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Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Endothélium, Endothelium, Endotelio, In vitro, Micromilieu, Microenvironment, Microambiente, Système sur puce, System on a chip, Sistema sobre pastilla, Vascularisation, Vascularization, and Vascularización

Improving the biological relevance of organs-on-chips is one of the main issues in biomedical engineering. The microvascular system is related to numerous biological phenomena throughout the life of organs. Although many in vitro microvascular systems have been developed, current organ-on-chip systems fail to fully integrate three-dimensional microvasculature, which results in decreased similarity of the systems with in vivo conditions. In this review, we propose that the microvascular system is an essential component for engineering organs-on-chips to achieve greater biological relevance. Various methods for engineering microvessels in vitro are reviewed, as well as recent representative efforts to engineer vascularized organs-on-chips. Material considerations for designing organs-on-chips are also reviewed.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Système immunitaire, Immune system, and Sistema inmunitario

Recently, biomaterial scientists have married materials engineering and immunobiology to conceptualize new immunomodulatory materials. This special class of biomaterials can modulate and harness the innate properties of immune functionality for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Generally, two fundamental strategies are followed in the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials: (1) immuno-evasive (immuno-mimetic, immuno-suppressing, or immuno-inert) biomaterials and (2) immuno-activating or immuno-enhancing biomaterials. This article highlights the development and application of a number of immunomodulatory materials, categorized by these two general approaches.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Autoassemblage, Self assembly, Autoensamble, Biodégradabilité, Biodegradability, Biodegradabilidad, Code génétique, Genetic code, Código genético, Masse moléculaire, Molecular mass, Masa molecular, Micelle, Micela, Nanomatériau, Nanostructured materials, Peptide polymère, Aminoacid polymer, Péptido polímero, Purification, Purificación, Système administration médicament, Drug delivery systems, Système intelligent, Intelligent system, and Sistema inteligente

Drug delivery systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with the ability to target and penetrate specific tissues and release drugs based upon the local environment. While these advanced systems often offer advantages over their less sophisticated counterparts, the final product may be more complex and require additional manufacturing steps. In this article, we review a body of work based on genetically encoded elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) that offer a route to modular, multifunctional delivery systems that are simple to manufacture. ELPs are temperature-sensitive biopolymers that can be designed on the genetic level and expressed in cell-based protein production systems. The tools of molecular biology and versatility of proteins are used to engineer polymers with precise composition and molecular weight that self-assemble to form drug delivery systems with an impressive variety of features and functions. Due to their versatility and ease of production, ELPs are likely to contribute to the goal of designing simple and effective “smart” delivery systems.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Acide nucléique, Nucleic acid, Acido nucleico, Chitosane, Chitosan, Quitosano, Imine polymère, Imine polymer, Imina polímero, In vivo, Système administration médicament, and Drug delivery systems

A number of systems based on synthetic molecules, among them cationic liposomes and poly(ethylene imine)-based polymers, have been proposed as delivery vehicles for nucleic acids. Some of these systems have even reached the market, ensuring efficient and transient transfection levels in a variety of cell types. However, toxicity issues have limited their application in vivo. In this context, chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide, has been proposed as a promising alternative for the delivery of nucleic acid-based molecules. Here we present an overview of the state of the art of chitosan-based vectors for nucleic acid delivery and the most recent data on the in vivo testing of the proposed systems. We additionally express our view on the barriers that might be hampering the translation of this knowledge into clinical practice and the challenges that need to be fulfilled for these promising vehicles to reach patients.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Carbone, Carbon, Carbono, Composé minéral, Inorganic compound, Compuesto inorgánico, Monitorage, Monitoring, Monitoreo, Nanomatériau, Nanostructured materials, Nanotechnologie, Nanotechnology, Nanotecnología, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Système administration médicament, Drug delivery systems, Thérapie génique, Gene therapy, and Terapia génica

