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Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Appareils de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie thermique, énergie électrique, énergie mécanique, etc, Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc, Foyers. Chambres de combustion. Brûleurs, Furnaces. Firing chambers. Burners, Brûleurs et chambres de combustion à combustibles solides et pulvérisés, Solid and pulverized fuel burners and combustion chambers, Azote oxyde, Nitrogen oxide, Nitrógeno óxido, Broyeur, Grinder, Triturador, Brûleur, Burner, Quemador, Charbon pulvérisé, Pulverized coal, Carbón pulverizado, Combustion, Combustión, Diminution coût, Cost lowering, Reducción costo, Protection pollution air, and Air pollution control

Low-NOx combustion by economical use of combustion air very often resulted in a poor burnout in the beginning of the NOx reduction history. It was therefore necessary to make load changes with great caution; the possible capacity range with pure coal fire was restricted. The technology of coal mills has in the last years markedly been improved, so that extremely finely pulverized coal can be safely used also under lowest part loads. New burners today are not very exacting for the milling technology. It is therefore possible to have simpler designed mills, saving manufacturing and operating costs. The most important developments and operating results are presented.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales thermiques, Thermal power plants, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Chambre combustion, Combustion chamber, Cámara combustión, Fuel oil, Gaz naturel, Natural gas, Gas natural, Modernisation, Modernization, Modernización, Performance, Rendimiento, Turbine gaz, Gas turbine, and Turbina gas

The retrofit ofthe Mainz-Wiesbaden power plant with an ABB gas turbine GT 13 D is characterized by the implementation of a combuster with variable inlet guide vanes in the ABB EV combustion chamber with individually fired burners. Experience gathered since 1996 confirm the excellent behaviour ofthe plant for both fuels. Especially to be outlined is the positive effect on the overall combined cycle operation with a view to capacity increase and efficiency improvement.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Etudes générales, économiques et professionnelles, General, economic and professional studies, Economie de l'énergie, Energy economics, Données économiques, Economic data, Energie électrique, Electric energy, Centrale nucléaire, Nuclear power plant, Central nuclear, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Centrale électrique, Electric power plant, Central eléctrica, Combustible fossile, Fossil fuel, Combustible fósil, Commande processus, Process control, Control proceso, Gestion production, Production management, Gestión producción, Système information, Information system, and Sistema información

Starting from a clear differentiation between process and plant, function-related connections between process management and technical plant management are outlined. They will show that the tasks of process balancing and plant supervision, serving the making available of information for production-related and plant-related management, belong to I&C systems. In addition, the necessity for unimpeded information flows with the aid of data processing system-independent data interface is explained.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Installations diverses: centrales mhd, centrales à piles à combustible, usines d'incinération, etc, Other installations: mhd power plants, fuel cell plants, incineration plants, etc, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Chambre combustion, Combustion chamber, Cámara combustión, Contrainte mécanique, Mechanical stress, Tensión mecánica, Contrainte thermique, Thermal stress, Tensión térmica, Corrosion, Corrosión, Déchet combustible, Combustible waste, Desperdicio combustible, Incinération, Incineration, Incineración, Inspection, Inspección, Méthode élément fini, Finite element method, Método elemento finito, Revêtement réfractaire, Refractory coating, and Revestimiento refractario

In order to examine the corrosion problem, investigations have been made into the whole thermal transfer system, from thermal radiation load due to burners and refuse firing operation, via deposits, typical refractory linings up to the membrane walls. The results clearly describe the instationary processes for unimpeded expansion and offer plausible explanations for damage encountered in the area of thermally unstably stressed boiler areas. In fact, the elongation is restricted. After the E-modules of all components are available and further finite-element calculations have been made, more precise statements as to stresses and crack formation can be expected.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales thermiques, Thermal power plants, Centrales nucléaires à fission, Fission nuclear power plants, Centrale nucléaire, Nuclear power plant, Central nuclear, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Combustible fossile, Fossil fuel, Combustible fósil, Durée service, Service life, Duración servicio, Détection défaut, Defect detection, Detección imperfección, Intégrité structure, Structure integrity, Integridad estructura, Mesure, Measurement, Medida, Simulation numérique, Numerical simulation, and Simulación numérica

