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Historical geography, Landscape changes, Historical source material, and Ottoman Empire

Late Ottoman Empire and Mandate Palestine are two important periods preceding independent Israel, characterized by increased attention to Palestine along with modernization processes and substantial landscape changes. Significant increase is also noted in survey and mapping, resulting in a wealth of visual sources. However, while textual sources were used intensively in various studies, the latter were analyzed to a much lesser extent. A major discipline based on the study of visual sources is historical geography. However, lately it seems that historical geography worldwide seeks for new approaches while struggling to retain dominancy in an environment becoming more computerized and technological. In this article I review the opportunities, pitfalls, and challenges of incorporating GIScience into the historical geography of late Ottoman and Mandate Palestine. Accordingly, it is suggested that a proper integration will contribute a substantial theoretical and methodological novelty while boosting the discipline of historical geography as well as other social sciences and humanities disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

toponymy, ossetia, alania, etymology, historical geography, folklore, literature, History of Civilization, CB3-482, Philology. Linguistics, and P1-1091

The present article advocates that the oronym Khokhis K’avk’asi “the Khokh Caucasus,” catalogued by the Georgian geographer Vakhushty in the beginning of the 18th century as the name for the Side Ridge in Central Ossetia, corresponds to the historical and geographical region of Khokh, known from the toponymic, folklore and ethnographic sources of the 20th century. The oronym Khokh (“mountain”) has left a distinctive mark in the works of the Ossetian writers — natives of that region. In South Ossetia, the same oronym applies to the Main Caucasian Ridge, which has urged the author to explain this inconsistency. Besides, the Nart Epic of the Ossets also speaks of a mountainous land Akhokhayi Khokh raided by the heroes. One of the sources of the 14th century mentions the Alan province Akhokhiya. As it is evident that both toponyms refer to the region Khokh, the author deeemed necessary to explain the recurrent initial element A- in them. The author refutes the version of its Circassian origin suggesting an etymological link with Proto-Iranian prefix *ā-, one of the meanings of which is that of the preposition “on.” The general meaning of the toponym A-Khokh is thus “upland.” A typological parallel to it is the Old Persian toponym *Ākaufaka ‘Kohistan’ that consists of the same prefix *ā-, Old Persian kaufa ‘mountain,’ and a suffix. As the prefix а- fell out of free use leaving its trail only in a number of etymologically obscure toponyms of Ossetia, A-Khokh (Akhokhiya) is one of the oldest toponyms correlating to the descriptive names of the Alan province Mons in terra Alanorum and montes Alanorum mentioned in the medieval sources.

historical geography, crimean khanate, kipchak steppe, abdullah ibn rizvan, Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization, and CB3-482

Research objectives: To conduct a comprehensive historical and geogra­phical analysis of the work of Abdullah Ibn Rizvan. Research materials: The author used the chronicle of Abdullah Ibn Rizvan as well as specialized scholarly works on the sources and history of the Crimean Khanate. Results and novelty of the research: The “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kipchak” (Chronicles of Desht-i Kipchak) by Abdullah Ibn Rizvan is still a poorly studied historical source as it has not been translated into Russian. The work has been preserved in two manuscripts: the French National Library in Paris and the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. In 1966, Adam Zajączkowski published the “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kipchak” in Warsaw based on the Istanbul manuscript in comparison with the Paris manuscript. A Polish orientalist added a 1737 French translation of the annals by Pierre Delaunay entitled “Abrégé de l’histoire des quatorze premiers khans”. We used this French translation from the Warsaw edition of Adam Zajączkowski. Researchers practically neglected studying the abundant information of the chronicle on the political history of the Crimean Khanate in the first third of the seventeenth century, as well as on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and the entire area of the Kipchak steppe. Since his father was the governor of Kefe, Abdullah knew this area well, receiving the relevant firsthand information. Based on a comprehensive historical and geographical analysis of the chronicle, we can state that despite errors in the history of the Golden Horde and the Crimean Khanate the author was well acquainted with the events that took place in Crimea in 1610, as well as with the geography of the surroundings of Kefe, if not the whole Crimean peninsula. Abdullah mentioned such geographical places as Sarygol and Pasha Tepe. He described in detail two battles between Rizvan Pasha and Muhammad Giray, being a likely eyewitness to the events or basing his account on the oral information of participants including his father.

