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Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Faisceau ionique, Ion beam, Haz iónico, Imide polymère, Polyimide, Imida polímero, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Plasma, Polymère aromatique, Aromatic polymer, Polímero aromático, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Relation structure propriété, Property structure relationship, Relación estructura propiedad, Réactivité chimique, Chemical reactivity, Reactividad química, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Traitement chimique, Chemical treatment, Tratamiento químico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface polymère polymère, Polyimides, epoxy, flow microcalorimetry, interfacial adhesion, and surface free energy

Polyimides are commonly used as organic passivation layers for microelectronic devices due to their unique combination of properties such as low dielectric constant, high thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties and superior solvent resistance. Unfortunately, polyimides are well known to be difficult to bond to other materials, especially to epoxy resins. Many surface treatments have been developed to increase epoxy-polyimide adhesion. These treatments include exposure to ion beams, plasmas and chemical solutions. The goal of our research was to relate surface reactivity of epoxy and polyimide resins to the strength of epoxy-polyimide interfaces. The surface reactivity of four polyimides was studied and quantified using contact angle measurements, flow microcalorimetry (FMC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (using an attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Several ways of analyzing contact angles were tried and only a weak correlation between the polar component or the acid-base components of the surface free energy with the critical interfacial strain energy release rate (i.e., the interfacial fracture strength) was observed. FMC results suggest that the strength of epoxy-polyimide interfaces is related to the molecular interactions between the curing agent and polyimide. The molecular interactions between the curing agent and polyimide surfaces were found to be either greater than epoxy and polyimide interactions or more irreversible. Therefore, the curing agent (2,4-EMI) is thought to play a critical role in controlling adhesion strength.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Composition chimique, Chemical composition, Composición química, Cuivrage, Copper coating, Encobrado, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Phénylène sulfure polymère, Phenylene sulfide polymer, Fenileno sulfuro polímero, Plasma, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Rugosité, Roughness, Rugosidad, Sulfure polymère, Thioplast, Sulfuro polímero, Topographie surface, Surface topography, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface métal polymère, Poly(phenylene sulfide), XPS spectra, contact angle, copper metallization, peel strength, plasma modification, and surface roughness

Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) films were modified by Ar, O2, N2 and NH3 plasmas in order to improve their adhesion to copper metal. All four plasmas modified the PPS film surfaces, but the NH3 plasma modification was the most effective in improving adhesion. The NH3 plasma modification brought about large changes in the surface topography and chemical composition of the PPS film surfaces. The peel strength for the Cu/plasma-modified PPS film systems increased linearly with increasing surface roughness, Ra or Rrms, of the PPS film. The plasma modification also led to considerable changes in the chemical composition of the PPS film surfaces. A large fraction of phenylene units and a small fraction of sulfide groups in the PPS film surfaces were oxidized during the plasma modification process. Nitrogen functional groups also were formed on the PPS film surfaces. The NH3 plasma modification formed S-H groups on the PPS film surfaces by reduction of S-C groups in the PPS film. Not only the mechanical interlocking effect but also the interaction of the S-H groups with the copper metal may contribute to the adhesion of the Cu/PPS film systems.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Benzoate(hydroxy) copolymère, Benzoate(hydroxy) copolymer, Benzoate(hidroxi) copolímero, Copolymère aromatique, Aromatic copolymer, Copolímero aromático, Couche interfaciale, Interfacial layer, Capa interfacial, Cuivre, Copper, Cobre, Dépôt phase vapeur, Vapor deposition, Depósito fase vapor, Ester copolymère, Ester copolymer, Ester copolímero, Etat thermotrope, Thermotropic state, Estado termotropo, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Nickelage, Nickel plating, Niquelado, Plasma, Polymère cristal liquide, Liquid crystal polymers, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Prétraitement, Pretreatment, Pretratamiento, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface métal polymère, Naphtoate(hydroxy) copolymère, Liquid crystal polymer (LCP), adhesion, metallization, and physical vapor deposition (PVD)