The history of the Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt - the State Material Testing Institute -(MPA) Stuttgart is characterized by the scientific qualifications of its directors. During the 40 years of work at the MPA, Professor Karl Kussmaul has come up to the expectations of this tradition and has with his works firmly established the renowned Stuttgarter Schule - the School of Stuttgart founded by Bach.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Pollution atmosphérique due à l'industrie des combustibles et à leur utilisation, Air pollution caused by fuel industries, Réduction de la pollution, Pollution reduction, Généralités, General, Azote oxyde, Nitrogen oxide, Nitrógeno óxido, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Gaz naturel, Natural gas, Gas natural, Modernisation, Modernization, Modernización, Prémélange, Premixing, Premezcla, Recirculation gaz combustion, Flue gas recirculation, Recirculación gas combustión, Protection pollution air, Air pollution control, Rééquipement, and Retrofitting

A natural gas-fired unit built in 1973 has been retrofitted by the installation of premix burners, flue gas recirculation and overfire air to obtain NOx emissions of < 100 mg/m3 without capacity reductions. As no restriction of the design steam capacity of 1550 t/h was acceptable, the flue gas recirculation was restricted to 15 %. The overfire facility is implementcd only in the upper load area. The design and the operation-related basic conditions for the retrofit concept are being explained as well as the modification measures taken. Results of commissioning runs and first operating experience are outlined.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Pollution atmosphérique due à l'industrie des combustibles et à leur utilisation, Air pollution caused by fuel industries, Réduction de la pollution, Pollution reduction, Traitement des fumées et des gaz industriels, Stack gas and industrial effluent processing, Calcaire, Limestone, Calcáreo, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Désulfuration gaz combustion, Combustion gas desulfurization, Desulfuración gas combustión, Epuration effluent gazeux, Flue gas purification, Depuración efluente gaseoso, Gypse, Gypsum, Yeso, Procédé voie humide, Wet process, Procedimiento vía húmeda, Protection pollution air, and Air pollution control

The flue gas desulphurization plant with a dual-circuit wet-scrubbing process operating in the Jänschwalde power station meets the scrubber efficiency requirement of 95 % for the SO2 minimization. The caking encountered in the absorber and absorber supply tank was reduced leaving only a negligible residue. Specific changes to the gypsum crystal morphology by adjusting the dwell time stabilized the gypsum quality. Continuation of absorber systems after failure of the limestone supply is ensured for a period of 15 to 20 hours.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales thermiques, Thermal power plants, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Circuit eau vapeur, Steam water circuit, Circuito agua vapor, Composition chimique, Chemical composition, Composición química, En ligne, On line, En línea, Mesure, Measurement, Medida, Propriété chimique, Chemical properties, Propiedad química, Propriété physique, Physical properties, Propiedad física, and pH

Greater requirements are to be met by measured data initiating direct, automated plant operations than by measured data having an informative character. This applies especially to exactness, correctness, reproducibility, insensibility to disturbances, etc. Examples show that the measuring technology implemented so far by no means has always been the prerequisite for safe automation. It is being reported on the activities of a working panel, which compiled comparative criteria for the continual measurement of physical and chemical parameters under operating conditions in power plants by defining basic notions and undertaking questionnaire surveys.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Etudes théoriques. Données et constantes. Mesures, Theoretical studies. Data and constants. Metering, Mesure, régulation, automatisation en énergie, Metering, regulation, automation in energy, Application client serveur, Client server application, Aplicación cliente servidor, Centrale électrique, Electric power plant, Central eléctrica, Commande processus, Process control, Control proceso, Système information, Information system, Sistema información, Système modulaire, Modular system, Sistema modular, Traitement donnée, Data processing, and Tratamiento datos

