임피, 조지명, 읍양전, 도량형, 곡자, 잡역, 고마청, Impi(臨陂), Cho Jimyung(趙祉命), eupyangjeon(邑量田), weights and measures, gokja(斛子), miscellaneous service(雜役), gomacheong(雇馬廳), 인문 -- Liberal Arts, and 한국

Governor(牧民官) of Joseon Dynasty was in charge of administration, military works, legal works, taxation, finance, etc. of counties and prefectures. Governor was a manager dispatched by royal order and has duty to fulfuill policies of central government. On the other hand, they must support people’s lives for governmental policies as Governor. In the period, people took foods as the sky, so economic policies such as taxation, finance, etc. among Governor’s works were very important. Especially, Daedog-law was ceased and Gyunyuk-law started to fulfill in the 18th century, so finance of counties and prefectures was greatly vibrated. In this situation, Governor of each counties and prefectures started to promote regional economic policies in individual way. This thesis arranges and examines three great parts such as Jeonjeong(田政), weights and measures-gokja(度量衡-斛子), miscellaneous service(雜役) among policies of Impihyunryung Cho Jimyung(臨陂縣令 趙祉命) that received positive evaluation among lots of economic policies promoted by regions in the 18th century. There are several economic policies fulfilled regionally by suryeong, but they thought that taxation is closely related to people’s lives and Jeonjeong, gokja, andmiscellaneous service that are directly related. This thesis can be arranges as follows. Cho Jimyung that was appointed to Impi-hyun, Jeolla-do in the middle stage of the 18th century fulfilled eupyangjeon that reduces wasteland inserted as tax-walking land after Gyungjayangun and unified gokja intends to take Beopsungchang gokja of large quantity as even gokja of Jeolla-do. His achievements can be relief of sundry expenses through reduction of the quantity, arrangement of miscellaneous service that was managed negligently through abolishment of Gomacheong(雇馬廳), etc. when in impihyunryung. If examining the one side of policies promoted by him, the main bodies of his regional ruling and taxation administration were ‘Anmin(安民)’ and ‘Pyunmin(便民)’ that reduced burden of people and let them convenient. It was in accordance with sonsangikha(損上益下) set by Joseon Dynasty as establishing principle. As result, he was promoted to Mujubusa in the 42th year(1766) of Youngjo. In this sense, policies of Cho Ji Myung is significant in the situation of the 18th century.

백불암 최흥원, 『역중일기』, 수록 한시, 내면, 고뇌와 성찰, Baekbulam (百弗庵), Choi Heung-won (崔興遠), Yeokjungilgi, Hansi, inner side, agony and introspection, 인문 -- Liberal Arts, and 한국

