HISTORICAL geography, ARCHAEOLOGY, EXCAVATION, GEOGRAPHERS, and BAYS

The final report in this series focuses on the emerging intersections between historical geography, archaeology and the law. Whilst staying attuned to the darkest of geographies emerging from the sub-field, this report turns its attention to the creative and critical ways in which the dead are being used to reveal past lives and worlds that have been destroyed and forgotten. Using soil and the archaeological imagination as a pivot, this report centres on the interweaving themes of fragile environments, resurfacing and legal worlds in order to suggest the emerging possibilities for a hopeful excavation of new historical geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HISTORICAL geography, TERRACES (Geology), LANDSCAPES, NATURE, COLONIZATION, and HUMAN settlements

This study ranges from the observation of the landscape to the study of its evolution and includes the description of the various historical phases through images. This research is carried out first in the schools of the Fontanabuona Valley in Liguria, then developed at the University of Genova. The study of the terraces and their organization has allowed to reconstruct the history of this part of the region, while the investigated territory has enabled to carry out field researches through the observation of the evolution of the natural environment, the changes of the vegetable mantle, the incessant alteration of the slopes and of the water canalization, the settlement system originally organized according to the curtis model. Here two historical moments are proposed concerning the planning of the terraces: the former is a short historical phase of the construction of the "domestico" lasting two-three months, the latter represents the evolution of a long historical phase starting from the Neolithic age synthetising some macrophases of the ancient rural colonization, phases that have left traces in the subsequent colonizations for partial or total continuity of use till the contemporary epoch. The pictures have dydatict purpose reconstructing the human settlements and activities precisely during the analised period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HISTORICAL geography, SEMIOTICS, LANDSCAPES, TOURIST attractions, and TOURISM

This paper explores the nexus of historical geography and heritage studies, using the case study of the Sovereign Hill outdoor museum in Ballarat, Australia. It reports on the application of more-thanrepresentational thinking to spaces of heritage, and advances the argument that Sovereign Hill can be usefully understood as a semiotic landscape animated by the making, knowing and recreation of the past, replete with both designed and incidental affective resonances and emotional affordances. The research upon which the paper is based aimed to capture the essences of encounters, engagements and moments of emergent meaning within a site that speaks to both an historic and newly made heritage. Key to this exploration were the energies, realities and responses of actual bodies as they moved around and interpreted the various ways in which Sovereign Hill presents the past to its visiting audiences. Methodologically, the paper draws from a series of qualitative visitor interviews gathered in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forestry, Colonial Forestry, Taungya Process, Commercial Plantation, Sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, and GN301-674

Re-examining a range of archival data and information regarding colonial forestry in the state of West Bengal, India, it has been found that the colonial period was the clear-cut turning point of the forest landscape in terms of environmental changes of the state. In West Bengal, the British colonial rulers were in a highly dominating position; and they had implemented one single model of forest management throughout the Indian subcontinent including the Bengal Presidency. The primary objective of the present study is to understand the changing nature of colonial forest landscape through plantation (Sal, Tea, and Cinchona) activities and the establishment of forest villages through Taungya process in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal from 1757 to 1947. In particular, this study aims to examine as to how the colonial plantation activities changed the forest landscape of this particular region. It also examines civil society movement based on forest resource rights and problems in the implementation of the Forest Right Act (2006) in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal till 2015, since independence. The colonial forest management authority was more interested in the plantation and cultivation of trees with high timber values compared to the natural forest. For this purpose, the saplings of Teak, Mahogany, Sisso were supplied to different parts of Bengal province to increase the timber productions. In 1886, for the first time in the Indian forest history, an area of about 15,5,399.29 sq.km was demarcated as Reserved Forest which included the whole western Dooars region located on the right bank of the river Teesta in the northern part of West Bengal. It was the starting point of 'scientific' forest management in the then Bengal Presidency or present West Bengal. The Taungya system of scientific forest management was first initiated in the Bengal Presidency in colonial India after colonial Burma (Myanmar). The system has changed the traditional cultivation practice within the forest land. Due to the Taungya system, 168 forest villages were established in the Himalayan foothills of Bengal. And since India’s independence in 1947, West Bengal has witnessed a number of civil society movements linked to the welfare of poor forest villagers demanding the forest resources rights, for example, the Jangal Mahal movement. The Forest Right Act (2007) has also created conflicts in different parts of the study area. In a nutshell, rapid exploitation of forest resources along with trading monopoly of forest management by the state Forest Department has done historical injustice to the people of sub-Himalayan West Bengal.