Since October 1, 1997, SAP systems and PRODAS have been in operation at VEAG. The big-bang change-over was carried out free from any disturbance. After a comprehensive training, all staff members fully accepted both systems. Problems arose later on due to long system run times, the reasons being operational errors during the start-up phase but also large-scale application which could not be tested before the system's productive start. These problems are to be eliminated by further training of staff and implementation of more powerful computers in the course of SAP application.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales combinées, Combined power plants, Centrale combinée, Combined power plant, Central combinada, Disponibilité, Availability, Disponibilidad, Expérience exploitation, Operating experience, Experiencia explotación, Performance, Rendimiento, Université, University, Universidad, and Cycle Cheng

The Cheng-cycle unit of the Technical University Munich has now been in regular operation for about 15 months. During this period the energy and time availability were good, the capacity availability will, however, have to be improved. In order to be able to fully exploit the potential of flexible powerheat plants, an on-line load control system is necessary. Strategies determined by optimization calculations can thus be translated to the actual load run. The load point of the Garching plant is being determined without manual intervention of the operator (closed loop). A post calculation of the real load patterns shows a very good consistency with the load schedules required and actual.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Sylviculture, Forestry, Dendrométrie. Inventaires, Dendrometry. Forest inventory, Croissance, Growth, Crecimiento, Dendrochronologie, Dendrochronology, Dendrocronología, Forêt, Forests, Bosque, Prévision, Forecasting, and Previsión

In contrast to the forecasts of the 1970s and 1980s, which were strongly influenced by the fear of deforestation over large areas, numerous studies of growth have indicated that the growth and existing productivity of forests in Europe have considerably increased on a broad basis. Decline in growth is observed only in exceptional cases and in forests which are exposed to extreme weather conditions or extreme direct damage by pollution. This paper reports on the contradiction between the forecasts and the actual course of growth observed.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Appareils de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie thermique, énergie électrique, énergie mécanique, etc, Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc, Moteurs et turbines, Engines and turbines, Aube turbine, Turbine blade, Paleta turbina, Corrosion, Corrosión, Endommagement, Damaging, Deterioración, Inspection, Inspección, Prévention dommage, Damage prevention, Prevención daño, Turbine gaz, Gas turbine, Turbina gas, Turbine vapeur, Steam turbine, and Turbina vapor

The damage investigated arose as a result of operating stresses caused by mechanical forces and by the effect of the ambient medium, partially caused by treatment and manufacturing deficiencies. It is shown that, in addition to extraordinary operating conditions, even trouble-free operation can lead to unexpected damage. Consequently, adequate monitoring during operation and regular inspections are important. In this way, damage growing over a long period can be detected early and an optimum operating condition can be restored. Inspections are therefore a proven method of preventing operational outages of major scale, which can be caused eventually by blade fractures.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Corrosion, Action des agents de corrosion, Corrosion environments, Acier faiblement allié, Low alloy steel, Acero débilmente aliado, Niedriglegierter Stahl, Acier ferritique, Ferritic steel, Acero ferrítico, Ferritischer Stahl, Application, Aplicación, Anwendung, Corrosion, Corrosión, Korrosion, Réacteur eau bouillante, Boiling water reactor, Reactor agua hirviente, Siedewasserreaktor, Réacteur nucléaire, Nuclear reactor, Reactor nuclear, Kernreaktor, Surface rupture, Fracture surface, Superficie ruptura, and Acier Mo1Ni1

