articles+ search results

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Elastomère, Elastomer, Elastómero, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau revêtement, Coating material, Material revestimiento, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Rugosité, Roughness, Rugosidad, SBR, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Tribologie, Tribology, Tribología, Vernis, Varnish, Barniz, contact angle hysteresis, elastomers, lacquer, roughness, and wettability

Various experiments have been carried out to characterize smooth and rough varnished SBR composites. The composition of the coated elastomers was analyzed by ATR-IR and SEM-EDX. The topography and coating thickness were determined by SEM, white light interferometry and digital microscopy. Dynamic water contact angles were determined by using the modified Wilhelmy method. It was shown that contact angle hysteresis values correlate well with roughness parameters which are obtained by white light interferometry and measurements with the stylus instrument.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Amidon, Starch, Almidón, Caoutchouc naturel époxydé, Epoxidized natural rubber, Caucho natural epóxido, Caoutchouc naturel, Natural rubber, Caucho natural, Gonflement, Swelling, Inflamiento, Modification chimique, Chemical modification, Modificación química, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Mélange polymère, Polymer blends, Oside polymère, Oside polymer, Osido polímero, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vinylique alcool polymère, Polyvinylalcohol, Vinílico alcohol polímero, Polymère biodégradable, ENR, Epoxided natural rubber, PVA, and Surface Modification

Biodegradable polymer blends based on poly (vinyl alcohol ) PVA, starch and epoxidized ENR natural rubber have been prepared. The polymer blend has been chemically surface modified by application of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde in order to reduce water swelling. The modified polymer blend film has been investigated by swelling ratio in water, tensile strength, contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling ratio of polymer blend decreased significantly after surface modification with formaldehyde. In addition, the swelling of polymer was also decreased as a function of ENR content in polymer blend. The tensile strength of the sample obtained from PVA/starch 8/2 coated with formaldehyde was the highest value comparing to polymer blend.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Constituants de formulation, Compounding ingredients, Matières charges et agents renforçants, Fillers and reinforcing agents, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Condensation chimique, Condensation reaction, Condensación química, Effet substituant, Substituent effect, Efecto sustituyente, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Mélangeage, Mixing, Mezclado, Renforçant, Reinforcing filler, Agente refuerzo, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Thiol, Tiol, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Functional groups, Reaction kinetics, and Silane

The introduction of the silica/silane system in the tire industry has changed the demands of the mixing process dramatically. Thenceforth, the rubber manufacturers have to control a chemical reaction during the mixing process. Only a detailed knowledge of the influencing parameter will enable them to gain an optimum silanization of the silica surface and afterwards a more controlled linkage to the polymer. This study was carried out to determine the reaction kinetic of different silanes. It is shown that varying functional groups at the silane have a big influence on the rate of reaction of the silica-silane coupling.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, En continu, Continuous process, En continuo, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Extrusion, Extrusión, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Presse extrusion double vis, Double screw extruder, Prensa extrusión doble tornillo, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, SBR, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Simulation ordinateur, Computer simulation, Simulación computadora, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Effet Payne, Presse extrusion double vis co-rotative, Continuous rubber, Filler dispersion, Payne-effect, Silanisation, Simulation, Twin screw extruder ·, and compounding ·

The continuous compounding process in the co-rotating twin screw extruder is considered as an alternative to discontinuous batch preparation of silica filled rubber in an internal mixer used nowadays. Experiments to investigate a basic understanding of the continuous compounding process in a twin screw extruder are presented. The in-situ silanisation is performed in a single-step process, in which the complete dispersion of the silica filler is not yet achieved. The influence of screw configuration, screw speed and mass temperature on the mixture properties is described. In order to get an in-depth understanding of the continuous compounding process, computer simulation with the program MOREX is employed.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Acétylène polymère, Acetylene polymer, Acetileno polímero, Caoutchouc EPDM, EPDM rubber, Caucho EPDM, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Interaction matière charge polymère, Polymer filler interaction, Interacción materia carga polímero, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Mélange polymère, Polymer blends, Noir carbone, Carbon black, Carbón negro, Polymère aromatique, Aromatic polymer, Polímero aromático, Polymère conducteur, Conducting polymers, Polymère conjugué, Conjugated polymer, Polímero conjugado, Polymérisation décharge électrique, Glow discharge polymerization, Polimerización descarga eléctrica, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Pyrrole polymère, Pyrrole polymer, Pirrol polímero, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, SBR, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Thiophène polymère, Thiophene polymer, Tiofeno polímero, Traitement par plasma, Plasma assisted processing, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vulcanisat, Vulcanizate, Vulcanizado, Vulcanisation, Vulcanization, Vulcanización, Effet Payne, Compatibility, Elastomer blends, and Plasma polymerization