이 글은 백불암百弗庵 최흥원崔興遠의 문학과 그의 일기를 함께 본다는 취지에서 시세계와 내면을 소재로 접근한 것이다. 먼저 그의 한시가 『문집』뿐만 아니라 『역중일기』내에도 여럿 실려 있는 점에 주목하였다. 일부 작품이 겹치기는 하지만 대개가 『문집』에는 없는 것들로, 그 성격 또한 상당히 이질적이다. 『문집』의 한시들이 주로 성리학적 사유나 개인 수양의 지점이 전면화된 것들이라면, 『역중일기』에 기록된 한시는 저자의 고뇌와 연민 등 다양한 정감이 그대로 노출되어 있다. 따라서 두 자료의 한시들은 그의 한시세계의 안과 밖을 구성하고 있다고 하겠다. 다음으로 『역중일기』의 성격을 그동안의 방식과는 달리 저자의 고뇌와 성찰이라는 자기서사의 산물로 접근해 보았다. 저자가 50년 넘게 기록한 『역중일기』는 그 자체로 그의 삶의 역사이다. 이 일기에는 집안을 건사하고, 가문을 유지하며, 지역에서의 관계 맺기 등의 과정에서 숱한 일과 인물을 마주하며, 그에 상응한 감정이 여과 없이 드러나 있다. 때로는 긴장하고 때로는 후회하는가 하면, 가끔은 경계를 늦추지 않거나 특정한 사안에 대해서는 비판을 서슴지 않는다. 심지어 대립하는 상대방을 두고 험담을 넘어선 악감정을 토해내기도 하였다. 그러나 이런 감정을 밖으로 드러낸 것은 아니었다. 이런 외부로 표출되지 않은 사적인 감정은 중년을 넘어 노년으로 접어들면서 일정한 변화를 보인다. 집안과 가문 유지가 난망한 데 따른 고민이었다. 이런 고뇌와 성찰은 그의 일기 안에 수록된 한시들과 일맥상통하는 바, 18세기 대구 지역의 유력한 문인학자이자 경세가로 평가받는 최흥원의 삶의 궤적에서 주목되지 않았던 부분이었다. 결과적으로 _역중일기_는 저자의 감정선이 풍부하게 드러남으로써, 불안정한 현실과 흔들리는 자아가 상충하고 보완되는 양태를 띠었다. 곧 내면의 분투이자 고백의 산물이라는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.
This study approaches towards the poetic world and inner side of Baekbulam (百弗庵) Choi Heung-won(崔興遠) by analyzing his literary works and diaries–his collections and Yeokjungilgi (曆中日記). First, it focuses on the fact that his Hansi(poetry written in Hanmun) were included in Yeokjungilgi as well as his collection. Some of the pieces are in common whereas most pieces in Yeokjungilgi are not included in his collections and the characteristics of the pieces in each book are distinguishable. The agony and sympathy are intactly exposed in Yeokjungilgi while he Neo-confucianist ideas and personal disciplines are expressed in front in his collections. It helps us to identify the circumstances of his writings which could help in building a history of his poetry. His collection and Yeokjungilgi build the inside and outside of his poetic world. Secondly, it approaches towards the characteristics of Yeokjungilgi in regard to the author’s agony and introspection. He had been writing Yeokjungilgi for over a half century that Yeokjungilgi itself could be the history of his lifetime. The diary displays how he had managed and maintained the family, the events occurred in managing relationships in his region and the emotions arisen from occasion to occasion - nervousness, regrets, criticism and even grudge over the conflict. However, he would not outwardly show his emotions. The series of these unspoken emotions show change in his times of senescence as the concerns of maintaining his family arose. There is a thread of connections in between the agony and introspection and his Hansi which was an unnoticed part of an influential literati and an administrator of 18th century Daegu. As a result of this study, it is shown that the author’s emotional line is thoroughly displayed in Yeokjungilgi and that the piece is a fruit of the conflicts and supplementations of his unstable states and insecure self.

최흥원, 『역중일기<, SUB>, 曆中日記<, /SUB>, 』, 『반계수록』, 관계망, 옻골 최씨, 대구, Choi Heung-Won(崔興遠), 『Yeokjungilgi(曆中日記)』, Social Networks, 『Bangaesurok(磻溪隨錄)』, Daegu, Otgol Choi family(옻골 최씨), 인문 -- Liberal Arts, and 한국

