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General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biochimie analytique, structurale et metabolique, Analytical, structural and metabolic biochemistry, Protéines, Proteins, Généralités, méthodes d'étude, General aspects, investigation methods, Biophysique moleculaire, Molecular biophysics, Structure en biologie moléculaire, Structure in molecular biology, Structure cristalline, Crystalline structure, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Cristallographie, Crystallography, Cristalografía, Diffraction RX, X ray diffraction, Difracción RX, Protéine, Proteins, Proteína, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Radiación sincrotrón, Structure 3 dimensions, Three dimensional structure, and Estructura 3 dimensiones

Synchrotron radiation provides a source of high intensity, wavelength tunable, highly collimated radiation which can be used to investigate structure-function relationships in biological macromolecules in a number of ways. This chapter will deal mainly with the applications of the hard X-ray region (0.5-2.4 Å) of the synchrotron spectrum to 3-D structure analysis of single crystals of macromolecules. The main themes highlighted will be; (a) why synchrotron radiation is necessary for structural studies on biological macromolecules, (b) examples of experimental stations used for protein crystallography at the Synchrotron Radiation Source, SERC Daresbury Laboratory, (c) how the wavelength tunability can be exploited to solve the «phase problem», (d) structural studies with the «white beam», (e) high resolution data using cryogenic methods and (f) studies on large structures.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Structure des liquides et des solides; cristallographie, Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography, Etat cristallin (incluant les mouvements moléculaires dans les solides), Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids), Aspects cristallographiques des transformations de phase; effets de la pression, Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects, Structure de solides cristallins particuliers, Structure of specific crystalline solids, Composés minéraux, Inorganic compounds, Hydrures, borures, carbures, nitrures, etc., et composés métalloïdiques, Hydrides, borides, nitrides, etc., and metalloidal compounds, Composé minéral, Inorganic compounds, Article synthèse, Reviews, Composé binaire, Binary compounds, Mode empilement, Stacking sequence, Modo apilamiento, Modèle structure, Structural models, Polytypisme, Polytypism, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Silicium carbure, Silicon carbides, Structure cristalline, Crystal structure, Topographie RX, X-ray topography, XRD, C Si, and SiC

A brief review of the phenomenon of polytypism is presented and its prolific abundance in silicon carbide discussed. An attempt has been made to emphasise modern developments in understanding this unique behaviour. The properties of synchrotron radiation are shown to be ideally suited to studies of polytypes in various materials and in particular the coalescence of polytypes in SiC. It is shown that with complex multipolytypic crystals the technique of edge topography allows the spatial extent of disorder to be determined and, from the superposition of Laue type reflections, neighbourhood relationships between polytypes can be deduced. Fine features (<5 μm) have now been observed with the advent of second generation synchrotrons, the resolution available enabling the regions between adjoining polytypes to be examined more closely. It is shown that long period polytypes and one dimensionally disordered layers, often found in association with regions of high defect density, are common features at polytype boundaries. An idealised configuration termed a «polytype sandwich» is presented as a model for SiC grown by the modified Lely technique. The frequency of common sandwich edge profiles are classified and some general trends of polytype «neighbourism» are summarised.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Théorie des réactions, cinétique générale. Catalyse. Nomenclature, documentation chimique, informatique chimique, Theory of reactions, general kinetics. Catalysis. Nomenclature, chemical documentation, computer chemistry, Catalyse, Catalysis, Catalyseurs: préparations et propriétés, Catalysts: preparations and properties, Métal transition Composé, Transition metal Compounds, Metal transición Compuesto, Catalyseur, Catalyst, Catalizador, Céramique, Ceramic materials, Cerámica, Diffraction neutron, Neutron diffraction, Difracción neutrónica, Précurseur, Precursor, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Spectrométrie EXAFS, EXAFS spectrometry, Espectrometría EXAFS, Zircone, Zirconia, Zircona, Zirconium Oxyde, Zirconium Oxides, Zirconio Óxido, O Zr, and ZrO2

Zirconia is an important component material for several industrial applications. In these studies we have used intense radiation sources, primarily synchrotron radiation, to shed new light on the properties of zirconia and its synthesis via existing industrial routes. Certain «static» techniques have been used to probe the atomic structure of precursor compounds used in the synthesis of zirconia, whereas time-resolved techniques were required to dynamically capture the various calcination stages during the heating section of the synthesis cycle. Finally the important tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia transformation during cooling was studied in detail using time resolved energy dispersive diffraction. Altogether what emerges is a new unfolding story on the various stages of zirconia synthesis, in which synchrotron radiation has played a vital role.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Generalites, General, Instruments, appareillage, composants et techniques communs à plusieurs branches de la physique et de l'astronomie, Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy, Instrumentation et techniques x et γ, X- and γ-ray instruments and techniques, Instrumentation pour rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation instrumentation, Anneau stockage, Storage rings, Article synthèse, Reviews, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Source rayonnement synchrotron, and Synchrotron radiation sources