татары, Внутренняя Азия, кочевнические народы, историческая география, этнонимика, фонетическая реконструкция, tatars, Inner Asia, nomadic peoples, HISTORICAL geography, ethnonymy, and phonetic reconstruction

Цель исследования: статья посвящена рассмотрению вопросов исторической географии, связанных с активностью носителей этнонима татар во Внутренней Азии в период VIII-XII вв. Основное внимание уделено анализу топонимики, упоминаемой в исторических источниках в связи с татарами. Материалы исследования: в качестве основных источников настоящего исследования были привлечены памятники древнетюркской рунической письменности, где было достоверно отмечено упоминание этнонима татар, а также китайские исторические тексты. Для интерпретации отдельных сюжетов привлекались тексты монгольской хроники XIII в. «Тайная история монголов» и труд начала XIV в. персидского историка Рашūд ад-Дūна ат̣-Т̣абūба «Джāмū ат-тавāрūх». В ходе обращения к частным вопросам авторы неизбежно обращались к лингвистическим данным, представленным фондом, прежде всего, тюркских и монгольских языков. Результаты исследования и научная новизна: в статье рассмотрены 11 топонимов, так или иначе связанных с упоминанием татар. Из них для семи удалось обосновать адекватную интерпретацию, в том числе предложить два соверешнно новых в науке отождествления. В частности, теперь, как считают авторы, мы имеем основания говорить об упоминании р. Керулэн (халх. Хэрлэн-гол) в памятниках древнетюркской рунической письмености.
Research objectives : This article discusses issues related to the historical geography of the carriers of the Tatar ethnonym in Inner Asia from the eighth to the twelfth century. The focus of this article is devoted to the analysis of toponymy mentioned in historical sources in connection with Tatars. Research materials : Monuments of the ancient Turkic runic script, containing a reliable mention of the Tatar ethnonym, as well as Chinese historical texts were used in this study as the main sources. The Mongolian “Secret History of the Mongols” of the thirteenth century and Rashīd al-Dīn al-Ṭabīb’s “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh” of the early fourteenth century were used for the interpretation of certain events. The authors inevitably turned to the linguistic data provided by the fund, primarily, of the Turkic and Mongolian languages, in the process of considering particular issues. Results and novelty of the research : The article discusses eleven place names, connected in one way or another with the mention of Tatars. The authors managed to find and justify an adequate interpretation for seven of these names and propose two completely new identifications. Of particular novelty, according to the authors, we now have every reason to acknowledge the mention of the Kerulen (Mong. Kherlen) River in reference to the Tatars in the monuments of the ancient Turkic runic script.

tatars, inner asia, nomadic peoples, historical geography, ethnonymy, Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization, and CB3-482

Research objectives: This article discusses issues related to the historical geography of the carriers of the Tatar ethnonym in Inner Asia from the eighth to the twelfth century. The focus of this article is devoted to the analysis of toponymy mentioned in historical sources in connection with Tatars. Research materials: Monuments of the ancient Turkic runic script, containing a reli­able mention of the Tatar ethnonym, as well as Chinese historical texts were used in this study as the main sources. The Mongolian “Secret History of the Mongols” of the thirteenth century and Rashīd al-Dīn al-Ṭabīb’s “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh” of the early fourteenth century were used for the interpretation of certain events. The authors inevitably turned to the linguistic data provided by the fund, primarily, of the Turkic and Mongolian languages, in the process of considering particular issues. Results and novelty of the research: The article discusses eleven place names, connected in one way or another with the mention of Tatars. The authors managed to find and justify an adequate interpretation for seven of these names and propose two completely new identifications. Of particular novelty, according to the authors, we now have every reason to acknowledge the mention of the Kerulen (Mong. Kherlen) River in reference to the Tatars in the monuments of the ancient Turkic runic script.