Blending of elastomers and rubber additives is still a challenge in rubber compounding, because the compatibility of compound ingredients is rather low. Surface treatment by a plasma polymer coating allows tailoringthe surface characteristics of additives, thus improving the compatibility of polymers and fillers. A study on the effect of different monomers for the surface coating of carbon black, silica and sulfur was done, and the dispersion and distribution of the additives in the polymer matrix as well as the morphology were investigated, as was the influence on mechanical properties. Silica was found to be easily coated by different monomers compared to carbon black and sulfur. The effect of plasma-treated materials on the morphological and mechanical properties of the composites was varying with the chemical structure of the coating, allowing tailoring the additive-polymer interaction according to the requirements.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Fibres et fils, Fibers and threads, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre revêtue, Coated fiber, Fibra revestida, Fibre synthétique, Synthetic fiber, Fibra sintética, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Nanoparticule, Nanoparticle, Nanopartícula, Non tissé, Non woven material, Material non tejido, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Propriété chimique, Chemical properties, Propiedad química, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Rugosité, Roughness, Rugosidad, Résistance UV, Ultraviolet resistance, Resistencia UV, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Titane IV Oxyde, Titanium IV Oxides, Titanio IV Óxido, Traitement par plasma, Plasma assisted processing, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Plasma activation, Polypropylene nonwoven, Polypropylene surface, and TiO2 nano-particles

Polypropylene nonwoven was pretreated by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge operated at atmospheric pressure in nitrogen before coating them by TiO2 nanoparticles. The plasma treatment induced chemical and topographical changes on the polypropylene surface were studied. Results indicate that incorporation of oxygen atoms in polypropylene surface and increasing of surface roughness are the main factors in TiO2 adhesion enhancement. For the surface investigations following techniques were used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). UV protective properties of unmodified PPNW and PPNW with TiO2 coating were measured as well.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Caoutchouc nitrile, Nitrile rubber, Caucho nitrilo, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Noir acétylène, Acetylene black, Negro acetileno, Noir carbone, Carbon black, Carbón negro, Plasma froid, Cold plasma, Plasma frío, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété thermique, Thermal properties, Propiedad térmica, Propriété traction, Tensile property, Propiedad tracción, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, SBR, Traitement par plasma, Plasma assisted processing, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vulcanisat, Vulcanizate, Vulcanizado, Vulcanisation, Vulcanization, Vulcanización, Résistance déformation thermique, Acetylene-black, Furnace-black, and Surface modification

Some new possibilities for modification of furnace and acetylene carbon blacks by using cold plasma of oxygen, combination oxygen /ammonia and acrylic acid vapour are investigated. The surface treatment leads to appreciable change in the modulus at 100 and 300% of elongation and in heat built-up, but does not reflect on the specific surface of the fillers and on the vulcanization parameters of the rubber compounds. A remarkable variation in the content of different elements on the fillers surface after modification was observed. The influence of the modified fillers on mechanical properties of non-polar and polar rubber vulcanizates was studied.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Amide 66 polymère, Amide 66 polymer, Amida 66 polímero, Application, Aplicación, Caoutchouc, Rubber, Caucho, Câblé carcasse, Tyre cord, Cable armadura, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre synthétique, Synthetic fiber, Fibra sintética, Interface fibre matrice, Matrix fiber interface, Interfase fibra matriz, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Méthode Taguchi, Taguchi method, Método Taguchi, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Phénoplaste, Phenoplasts, Fenoplasto, Plan expérience, Experimental design, Plan experiencia, Pneumatique, Tyre, Neumático, Polymère aliphatique, Aliphatic polymer, Polímero alifático, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Stratifié, Laminate, Estratificado, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vulcanisat, Vulcanizate, Vulcanizado, Adhesion, Taguchi experimental design, and Tire cord