RURAL geography, ECOLOGICAL resilience, HISTORICAL geography, IRON ores, and MINERAL industries

Small resource-dependent towns are particularly vulnerable to economic decline as they often have limited internal capacity to develop alternative economic functions. This paper presents the story of the development, decline and adaptation of a small resource-dependent town. Recognising that the processes informing the development trajectories of resource communities are diverse, temporally embedded and multi-scalar, this paper argues that the everyday activities of the residents inform the life of resource towns, and, moreover, lives within these places. The paper presents the story of Wundowie--Western Australia's first iron ore town. This is interwoven with the story of the Kowalski family--a migrant family whose history, typical of many of the town's original residents, made the town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HISTORICAL geography, GEOGRAPHERS, HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, and SOCIETIES, etc.

This paper was delivered by invitation as the opening plenary address at the 16th International Conference of Historical Geographers held at the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) in London, UK, 5-10 July 2015. That series of conferences had its origins in a British- Canadian symposium held in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, in 1975. Coincidentally, the J ournal of H istorical G eography was also founded in 1975. This paper assesses the contributions of the ICHG and of the JHG to the internationalisation of historical geography during the first 40 years of their existences. It provides some reflections not only on their significant, positive, contributions but also on the problems raised by their structures, breadth of coverage, costs, and use only of the English language. It concludes by acknowledging the role of other international gatherings of historical geographers and of other journals of historical geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

역사지도, 역사지리학, 시간에 따른 지리적 변화, 과거지리, 역사상의 중국, historical atlas, historical geography, geographical changes through time, past geographies, historical china(歷史上的中國), 인문 -- Liberal Arts, and 아시아

역사지도란 역사지리학의 고전적 전통인 ‘시간에 따른 지리적 변화(geographical changes through time)’와 ‘과거지리(past geographies)’를 지도학적 방법으로 표현 및 복원해 놓은 지도를 말한다. 20세기 이후의 현대 중국에서는 국가가 지원하거나 주도하는 가운데 『중국역사지도집(中國歷史地圖集)』(1982~1987)과 『중화인민공화국국가역사지도집(中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集)』(2012~)을 잇따라 발간하였다. 그 결과 오늘날 중국에서 역사지도집의 연구와 제작, 그리고 편찬 작업은 중국 역사지리학의 가장 특징적인 영역으로 인식되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 이 분야 최대의 성과 중 하나로 평가받고 있다. 본 연구는 역사지리학의 관점에서 현대 중국의 대표적 역사지도집인 『중국역사지도집』과 『중화인민공화국국가역사지도집』을 대상으로 역사지도집의 전체적 편찬 방향과 편집 지침, 내용 체계와 구성, 기본도, 지도학적 표현상의 특징을 분석하는 한편, 역사지도집의 전체 편찬 과정에서 작동한 제작 주체의 강역의식 및 역사인식과 같은 토대 개념을 파악하고 이를 해석해보고자 하였다. 결론적으로 현대 중국의 역사지도집은 중국 정부가 계기를 마련하여 시작된 사업이지만, 그 속에 담긴 내용은 온전히 탄치시앙을 비롯한 제작 주체들이 구상한 토대 개념, 즉 ‘역사상(歷史上)의 중국’과 ‘중국사상(中國史上)의 민족’의 재현이었다. 이들 역사지도집은 중국의 오랜 역사지도 전통을 계승한 것이면서도 실재에 있어서는 ‘역사적 사실’과 ‘국가의 이익’ 사이에서 고민한 결과였다. 따라서 현대 중국의 역사지도집은 역사적 사실과 국가적 이익과 정치적 목적이 혼재되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 이에 대응할 수 있도록 우리나라에서도 국가 차원의 역사지도집 편찬 전담 기구를 설치하여 역사지도집 편찬 시스템을 갖추고 토대 개념에 대한 논의를 비롯해 학제적 협력을 이끌어내는 일이 시급하다.
Historical atlas consists of a series of maps that express and reconstruct ‘geographical changes through time’ and ‘past geographies’ which are classics of historical geography. Since the 20th century, modern China has published two historical atlas by supporting and leading by the state. One is 『Chinese Historical Atlas』(1982~1987, 中國歷史地圖集), and the other is 『Chinese National Historical Atlas』(2012~, 中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集). As a result, today, the study, production and compilation of historical atlases in China is not only recognized as the most characteristic area of Chinese historical geography but also regarded as one of the greatest achievements in this field. The purpose of this study is to analyze a comprehensive guide to Chinese historical atlas, general compiling principles, contents, base map, mapping processes and cartographic characteristics, and to interpret the base concept or idea such as the consciousness and the historical recognition of the producer(subject) who worked in the whole compilation process of the historical atlases. In conclusion, although the Chinese historical atlases are product of a business started by the Chinese government, the contents contained in it are a representation of the base concept or idea that the producers envision on ‘historical china(歷史上的中國)’ and ‘historical Chinese ethnicity(中國史上的民族)’. These historical atlases are inherited from China’s long history of historical atlases, but in reality they are the result of concerns about ‘historical facts’ and ‘national interests’. In short, modern Chinese historical atlases are a mixture of historical fact, national interest, and political purpose. In order to cope with this situation, it is urgent for Korea to establish the national institute for historical atlas, to have a historical atlas compilation system, to discuss base concepts for national historical atlas, and to draw interdisciplinary cooperation.