Nakhchivan, Moscow Treaty, Kars Treaty, autonomy status, Azerbaijan People Republic, Ottoman Empire, controversial zone, HISTORICAL geography, Нахічевань, Московський договір, Карський договір, статус автономії, Азербайджанська Народна Республіка, Османська імперія, спірна зона, історична географія, Нахичевань, московский договор, Карский договор, статус автономии, Азербайджанская Народная Республика, османская империя, спорная зона, and историческая география

Azerbaijan People Republic the new sovereign state, created in May 1918 in the Muslim East, has lived and worked in hard and difficult conditions for 23 months. The Republic had to fight against the political and economic policies of the world's major powers, including Russia, the United States, England and France, and resorted to all means to maintain its sovereignty, and faced very complex challenges along the way. Under the pressure of these states, on May 29, 1918, the National Council of Azerbaijan was forced to decide on the issue of Iravan to the armenians in order to maintain their sovereignty while discussing the border problem between Azerbaijan and Armenia and he considered this decision a "historic necessity", a "unavoidable disaster" for heartbreak. During the Azerbaijan People Republic, neighboring countries made a number of territorial claims against Azerbaijan. At that time, its territory was 113.895, 97 sq. km. Its 97,296,67 sq. km was undeniable, and 16,598,30 sq. km was disputed. To resolve such issues, the Treaty of Friendship was first signed on June 4, 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Azerbaijan. It was the first agreement signed by the Azerbaijan People Republic with any foreign state. The second article of the Batumi Treaty sets the border between Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. According to the Batumi contract, Azerbaijan also suffered territorial losses. According to the agreement, the Sharur section of the Sharur-Daralayaz province and the Nakhchivan accident, except for Ordubad, were transferred to Turkey. In addition, the regions of Kamarly, Ulukhanli and Vedibasar of the Iravan provincewere transferred to Turkey. On March 12, 1921, the Moscow Treaty was signed. With the participation of a representative of the Soviet Russia to clarify some of the territories following the Moscow Treaty, Turkey signed an agreement on October 13, 1921, between the three South Caucasus republics. With the participation of a representative of the Soviet Russia to clarify some of the territories following the Moscow treaty, Turkey signed an agreement on October 13, 1921, between the three South Caucasus republics. The contract consisted of 20 articles and 3 annexes. A number of provisions of this treaty were consistent with the relevant articles of the Moscow Treaty. In general, this document was rejecting unequal rights, forcible contracts, and the Sevr treaty. Article 5 of the agreement was directly related to the fate of Nakhchivan. Thus, the Moscow and Kars treaties also resolved Nakhchivan's autonomy status.
Новое суверенное государство, созданное в мае 1918 г. на мусульманском Востоке, уже 23 месяца живет и работает в трудных и сложных условиях. Республика должна была бороться против политической и экономической политики крупнейших мировых держав, включая Россию, Соединенные Штаты, Англию и Францию, и использовать все средства для сохранения своего суверенитета, и на этом пути столкнулась с очень сложными проблемами. Под давлением этих государств 29 мая 1918 г. Национальный Совет Азербайджана, обсуждая вопрос о границе между Азербайджаном и Арменией, был вынужден принять решение о передаче Еревана армянам в целях сохранения их суверенитета. Во время