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Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Oceanography, Océanographie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Synécologie, Synecology, Ecosystèmes saumâtres, Brackish water ecosystems, Milieu saumâtre, Brackish water environment, Medio salobre, Estuaire, Estuaries, Estuario, Etude comparative, Comparative study, Estudio comparativo, Extracellulaire, Extracellular, Extracelular, Glucide, Carbohydrate, Glúcido, Phytobenthos, Fitobentos, Répartition spatiale, Spatial distribution, Distribución espacial, Vasière, Mud flats, Fondo fangoso, Zone intertidale, Intertidal zone, Zona intertidal, Ems-Dollard estuary, Extracellular carbohydrate, Grain size distribution, Humber estuary, Marennes-Oléron Bay, Microphytobenthos, Monosaccharide distribution, and Tidal flats

In this study, the spatial distribution of two operationally defined extracellular carbohydrate fractions (water- and EDTA-extractable carbohydrates) were examined in three intertidal mudflats in Western Europe (Dollard, the Netherlands; Marennes, France; Humber, UK). The three mudflats were sampled along cross-shore transects and sediment cores were sliced to a depth of 5 cm. In these mudflats diatoms were the dominant component of the microphytobenthos. Carbohydrate content showed little variation with depth but varied along transects within each mudflat. Carbohydrate contents were also significantly different between mudflats and the carbohydrate contents of the stations within a mudflat grouped together resulting in separate clusters. This was also observed when the Marennes mudflat was investigated on a temporal scale. These results suggest that processes that act on the scale of whole mudflats determine the variations in extracellular carbohydrate contents In the surface 0.5 cm of the sediment, water-extractable carbohydrates showed a correlation with both chlorophyll a content and median grain size while EDTA-extractable carbohydrates were only correlated with median grain size. Incubation experiments also showed the importance of microphytobenthos as a source of extracellular carbohydrate especially when subjected to the light. Analyses of the monosaccharide distribution of the carbohydrate fractions revealed that the carbohydrate composition was largely similar between the areas investigated. Structurally. the carbohydrates found in these sediments seem to represent a biorefractory part of the freshly produced carbohydrates that remained after rapid degradation of the mare labile component.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Ecology, Ecologie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bactérie, Bacteria, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Cyanobacteria, Cycle biogéochimique, Biogeochemical cycle, Ciclo biogeoquímico, Diazotrophie, Diazotrophy, Diazotrofía, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijación nitrogeno, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Océan, Ocean, Océano, and Trichodesmium

The surface water of the marine environment has traditionally been viewed as a nitrogen (N) limited habitat, and this has guided the development of conceptual biogeochemical models focusing largely on the reservoir of nitrate as the critical source of N to sustain primary productivity. However, selected groups of Bacteria, including cyanobacteria, and Archaea can utilize dinitrogen (N2) as an alternative N source. In the marine environment, these microorganisms can have profound effects on net community production processes and can impact the coupling of C-N-P cycles as well as the net oceanic sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As one component of an integrated 'Nitrogen Transport and Transformations' project, we have begun to re-assess our understanding of (I) the biotic sources and rates of N2 fixation in the world's oceans, (2) the major controls on rates of oceanic N2 fixation, (3) the significance of this N2 fixation for the global carbon cycle and (4) the role of human activities in the alteration of oceanic N2 fixation. Preliminary results indicate that rates of N2 fixation, especially in subtropical and tropical open ocean habitats, have a major role in the global marine N budget. Iron (Fe) bioavailability appears to be an important control and is, therefore, critical in extrapolation to global rates of N2 fixation. Anthropogenic perturbations may alter N2 fixation in coastal environments through habitat destruction and eutrophication, and open ocean N2 fixation may be enhanced by warming and increased stratification of the upper water column. Global anthropogenic and climatic changes may also affect N2 fixation rates, for example by altering dust inputs (i.e. Fe) or by expansion of subtropical boundaries. Some recent estimates of global ocean N2 fixation are in the range of 100-200 Tg N (1-2 x 1014 g N) yr-1, but have large uncertainties. These estimates are nearly an order of magnitude greater than historical, pre-1980 estimates, but approach modern estimates of oceanic denitrification.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Ecology, Ecologie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Géochimie, Geochemistry, Géochimie des sols et des roches, Soil and rock geochemistry, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Quaternaire marin et continental, Marine and continental quaternary, Europe, Europa, Actuel, modern, Actual, Calcium, calcium, Calcio, Carbohydrate, carbohydrates, Matière particulaire, particulate matters, Partícula elemental, Milieu intertidal, intertidal environment, Medio intertidal, Particule, particles, Rhéologie, rheology, Reología, Sorption, sorption, Sorción, Stabilisation, stabilization, Estabilización, Sédimentation estuaire, estuarine sedimentation, Sedimentación estuario, Vasière, mud flats, and Marisma

Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) are considered to play an important role in the stabilization of intertidal mudflats. In this study the role of EPS as a binding agent in intertidal sediments was investigated. For this purpose two EPS fractions (termed coll-SF and EDTA-SF) were isolated from intertidal sediment and characterized in terms of monosaccharide- and size distribution. In slurry addition experiments the sorption characteristics of these EPS-fractions as well as their effect on sediment properties were examined under varying Ca2+-concentrations. Results showed more EDTA-SF adsorbed to the sediment compared to coll-SF. For both fractions more EPS adsorbed to the sediment when Ca2+-concentration increased. This effect was stronger for EDTA-SF. The differences in sorption between the two fractions could not be explained in terms of monosaccharide- and size distribution, which were largely similar. The addition of EPS in the presence or absence of Ca2+ did not alter the rheology of the sediment slurries indicating that there was no effect of EPS on the sediment properties. This contradicts results of experiments with bacterial EPS as well as field observations in which the presence of EPS/ biofilms leads to an increase in the erosion resistance of the sediment. Possible causes for this discrepancy in results are discussed.

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Végétaux et champignons, Plants and fungi, Synécologie, Synecology, Ecosystèmes marins, Sea water ecosystems, Algae, Bacillariophyta, Facteur photique, Light effect, Factor fótico, Heterokontophyta, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Thallophyta, Eclairement énergétique, Irradiance, Aclaramiento energético, Extracellulaire, Extracellular, Extracelular, Photosynthèse, Photosynthesis, Fotosíntesis, Phytobenthos, Fitobentos, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Productivité biologique, Biological productivity, Productividad biológica, Cylindrotheca closterium, Extracellular polymeric substances, Microphytobenthos, and P/E curves

The partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) into different fractions of intracellular and extracellular C pools by an axenic culture of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) and a field sample of natural benthic diatoms was studied using short-term incubation with 14C at different irradiances. Hence, excretion was directly dependent on the level of irradiance. During the incubations, a comparable amount of about 70 and 75% of the fixed C, respectively, was excreted by the culture and the field sample. This excreted C was distinguished in 2 operational fractions of attached (closely bound to the cells) and colloidal (soluble) material. In the field sample, the percentage of excreted C decreased at irradiances higher than 300 pmol photons m-2 s-1, but it was constant for the culture over the whole range of different irradiances applied. The percentage of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the attached and colloidal material, as obtained by ethanol precipitation, was constant over the range of the provided irradiances for both samples. Subsamples of natural benthic diatoms were treated with an antibiotic cocktail in order to exclude bacterial activity which resulted in unexpected higher values of incorporated C in the fractions of total C, intracellular C, colloidal C and EPS.

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Oceanography, Océanographie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Quaternaire marin et continental, Marine and continental quaternary, Europe, Europa, Océan Atlantique, Atlantic Ocean, Océano Atlántico, Procaryote, prokaryotes, Bactérie, bacteria, Carbone organique, organic carbon, Carbono orgánico, Effet biogène, biogenic effects, Effet tampon, buffer effects, Efecto tampón, Fer, iron, Hierro, Milieu littoral, coastal environment, Medio litoral, Oxydation, oxidation, Oxidación, Porosité, porosity, Porosidad, Réduction chimique, chemical reduction, Reducción química, Sulfate, sulfates, Sulfato, Sulfure, sulfides, Sulfuro, Sédiment marin, marine sediments, Sedimento marino, Variation verticale, and vertical variations