In this paper metallization of a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is described. Pretreatment of LCP substrates with oxygen-containing plasma improves the adhesion strength between the PVD copper layer and substrate. When a nickel interlayer was used, the adhesion was improved further. Still higher adhesion was also achieved with appropriate bias used during deposition of the nickel interlayer by PVD. Even after 1000 cycles of thermal shock the adhesion strength of Cu/Ni on LCP pretreated with oxygen plasma was still high.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Amination, Aminación, Ammoniac, Ammonia, Amoníaco, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Défluoration, Defluorination, Desfluoración, Ethylène copolymère, Ethylene copolymer, Etileno copolímero, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) copolymère, Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) copolímero, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) polymère, Tetrafluoroethylene polymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fonctionnalisation, Functionalization, Funciónalización, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Méthode étude, Investigation method, Método estudio, Oléfine copolymère, Olefin copolymer, Olefina copolímero, Plasma, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Spectrométrie fluorescence, Fluorescence spectrometry, Espectrometría fluorescencia, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vinylidène fluorure polymère, Vinylidene fluoride polymer, Vinilideno fluoruro polímero, Amino groups, NH3 plasma modification, W/FM parameter, XPS spectra, contact angle, defluorination, and ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer

In order to form active sites for grafting amino groups, a predominant elimination of fluorine atoms from fluoropolymers such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene co-polymer (ETFE) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) was carried out using the plasma irradiation technique, and the possibility that amino functional groups could be formed on the fluoropolymer surfaces was investigated. The NH3 plasma irradiation led to considerable elimination of fluorine atoms from the fluoropolymers, as well as grafting of nitrogen functionalities. The formation of nitrogen-containing groups was strongly influenced by the magnitude of the W/FM parameter, and the NH3 plasma operated at a low W/FM parameter of 79 MJ/kg was found to be preferable for the surface modification process. XPS spectra for the NH3 plasma-modified surfaces showed that the NH3 plasma attacked predominantly CF2-CF2 sequences rather than CH2-CH2 sequences in the ETFE polymer. The primary amino groups formed on the ETFE film surfaces were determined by fluorescence measurements. The concentration of the amino groups formed on the surfaces was not constant but varied according to the W/FM parameter. NH3 plasma operated at a low W/FM parameter of 79 MJ/kg was found to be preferable in grafting amino groups on the ETFE film surfaces.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Ethylène polymère, Polyethylene, Etileno polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fluor, Fluorine, Imide polymère, Polyimide, Imida polímero, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Oxygène, Oxygen, Oxígeno, Plasma, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Atomic beam, atomic fluorine, atomic oxygen, contact angle, polyethylene, polyimide, surface modification, and wettability

The fundamental properties of hyperthermal atomic oxygen or atomic fluorine-exposed polyimide and polyethylene surfaces, based on the analytical results by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements, are reported. It was observed that CF, CF2 or CF3 moieties were formed at the atomic-fluorine-exposed polymer surfaces depending on the fluence, whereas carbonyl and carboxyl groups were formed at the atomic oxygen-exposed polymer surfaces. Advancing contact angles of water can be controlled from 60 to 150 degrees by varying the atomic oxygen or atomic fluorine fluence. It was also demonstrated that a selected area on the target surface could be processed with this method using a fine metal mask. The behavior of a water droplet on polymer surfaces could be controlled by the spatially resolved surface modification using hyperthermal atomic beams.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Ester copolymère, Ester copolymer, Ester copolímero, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse surface, Surface analysis, Análisis superficie, Benzoate(hydroxy) copolymère, Benzoate(hydroxy) copolymer, Benzoate(hidroxi) copolímero, Cuivrage, Copper coating, Encobrado, Etat thermotrope, Thermotropic state, Estado termotropo, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Plasma, Polymère cristal liquide, Liquid crystal polymers, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface métal polymère, Naphtoate(hydroxy) copolymère, ESCA/ XPS, Plasma surface modification, copper metallization, etching, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and scanning probe microscopy (SPM)