Азербайджанской Демократической Республики соседние страны выдвинули ряд территориальных претензий к Азербайджану. В то время его территория составляла 113,895, 97 кв. км. 97 296,67 кв. км были неоспоримыми, а 16 598,30 кв. км оспаривались. Для решения таких вопросов договор о дружбе был впервые подписан 4 июня 1918 г. между Османской империей и Азербайджанской Республикой. Это был первый контракт, подписанный Азербайджанской Демократической Республикой с любым иностранным государством. Вторая статья Батумского договора устанавливает границу между Азербайджаном, Грузией и Арменией. Согласно Батумскому договору, Азербайджан также понес территориальные потери. В соответствии с соглашением, в результате район Шарур - одна из частей Шарур-Даралагезского уезда и Нахичеваньского уезда, за исключением Ордубада, - был передан Турции. Кроме того, районы Гамарли, Улуханлы и Ведибасар Иреванского уезда были переданы Турции. 12 марта 1921 г. был подписан Московский договор. При участии представителя Советской России для уточнения некоторых территорий после Московского договора Турция подписала 13 октября 1921 г. в Карсе соглашение между тремя Южнокавказскими республиками. Контракт состоял из 20 статей и 3 приложений. Ряд положений этого договора соответствовал соответствующим статьям Московского договора. В целом этот документ отклонил неравные права, принудительные контракты и договор Севр. Статья 5 соглашения была напрямую связана с судьбой Нахичеваня. Таким образом, Московский и Карский договоры также разрешили статус автономии Нахичеваня.
Нова суверенна держава, створена у травні 1918 р. на мусульманському Сході, уже 23 місяці живе і працює у важких і складних умовах. Республіка мала боротися проти політичної і економічної політики найбільших світових держав, зокрема Росії, Сполучених Штатів, Англії та Франції, і використовувати всі засоби для збереження свого суверенітету, і на цьому шляху зіткнулася з дуже складними проблемами. Під тиском цих держав 29 травня 1918 р. Національний Рада Азербайджану, обговорюючи питання про кордон між Азербайджаном і Вірменією, була змушена ухвалити рішення про передачу Єревана вірменам з метою збереження їх суверенітету. Під час Азербайджанської Демократичної Республіки сусідні країни висунули низку територіальних претензій до Азербайджану. У той час його територія становила 113,895, 97 кв. км. 97 296,67 кв. км були незаперечними, а 16 598,30 кв. км оскаржувалися. Для вирішення таких питань договір про дружбу був вперше підписано 4 червня 1918 р. між Османською імперією та Азербайджанською Республікою. Це був перший контракт, підписаний Азербайджанської Демократичної Республікою з будь-якою іноземною державою. Друга стаття Батумського договору встановлює межу між Азербайджаном, Грузією і Вірменією. Згідно з Батумським договором, Азербайджан також поніс територіальні втрати. Відповідно до угоди, у результаті район Шарур - одна з частин Шарур-Даралагезского повіту і Нахічеванського повіту, за винятком Ордубади, - був переданий Туреччині. Крім того, райони Гамарлі, Улуханли і Ведібасар Іреванского повіту були передані Туреччині. 12 березня 1921 р. був підписаний Московський договір. За участю представника Радянської Росії для уточнення деяких територій після Московського договору Туреччина підписала 13 жовтня 1921 р. у Карсі угоду між трьома Південнокавказькими республіками. Контракт складався з 20 статей і 3 додатків. Низка положень цього договору відповідали відповідним статтями Московського договору. Загалом цей документ відхилив нерівні права, примусові контракти і договір Севр. Стаття 5 угоди була безпосередньо пов’язана з долею Нахічеваня. Таким чином, Московський і Карський договори також дозволили статус автономії Нахічеваня.