Theranostics was proposed as a combined process of therapeutics and diagnostics methodology for increasing treatment efficacy and safety with simultaneous monitoring of the response to treatment. In the past two decades, nanotechnology has been the focus of developing strategies for drug delivery and imaging functions, and it has expanded to the design of multifunctional nanoparticles and the creation of nanotheranostics (i.e., theranostic nanomedicines). Nanotheranostics also shows potential in gene therapy; however, nanoparticle-mediated delivery of genes still faces major obstacles related to (1) the uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, (2) the ability to get across the target cell membranes through endocytosis, and (3) the ability to accumulate in organs with permeable vasculature. Here, we review the development and application of nanotheranostics, highlighting their relevance to gene therapy as well as molecular imaging.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Capteur mesure, Measurement sensor, Captador medida, Espace extracellulaire, Extracellular space, Espacio extracelular, Imagerie, Imagery, Imaginería, Modulation, Modulación, Nanomatériau, Nanostructured materials, Nanostructure, Nanoestructura, Rigidité, Stiffness, Rigidez, Stabilité, Stability, and Estabilidad

A growing trend in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is to view cells, matrices, and whole tissues from a materials science perspective. The rationale behind this novel approach to considering biological problems is that the material properties at these different length scales both define their physical stability and also provide instructive cues. These cues can maintain homeostasis in healthy tissues or drive dynamic events during development, wound healing, and disease progression. However, one must map and characterize the physical properties of the natural extracellular matrix environment found in vivo in order to guide the design of synthetic or naturally derived materials to control cell function. This article reviews the study of natural tissues as materials, and sheds light on the use of this information to develop novel synthetic materials that guide cell function.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Généralités, General, Conductivité thermique, Thermal conductivity, Conductividad térmica, Corrosion, Corrosión, Effet rayonnement, Radiation effect, Efecto radiación, Fissuration corrosion sous tension, Stress corrosion cracking, Fisuración por tensocorrosión, Gonflement, Swelling, Inflamiento, Industrie nucléaire, Nuclear industry, Industria nuclear, Mésoéchelle, Mesoscale, Mesoescala, Méthode échelle multiple, Multiscale method, and Método escala múltiple

The field of nuclear materials encompasses numerous opportunities to address and ultimately solve longstanding industrial problems by improving the fundamental understanding of materials through the integration of experiments with multiscale modeling and high-performance simulation. A particularly noteworthy example is an ongoing study of axial power distortions in a nuclear reactor induced by corrosion deposits, known as CRUD (Chalk River unidentified deposits). We describe how progress is being made toward achieving scientific advances and technological solutions on two fronts. Specifically, the study of thermal conductivity of CRUD phases has augmented missing data as well as revealed new mechanisms. Additionally, the development of a multiscale simulation framework shows potential for the validation of a new capability to predict the power distribution of a reactor, in effect direct evidence of technological impact. The material- and system-level challenges identified in the study of CRUD are similar to other well-known vexing problems in nuclear materials, such as irradiation accelerated corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and void swelling; they all involve connecting materials science fundamentals at the atomistic- and mesoscales to technology challenges at the macroscale.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Transport électronique, Electronic transport in condensed matter, Conductivité de matériaux particuliers, Conductivity of specific materials, Polymères; composés organiques (incluant les semiconducteurs organiques), Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors), Composé transfert charge, Charge transfer complexes, Cristal moléculaire, Molecular crystals, Electronique organique, Organic electronics, Electrónica orgánica, Interaction électron phonon, Electron-phonon interactions, Interaction électronique, Electron interaction, Interacción electrónica, Mobilité porteur charge, Carrier mobility, Modélisation, Modelling, Monocristal, Monocrystals, Phénomène transport, Transport processes, Polaron, Polarons, Semiconducteur organique, Organic semiconductors, Structure électronique, and Electronic structure