Poly(oxybenzoate-co-oxynaphthoate) (POCO) film surfaces were modified by four plasma gases, Ar, O2. N2 and NH3, and the effects of the plasma modification were investigated in order to understand the adhesion with copper metal. The Ar, O2, N2 and NH3 plasmas converted the POCO surfaces from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, The effect of the plasma on the hydrophilic modification was in the order: Ar plasma >O2 plasma > N2 plasma > NH3 plasma. The plasma modification contributed to the adhesion between the deposited copper metal and the POCO film. The NH3 plasma was most effective in improving the adhesion, and the Ar plasma was ineffective. The plasma-modified POCO film surfaces showed quite different C1s spectra from that of the original POCO film. There were large differences in the C1 and N is spectra between the NH3 and Ar plasma modifications. The NH3 plasma modification did not show C1s component #5 due to π-π* shake-up satellite, but the Ar plasma modification did show this component. Furthermore, NH3 plasma modification led to a new N1s spectrum. The plasmas caused etching of the POCO film surfaces, and the etch rate depended on what plasma was used and how much RF power was used. The NH3 plasma-modified POCO film surface showed a larger Ra (25.5 nm) than the other plasma-modified surfaces (Ra = 16.4-19.0 nm), which were comparable to that of the original surface (Ra = 14.8 nm). The NH3 plasma led to a highly-undulated surface, and the other plasmas did not alter the surface roughness. The roughened surfaces showed contribution to enhancement of the adhesion to the deposited copper metal.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse surface, Surface analysis, Análisis superficie, Cuivrage, Copper coating, Encobrado, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) copolymère, Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) copolímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Photooxydation, Photooxidation, Fotooxidación, Plasma, Propène(hexafluoro) copolymère, Hexafluoropropylene copolymer, Propeno(hexafluoro) copolímero, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface métal polymère, Plasma hyperfréquence, Traitement UV, Adhesion, Ar microwave plasma, FEP, VUV, copper, photo-oxidation, and surface modification

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) surfaces were exposed to vacuum UV (VUV) photo-oxidation downstream from Ar microwave plasma. The modified surfaces showed the following: (I) an improvement in wettability as observed by water contact angle measurements; (2) surface roughening; (3) defluorination of the surface; and (4) incorporation of oxygen as CF-O-CF2, CF2-O-CF2 and CF-O-CF3 moieties. With long treatment times, a cohesive failure of copper sputter-coated onto the modified surface occurred within the modified FEP and not at the Cu-FEP interface.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Traitements de surface, Surface treatments, Antiadhérence, Antiadhesion, Antiadherencia, Gaufrage, Embossing, Gofrado, Moulage, Molding, Méthane(tétrafluoro), Carbon tetrafluoride, Nettoyage surface, Surface cleaning, Nickel alliage, Nickel alloys, Oxygène, Oxygen, Traitement par plasma, Plasma assisted processing, Traitement surface, Surface treatments, 8165C, Tetrafluoromethane, adhesion, embossing, mold, nickel surface, oxygen, and plasma

The micro- or nano-structured mold used for polymer embossing typically must be coated with an anti-adhesion material to reduce its interaction with the embossing. The mold is typically made by nickel sulphamate electroforming. For the anti-adhesion coating to adhere to the mold, the nickel mold surface must be clean and preferably unoxidized or possess reactive groups suitable for covalent bonding with the anti-adhesion coating. The effectiveness of plasma cleaning using mixtures of oxygen (O2) and tetrafluoromethane (CF4) with varying ratios versus liquid-only cleaning was investigated. To simulate the nickel mold. Ni200 alloy was used. Plasma treatment using mixtures of O2 and CF4 was found to be more effective in cleaning the Ni200 surface than liquid-only cleaning or pure O2 or pure CF4 plasma treatment. Using a 1: 1 O2/CF4 mixture plasma, the contact angles of water, glycerol and diiodomethane on Ni200 were the lowest and the calculated surface energy was the highest among the investigated treatments. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the amount of organic contamination on Ni200 was significantly reduced with plasma treatment. For liquid-only cleaned samples, metallic nickel, NiO and Ni(OH)2 are present on the surface. With pure O2 or pure CF4 or 1: 1 O2/CF4 mixture plasma, both oxidation and fluorination occur and the surface contains combinations of NiF2, Ni(OH)2, Ni(OH)F, Ni2O3 and NiO1.5F instead (without metallic nickel and NiO). The proportions of these different compounds vary according to the O2/CF4 ratio; O/Ni ratio is highest for pure O2 plasma treatment, whilst F/Ni is highest for pure CF4 plasma treatment.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Aluminium, Aluminio, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Elasticité, Elasticity, Elasticidad, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Graphite, Grafito, Irradiation ion, Ion irradiation, Irradiación ión, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Mode rupture, Fracture mode, Modo ruptura, Plasma, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Ténacité, Fracture toughness, Tenacidad, CFRP-aluminum joint, CLS specimen, elastic work factor, fracture toughness, ion irradiation, and plasma