이 글은 18세기 대구 옻골에 살았던 백불암 최흥원의 일기인 『역중일기曆中日記』를 통해 최흥원이 형성한 관계망을 살펴본 것이다. 최흥원이 평생에 걸쳐 형성한 관계망은 문중 계승 차원에서는 선조에 이어 옻골 최씨의 문인 가풍을 완성한 점에 의미가 있다. 대외적으로는 서인 혹은 노론정권이 대구지역 사족을 서인화‧노론화하는 의도에 편승하지 않고 정치적으로는 영남 남인, 학문적으로는 퇴계학파의 주류에 편입되어 정체성을 더욱 분명히 한 점이다. 그는 영남의 명문가, 특히 안동지역의 명문가와 혼인 관계망을 강화하는 동시에 영남 전역으로 혼반을 형성하였다. 17세기 후반 영남 남인의 수장격인 이현일의 문인으로 정치적 위기에 처한 권구와 김성탁을 방문하여 퇴계학파로의 학문적 입장을 분명히 했으며, 40대 이후에는 당시 영남 최고의 학자인 이상정과 교유하는 가운데 퇴계학파의 주류에 편입되었다. 최흥원의 문인록에는 122명의 문인이 등재되어 있는데, 영남 전역에 걸쳐있다. 그는 대구지역 최고의 학자로, 근기남인과도 지속적인 교류를 하였다. 경상감영에서 류형원의 『반계수록』을 간행할 당시 최흥원이 교정을 주도할 수 있었던 것은 이러한 결과로 볼 수 있다.
This paper is to address social networks of Choi Heung-Won, who was a nobleman lived in Otgol (옻골), Daegu in the 18th century, revealed in his diary ‘Yeokjungilgi (曆中日記)』. His social networks, established throughout his life, were significant in terms of that it had completed the literary tradition of the Otgol Choi family. To be more exact, he did not climb on the intention of the Noron party or the Seoin party to incorporate the gentry of Daegu into the Noron party or the Seoron party and decided to incorporate into the Taegae school of Yeongnam to more clearly define his identity. While he strengthened his social networks with prestigious families of Yeongnam, especially Andong, through marriage, he established social ties to other prestigious families through relationships formed by marriage. In the latter half of the 17th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, he visited Gwon Gu and Kim Sung-Tak, who were in a political crisis since they were literary men supported by Lee Hyung-Il, the head of Yeongnam literary men, in order to clarify his academic position as the Taegae school, and after his 40s, he was incorporated into the mainstream of the Taegae school while associating with Lee Sang-Jung, the best scholar in Yeongnam at the time. There were 122 literary men listed in Choi Heung-Won’s record for literary men and they were all over Yeongnam. As one of the most outstanding scholars, he had been engaged in continuous exchanges with Namin. It might be a reason why Choi Heung-Won was able to lead the correction of 『Bangaesurok(磻溪隨錄)』 by Ryu Hyong-Won at the time of its publishment in Gyeongsanggamyeong.

나리포창, 나리포사실, 임피, 제주도, 제민창, 진휼, 기근, Impi(臨陂), Jeju-do, Naripochang, Naripo, Jeminchang, relief, famine, 인문 -- Liberal Arts, and 한국

제주도는 지질적인 여건상 농사에 적합한 곳이 아니었다. 이런 이유로 수재나 풍재 등 자연재해의 발생으로 제주도에 흉년이 들면 기민이 많이 발생하였다. 18세기 조선정부는 다른 지역의 기민을 구제하기 위한 목적으로 각도에 교제창을 설치했는데, 이 과정에서 나리포창이 설치되었다. 나리포창은 숙종 46년(1720) 충청도 연기에 설치되었지만 2년이 지난 경종 2년(1722) 제주도 진휼 전담 창고로 그 성격이 변모하였다. 제주에 흉년이 들면 나리포창에 비축되어 있는 곡물을 제주도로 보내주고, 그 대가로 양태와 미역 등의 특산물을 받았다. 그리고 제주 물품을 인근 군현에 판매하고, 그 대금으로 다시 곡물을 구입하여 나리포창에 보관해두었다. 그러나 전근대사회에서 제주도까지 곡물을 수송하고, 특산물을 받아오는 일이란 매우 위험하고도 어려운 일이었다. 또한 특산물을 충청도와 전라도의 여러 군현에 나눠준 다음 곡물을 비축하는 일 또한 쉬운 일이 아니었다. 여기에 관리자의 낮은 지위, 실무담당자의 비리행위, 제주 물품의 출송 지연, 과다한 곡물 이전에 따른 곡물 부족현상 등은 나리포창 운영의 걸림돌이 되었다. 이 과정에서 조선정부는 수많은 시행착오를 겪었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 조선정부는 제주의 기민 구제에 심혈을 기울였다. ‘均是赤子’론적 입장에서 제주도민을 외면할 수 없었기 때문이었다. 그리고 정조 11년(1787) 제주도와 임피를 오가는 선박의 파선 위험을 고려하여 나리포창을 나주 제민창으로 이전하였다. 이와 같이 조선왕조는 나리포창 운영의 정상화를 위해 수차례에 걸쳐 절목을 개정하고 관리체계를 강화해갔다.
In post-modern society, it was very dangerous and difficult to transport grains from Korean peninsula to Jeju-do and receive indigenous products. In addition, it was not easy to share indigenous products with several dozens of counties and prefectures in Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do and collect grains. To achieve them, the Joseon Dynasty established Naripochang in Nari-village between Gongju and Yeonki of Chungcheong-do in the 46th year of Sookjong(1720). And then, in the 2nd year of Gyeongjong(1722), after 2 years, it was transferred to impi. There was a villa in Naripochang. He sent grains kept in Naripochang to Jeju-do in case of poor harvest and received yangtae, seaweed, etc. And, he purchased grains again with payment of products and kept them in Naripochang. In other words, it was managed under the purpose of ‘kyoje(交濟)’ that rescues famine of Jeju-do through product exchange between Naripochang grains and Jeju products. But, Joseon government experienced lots of trials and errors because of the insufficient grains caused by low status of manager, corruptive behavior of practical manager, transport delaying of Jeju products, transfer of excessive grains, etc. However, it should be concentrated that Joseon government made an effort to rescue famine of Jeju by revising regulations for about 10 times although there were lots of problems in Naripochang management. As confirmed in lots of historical materials, Naripochang’s original roles and functions were relief warehouse for ‘only Jeju-do famine’. The Joseon Dynasty could not neglect Jeju people who were among the dead from an angle of ‘gyunsijeokja(均是赤子)’. Therefore, sokeup of Naripochang was increased so as to relief the burden biased to some counties and prefectures in Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do and The Grain loan called as Napobomingok(羅鋪補民穀) was established so as to support the costs of the ships coming and going Jeju-do. And, in the era of Jeongjo, warehouse of impi was transferred to Naju so as not to pass chilsan, Yeonggwang that was a rough sea. Therefore, the Joseon Dynasty revised legal literature and strengthened management system several times so as to normalize the management of Naripochang.