nakhchivan, moscow treaty, autonomy status, kars treaty, azerbaijan people republic, ottoman empire, controversial zone, historical geography, Political science, Philosophy (General), and B1-5802

Azerbaijan People Republic the new sovereign state, created in May 1918 in the Muslim East, has lived and worked in hard and difficult conditions for 23 months. The Republic had to fight against the political and economic policies of the world's major powers, including Russia, the United States, England and France, and resorted to all means to maintain its sovereignty, and faced very complex challenges along the way. Under the pressure of these states, on May 29, 1918, the National Council of Azerbaijan was forced to decide on the issue of Iravan to the armenians in order to maintain their sovereignty while discussing the border problem between Azerbaijan and Armenia and he considered this decision a "historic necessity", a "unavoidable disaster" for heartbreak. During the Azerbaijan People Republic, neighboring countries made a number of territorial claims against Azerbaijan. At that time, its territory was 113.895, 97 sq. km. Its 97,296,67 sq. km was undeniable, and 16,598,30 sq. km was disputed. To resolve such issues, the Treaty of Friendship was first signed on June 4, 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Azerbaijan. It was the first agreement signed by the Azerbaijan People Republic with any foreign state. The second article of the Batumi Treaty sets the border between Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. According to the Batumi contract, Azerbaijan also suffered territorial losses. According to the agreement, the Sharur section of the Sharur-Daralayaz province and the Nakhchivan accident, except for Ordubad, were transferred to Turkey. In addition, the regions of Kamarly, Ulukhanli and Vedibasar of the Iravan provincewere transferred to Turkey. On March 12, 1921, the Moscow Treaty was signed. With the participation of a representative of the Soviet Russia to clarify some of the territories following the Moscow Treaty, Turkey signed an agreement on October 13, 1921, between the three South Caucasus republics. With the participation of a representative of the Soviet Russia to clarify some of the territories following the Moscow treaty, Turkey signed an agreement on October 13, 1921, between the three South Caucasus republics. The contract consisted of 20 articles and 3 annexes. A number of provisions of this treaty were consistent with the relevant articles of the Moscow Treaty. In general, this document was rejecting unequal rights, forcible contracts, and the Sevr treaty. Article 5 of the agreement was directly related to the fate of Nakhchivan. Thus, the Moscow and Kars treaties also resolved Nakhchivan's autonomy status.

KNOWLEDGE transfer, HISTORICAL geography, POPULATION aging, POPULATION geography, and OLDER people

In this study, the Brief Population Books (İcmal Nüfus) of Burdur and surrounding districts in the Ottoman Archive belonging to 1834 was used. Due to the nature of the population registers, only the male population is included in the book, where the child (sabi), adult (tüvana) and elderly (musin) populations of the districts of Burdur, Kemer, Gölhisar, Karaağaç, İrle and Yavice, Siroz and Tefenni are included on the basis of villages and farms. The distribution of the population was evaluated by transferring the information in the book to tables and maps. It is seen that Karaağaç, Gölhisar and Burdur are in the first three rankings in terms of age structure of the population. It has been determined that there is a ranking as Karaağaç (2407 people), Gölhisar (905 people), Burdur (715 people) in the elderly (musin) population, moreover; the ranking in the adult (tüvana) population as Karaağaç (4013 people), Gölhisar (1740 people), Burdur (1364 people); lastly the ranking in the child (sabi) population as Karaağaç (2595 people), Gölhisar (1373 people), Burdur (1133 people). The estimated total population of Burdur and surrounding districts is 47601. The district with the highest population in this study area is Karaağaç and there are 453 people per settlement, while the district with the lowest population is Kemer with 129 people per settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GEOGRAPHIC boundaries, HISTORICAL geography, POLITICAL geography, and POLITICAL science

International boundaries are man-made separation lines. All of today's boundaries were created in the past, sometimes years, sometimes decades, even in some cases centuries ago. Thus, international boundaries reflect the historical moments in the life of a State, when its limits were made according to its force and ability at a given time. Understanding the process of boundary making and the location of boundaries can become a bridge of research and knowledge between three major scientific areas – history, geography and political science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HISTORICAL geography, TERRACES (Geology), LANDSCAPES, NATURE, COLONIZATION, and HUMAN settlements

This study ranges from the observation of the landscape to the study of its evolution and includes the description of the various historical phases through images. This research is carried out first in the schools of the Fontanabuona Valley in Liguria, then developed at the University of Genova. The study of the terraces and their organization has allowed to reconstruct the history of this part of the region, while the investigated territory has enabled to carry out field researches through the observation of the evolution of the natural environment, the changes of the vegetable mantle, the incessant alteration of the slopes and of the water canalization, the settlement system originally organized according to the curtis model. Here two historical moments are proposed concerning the planning of the terraces: the former is a short historical phase of the construction of the "domestico" lasting two-three months, the latter represents the evolution of a long historical phase starting from the Neolithic age synthetising some macrophases of the ancient rural colonization, phases that have left traces in the subsequent colonizations for partial or total continuity of use till the contemporary epoch. The pictures have dydatict purpose reconstructing the human settlements and activities precisely during the analised period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]