The aim of this article is to briefly review the progress made over the past few years in the theoretical description of the intrinsic charge-transport properties of organic molecular crystals. We first discuss the state-of-the-art methodologies used in the derivation of the electronic coupling and electron-phonon coupling constants. We illustrate the application of these techniques to two classes of semiconductors of interest for crystal-based organic electronics: crystals consisting of a single molecular building block, such as oligoacenes and their derivatives, and bimolecular crystals consisting of donor and acceptor compounds. After a brief overview of recent developments in the polaron modeling of the electronic and electrical properties of these systems, we examine the impact that the interplay between electronic interactions and various electron-phonon mechanisms has on the temperature dependence of the charge-carrier mobility.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Surfaces et interfaces; couches minces et trichites (structure et propriétés non électroniques), Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties), Interfaces solide-fluide, Solid-fluid interfaces, Mouillage, Wetting, Adhérence, Adhesion, Application industrielle, Industrial application, Aplicación industrial, Biomimétique, Biomimetics, Interface fluide solide, Fluid solid interface, Interfase fluido sólido, Milieu extrême, Extreme environment, Medio extremo, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Mouillage, Wetting, Nanostructure, Nanostructures, Répulsif, Repellent, Repulsivo, Structure surface, and Surface structure

Various life forms in nature display a high level of adaptability to their environments through the use of sophisticated material interfaces. This is exemplified by numerous biological systems, such as the self-cleaning of lotus leaves, the water-walking abilities of water striders and spiders, the ultra-slipperiness of pitcher plants, the directional liquid adhesion of butterfly wings, and the water collection capabilities of beetles, spider webs, and cacti. The versatile interactions of these natural surfaces with fluids, or special wettability, are enabled by their unique micro/nanoscale surface structures and intrinsic material properties. Many of these biological designs and principles have inspired new classes of functional interfacial materials, which have remarkable potential to solve some of the engineering challenges for industrial and biomedical applications. In this article, we provide a snapshot of the state of the art of biologically inspired materials with special wettability, and discuss some promising future directions for the field.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Surfaces et interfaces; couches minces et trichites (structure et propriétés non électroniques), Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties), Surfaces solides et interfaces solide-solide, Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces, Transformations de phases et phénomènes critiques, Phase transitions and critical phenomena, Interfaces solide-fluide, Solid-fluid interfaces, Mouillage, Wetting, Adhérence, Adhesion, Composé hydrophobe, Hydrophobic compound, Compuesto hidrofobo, Condensation, Vapor condensation, Durabilité, Durability, Durabilidad, Eau, Water, Extensibilité, Scalability, Estensibilidad, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Mouillage, Wetting, Transformation phase surface, and Surface phase transformations

Surface wettability has emerged as a powerful tool to influence phase change phenomena such as ice formation and steam condensation. Ice mitigation using passive coatings offers tremendous promise; however, there remain several fundamental, durability- and manufacturing-related challenges that need to be addressed to harness the benefits of these coatings. Challenges limiting industrial utilization of such coatings can be classified into three categories: fundamental (frost buildup, non-zero ice adhesion, bulk ice nucleation, variable icing conditions), durability-related (harsh environment resistance, liquid impact resistance, erosion, fatigue), and manufacturing-related (scalability, coating economics). The role of passive surfaces in enhancing condensation heat transfer is a potential game changer in power plant efficiency enhancement; however, the benefits of such coatings will only be realized when durability and manufacturing challenges have been fully addressed.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Propriétés et caractérisation, Properties and characterization, Propriétés des solutions et des gels, Solution and gel properties, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Acrylate copolymère, Acrylate copolymer, Acrilato copolímero, Biocompatibilité, Biocompatibility, Biocompatibilidad, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Etat actuel, State of the art, Estado actual, Ether cyclique copolymère, Cyclic ether copolymer, Eter cíclico copolímero, Ether cyclique polymère, Cyclic ether polymer, Eter cíclico polímero, Ethylène oxyde copolymère, Ethylene oxide copolymer, Etileno óxido copolímero, Gel colloïdal, Colloidal gel, Gel coloidal, Hydrogel, Hidrogel, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell proliferation, Multiplicación celular, Propriété biologique, Biological properties, Propiedad biológica, Protéine, Protein, and Proteína