The effects of the process parameters on tire-cord adhesion were investigated by Taguchi experimental design method, in order to get higher rubber ― cord adhesion. The most effective parameters and the optimum conditions were determined for the tire-cord adhesion in resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) dipping process unit. The selected process parameters were the temperatures of drying and curing ovens, and also the retention times in these ovens. By using possible orthogonal arrays in the Taguchi method, the acceptable approximate results were obtained with only 9 experiments. Tire-cord adhesion was measured by H-adhesion tests. Results were analyzed by using the Minitab software. It is concluded that significant improvement in adhesion can be achieved under the following conditions: curing temperature of 190°C, drying temperature of 100°C, drying time of 90s. and curingtime of 30 s.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété rhéologique, Rheological properties, Propiedad reológica, Décharge couronne, Corona effect, Descarga corona, Epaisseur, Thickness, Espesor, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau revêtement, Coating material, Material revestimiento, Nettoyage surface, Surface cleaning, Limpieza superficie, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Viscosité, Viscosity, Viscosidad, Coating technology, Functional layers, Precision, and Thin layers

The contribution focuses on coating plants and aggregates that are tailor-made to the customers requirements. The choice of the ideal coating technology depends mainly on the coating weight, the coating thickness and the viscosity of the coating material to be applied. In most cases, very thin coatings require coating materials of a very low viscosity and vice versa. The general purpose of coating is adding characteristics to a substrate it would not have without the application of functional layers. The demands on the coating are in general: (i) a specific surface treatment (Cleaning, Corona, etc.), (ii) the application of thin up to very thick functional layers, and (iii) the application of layers with highest accuracy by choosing the adequate application systems and a precise realisation of the plant layout.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Usinage, Machining, Propriétés et essais, Properties and testing, Essais et contrôles, Testing and control, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Fibres et fils, Fibers and threads, Adsorption liquide solide, Liquid solid adsorption, Adsorción líquido sólido, Agent surface cationique, Cationic surfactant, Agente superficie catiónico, Amide polymère, Nylon, Amida polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre synthétique, Synthetic fiber, Fibra sintética, Finissage textile, Textile finishing, Acabado textil, Gonflement, Swelling, Inflamiento, Imide polymère, Polyimide, Imida polímero, Microcapsule, Microcápsula, Modification chimique, Chemical modification, Modificación química, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Potentiel écoulement, Flow potential, Potencial flujo, Potentiel électrocinétique, Electrokinetic potential, Potencial electrocinético, Tissu textile, Woven material, Tela textil, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Textile fonctionnel, Measurement, Streaming potential, Surface modification, and Zeta potential

The surface charge of solid materials in contact with an aqueous solution is an important parameter for the understanding of surface chemistry and the interaction of solids with their surroundings. These interactions comprise electrostatic attraction or repulsion, corrosion, etching, and the adsorption of liquid components on the solid surface. The streaming potential measurement is a versatile and sensitive technique for solid surface analysis. The application of the streaming potential method is demonstrated for various natural and man-made polymer samples. Examples include functional textiles, swelling of natural fibres, polymer treatment, and surfactant adsorption.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Argile organique, Organic clay, Arcilla orgánica, Argile, Clay, Arcilla, Caoutchouc naturel, Natural rubber, Caucho natural, Caoutchouc nitrile, Nitrile rubber, Caucho nitrilo, Composé de l'ammonium, Ammonium compound, Amonio compuesto, Effet concentration, Concentration effect, Efecto concentración, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Montmorillonite, Montmorilonita, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Nanocomposite, Nanocompuesto, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété thermique, Thermal properties, Propiedad térmica, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, SBR, Stabilité thermique, Thermal stability, Estabilidad térmica, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Vulcanisat, Vulcanizate, Vulcanizado, Vulcanisation, Vulcanization, Vulcanización, Nanocomposites, Physico-mechanical properties, Synthetic rubbers, and Thermal agreing