The Bassin d'Arcachon (south-west France) was chosen as a model ecosystem to study the chemical and microbiological buffering towards free sulphide. Data were collected on the vertical distribution of oxygen, sulphur and iron compounds and the vertical distribution of colourless sulphur bacteria and sulphide-producing bacteria. In addition, data on the chemical and biological buffering capacity towards free sulphide were collected in sediment slurries from defined depth layers using a biological sulphide and oxygen monitor (BOSM) equipped with electrodes for oxygen, sulphide, redox and pH. The data showed that a substantial population of aerobic sulphide-oxidizing bacteria was present, yet buffering towards free sulphide could mainly be attributed to chemical processes: in particular, reactions with iron were of importance. Interestingly, the potential microbiological rate of sulphide oxidation was orders of magnitude higher than the rate of sulphate reduction reported for this ecosystem. The ecological implications of these observations for the Bassin d'Arcachon are that the powerful biological buffering capacity towards the free sulphide present will become effective after the chemical buffering capacity has been depleted. Under such conditions the colourless sulphur bacteria will no longer face the competition with iron, and thus may be expected to proliferate. The crucial factor then becomes the availability of oxygen.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Ecotoxicologie, effets biologiques de la pollution, Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution, Action de la pollution et effets secondaires des pesticides sur les protozoaires et les invertébrés, Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on protozoa and invertebrates, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Généralités, Generalities, Lutte, Control, Angiospermae, Arachnida, Arthropoda, Gramineae, Insecta, Invertebrata, Monocotyledones, Spermatophyta, Acephate, Araneida, Carbophenothion, Cypermethrine, Cyrthorhinus lividipennis, Delphacidae, Deltamethrine, Dose létale 50, Lethal dose 50, Dosis letal 50, Déprédateur, Pest, Effet secondaire, Secondary effect, Efecto secundario, Endosulfan, Entomophage, Entomophagous, Entomofago, Ethylan, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Insecticide, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Microvelia atrolineata, Nilaparvata lugens, Oryza sativa, Osbac, Plante céréalière, Cereal crop, Prédateur, Predator, Predador, Toxicité, Toxicity, and Toxicidad

Biota, DNA Primers genetics, Databases, Genetic, Ecology methods, Microsatellite Repeats, and Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

This article documents the addition of 473 microsatellite marker loci and 71 pairs of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Barteria fistulosa, Bombus morio, Galaxias platei, Hematodinium perezi, Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (a.k.a. M. abdominalis Fab., M. grandii Goidanich or M. gifuensis Ashmead), Micropogonias furnieri, Nerita melanotragus, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, Sciaenops ocellatus, Scomber scombrus, Spodoptera frugiperda and Turdus lherminieri. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Barteria dewevrei, Barteria nigritana, Barteria solida, Cynoscion acoupa, Cynoscion jamaicensis, Cynoscion leiarchus, Cynoscion nebulosus, Cynoscion striatus, Cynoscion virescens, Macrodon ancylodon, Menticirrhus americanus, Nilaparvata muiri and Umbrina canosai. This article also documents the addition of 116 sequencing primer pairs for Dicentrarchus labrax.
(© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Arthropoda, Composé sémiochimique, Semiochemicals, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Pentatomidae, Allomone, Alomona, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Attractif, Attractant, Atractivo, Mâle, Male, Macho, Phéromone sexuelle, Sex pheromone, Feromona sexual, Structure chimique, Chemical structure, Estructura química, Tibraca limbativentris, (1RS, 4RS, 1'5)-4-(1', 5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)- 1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol, Semiochemical, allomone, and zingiberenol

The male-produced sex pheromone from the Brazilian rice stalk stink bug Tibraca limbativentris is reported. Olfactometer bioassays with sexually mature males and females showed that males attracted females, which suggests that males release a sex pheromone. Males were not attracted to either sex, nor were females attractive to conspecific females. Attraction of the females to males was highest at night. The headspace volatiles collected from male and female bugs were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Two male-specific compounds were identified as isomers of 1 'S'-zingiberenol, whereas a series of defensive compounds were identified in extracts from both sexes. Zingiberenol has three chiral centers, and the nonselective syntheses used produced two groups of isomers, zingiberenol I containing four isomers, namely (1RS,4RS, 1 'R)-4-( 1 ',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol, and zingiberenol II containing the other four isomers, namely (1RS,4RS,1'S)-4-(l',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol. Both groups of stereoisomers were more attractive than hexane controls. The absolute configuration of the insect-produced pheromonal components remains to be elucidated, but the 1'S' stereochemistry was established for at least one of the isomers.