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels represent a versatile material scaffold for culturing cells in two or three dimensions with the advantages of limited protein fouling and cytocompatible polymerization to enable cell encapsulation. By using light-based chemistries for gelation and for incorporating biomolecules into the network, dynamic niches can be created that facilitate the study of how cells respond to user-dictated or cell-dictated changes in environmental signals. Specifically, we demonstrate integration of a photo-cleavable molecule into network cross-links and into pendant functional groups to construct gels with biophysical and biochemical properties that are spatiotemporally tunable with light. Complementary to this approach, an enzymatically cleavable peptide sequence can be introduced within hydrogel networks, in this case through photoinitiated addition reactions between thiol-containing biomacromolecules and ene-containing synthetic polymers, to enable cellular remodeling of their surrounding hydrogel microenvironment. With such tunable material platforms, researchers can employ a systematic approach for 3D cell culture experiments, spatially and temporally modulating physical properties (e.g., stiffness) as well as biological signals (e.g., adhesive ligands) to study cell behavior in response to environmental stimuli. Collectively, these material systems suggest routes for new experimentation to study and manipulate cellular functions in four dimensions.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Structure électronique et propriétés électriques des surfaces, interfaces, couches minces et structures de basse dimensionnalité, Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures, Etats électroniques de surface et d'interface, Surface and interface electron states, Excitations collectives (incluant excitons, polarons, plasmons et autres excitations de densité de charge), Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations), Propriétés optiques, spectroscopie et autres interactions de la matière condensée avec les particules et le rayonnement, Optical properties and condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation, Propriétés optiques des structures de basse dimensionnalité, mésoscopiques, des nanostructures et nanomatériaux, Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Méthodes de nanofabrication, Methods of nanofabrication, Antenne, Antennas, Haute performance, High performance, Alto rendimiento, Lithographie, Lithography, Méthode étude, Investigation method, Método estudio, Nanoparticule, Nanoparticles, Plasmonique, Plasmonics, Résolution spatiale, Spatial resolution, Résonance plasmon surface, Surface plasmon resonance, SERS, Synthèse nanomatériau, Nanomaterial synthesis, Síntesis nanomaterial, and TERS

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is highly dependent upon the substrate, where excitation of the localized metal surface plasmon resonance enhances the vibrational scattering signal of proximate analyte molecules. This article reviews recent progress in the fabrication of SERS substrates and the requirements for characterization of plasmonic materials as SERS platforms. We discuss bottom-up fabrication of SERS substrates and illustrate the advantages of rational control of metallic nanoparticle synthesis and assembly for hot spot creation. We also detail top-down methods, including nanosphere lithography for the preparation of tunable, highly sensitive, and robust substrates, as well as the unique benefits of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous acquisition of molecular vibrational information and high spatial resolution imaging. Finally, we discuss future prospects and challenges in SERS, including the development of surface-enhanced femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, microfluidics with SERS, creating highly reproducible substrates, and the need for reliable characterization of substrates.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Polymères industriels. Préparations, Industrial polymers. Preparations, Thermoplastiques, Thermoplastics, Activité catalytique, Catalyst activity, Actividad catalítica, Catalyse hétérogène, Heterogeneous catalysis, Catálisis heterogénea, Catalyseur Ziegler Natta, Ziegler Natta catalyst, Catalizador Ziegler Natta, Catalyseur complexe, Complex catalyst, Catalizador complejo, Distribution masse moléculaire, Molecular weight distribution, Distribución masa molecular, Etat actuel, State of the art, Estado actual, Ethylène polymère, Polyethylene, Etileno polímero, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Métallocène, Metallocene, Metaloceno, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Polymérisation catalyseur complexe, Complex catalyst polymerization, Polimerización catalizador complejo, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Titane Chlorure, Titanium Chlorides, Titanio Cloruro, and Catalyseur site unique