Nanocomposite materials consisting of rubber and natural montmorillonite clay (MMT) were prepared by a cation exchange process of Na+ ions of MMT and ammonium cations of amine-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber. The characterization of the nanocomposites was assessed by SEM, TEM, WXRD and TGA. The SEM and TEM data show that the clay layers are organized as nanosized clusters and the d-spacing is much increased. The prepared rubber-MMT material was dispersed as uniformly as possible in NR, SBR and NBR matrices as reinforcing agent in the concentration up to 12 phr (10%). The compounded rubber was vulcanized by S / CBS system. The physico mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates were determined. It was found that the characteristics of natural and synthetic rubber vulcanizates containing 4 phr Rubber- MMT nanocomposites are equivalent to 40 phr of carbon black (HAF). The obtained data are presented and discussed.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Caoutchouc EPDM, EPDM rubber, Caucho EPDM, Caoutchouc nitrile, Nitrile rubber, Caucho nitrilo, Densité réticulation, Crosslink density, Densidad reticulado, Dépôt plasma, Plasma deposition, Depósito plasma, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Interaction matière charge polymère, Polymer filler interaction, Interacción materia carga polímero, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Mélange polymère, Polymer blends, Particule enrobée, Coated particle, Partícula envuelta, Polymère aromatique, Aromatic polymer, Polímero aromático, Polymère conducteur, Conducting polymers, Polymérisation décharge électrique, Glow discharge polymerization, Polimerización descarga eléctrica, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation structure propriété, Property structure relationship, Relación estructura propiedad, SBR, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Structure moléculaire, Molecular structure, Estructura molecular, Thiophène polymère, Thiophene polymer, Tiofeno polímero, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vulcanisat, Vulcanizate, Vulcanizado, Effet Payne, EPDM, NBR, Payne effect, Plasma polymerization, Polarity, S-SBR, Surface energy, and ToF-SIMS

The filler surface chemistry is a crucial factor for the level of dispersion and filler-polymer interaction in rubber. Plasma-polymerization allows tailoring the surface chemistry without influence on the bulk properties. Thiophene was used as monomer in this study due to its sulfur moiety, and the plasma-thiophene (PTh) coated silica was blended with EPDM, SBR and NBR. PTh-silica shows in general a better dispersion compared to untreated and silanized silica, and in terms of mechanical properties, the PTh-silica results in a better performance. In EPDM, plasma-polymerization of silica results in a reduction of the filler-filler interaction compared to untreated silica due to a better match of the surface energies of the filler and the polymer.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Caoutchouc naturel, Natural rubber, Caucho natural, Energie activation, Activation energy, Energía activación, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Hydratation, Hydration, Hidratación, Liaison hydrogène, Hydrogen bond, Enlace hidrógeno, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Oligosulfure organique, Organic oligosulfide, Oligosulfuro orgánico, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relaxation diélectrique, Dielectric relaxation, Relajación dieléctrica, SBR, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Tétrasulfure bis[3-(triéthoxysilyl)propyl], Dielectric spectroscopy, Elastomer composites, and Hydration water

The dynamics of hydration water at the interface of precipitated silicas is investigated by dielectric spectroscopy. Various experiments have been performed proving that the observed low temperature relaxation transition results from fluctuating water molecules. It is demonstrated that the mobility of the water molecules depends on the mean number of hydrogen bonds, which is governed by the amount of water at the silica interface. The effect of silanization on the relaxation strength and activation energy is analyzes for pure silica powder and elastomer-silica composites. This indicates that the polymer chains have a minor influence on the mobility of the water molecules.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Accélérateur réaction, Reaction accelerator, Acelerador reacción, Butadiène polymère, Butadiene polymer, Butadieno polímero, Cinétique, Kinetics, Cinética, Composé modèle, Model compound, Compuesto modelo, Diène polymère, Diene polymer, Dieno polímero, Dérivé du benzothiazole, Benzothiazole derivatives, Benzotiazol derivado, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Noir carbone, Carbon black, Carbón negro, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Squalène, Squalene, Escualeno, Sulfénamide, Sulfenamide, Sulfenamida, Traitement par plasma, Plasma assisted processing, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vulcanisation, Vulcanization, Vulcanización, CBS, Mechanical properties, Plasma surface modification, and Vulcanization kinetics