Corrosion investigations into the low alloy, ferritic fine grain structural steels 20MnMoNi55 and 22 NiMoCr 37 have been undertaken under constant extemal load in boiling water reactor-typical, oxygenous high-temperature water. The aforementioned steels were those preferred for the manufacture of pressure vessels and pipework for power plant engineering. The paper presents the results of the corrosion tests in association with fractographic analyses of fracture areas and observations of polished central plane surfaces.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales combinées, Combined power plants, Analyse avantage coût, Cost benefit analysis, Análisis costo beneficio, Aube turbine, Turbine blade, Paleta turbina, Centrale combinée, Combined power plant, Central combinada, Etage turbine, Turbine stage, Etapa turbina, Inspection, Inspección, Remplacement, Replacement, Reemplazo, Turbine vapeur, Steam turbine, and Turbina vapor

Rehabilitation and modification measures, maintenance and testing work during major inspection have been planned and undertaken on the basis of the specifications, guidelines and recommendations of the manufacturer, specialist insurer, the VGB and also of operating performance achieved to date and of knowledge and experience from other power stations with the same, or similar, design of turbosets. Consideration of undertaking measures to improve efficiency were confined to the HP stage of the turbine, because these rehabilitation measures were possible without modification to the steam generator side. The efficiency improvements to be expected (green MW) formed the basis of the cost-benefit analysis for the replacement of the HP stage of the turbine.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Fluage, Creep, Acier inoxydable martensitique, Martensitic stainless steel, Acero inoxidable martensítico, Martensitischer nichtrostender Stahl, Application, Aplicación, Anwendung, Centrale électrique, Electric power plant, Central eléctrica, Fluage, Creep, Fluencia, Kriechen, Microstructure, Microestructura, Mikrogefuege, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Résistance fluage, Creep strength, Resistencia a la fluencia, and Kriechfestigkeit

In recent years, crucial improvements have been achieved in the creep resistance of martensitic 9 to 12% chromium steels. Derived from the material X20CrMoV121 and by virtue of its enhanced creep strength, the steel P91 has attained increasing importance. The tungsten-alloyed variants of this type of steel, P92 and E911, permit higher creep strengths to be expected. At the present time, further developments are being carried out in the field of 9 to 12% chromium steels, in which the most different analytical variants under various conditions of heat treatment are planned. Creep data are ascertained by extrapolation from short-term values, which, as experience has shown, have to be corrected downwards on many occasions in accordance with knowledge acquired from results of creep tests. This paper introduces a method of computation which permits the stability of the microstructure to be assessed.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Appareils de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie thermique, énergie électrique, énergie mécanique, etc, Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc, Moteurs et turbines, Engines and turbines, Aube turbine, Turbine blade, Paleta turbina, Centrale électrique, Electric power plant, Central eléctrica, Conception assistée, Computer aided design, Concepción asistida, Etage turbine, Turbine stage, Etapa turbina, Performance, Rendimiento, Turbine réaction, Reaction turbine, Turbina reacción, Turbine vapeur, Steam turbine, and Turbina vapor

The new blading is distinguished by a stage reaction selected individually for each stage and permits further increase in the efficiency of turbines of all output capacities, both for new plant and also for retrofit measures. Matured computer programmes for the calculation of three-dimensional function>― afflicted flows and highly developed numeric optimization processes have been employed for the design of this blading. These computations have been verified and confirmed by measurements. The result is blading, the percentage of reaction of which, according to stage, can amount to between 50 and 10% and thereby permits maximum turbine efficiencies in each expansion field with the most favourable type of blade.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales thermiques, Thermal power plants, Centrale thermique, Thermal power plant, Central térmica, Charbon, Coal, Carbón, Chaudière, Boiler, Caldera, Combustion, Combustión, Condition opératoire, Operating conditions, Condición operatoria, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Propriété technologique, Technological properties, Propiedad tecnológica, Protection pollution air, Air pollution control, and Protección polución aire