일본, 역사지리학, 역사지리정보시스템(HGIS), 공간 복원, 문헌 자료, Japan, Historical Geography, Historical Geographic Information System, Space restoration, Historical material, 사회 -- Social Science, and 아시아 지리

일본 역사지역의 경관 형성과 변천을 주된 연구과제로 하는 역사지리학 분야에서는, 당시의 지역 공간 복원의 방법으로 고지도와 고문헌 등의 역사적 자료를 사용해 왔다. 점차 지적도, 대축척 지도의 제작과정이 기술과 더불어 발달하였고, 기술 향상으로 항공사진 등의 자료를 이용하게 되었다. 특히 1990년 이후 등장한 고도의 지리정보시스템(GIS, Geographic Information System)과 보급으로 지역 공간을 복원하는 방법에 있어서 새로운 동향을 맞이하게 된다. 지리정보시스템은 지역에 대한 위치정보의 정확성과 방대한 지역의 정보로 더욱 세밀한 지역 공간의 분석이 가능하게 되었다. 이 논문에서는 일본의 역사지리학 분야에서 새로운 연구 동향으로 거론되는 있는 역사지리정보시스템(HGIS, Historical Geographic Information System)을 이용하여, 일본 도쿄도 다이토쿠 우에노(日本東京都台東区上野) 지역을 사례로 근세 시대에 간행된 문헌 자료의 조합을 통한 복원도를 제작하였다. 이러한 과거 지역의 공간 복원 시도는 궁극적으로 지역의 사회 문화적 이해를 높임은 물론, 향후 지리정보시스템을 교육환경에 반영함과 동시에 토지 행정 정책에서도 유용하게 활용될 수 있다고 전망한다.
Historical Geography has made an important role to examine the restoration and changes of Japanese historical regions using historical old maps and documents. Increasingly with advances in technological map-making procedure, cadaster, large-scale maps and aerial photographs have been used in researches. Especially in the 1990s, the introduction of GIS (Geographic Information System) brought current trends. Accurate information of regional location as well as data on vast regions from GIS help to analyze regional space in detail. This study restored the map of Ueno area in Tokyo Taitoku through Historical Geographic Information System discussed as a new tool in Historical Geography. Also historical materials in Edo era were researched and based in conjunction with Historical Geographic Information System (HGIS) data when map- restoring. The practice of regional space restoration helps enhance social and cultural understanding of a local area. Lastly the study predicts that the restoration of an area in the past is useful to educational environment and administrative policies.