Synchrotrons and storage rings were first built to provide high energy particle beams for nuclear physics. When electrons were accelerated to relativistic energies, they radiated copious quantities of electromagnetic radiation, known as synchrotron radiation; because of the broad spectrum and other properties, it was realised that this radiation was also a valuable research tool for a wide range of disciplines. The paper gives details of the properties of the radiation emitted from different sources and describes the accelerator physics and technology of a modern synchrotron source.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Generalites, General, Instruments, appareillage, composants et techniques communs à plusieurs branches de la physique et de l'astronomie, Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy, Instrumentation et techniques x et γ, X- and γ-ray instruments and techniques, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Structure des liquides et des solides; cristallographie, Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography, Diffraction et diffusion de rayons x, X-ray diffraction and scattering, Article synthèse, Reviews, Croissance cristalline, Crystal growth, Interférence, Interference, Rayon X, X radiation, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Réflexion Bragg, Bragg reflection, Topographie RX, X-ray topography, and XRD

The various techniques of X-ray diffraction topography image imperfections in single-crystals by Bragg reflexion, with a spatial resolution of approximately one micrometre. Defects can be studied in relation to crystal growth and physical properties. X-ray interference effects can also be explored in perfect, and nearly perfect, crystals. Synchrotron radiation has given X-ray topography additional powers, including the rapid non-destructive assessment of crystal perfection in materials of industrial importance.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Etat colloïdal et états dispersés, Colloidal state and disperse state, Matériaux poreux, Porous materials, Argile, Clay, Arcilla, Composé méso, Meso compound, Compuesto meso, Diffusion RX centrale, Small angle X ray scattering, Difusión rayo X central, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau poreux, Porous material, Material poroso, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Radiación sincrotrón, Silice, Silica, and Sílice

The use of small-angle X-ray scattering techniques for the study of spatial inhomogeneities over the range 20 Å to 2 μm is reviewed. The basic formalism for scattering by an inhomogeneous medium is developed with particular reference to liquid suspensions, porous solids and solid aggregates. The instrumentation available on the Synchrotron Radiation Source at the Daresbury Laboratory is briefly presented and the use of the Bonse-Hart method for studies at ultra-low scattering angles described. The extraction of structural information for a range of natural and synthetic materials is presented with particular reference to microemulsions, porous silicas, clays and composites. The complementarity of X-ray and neutron techniques is critically reviewed and prospects for future developments, particularly for the study of anisotropic systems, are discussed.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biochimie analytique, structurale et metabolique, Analytical, structural and metabolic biochemistry, Protéines, Proteins, Généralités, méthodes d'étude, General aspects, investigation methods, Biophysique moleculaire, Molecular biophysics, Structure en biologie moléculaire, Structure in molecular biology, Structure cristalline, Crystalline structure, Analyse structurale, Structural analysis, Análisis estructural, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Cristallographie, Crystallography, Cristalografía, Diffraction RX, X ray diffraction, Difracción RX, Détérioration par rayonnement, Radiation damage, Deteriorización por irradiación, Protéine, Proteins, Proteína, Rayonnement ionisant, Ionizing radiation, Radiación ionizante, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, and Radiación sincrotrón

Radiation damage to the sample is one of the major sources of error in collecting accurate diffraction data in protein crystallography. However, very few systematic studies of radiation damage have been carried out and no theory which can adequately explain the susceptibility of protein crystals to various X-ray wavelengths is available. In this article a description is given of the physical, chemical 'and mechanical processes which could occur during protein crystallography data collection. The way radiation damage could vary with the wavelength and intensity of the incident radiation is described and possible ways of mitigating radiation damage are discussed.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Fabrication microélectronique (technologie des matériaux et des surfaces), Microelectronic fabrication (materials and surfaces technology), Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Fabrication microélectronique, Microelectronic fabrication, Fabricación microeléctrica, Lithographie RX, X ray lithography, Litografía RX, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, and Radiación sincrotrón

Synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray lithography has been studied for more than 15 years as an alternative to conventional UV lithography. Storage rings, beamlines, X-ray masks, X-ray steppers and other components have been developed and optimized for X-ray lithography. Compact rings have therefore become commercially available, beamlines have been optimized for practical use, and test devices can now be fabricated because of improved total accuracy in the X-ray masks and steppers. This report discusses the status of key techniques involving synchrotron radiation sources, beamlines, X-ray masks, and X-ray steppers.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Generalites, General, Instruments, appareillage, composants et techniques communs à plusieurs branches de la physique et de l'astronomie, Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy, Instrumentation et techniques x et γ, X- and γ-ray instruments and techniques, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Structure des liquides et des solides; cristallographie, Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography, Diffraction et diffusion de rayons x, X-ray diffraction and scattering, Amiante, Asbestos, Analyse diffraction RX, X-ray diffraction analysis, Catalyseur, Catalysts, Ciment, Cements, Cristallographie, Crystallography, Electrolyte, Electrolytes, Industrie, Industry, Médicament, Drugs, Polymère, Polymers, Poudre, Powders, Pyrochlores, Pyrochlore type compound, Pirocloros, XRD, Zéolite, and Zeolites

This paper describes some of the applications of powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation with possible applications to industry. The advantages of differing synchrotron diffraction geometries, Debye-Scherrer, Analyser crystal, Hart Parrish, and Energy Dispersive, are discussed. The paper is not a comprehensive review but nevertheless considers the wider role of these powder diffraction geometries in elucidating crystal structures, highlighted examples being taken from polymers, catalyst and new drug materials, in addition to specific studies on polymer electrolyte complexes, textured materials (e.g. asbestos), pyrochlores, zeolites and cements. In the latter two cases rapid time-resolved powder diffraction is seen to be emerging as an important development in synchrotron-based techniques.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Minéralogie, Mineralogy, Silicates, Analyse chimique, chemical composition, Análisis químico, Carbonate, carbonates, Carbonato, Compressibilité, compressibility, Compresibilidad, Coordinence, coordination, Coordinancia, Cristallochimie, crystal chemistry, Cristaloquímica, Diagramme poudre, X-ray powder diffraction, Diagrama polvo, Diffraction RX, X-ray diffraction analysis, Difracción RX, Epidote, epidote, Epidota, Fluorescence RX, X-ray fluorescence, Fluorescencia RX, Groupe espace, space groups, Grupo espacio, Leucite, leucite, Leucita, Magnesite, magnesite, Magnesita, Ordre désordre, order-disorder, Orden desorden, Polymorphisme, polymorphism, Polimorfismo, Silicate, silicates, Silicato, Spectrométrie RX, X-ray spectroscopy, Espectrometría RX, Spinelle, spinel, Espinela, Staurolite, staurolite, Estaurolita, Stoechiométrie, stoichiometry, Estequiométría, Structure cristalline, crystal structure, Estructura cristalina, Substitution, substitution, Substitución, Synthèse bibliographique, review, Síntesis bibliográfica, Système cristallin, crystal systems, Sistema cristalino, Taux occupation site, site occupancy, Tourmaline, tourmaline, Turmalina, Verre silicaté, Silicate glass, Vidrio silicatado, and Rayonnement synchrotron