Increasingly, more serious difficulties are caused to the operator by the increased employment of types of coal which cause problems and consequently by the associated changes in coal quality, especially by the combustion of mixtures of coal with very different volatile contents. Further improvements are therefore indispensable in the fields of coal storage, treatment and combustion. Reliable operating parameters are immensely important in addition to rapid analyses of the coal, optimum combustion management and improved or new methods of monitoring. This paper describes the tests, the total of all operating experience, the functions and characteristic properties of combustion in a plant constant, in order to compare and empirically evaluate the coals which are unfamiliar to combustion.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Installations diverses: centrales mhd, centrales à piles à combustible, usines d'incinération, etc, Other installations: mhd power plants, fuel cell plants, incineration plants, etc, Chlorhydrique acide, Hydrochloric acid, Ácido chlorhídrico, Dibenzo-p-dioxine(2,3,7,8-tétrachloro), Epuration effluent gazeux, Flue gas purification, Depuración efluente gaseoso, Furane, Furan, Furano, Métal lourd, Heavy metal, Metal pesado, Ordure ménagère, Household refuse, Basura doméstica, Protection pollution air, Air pollution control, Protección polución aire, Usine incinération, Incineration plant, and Fábrica incineración

Following the timely submission on July 1, 1995, of the application for consent, and it was possible to conclude the consultation phase after a very brief period of negotiation, construction consent was granted at the end of June 1996. Foundation work was immediately started. Outline construction work was already planned so that this permitted steel work erection to commence on programme. Commissioning work will be commenced from the middle of 1998, so that, following a programmed construction and commissioning period of 32 months, commercial operation can be commenced in early 1999. Hamburg will then not have to dispose of any more waste.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Fluage, Creep, Acier allié, Alloy steel, Acero aliado, Legierter Stahl, Application, Aplicación, Anwendung, Canalisation eau, Water pipe, Conducto agua, Chaudière, Boiler, Caldera, Dampfkessel, Densité dislocation, Dislocation density, Densidad dislocación, Versetzungsdichte, Fluage, Creep, Fluencia, Kriechen, Microstructure, Microestructura, Mikrogefuege, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Rupture, Ruptura, Bruch, Traitement thermique, Heat treatment, Tratamiento térmico, Waermebehandlung, Ténacité, Fracture toughness, Tenacidad, Bruchzaehigkeit, and Acier Cr9W2Mo1

The structural formation, the strength and toughness properties and also the creep expansion and creep behaviour of the tungsten-containing 9% chromium steel NF 616 have been studied. The distribution and size of deposits (M23C6, MX, Laves phase), the dislocation density and the sub-grain width after different heat treatments and thermal dislocations at 600 and 650 °C have been determined by TEM. The dislocation density has proved to be the essential structural parameter characteristic of creep properties. Heat treatment properties just above the Acl-point have led to significant loss of creep resistance compared with the base metal. A different creep behaviour appeared as a function of test potential. This is to be noted in creep extrapolation, because otherwise it can lead to a defect assessment in the event of a preponderance of tests at high pressures. The steel studied seems basically suitable as a pipework material up to a temperature of 620°C.

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Pollution, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Batiment. Travaux publics, Buildings. Public works, Durabilité. Pathologie. Réparation. Entretien, Durability. Pathology. Repairing. Maintenance, Délabrement des constructions (fissures, altérations physiques, etc.), Building failures (cracks, physical changes, etc.), Bâtiment, Buildings, Types de bâtiment, Types of buildings, Bâtiment de culte, Religious building, Caractéristique statique, Static characteristic, Característica estática, Clocher, Bell tower, Campanario, Conception architecturale, Architectural design, Concepción arquitectural, Eglise, Church, Iglesia, Fissuration, Cracking, Agrietamiento, Historique, Case history, Histórica, Reconstruction, and Reconstrucción

Introduction de la Frauenkirche (Eglise des Femmes) dans l'histoire de la construction. Après cela les causes de l'apparition des fissures dans la construction - Georges Bähr sont justifiées. Un fondement historique de la cloche comme ouvrage porteur est présenté; son comportement statique de construction est décrit et des possibilités de formation et de réalisations architecturales de nouveaux locaux, comme de nouvelles fonctions potentielles sont montré. La mise en symbole de la Frauenkirche de Dresden termine ce rapport.