Although vulcanization has been used since a very long time its reaction mechanism and kinetics are still not completely clarified. In this work the influence of plasma modification (O2, N2, NH3) of carbon black in the vulcanization reaction and kinetics using CBS as accelerator were studied both by rheometer and Model Compound vulcanization experiments. The results show that, not only the kinetics but also the reaction mechanism is altered by the introduced oxygen groups. On the other side, changes produced on the surface of carbon black by the ammonia plasma only led to faster reaction kinetics but did not change the reaction pathway. As a consequence, final mechanical properties studied by means of tensile-strength curves were also affected and improved for nitrogen containing carbon black surfaces.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Application, Aplicación, Bande roulement, Tread, Banda rodadura, Effet substituant, Substituent effect, Efecto sustituyente, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Oligosulfure organique, Organic oligosulfide, Oligosulfuro orgánico, Pneumatique, Tyre, Neumático, Propriété dynamomécanique, Dynamic mechanical properties, Propiedad dinamomecánica, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Résistance usure, Wear resistance, Resistencia al desgaste, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vulcanisat, Vulcanizate, Vulcanizado, Résistance roulement, Tétrasulfure bis[3-(triéthoxysilyl)propyl], Coupling agents, Dynamic properties, Silane, and Tires

Monofunctional coupling agents with only only ethoxy groups or only sulphur groups, respectively a coupling agent with only one ethoxy group on each side of the molecule, were synthesised. The effect of these coupling agents on mechanical properties of tire tread vulcanizates was compared to the one of TESPT. The experimental results prove, that a proper balance in functionalities is required for a coupling agent to enhance the properties of silica-reinforced tire tread compounds. TESPT proves to best comply with this balance, because it allows for the primary and secondary coupling reaction towards the silica via its tri-ethoxysilyl groups, resp. for a sulphur donation and a coupling reaction towards the rubber polymer via its sulphur moiety. A coupling agent with only one reactive ethoxy group attached to the silicium atom vs. three for TESPT, performs surprisingly well. This coupling agent can only perform the primary reaction with the silica, which leads to a very quick equilibrium during mixing and consequently low mixer torques. It comes closest to TESPT in vulcanised compound properties, particularly the tan 6 at 60 °C, representative for tire rolling resistance. Only the tensile strength is lower than the one achieved with TESPT.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Amide polymère, Nylon, Amida polímero, Butadiène polymère, Butadiene polymer, Butadieno polímero, Caoutchouc naturel, Natural rubber, Caucho natural, Diène polymère, Diene polymer, Dieno polímero, Effet température, Temperature effect, Efecto temperatura, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Mélange polymère, Polymer blends, Mélangeage, Mixing, Mezclado, Noir carbone, Carbon black, Carbón negro, Polymère aromatique, Aromatic polymer, Polímero aromático, Propriété dynamomécanique, Dynamic mechanical properties, Propiedad dinamomecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Viscoélasticité, Viscoelasticity, Viscoelasticidad, Effet Payne, Téréphtalamide(p-phénylène) polymère, Carbon Black, Hysteresis characteristics, Mixing temperature, Reaction temperature, Rubber, and Sulfron 3001