The success of polyolefins is governed to a large extent by the development of robust and versatile catalysts offering excellent morphology control. This review highlights the major evolution steps made in the polyolefin catalyst systems in terms of productivity and possibilities to control the molecular architecture of both polypropylene and polyethylene. Starting from the initial TiCl3-types, the continuous improvement of the Ziegler-Natta catalysts in terms of performance and cost is the major factor behind their wide market penetration. On the other hand, metallocene and the other single-site catalysts enable an unprecedented fine-tuning of chain microstructure by ligand design. In this article, special emphasis is placed on the influence of catalyst type on polymer structure characteristics such as molecular weight distribution, stereoregularity, and comonomer distribution and, ultimately, on the end-use properties of polyolefins. It is the excellent balance among price, performance, and processability that will further strengthen the position of polyolefins as a dominant class of materials in the polymer industry.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Physicochimie de surface, Surface physical chemistry, Interface solide-gaz, Solid-gas interface, Adsorption gaz solide, Gas solid adsorption, Adsorción gas sólido, Charpente organométallique, Metal organic framework, Armazòn organometálico, Matériau nanoporeux, Nanoporous materials, Microporosité, Microporosity, Microporosidad, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Purification, Purificación, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Stockage, Storage, Almacenamiento, Zéolite, Zeolite, and Zeolita

There are numerous applications of nanoporous materials, including gas storage, separation, and purification. In recent years, the number of available nanoporous materials has increased substantially, with new material classes, such as metal-organic frameworks and microporous organic polymers, joining the traditional adsorbents, which include activated carbons, porous silicas, and zeolites. The determination of the gas adsorption properties of these materials is critical to both the development of new materials for targeted applications and the assessment of the suitability of a material for a particular technology. In this article, we provide an overview of nanoporous materials and their gas adsorption properties, existing and future applications for new materials, adsorption measurement methods, and the experimental challenges involved in the determination of gas adsorption both at elevated pressures and from multicomponent mixtures.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Préparation, cinétique, thermodynamique, mécanisme et catalyseurs, Preparation, kinetics, thermodynamics, mechanism and catalysts, Copolymérisation, Copolymerization, Copolymérisation catalyseur complexe, Complex catalyst copolymerization, Copolimerización catalizador complejo, Cétone copolymère, Ketone copolymer, Cetona copolímero, Cétone polymère, Ketone polymer, Cetona polímero, Etat actuel, State of the art, Estado actual, Fonctionnalisation, Functionalization, Funciónalización, Modification chimique, Chemical modification, Modificación química, Monoxyde de carbone, Carbon monoxide, Carbono monóxido, Palladium Complexe, Palladium Complexes, Paladio Complejo, Réticulation, Crosslinking, Reticulación, Transition phase, Phase transitions, and Transición fase

Although aliphatic polyketones built from carbon monoxide and olefins have not yet found widespread application in industry and everyday life, this material has great potential, as its properties can be tuned, almost boundlessly, to desired traits or values. For example, the melting temperature and the phase transition temperatures can be varied largely, therefore making it possible to design a polymeric material with adjustable properties. Regardless of its feasibility for replacing common commodity polymers such as polypropylene or polyethylene in some special utilization areas, we want to highlight some aspects for the great potential of aliphatic polyketones as a functional material in drug delivery, bioengineering, optical devices, and other applications.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biochimie analytique, structurale et metabolique, Analytical, structural and metabolic biochemistry, Acides nucléiques, Nucleic acids, Dna, désoxyribonucléoprotéines, Dna, deoxyribonucleoproteins, Application, Aplicación, Biomimétique, Biomimetics, Biopolymère, Biopolymer, Biopolímero, and DNA

Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 and the near-simultaneous advent of the first silicon transistor in 1954 spurred parallel historic advances over the following decades in molecular biology and materials technology. As these two expansive fields of research have progressed, important areas of overlap have included the extensive use of materials innovations in biological research, such as in microscopy and measurement systems, while materials research has benefited from efforts to mimic design principles utilized in nature. Until relatively recently, however, the molecular mechanisms that underpin nature's biological orchestra have remained largely outside the purview of materials research. Now, with new abilities to harness and modify biomolecular and cellular systems, evidence is mounting that biology can be fruitfully utilized to directly engineer technological materials. This article aims to highlight the importance of DNA-driven routes to new materials while providing a brief overview of the genetic engineering platforms that make these routes possible. Emphasis is placed on the fact that it is now possible to genetically evolve materials technologies in a manner that mimics the genetic evolution of biominerals in nature.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Nanomatériaux et nanostructures : fabrication et caractèrisation, Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization, Fils quantiques, Quantum wires, Méthodes de nanofabrication, Methods of nanofabrication, Chimie, Chemistry, Chimie generale et chimie physique, General and physical chemistry, Electrochimie, Electrochemistry, Electrodes: préparations et propriétés, Electrodes: preparations and properties, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electrotechnique. Electroenergetique, Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering, Electroénergétique, Electrical power engineering, Conversion directe et accumulation d'énergie, Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation, Conversion électrochimique: piles et accumulateurs électrochimiques, piles à combustibles, Electrochemical conversion: primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells, Batterie lithium, Lithium battery, Densité courant, Current density, Densité énergie, Energy density, Electrolyte, Electrolytes, Hydrocarbure, Hydrocarbons, Matériau électrode, Electrode material, Material electrodo, Nanofil, Nanowires, Nanomatériau, Nanostructured materials, Semiconducteur, Semiconductor materials, Synthèse nanomatériau, Nanomaterial synthesis, Síntesis nanomaterial, 8107V, 8245F, 8247A, and AlCl3

Ionic liquids are well suited to the electrochemical synthesis of freestanding metallic nanowires as well as macroporous metals and semiconductors. Such materials are potentially interesting for future generation Li-ion batteries. As the energy density of current Li-ion batteries barely exceeds 0.15 kWh/kg (in contrast to the 12 kWh/kg of hydrocarbons), there is a need for new anode and cathode materials if electrically driven cars are to have more than a 150 km cruising range at an affordable price. Freestanding aluminum nanowires and macroporous aluminum are easily feasible from AlCl3-based ionic liquids and show promising charge/discharge behavior even with ionic liquids as electrolytes. The challenges and the potential to make nanowires or macroporous structures of semiconductors (Si, Ge) are also briefly discussed.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Etats électroniques, Electron states, Excitons et phénomènes associés, Excitons and related phenomena, Cristal moléculaire, Molecular crystals, Cristallinité, Crystallinity, Cristalinidad, Etat singulet, Singlet state, Estado singular, Etat triplet, Triplet state, Exciton Frenkel, Frenkel exciton, Excitón Frenkel, Indice réfraction, Refractive index, Interaction exciton exciton, Exciton-exciton interactions, Interaction intramoléculaire, Intramolecular interaction, Interacción intramolecular, Potentiel ionisation, Ionization potential, Processus excitonique, Excitonic process, Proceso excitónico, Semiconducteur organique, Organic semiconductors, Transfert charge, Charge transfer, and Transferencia carga