Synchrotron-based, Earth sciences research carried out over the last 5 years is reviewed with special attention being given to X-ray absorption studies; X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence microprobe applications are considered more briefly. A comprehensive bibliography is included. The main part of the paper summarizes recent work carried out at the Daresbury SRS. K-edge XAS studies of glasses as models for silicate melts provide information on the local structural environments of Si, Fe2+ and Fe3+. By analogy with synthetic «leucites» which contain Fe2+ and Fe3+ in tetrahedral framework sites, it seems that many model glasses also contain both oxidation states of Fe in the network, rather than as network modifiers. The structural sites occupied by the minor elements Mn, Zn and Ti in staurolite have been identified using XAFS; Mn and Zn substitute for Fe2+ in the tetrahedral T2 site, while Ti occupies the distorted M2 octahedral site. L-edge spectroscopy is used to identify the valencies and electronic structures of Mn and Fe in minerals and the Fe2+: Fe3+ ratio in a natural spinel is determined. The polarized nature of the synchrotron beam is exploited in determining the Fe X-ray absorption anisotropy in single crystal tourmaline and epidote. XRD powder studies include Rietveld-refinement structure determination and compressibility studies. Synthetic «leucites» having the stoichiometry K2MgSi5O12 have distinctly different structures. The dry-synthesized form is cubic Ia3d with Si and Mg fully disordered on tetrahedral framework sites, while the hydrothermally-synthesized polymorph is monoclinic P21/c with Si and Mg fully disordered on, respectively, 10 and 2 tetrahedral sites. The reversible tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition in gillespite (BaFeSi4O10) has been studied in a diamond anvil cell using ED detection and found to occur at 1.2±0.1 GPa. The anomalous compressibility observed has been interpreted in terms of ferroelastic and coelastic phenomena and the related order parameters analysed using Landau theory. The compressibility of MgCO3, determined up to 20 GPa, has been combined with thermochemical data to obtain an «equation of state» for magnesite and it is found that magnesite is likely to be the main host for carbon in the Earth's lower mantle.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Théorie des réactions, cinétique générale. Catalyse. Nomenclature, documentation chimique, informatique chimique, Theory of reactions, general kinetics. Catalysis. Nomenclature, chemical documentation, computer chemistry, Catalyse, Catalysis, Catalyseurs: préparations et propriétés, Catalysts: preparations and properties, Métal transition, Transition metal, Metal transición, Platinoïde, Platinoid, Platinoide, Alumine, Alumina, Alúmina, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Caractérisation, Characterization, Caracterización, Catalyse hétérogène, Heterogeneous catalysis, Catálisis heterogénea, Catalyseur mixte, Mixed catalyst, Catalizador mixto, Catalyseur sur support, Supported catalyst, Catalizador sobre soporte, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Spectrométrie EXAFS, EXAFS spectrometry, Espectrometría EXAFS, Titane Oxyde, Titanium Oxides, Titanio Óxido, and Zéolite Y

Structural information obtained by EXAFS spectroscopy concerning the metallic phases present in oxide-supported metal catalysts, and in some cases their precursors, is reviewed. Special attention is given to catalysts containing one Group VIII metal or copper; bimetallic catalysts are considered briefly. The technique is particularly valuable where it can detect the chemical evolution of the active phase or where it can reveal morphological changes in the structure or nuclearity of metal clusters or small metal crystallites in different reaction environments.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Structure des liquides et des solides; cristallographie, Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography, Diffraction et diffusion de rayons x, X-ray diffraction and scattering, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biophysique moleculaire, Molecular biophysics, Généralités, General aspects, Biomolecules: structure and physical properties, Acide nucléique, Nucleic acids, Cristal, Crystals, Diffusion en diffraction, Diffuse scattering, Etude théorique, Theoretical study, Macromolécule, Macromolecules, Protéine, Proteins, Rayon X, X radiation, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Simulation numérique, Numerical simulation, and Simulación numérica

The magnitude of the static and dynamic disorder which is usually associated with macromolecular crystals often severely limits the resolution of their Bragg diffraction patterns. The balance of the diffracted energy from these crystals occurs as diffuse scattering which may be an order of magnitude weaker than the Bragg reflections. The measurement of this diffuse scattering has become much easier with the advent of intense well-collimated X-ray sources provided by synchrotron radiation. Diffuse intensity measurements of macromolecular diffraction on films, and latterly image plates, have made possible the acquisition of information on the correlation of atomic displacements which has not been possible from Bragg reflections. Models of correlated displacements have been proposed and verified by comparison of calculated and observed diffracted patterns. Future work will focus on the systematic methods for measuring diffuse scattering from macromolecules and the interpretation of this data in terms of the correlated motions of domains or secondary structural elements of proteins and nucleic acids. Methods of displaying this information and relating it to biological function will also need to be developed. The weakness of much diffuse scattering underlines the important role that synchrotrons will have to play in these tasks.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Generalites, General, Instruments, appareillage, composants et techniques communs à plusieurs branches de la physique et de l'astronomie, Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy, Techniques, équipements et instruments mécaniques, Mechanical instruments, equipment and techniques, Systèmes et dispositifs micromécaniques, Micromechanical devices and systems, Instrumentation et techniques x et γ, X- and γ-ray instruments and techniques, Domaines classiques de la physique (y compris les applications), Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications), Optique, Optics, Techniques de fabrication, Optical workshop techniques, Actionneur, Actuators, Article synthèse, Reviews, Capteur, Sensors, Connecteur, Connectors, Céramique, Ceramics, Electroformage, Electroforming, Electroformación, Fabrication, Lithographie RX, X ray lithography, Litografía RX, Lithographie, Lithography, Microoptique, Microoptics, Microóptica, Microstructure, Moulage, Molding, Métal, Metals, Polymère, Polymers, Rayon X, X radiation, Rayonnement synchrotron, Synchrotron radiation, Verre, Glass, Microconnecteur, Microconnectors, Micromécanique, and Micromechanics