The mixing of Sulfron 3001 in carbon black compounds is described in this paper. The temperature-time profile of mixing between Sulfron and carbon black plays a critical role in realizing the positive effect of Sulfron on hysteresis characteristics. It has been shown that at a mixing temperature ≤ 140 °C, there is almost no reaction between carbon black and Sulfron 3001. On the other hand, temperature above 165 °C of mixing temperature, processing problems could occur because of side reactions of Sulfron 3001 on rubber. Two mixing sequences are described that provides the best results. It has been found that a temperature between 150-165 °C is required to get the reaction of Sulfron 3001 and carbon black started. The time plays an important role too. It is demonstrated that time required is about 2-2,5 minutes after Sulfron and carbon blacks are added to the rubber mixes after the desired temperature (150-165 °C) is reached.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Argile organique, Organic clay, Arcilla orgánica, Caoutchouc butyle, Butyl rubber, Caucho butilo, Caoutchouc naturel, Natural rubber, Caucho natural, Dégradation photochimique, Photochemical degradation, Degradación fotoquímica, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fluage, Creep, Fluencia, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Microdureté, Microhardness, Microdureza, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Noir carbone, Carbon black, Carbón negro, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relaxation contrainte, Stress relaxation, Relajación tensión, Stabilité photochimique, Photochemical stability, Estabilidad fotoquímica, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement accéléré, Artificial ageing, Envejecimiento acelerado, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Vieillissement photochimique, Ageing, Microindentation, Modification, Rubber, and Surface layer

The paper presents application of microindentation to study progress of surface modification or ageing of rubber. Determination of hardness profile and monitoring changes to the stress relaxation in the surface layer of material makes possible to detect either the beginning of ageing process -to estimate progress of the reaction, or to compare ability to modification or ageing resistance of various materials. The paper describes the methodology of microindentation and discusses the results of its application to study chemical or physical modification as well as ageing of rubber on selected examples of rubber goods. Aspects of rubber composition, technology of its preparation or modification are discussed in terms of its ageing resistance or exploitation characteristic respectively. New parameters for quantitative analysis of ageing progress, derived from micromechanical profiles or logarithmic creep equation, are proposed.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Constituants de formulation, Compounding ingredients, Matières charges et agents renforçants, Fillers and reinforcing agents, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Renforçant, Reinforcing filler, Agente refuerzo, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Spectrométrie IR, Infrared spectrometry, Espectrometría IR, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Hydrophobation, IR, Operando, and Triethoxypropylsilane

The silica-silane system is used inside modern tire tread compounds to improve wet grip and rolling resistance. An efficient hydrophobation of the silica during the mixing process is necessary to achieve the required in-rubber-properties. In order to look in detail into this hydrophobation, the reaction of triethoxypropylsilane (PTEO) with Ultrasil VN 3 GR was studied. PTEO is a monofunctional silane with the same triethoxysilyl-unit like Triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfane (TESPT) or Triethoxysilylpropyldisulfane (TESPD), the most widely used silanes in the tire industry. An Infrared (IR) operando study of the grafting of PTEO on the surface of silica was applied to investigate the ongoing process of the silica-silane reaction. The infrared spectrum ofthev(OH) region shows the behavior ofOH groups during the reaction and reveals unique features.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Butadiène polymère, Butadiene polymer, Butadieno polímero, Caoutchouc nitrile, Nitrile rubber, Caucho nitrilo, Degré dispersion, Dispersion degree, Grado dispersión, Diène polymère, Diene polymer, Dieno polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Interaction matière charge polymère, Polymer filler interaction, Interacción materia carga polímero, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Mélange polymère, Polymer blends, Propriété dynamomécanique, Dynamic mechanical properties, Propiedad dinamomecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Filler Dispersion . Dynamic-Mechanical Properties, Filler Distribution, Polarity, Rubber Blends, and Silanization

The influence of surface modification of precipitated silica by defined silanization on filler-rubber interaction and filler distribution in NBR/BR blends is investigated. A linear increase of the maximum value of the loss modulus in the glass trasnsition regime is not only caused by the increase in the volume fraction of the filler, but is also governed by the strength of the filler-matrix interaction. It is shown that with increasing phase bonding the extent of the dependence G=f(Φ) rises and, due to the surface modification, the filler distribution, the dispersion and the dynamic-mechanical properties can be selectively influenced. The distribution of silica in the different phases of blends is estimated from the height of the loss modulus in the glass transition range.