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bacteria, Bactérie, Cyanobacteria, Eau mer, Seawater, Agua mar, Ecologie, Ecology, Ecologia, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Mer du Nord, North Sea, Nitrogenase, Zone intertidale, and Intertidal zone

Medical laboratory techniques, Techniques de laboratoire médical, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Méthodes bactériologiques et techniques utilisées en bactériologie, Bacteriological methods and techniques used in bacteriology, Bactériochlorophylle, Bacteriochlorophyll, Bactériophéophytine, Bacteriopheophytine, Chlorophylle, Chlorophyll, Communauté microbienne, Communauté, Community, Dosage, Assay, Ecologie, Ecology, Ecosystème, Ecosystem, Environnement, Environment, Microflore, Microflora, Microorganisme, Microorganism, Méthode, Method, Pigment photosynthétique, Photosynthetic pigment, Pigment, Pigments, Simultané, Concurrent, Soufre, and Sulfur

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Arthropoda, Communication chimique, Chemical communication, Comunicación química, Composé sémiochimique, Semiochemicals, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Attractif, Attractant, Atractivo, Composé volatil, Volatile compound, Compuesto volátil, Pentatomidae, Phéromone sexuelle, Sex pheromone, Feromona sexual, Thyanta pallidovirens, Sex attractant pheromone, Thyanta accerra custator, methyl (E2,Z4,Z6)-decatrienoate, redundant, sesquiterpene, zingiberene β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-curcumene

The male-produced sex pheromone of the red-shouldered stink bug, Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) consists of a blend of methyl (E2,Z4,Z6)-decatrienoate (E2,Z4,Z6-10:COOMe), and the sesquiterpenes (+)-α-curcumene, (-)-zingiberene, and (-)-β-sesquiphellandrene. In laboratory bioassays, sexually mature males attracted sexually mature females but not males, and females did not attract either sex. Extracts of volatiles collected from sexually mature males contained compounds not present in extracts from females or sexually immature males, and male-produced extract was attractive to females. Biological activity was lost when the extract was fractionated, indicating that the pheromone consisted of at least two components having different chemical, properties. Individually, pheromone components were not attractive to females, but E2,Z4,Z6-10:COOMe in combination with at least one of the three male-produced sesquiterpenes was attractive. The presence of more than one sesquiterpene in the blend did not increase attraction, indicating redundancy in the pheromone signal. Male extract was as attractive as a blend reconstructed from synthesized compounds, indicating all biologically active components had been identified. In bioassays conducted at dusk in a 1- x 1- x 1-m screen field cage, females were attracted to synthetic pheromone lures. In field trials, adult female T pallidovirens were attracted to pheromone-baited traps in relatively low numbers. The profile of volatiles released by sexually mature males of a congeneric species, Thyanta accerra custator McAtee, was remarkably similar to that of male T pallidovirens, with the exception that the former species produced (E)-2-decenal, a compound that was not found in T. pallidovirens extracts.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Entomophage, Entomophagous, Entomófago, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Relation hôte parasite, Host parasite relation, Relación huesped parásito, Spermatophyta, Animal auxiliaire, Beneficial animal, Animal benéfico, Coreidae, Densité population, Population density, Densidad población, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Efficacité parasitaire, Parasitic efficiency, Eficacia parasitaria, Hôte, Host, Huesped, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Oophage, Oophagous, Oófago, Parasitoïde, Parasitoid, Parasitoide, Scelionidae, Taux parasitisme, Parasitism rate, Tasa parasitismo, Variation saisonnière, Seasonal variation, Variación estacional, Vigna unguiculata, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Gryon fulviventris, and Nigeria du Nord

Field surveys were conducted on cowpea and pigeon pea in 1995 and 1996 to assess the effect of indigenous egg parasitoids on populations of Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål in northern Nigeria. From the egg masses of C. tomentosicollis, three species of Hymenoptera belonging to three families, namel Anastatus sp. (Eupelmidae), Ooencyrtus utetheisae (Risbec) (Encyrtidae), and Gryon fulviventris (Crawford) (Scelionidae), were recorded. Among them, G. fulviventris was found to be the most abundant parasitoid. Of a total of 3,502 egg masses collected on cowpea from four geographical locations, 2,587 (73.9%) were found to contain at least one egg parasitized by G fulviventris. From 56,072 eggs discovered, it parasitized 38,935 (69.4%). Overall, 74,724 eggs were collected from the four different locations and of these 52% were parasitized by G. fulviventris. However, parasitism rates varied with time and location. At one of the study sites (Minjibir, Kano) where weekly samples were collected throughout the growing season, the discovery efficiency, exploitation efficiency, and overall percentage parasitism increased significantly from July to November. Also, the proportion of eggs parasitized was found to be inversely related to the size of the egg mass. These findings are discussed in relation to the potential contribution of biological control in the integrated pest management of this economically important pest.

