Cognition, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Langage, Language, Production et perception du langage parlé, Production and perception of spoken language, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Neurologie, Neurology, Système nerveux (sémiologie, syndromes), Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes), Fonctions encéphaliques supérieures. Syndromes encéphaliques topographiques. Syndrome vestibulaire et surdité d'origine centrale. Syndromes du tronc cérébral, Disorders of higher nervous function. Focal brain diseases. Central vestibular syndrome and deafness. Brain stem syndromes, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles mentaux organiques. Neuropsychologie, Organic mental disorders. Neuropsychology, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Encéphale, Encephalon, Encéfalo, Langage, Language, Lenguaje, Pathologie de l'encéphale, Cerebral disorder, Encéfalo patología, Pathologie du système nerveux central, Central nervous system disease, Sistema nervosio central patología, Pathologie du système nerveux, Nervous system diseases, Sistema nervioso patología, Système nerveux central, Central nervous system, Sistema nervioso central, Trouble de la communication, Communication disorder, Trastorno comunicación, Trouble du langage, Language disorder, Trastorno lenguaje, Trouble neurologique, Neurological disorder, Trastorno neurológico, Aphasie, Aphasia, Afasia, Cognition, Cognición, Homme, Human, Hombre, Mot, Word, Palabra, Neurone miroir, Mirror neuron, Neurona espejo, Parole, Speech, Habla, Perception verbale, Verbal perception, Percepción verbal, Sémantique, Semantics, Semántica, Action semantics, Mirror neurons, and Speech perception

The discovery of mirror neurons in the macaque monkey has ignited intense interest in motor theories of cognition, including speech and language. Here we examine two such claims, that the perception of speech sounds critically depends on motor representations of speech gestures (the motor theory of speech perception) and that the representation of action-related semantic knowledge critically depends on motor representations involved in performing actions. We conclude that there is strong evidence against the claim that speech perception critically depends on the motor system and that there is no conclusive evidence in support of the view that the motor system supports action semantics. We propose instead that motor-related activity during perceptual processes stem from spreading activation in sensory-motor networks that are critical for speech and language production.

Encéphale, Encephalon, Encéfalo, Langage, Language, Lenguaje, Pathologie de l'encéphale, Cerebral disorder, Encéfalo patología, Pathologie du système nerveux central, Central nervous system disease, Sistema nervosio central patología, Pathologie du système nerveux, Nervous system diseases, Sistema nervioso patología, Système nerveux central, Central nervous system, Sistema nervioso central, Trouble de la communication, Communication disorder, Trastorno comunicación, Trouble du langage, Language disorder, Trastorno lenguaje, Trouble neurologique, Neurological disorder, Trastorno neurológico, Aphasie, Aphasia, Afasia, Cognition, Cognición, Homme, Human, Hombre, Mot, Word, Palabra, Neurone miroir, Mirror neuron, Neurona espejo, Parole, Speech, Habla, Perception verbale, Verbal perception, Percepción verbal, Sémantique, Semantics, Semántica, Action semantics, Mirror neurons, Speech perception, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Production et perception du langage parlé, Production and perception of spoken language, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Neurologie, Neurology, Système nerveux (sémiologie, syndromes), Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes), Fonctions encéphaliques supérieures. Syndromes encéphaliques topographiques. Syndrome vestibulaire et surdité d'origine centrale. Syndromes du tronc cérébral, Disorders of higher nervous function. Focal brain diseases. Central vestibular syndrome and deafness. Brain stem syndromes, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles mentaux organiques. Neuropsychologie, Organic mental disorders. Neuropsychology, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

The discovery of mirror neurons in the macaque monkey has ignited intense interest in motor theories of cognition, including speech and language. Here we examine two such claims, that the perception of speech sounds critically depends on motor representations of speech gestures (the motor theory of speech perception) and that the representation of action-related semantic knowledge critically depends on motor representations involved in performing actions. We conclude that there is strong evidence against the claim that speech perception critically depends on the motor system and that there is no conclusive evidence in support of the view that the motor system supports action semantics. We propose instead that motor-related activity during perceptual processes stem from spreading activation in sensory-motor networks that are critical for speech and language production.

