with the policy preferences of firms whose donations predominately go to the other party. A quantitative analysis of campaign contributions, corporate policy positions, and roll-call votes in Congress bears out these propositions. While the paper also uncovers a recipient effect, the party effect is more substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LOBBYING, UNIVERSITIES & colleges, EARMARKING (Public finance), PRESSURE groups, and LOBBYISTS

This article presents the first direct analysis of the influence of revolving-door lobbyists over the content of adopted public laws. We use earmarks to evaluate both the effects of lobbying and the possible additional effects of lobbying by individuals who formerly worked as congressional members and staff. Employing a fixed-effects panel approach, we evaluate original data describing the lobbying efforts of the more than 5000 accredited U.S. colleges and universities over a 12-year timeframe. Our analysis indicates that schools that lobby in a given year can expect to receive 54% more earmarks and 24% more earmarked funds relative to other schools and other years. Further, there is an additional significant effect of revolving-door lobbying that is greatest at lower levels of lobbying expenditures. Our results contribute to the emerging literature on comparative lobbying and speak to concerns about the possible corrupting influence of revolving-door lobbying over public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EARMARKING (Public finance), PUBLIC finance, PARTISANSHIP, SOCIAL groups, and REPUBLICANS

This paper examines how Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives vary in their earmarking behavior. After a 10-year moratorium, Congress enabling members to request small grants for community programs in their districts in the 2021 appropriations process. As part of a reform designed to limit corruption and wasteful spending, members had to submit written justifications for the grants, which provides insight into how members of Congress view their role as representatives. In performing a content analysis on 3007 earmark justifications, we find that Democrats are more likely to name the specific social groups comprising their party coalition in their justifications; Republicans rarely do so. Democrats are also more likely to request grants on their core partisan priorities, while Republicans tend to focus on large local infrastructure projects that are seemingly unrelated to their national priorities. Finally, we find some, but limited, evidence that earmark requests are a result of the different kinds of districts that members represent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]