『오산문첩』 수령, 지방행정, 농정, 환곡, 군정, 『Osanmuncheop(烏山文牒)』, local governor, local administration, government by man(人治主義), agricultural policy, hwangok(還穀), military policy, 인문 -- Liberal Arts, and 한국

Local governor in the Chosŏn Dynasty was in a position to represent the central direction. But at the same time, But at the same time, he played a ambivalent role in take care of the people in the provincial areas and protecting its interests. For this purpose, local governor the receiving party minimized administrative friction with senior administrative organization or in neighboring provincial areas. and he also spoke for the position of the region governing by coordinating various issues within the provincial areas. In this process, the role of the leader in the operation of local administrative bodies was represented in the factors 'government by man(人治主義)'. The Joseon Dynasty emphasized Ritual System(禮制) in ideologically as an important principle of social management. So, administration of local governor needed a Rule of Ritual(禮治) which is based on Rule of Law(法治). therefore in reality,it was necessary to reconcile the Rule of Ritual(禮治) with the ideological emphasis while pursuing Rule of Law(法治). The 'government by man' that local governor the people by their moral qualifications and abilities was the result of a combination of Rule of Ritual(禮治) and Rule of Law(法治). These factors played an important role in ensuring that the local governor’s administration was in harmony with the hands-on worker and armers below the local governor. Depending on moral qualities and ability of local governor, he has continued to negotiate with senior administration to ease conflicts and tensions arising from the administrative process. In the process, he actively used the discretion to resolve several issues associated with the burden on the local area and farmers in a favorable direction. This allowed local governor to exercise his certain autonomy in the execution of local administration The local administration of the late Chosŏn Dynasty was based on the elements of government by man(人治主義). and this would have been able to maximize its efficiency, filling the institutional vacuum of local administration.

ACCOUNTING, BUSINESS records, ECONOMIC development, and ARCHIVAL materials

The examination of John Stillé, Jr.'s accounting and business records from his early career in the late 18th century uncovers historical and economic events of the day and how these events impacted the business of a merchant. While each ledger and waste book tells a story of its own, each book also corroborates the story of the others. Stillé's accounting records are described and compared with bookkeeping practices of the time. Even the dual-currency preprinted books and the recordings therein are unusual. As such, this paper represents a microhistory of an important Philadelphia merchant of the 1790s and his attempts at record keeping. A knowledgeable and organized approach to accounting and bookkeeping plausibly played a role in the success Stillé enjoyed in his occupation and his interactions with noted and wealthy citizens of Philadelphia, including at least one signer of the Declaration of Independence and the U. S. Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]