Encéphale, Encephalon, Encéfalo, Homme, Human, Hombre, Système nerveux central, Central nervous system, Sistema nervioso central, Trouble de l'humeur, Mood disorder, Trastorno humor, Cortex préfrontal, Prefrontal cortex, Corteza prefrontal, Densité cellulaire, Cell density, Densidad celular, Etat dépressif, Depression, Estado depresivo, Grave, Severe, Neurone gabaergique, Gabaergic neuron, Neurona gabaminérgica, Neurone pyramidal, Pyramidal neuron, Neurona piramidal, Personne âgée, Elderly, Anciano, Postmortem, Sénescence, Senescence, Senescencia, Vieillissement, Ageing, Envejecimiento, Dépression gériatrique, Geriatric depression, Depresión geriátrica, aging, glutamatergic neurons, major depressive disorder, postmortem, prefrontal cortex, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles de l'humeur, Mood disorders, Gériatrie, Geriatrics, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Cognition, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

Objective Frontal regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex (ORB) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC) have been implicated in the neuropathology of geriatric depression. Prominent reductions in pyramidal neuron density have been recently reported in the ORB of older depressed subjects. However, the cellular pathology of the dlPFC has not yet been examined in these subjects. Methods Postmortem tissue from the dlPFC (Brodmann's area 9, BA9) was collected from 10 older (>60 years old) subjects diagnosed with major depression and 10 age-matched non-psychiatric controls (CTRL). The majority of the subjects were the same as those used for our previous study on neuronal reductions in the ORB in older depressed. Overall (all six layers combined), and laminar density of pyramidal (presumably glutamatergic), and non-pyramidal (GABAergic) neurons as well as cortical and laminar width were measured using linear optical disector of Stereoinvestigator software. Results Neither the overall nor laminar density of pyramidal or non-pyramidal neurons was significantly different between groups. The cortical and laminar widths were also not affected. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal prefrontal pathology in elderly depressed is region specific. No significant changes were detected in the density of any type of neurons in the dlPFC of elderly depressed subjects (present study) whereas, prominent reductions in the density of pyramidal glutamatergic neurons were observed previously in the ORB.

Cognition, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles de l'humeur, Mood disorders, Etat dépressif, Depression, Gériatrie, Geriatrics, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Encéphale, Encephalon, Encéfalo, Homme, Human, Hombre, Système nerveux central, Central nervous system, Sistema nervioso central, Trouble de l'humeur, Mood disorder, Trastorno humor, Cortex préfrontal, Prefrontal cortex, Corteza prefrontal, Densité cellulaire, Cell density, Densidad celular, Etat dépressif, Depression, Estado depresivo, Grave, Severe, Neurone gabaergique, Gabaergic neuron, Neurona gabaminérgica, Neurone pyramidal, Pyramidal neuron, Neurona piramidal, Personne âgée, Elderly, Anciano, Postmortem, Sénescence, Senescence, Senescencia, Vieillissement, Ageing, Envejecimiento, Dépression gériatrique, Geriatric depression, Depresión geriátrica, aging, glutamatergic neurons, major depressive disorder, postmortem, and prefrontal cortex

Objective Frontal regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex (ORB) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC) have been implicated in the neuropathology of geriatric depression. Prominent reductions in pyramidal neuron density have been recently reported in the ORB of older depressed subjects. However, the cellular pathology of the dlPFC has not yet been examined in these subjects. Methods Postmortem tissue from the dlPFC (Brodmann's area 9, BA9) was collected from 10 older (>60 years old) subjects diagnosed with major depression and 10 age-matched non-psychiatric controls (CTRL). The majority of the subjects were the same as those used for our previous study on neuronal reductions in the ORB in older depressed. Overall (all six layers combined), and laminar density of pyramidal (presumably glutamatergic), and non-pyramidal (GABAergic) neurons as well as cortical and laminar width were measured using linear optical disector of Stereoinvestigator software. Results Neither the overall nor laminar density of pyramidal or non-pyramidal neurons was significantly different between groups. The cortical and laminar widths were also not affected. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal prefrontal pathology in elderly depressed is region specific. No significant changes were detected in the density of any type of neurons in the dlPFC of elderly depressed subjects (present study) whereas, prominent reductions in the density of pyramidal glutamatergic neurons were observed previously in the ORB.