In this study, the role of surface treatments of CFRP (graphite/epoxy composite) and aluminum (7075-T6) on the adhesively-bonded CFRP-aluminum joints has been investigated. The CFRP was surface-treated by Ar+ ion irradiation in an oxygen environment and the aluminum was surface-treated using a DC plasma. Art ion irradiation treatment was carried out at Ar+ ion dose of 1016 ions/cm2. Plasma treatment was carried out at a volume ratio of acetylene gas to nitrogen gas of 5: 5 and the treatment time was 30 s. The effect of surface treatments on the fracture behavior CFRP-aluminum joints was determined from fracture tests using three different CLS (cracked lap shear) specimens: (1) untreated CFRP/untreated aluminum. (2) ion-irradiated CFRP/untreated aluminum and (3) untreated CFRP/plasma-treated aluminum. Fracture behaviors ( fracture load, fracture toughness, fracture surfaces) of these three different specimens were compared. The results showed that both fracture load and fracture toughness of CFRP-aluminum joints were in the following order: ion-irradiated CFRP/untreated aluminum specimen > untreated CFRP/ plasma-treated aluminum specimen > untreated CFRP/untreated aluminum specimen. SEM examination of fracture surfaces showed that fracture occurred as an interfacial failure for untreated specimens. On the other hand, a cohesive failure in the adhesive was the primary fracture mode for specimens surface-treated by ion irradiation or plasma.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Produits de revêtement. Peintures, vernis et encres, Coatings. Paints, varnishes and inks, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Angle contact, Contact angle, Angulo contacto, Cuivre, Copper, Cobre, Dépôt métal, Metal deposition, Deposición metal, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) polymère, Tetrafluoroethylene polymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) polímero, Hélium, Helium, Helio, Photogravure, Photoetching, Fotograbado, Plasma, Rayonnement UV extrême, Vacuum ultraviolet radiation, Radiación ultravioleta extrema, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Adhesion, PTFE, copper, radiation, surface modification, and vacuum UV

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) film surfaces were exposed to vacuum UV (VUV) radiation from He dc arc plasmas that were made to rotate inside a graphite tube by the application of an auxiliary magnetic field. The films were covered with optical filters having different cutoff wavelengths to vary the VUV radiation that modified the fluoropolymer surface. Photo-etching was detected, as well as surface modification that showed the following: (1) water contact angles decreasing with wavelengths of 173 nm or shorter; (2) surface roughening; (3) defluorination of the surface and formation of cross-linking bonds in the top 10 nm of the surface as detected by XPS analysis; and (4) incorporation of oxygen upon exposure to air. An improvement in the adhesion of copper to these modified surfaces was observed.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Capacité charge, Load capacity, Capacidad carga, Effet pression, Pressure effect, Efecto presión, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Fibre carbone, Carbon fiber, Fibra carbón, Joint recouvrement, Lap joint, Junta recubierta, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Plasma, Préimprégné, Prepreg, Preimpregnado, Résistance cisaillement, Shear strength, Resistencia cizallamiento, Résistance rupture, Rupture strength, Resistencia ruptura, Tension superficielle, Surface tension, Tensión superficial, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, AFM, XPS, atmospheric pressure plasma, carbon/epoxy composite, contact angle, low pressure plasma, surface free energy, and surface treatment