In recent years the LIGA technique evolved as a basic fabrication process for the production of a large variety of microstructure products utilizing metals, polymers, ceramics and even glasses. The extreme precision of the microstructure products, their huge structural heights and small lateral dimensions in combination with an inexpensive replication process opens a broad field of application for the fabrication of sensors, actuators, micromechanical components, microoptical systems, electrical and optical microconnectors. Deep X-ray lithography is the most important fabrication step in the sequence of the LIGA technique. It provides a 3-D master microstructure based on a radiation sensitive polymer material, which in general is reproduced in subsequent electroforming and molding processes. The present report deals with the basic technological features of LIGA, gives a detailed description of deep X-ray lithography and presents an overview of the variety of microstructure products fabricated so far.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biochimie analytique, structurale et metabolique, Analytical, structural and metabolic biochemistry, Biochimie analytique: généralités, techniques, appareillages, Analytical biochemistry: general aspects, technics, instrumentation, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Métalloprotéine, Metalloproteins, Metaloproteina, Méthode étude, Investigation method, Método estudio, Spectrométrie EXAFS, EXAFS spectrometry, and Espectrometría EXAFS

A review is presented of the technique of Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, with examples of its applications to biological systems including the metal clusters in ferritin, nitrogenase, and photosystem II.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Physicochimie des réactions induites par rayonnements, particules et ultrasons, Physical chemistry of induced reactions (with radiations, particles and ultrasonics), Chimie sous rayonnement ionisant, Radiation chemistry, Diffusion Compton, Compton effect, Difusión Comptón, Etude théorique, Theoretical study, Estudio teórico, Interaction, Interacción, Irradiation gamma, Gamma irradiation, Irradiación gama, Radiolyse, Radiolysis, and Radiólisis

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Informatique, statistique et modelisations biomedicales, Computerized, statistical medical data processing and models in biomedicine, Modèles et simulation, Models and simulation, Analyse mathématique, Mathematical analysis, Análisis matemático, Analyse quantitative, Quantitative analysis, Análisis cuantitativo, Distribution, Distribución, Interférence, Interference, Interferencia, Intervalle, Interval, Intervalo, Onde, Wave, Onda, Particule, Particle, Partícula, Principe incertitude, Uncertainty principle, Principio incertitud, Quantification, Quantization, and Cuantificación

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biologie moleculaire et cellulaire, Molecular and cellular biology, Physiologie cellulaire, Cell physiology, Effets d'agents physiques et chimiques, Effects of physical and chemical agents, Butanol, Composé fluorescent, Fluorescent compound, Compuesto fluorescente, Désoxyguanosine, Deoxyguanosine, Desoxiguanosina, Fluorescence, Fluorescencia, Irradiation ionisante, Ionizing irradiation, Irradiación ionizante, Solution aqueuse, Aqueous solution, and Solución acuosa

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Physicochimie des réactions induites par rayonnements, particules et ultrasons, Physical chemistry of induced reactions (with radiations, particles and ultrasonics), Sonochimie, Ultrasonic chemistry, Alcool, Alcohol, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Méthanol, Methanol, Metanol, Solution aqueuse, Aqueous solution, Solución acuosa, Sonochimie, Sonochemistry, Sonoquímica, Ultrason, Ultrasound, and Ultrasonido

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie minerale et origine de la vie, Inorganic chemistry and origins of life, Cinétique et mécanisme des réactions, Kinetics and mechanism of reactions, Métal transition Complexe, Transition metal Complexes, Metal transición Complejo, Métal trivalent Complexe, Trivalent metal Complexes, Metal trivalente Complejo, Chrome III Complexe, Chromium III Complexes, Cromo III Complejo, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Complexe anionique, Anionic complex, Complejo aniónico, Complexe aqua, Aqua complex, Complejo aqua, Complexe hydroxo, Hydroxo complex, Complejo hidroxo, Constante dissociation, Dissociation constant, Constante disociación, Méthode stopped flow, Stopped flow method, Método flúido detenido, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxidación, Radical libre minéral, Inorganic free radical, Radical libre inorgánico, Solution basique, Basic solution, Solución básica, Spectrométrie absorption, Absorption spectrometry, Espectrometría absorción, and Radical HO