ENTOMOLOGY, Cicadellinae, Citrus sinensis, Citrus Variegated Chlorosis, ecology, Clorose Variegada dos Citros, and ecologia

The purpose of this study was to analyze sharpshooter fauna in a five-year-old 'Westin' sweet orange orchard. Yellow sticky traps were placed on the edge of a forest, and on the periphery and inside the citrus stand. The traps were evaluated fortnightly, for three years. The most frequent species were Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg), and Oncometopia facialis (Signoret). B. xanthophis occurred more in the forest edge, especially on spring and winter. A. citrina occurred most frequently in the forest edge, especially on spring. The highest incidence of O. facialis was inside the citrus stand, on spring and summer. Other cicadellids occurred more often in the forest edge, especially on summer. A. citrina, B. xanthophis, Dilobopterus costalimai Young, and O. facialis were predominant in all places studied. A. citrina, B. xanthophis and O. facialis were super dominant, super abundant, super frequent, and constant, except inside the stand, where B. xanthophis was dominant, very abundant, very frequent, and constant. D. costalimai and Homalodisca ignorata Melichar were dominant, very abundant, and very frequent in the forest edge and in the periphery of the stand, and D. costalimai was also predominant inside the stand. Scopogonalia subolivacea (Stål) was predominant in the forest edge and inside the stand, while Plesiommata corniculata Young was predominant in the periphery (both were dominant, very abundant, very frequent, and accessory).
O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a fauna de cigarrinhas em pomar de laranjeira 'Westin' enxertada sobre limoeiro 'Cravo', em plantas com cinco anos de idade. Foram instaladas armadilhas adesivas amarelas na borda da mata, na periferia do talhão e no interior do talhão, sendo avaliadas quinzenalmente, por três anos. As cigarrinhas que ocorreram com maior freqüência foram Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Oncometopia facialis (Signoret). B. xanthophis ocorreu mais na borda da mata, principalmente na primavera e inverno. A. citrina ocorreu mais na borda da mata, principalmente na primavera. A a maior incidência de O. facialis foi no interior do talhão, e maior na primavera e verão. A ocorrência de outros cicadelíneos foi maior na borda da mata, principalmente no verão. Segundo a análise faunística, A. citrina, B. xanthophis, Dilobopterus costalimai Young e O. facialis foram predominantes em todos os locais estudados; A. citrina, B. xanthophis e O. facialis foram super dominantes, super abundantes, super freqüentes e constantes, exceto no interior do talhão, onde B. xanthophis foi dominante, muito abundante, muito freqüente e constante. D. costalimai e Homalodisca ignorata Melichar foram dominantes, muito abundantes e muito freqüentes na borda da mata e periferia do talhão, sendo que D. costalimai também foi predominante no interior do talhão. Scopogonalia subolivacea (Stål) foi predominante na borda da mata e interior do talhão e Plesiommata corniculata Young, na periferia do talhão (ambas foram dominantes, muito abundantes, muito freqüentes e acessórias).

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Spermatophyta, Coreidae, Défoliation, Defoliation, Defoliación, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Feuille végétal, Plant leaf, Hoja vegetal, Gousse, Pod, Vaina, Infestation, Infestación, Structure, Estructura, Température, Temperature, Temperatura, Vigna unguiculata, Anoplocnemis curvipes, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, canopy temperature, defoliation, and pod position

Potted cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., plants were used to determine the effects of defoliation and pod position relative to the leaf canopy on infestation and damage by the coreid pod-bugs Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and Anoplocnemis curvipes (F.). Temperature measurements were taken within and outside the canopy to determine whether there was a correlation to seed damage. Seed damage decreased significantly with increasing defoliation in plants infested with C. tomentosicollis; an inverse trend was observed with A. curvipes. Temperatures within the canopy increased as the number of leaves decreased. As observed in the defoliation experiment, C. tomentosicollis and A. curvipes reacted differently in a free-choice situation between pods located outside or within the canopy. Significantly higher numbers of C. tomentosicollis concealed themselves within the canopy, where they caused more severe damage to seeds, in comparison with numbers and damage outside the canopy. These trends were reversed for A. curvipes. There was a significant negative correlation between percentage of seed damage and temperature with C. tomentosicollis, and a significant positive correlation with A. curvipes, both in defoliated plants and those with pods distributed outside and within the canopy. Overall, plants with less dense canopy, and long peduncles holding pods outside the canopy showed some resistance to C. tomentosicollis, which is the most damaging pod bug on cowpea. Because such cowpea plants harbor fewer C. tomentosicollis, they are likely to suffer less overall damage from infestation by the complex of pod bugs that occur concurrently in cowpea fields.