Although an adhesive joint can distribute load over a larger area than a mechanical joint, requires no holes, adds very little weight to structures and has superior fatigue resistance, it requires careful surface preparation of adherends for reliable joining and low susceptibility to service environments. The load transmission capability of adhesive joints can be improved by increasing the surface free energy of the adherends with suitable surface treatments. In this study, two types of surface treatment, namely the low pressure and the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment, were performed to enhance the mechanical load transmission capabilities of carbon/epoxy composite adhesive joints. The suitable surface treatment conditions for carbon/epoxy composite adhesive joints for both low and atmospheric pressure plasma systems were experimentally investigated with respect to chamber pressure, power intensity and surface treatment time by measuring the surface free energies of the specimens. The change in surface topography of carbon/epoxy composites was measured with AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and quantitative surface atomic concentrations were determined with XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) to investigate the failure modes of composite adhesive joints with respect to surface treatment time. From the XPS investigation of carbon/epoxy composites, it was found that the ratio of oxygen concentration to carbon concentration for both low and atmospheric pressure plasma-treated carbon/epoxy composite surfaces was maximum after about 30 s treatment time, which corresponded with the maximum load transmission capability of the composite adhesive joint.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Produits de revêtement. Peintures, vernis et encres, Coatings. Paints, varnishes and inks, Formation et durcissement des feuils, propriétés, essais, Film formation and curing, properties, testing, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Caoutchouc éthylène propène, Ethylene propylene rubber, Flamme, Flame, Llama, Miscibilité, Miscibility, Miscibilidad, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Mélange polymère, Polymer blends, Peinturage, Painting process, Pintura de brocha gorda, Peinture eau, Water base paint, Pintura agua, Peinture primaire, Primer paint, Pintura primaria, Plasma, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Préparation surface, Surface preparation, Preparación superficie, Rugosité, Roughness, Rugosidad, Subjectile, Substrate(coating), Subsrato, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Paint adhesion, adhesion mechanism, ethylene propylene rubber, flame pre-treatment, plasma pre-treatment, polymer miscibility, polypropylene, surface roughness, and wetting behavior

In order to explore the fundamental mechanism of paint adhesion to polymer substrates the surface of polypropylene-ethylene propylene rubber (PP-EPR) blends was modified by flame or plasma treatments. The changes in surface composition and properties were investigated and discussed in light of the results of simple adhesion tests. The topography and surface properties of the PP-EPR samples were studied by employing various surface sensitive techniques Additionally, the surface properties of the pre-treated PP-EPR were compared with the model polymers poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) displaying a poor and an excellent paint adhesion, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements showed that the miscibility of the polymer substrate with paint components was an essential factor for the understanding of the adhesion mechanism. A general model of paint adhesion to polymer surfaces is proposed, where the degree of interdiffusion of the polymer chains of the substrate and paint in the interphase determines the adhesion strength.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, EVA, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Plasma, Relation mise en œuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en œuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Uréthanne polymère, Polyurethane, Uretano polímero, Effet gaz, RF plasma treatment, T-peel strength, XPS, adhesion, contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and surface chemistry

Two ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers (12 and 20 wt% of vinyl acetate,VA, content) have been treated with low pressure RF plasmas from non-oxidizing gases (Ar, N2) and oxidizing gases (air, a mixture of 4N2:6O2 (v/v), O2 and CO2). The formation of polar moieties on both EVAs was more noticeable by treatment with plasmas from non-oxidizing gases than from oxidizing ones (the higher the reactivity, the lower the difference with respect to untreated EVA surfaces). The surface etching with the non-oxidizing plasmas, giving rise to a high roughness, depends on the wt% of VA in the composition of the copolymer because of the different resistances of VA (low) and PE (high) to the non-oxidizing plasma particles bombardment. The adhesion properties obtained using a polyurethane adhesive (PU) showed high T-peel strength values and adhesion failure in EVAs treated with plasmas from oxidizing gases, due to roughness produced causing mechanical interlocking of the adhesive. Lower T-peel strength values were obtained with non-oxidizing plasmas: the values for EVA 12 being, in general, lower than those obtained for EVA20. The durability of the treated EVAs/PU adhesive joints after ageing in humidity and temperature was quite good.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Aluminium, Aluminio, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Méthode non destructive, Non destructive method, Método no destructivo, Plasma, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Relation mise en œuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Stratifié, Laminate, Estratificado, Thermographie, Thermography, Termografía, Tissu textile, Woven material, Tela textil, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Bonded structures, adhesively bonded aluminium joints, composite laminates, lock-in thermography, non-destructive evaluation, phase images, and plasma treatment