This article provides an overview of the basic aspects of the structure and dynamics of excitons in molecular crystals that give rise to their unique spectroscopic behavior. The two different types of optically accessible excitons, charge-transfer and Frenkel, are described and their different properties discussed. Particular attention is paid to the spin properties of Frenkel excitons (i.e., singlet and triplet) and also to their coupling to intramolecular vibrations. Experimental challenges in the study of molecular crystal optical properties are also reviewed, including their high optical density, complex refractive index behavior, and issues with sample crystallinity and chemical purity. Once created, excitons in molecular crystals can exhibit interesting dynamical behavior, including diffusion over large length scales and ionization into electron-hole pairs. Exciton-exciton interactions are also important, ranging from fusion or annihilation (two excitons combine into one exciton) to fission (one exciton splits into two excitons). The long-range diffusion and exciton fission effects have particular relevance for the design of organic photovoltaic materials.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure electronique, proprietes electriques, magnetiques et optiques, Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, Transport électronique, Electronic transport in condensed matter, Phénomène de transport dû au spin polarisé, Spin polarized transport, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Matériaux, Materials, Addition azote, Nitrogen addition, Adición nitrógeno, Carbure de silicium, Silicon carbide, Silicio carburo, Degré liberté, Freedom degree, Grado libertad, Diamant, Diamond, Diamante, Défaut, Defect, Defecto, Electronique spin, Spintronics, Electrónica de espin, Etat cohérent, Coherent state, Estado coherente, Implantation ion, Ion implantation, Implantación ión, Paire lacune impureté, Vacancy impurity pair, Par laguna impureza, Semiconducteur, Semiconductor materials, Semiconductor(material), and SiC

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond offers the opportunity to develop quantum technologies that leverage the defect's atom-like properties using established engineering techniques from the semiconductor industry. While many NV center applications are motivated by the remarkable properties of isolated NV centers in bulk diamond, realizing these technologies requires addressing a number of device and materials engineering challenges unique to creating and controlling individual semiconductor spins. We review recent advances in interfacing NV centers with on-chip electronics that enable control over the defect's spin and orbital degrees of freedom and review fabrication techniques for creating single NV centers with nanometer-scale placement accuracies. We also discuss efforts, motivated by the success of diamond NV center applications, to identify defect spins with similar properties to the NV center in more technologically mature semiconductors such as SiC.

Mechanics acoustics, Mécanique et acoustique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Transistors, Capacité électrique, Capacitance, Capacitancia, Couche double, Double layers, Densité charge, Charge density, Densidad carga, Densité porteur charge, Charge carrier density, Concentración portador carga, Electrolyte, Electrólito, Grille transistor, Transistor gate, Rejilla transistor, Mobilité porteur charge, Charge carrier mobility, Movilidad portador carga, Monocristal, Single crystal, Phénomène transport, Transport process, Fenómeno transporte, Semiconducteur organique, Organic semiconductors, Supraconductivité, Superconductivity, Supraconductividad, Transistor effet champ, Field effect transistor, Transistor efecto campo, Transition métal isolant, Metal insulator transition, and Transición metal aislante

Recent advances in understanding electronic charge transport in organic semiconductors are motivated by the fast growth of organic electronics. In particular, organic single crystals provide an ideal test bed for systematic studies of charge transport, with rapid progress in single-crystal-based field-effect transistors in the past few years. Charge densities induced in crystals by the field-effect have been in the low limit regime (1010 cm―2 to 1013 cm―2) mainly due to the difficulties of boosting gate dielectric capacitance. Consequently, the transport physics of organic crystals in the high-charge-density regime has not been systematically explored. With the emergence of the electrolyte gating technique, ultrahigh charge densities (1013 cm―2 to 1015 cm―2) can be achieved. In this article, we first discuss the general methodologies of applying electrolyte gating to organic crystals. We then review several recent research highlights, including the maximization of charge density and improvement of carrier mobility, enhanced understanding of the mobility-charge density relationship, and observations of ambipolar transport and a novel conductivity peak that occurs only at high charge densities. These recent achievements are extremely important for ongoing efforts to realize novel transport behavior in organic crystals, such as superconductivity and the insulator-to-metal transition.