Encéphale, Encephalon, Encéfalo, Maladie dégénérative, Degenerative disease, Enfermedad degenerativa, Mémoire, Memory, Memoria, Système nerveux central, Central nervous system, Sistema nervioso central, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Démence, Dementia, Demencia, Faux souvenir, False memory, Recuerdo falso, Hippocampe, Hippocampus, Hipocampo, Homme, Human, Hombre, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Rythme thêta, Theta rhythm, Ritmo θ, Déjà vu, Déjà vécu, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Psychophysiologie du comportement, Behavioral psychophysiology, Corrélats anatomiques du comportement, Anatomical correlates of behavior, Processus d'acquisition. Mémoire, Learning. Memory, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles mentaux organiques. Neuropsychologie, Organic mental disorders. Neuropsychology, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Cognition, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, and Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie

The thesis of this paper is that déjà experiences can be separated into two forms: déjà vu, arising from the erroneous sensation of familiarity, and déjà vécu, arising from the erroneous sensation of recollection. We summarise a series of cases for whom déjà vécu is experienced frequently and for extended periods, and seek to differentiate their experiences from healthy déjà experiences by nonbrain-damaged participants. In reviewing our cases, we stress two novel ideas: that déjà vécu in these cases is delusion-like; and that these cases experience déjà vécu for stimuli that are especially novel or unusual. Here we present a novel cognitive neuroscientific hypothesis of déjà vécu. This hypothesis assumes that the signal of retrieval from memory is neurally dissociable from the contents of retrieval. We suggest that a region downstream of the hippocampus signals recollection by detecting the timing of firing in hippocampal output neurons relative to the theta oscillation. Disruptions to this temporal coding mechanism result in false signals of recollection which may occur without actual retrieval and which, ironically, may arise particularly during situations of contextual novelty.

Cognition, Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Psychologie. Psychophysiologie, Psychology. Psychophysiology, Psychophysiologie du comportement, Behavioral psychophysiology, Corrélats anatomiques du comportement, Anatomical correlates of behavior, Processus d'acquisition. Mémoire, Learning. Memory, Mémoire, Memory, Homme, Human, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles mentaux organiques. Neuropsychologie, Organic mental disorders. Neuropsychology, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Encéphale, Encephalon, Encéfalo, Maladie dégénérative, Degenerative disease, Enfermedad degenerativa, Mémoire, Memory, Memoria, Système nerveux central, Central nervous system, Sistema nervioso central, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Démence, Dementia, Demencia, Faux souvenir, False memory, Recuerdo falso, Hippocampe, Hippocampus, Hipocampo, Homme, Human, Hombre, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Rythme thêta, Theta rhythm, Ritmo θ, Déjà vu, and Déjà vécu

The thesis of this paper is that déjà experiences can be separated into two forms: déjà vu, arising from the erroneous sensation of familiarity, and déjà vécu, arising from the erroneous sensation of recollection. We summarise a series of cases for whom déjà vécu is experienced frequently and for extended periods, and seek to differentiate their experiences from healthy déjà experiences by nonbrain-damaged participants. In reviewing our cases, we stress two novel ideas: that déjà vécu in these cases is delusion-like; and that these cases experience déjà vécu for stimuli that are especially novel or unusual. Here we present a novel cognitive neuroscientific hypothesis of déjà vécu. This hypothesis assumes that the signal of retrieval from memory is neurally dissociable from the contents of retrieval. We suggest that a region downstream of the hippocampus signals recollection by detecting the timing of firing in hippocampal output neurons relative to the theta oscillation. Disruptions to this temporal coding mechanism result in false signals of recollection which may occur without actual retrieval and which, ironically, may arise particularly during situations of contextual novelty.