Lock-in thermography is employed for non-destructive evaluation of several types of bonded structures, which are commonly encountered in industrial applications. Specimens were fabricated to simulate: adhesively bonded aluminium joints, which are commonly used in aeronautical and automotive fields; bonds between pipes of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) employed in the transport of liquids (sewage systems); and bonds between plates of Plexiglas which are widely used in the manufacturing of aquaria. Amongst bonded structures, the composite materials are very important, which are generally made of carbon, glass, or Kevlar aramid fibers and epoxy resin, and which find application in many industrial fields, especially the aeronautical industry, because of their higher strength and lower weight as compared to metallic materials. It is known that surface plasma treatment of a material improves its adhesion, but it is also known that this treatment will degrade over time if the material is not bonded immediately. Thus, to assure quality, any bonded system should be monitored by the most effective non-destructive technique. To obtain information about the ability of lock-in thermography to assess the performance of such plasma treatment, several specimens were fabricated from either composites (carbon, or Kevlar fabric layers plus epoxy resin), or glass plates with and without surface plasma treatment before bonding. In addition, a sample was obtained from a piece of a typical insulated wall of refrigerator vehicles, which actually is a sandwich of polyurethane foam between two plates of fiberglass. The results obtained show that lock-in thermography is a useful tool for non-destructive evaluation of bonded structures.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Stratifiés, Laminates, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Abrasion, Abrasión, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Essai pelage, Peel test, Prueba al descascarado, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre carbone, Carbon fiber, Fibra carbón, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Plasma, Relation mise en œuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Rugosité, Roughness, Rugosidad, Sablage, Sand blasting, Enarenación, Stratifié, Laminate, Estratificado, Tension superficielle, Surface tension, Tensión superficial, Traitement mécanique, Mechanical treatment, Tratamiento mecánico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, carbon/epoxy composite, plasma, sandblast, sandpaper, surface free energy, surface roughness, and surface treatment

Although an adhesive joint can distribute the load over a larger area than a mechanical joint, requires no holes, adds very little weight to the structure and has superior fatigue resistance, but it not only requires a careful surface preparation of the adherends but also is affected by service environments. In this paper, suitable conditions for surface treatments such as plasma surface treatment, mechanical abrasion, and sandblast treatment were investigated to enhance the mechanical load capabilities of carbon/epoxy composite adhesive joints. A capacitively coupled radiofrequency plasma system was used for the plasma surface treatment of carbon/epoxy composites and suitable surface treatment conditions were experimentally investigated with respect to gas flow rate, chamber pressure, power intensity, and surface treatment time by measuring the surface free energies of treated specimens. The optimal mechanical abrasion conditions with sandpapers were investigated with respect to the mesh number of sandpaper, and optimal sandblast conditions were investigated with respect to sandblast pressure and particle size by observing geometric shape changes of adherends during sandblast process. Also the failure modes of composite adhesive joints were investigated with respect to surface treatment. From the peel tests on plasma treated composite adhesive joints, it was found that all composite adhesive joints failed cohesively in the adhesive layer when the surface free energy was higher than about 40 mJ/m2, because of high adhesion strength between the plasma treated surface and the adhesive. From the peel tests on mechanically abraded composite adhesive joints, it was also found that the optimal surface roughness and adhesive thickness increased as the failure load increased.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Angle contact, Contact angle, Angulo contacto, Défluoration, Defluorination, Desfluoración, Effet température, Temperature effect, Efecto temperatura, Ethylène copolymère, Ethylene copolymer, Etileno copolímero, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) copolymère, Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) copolímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Hydrogène, Hydrogen, Hidrógeno, Oxygène, Oxygen, Oxígeno, Plasma, Relation mise en œuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en œuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Plasma modification, XPS spectra, aging process, contact angle, defluorination, and ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene co-polymer

Ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) films were modified by four plasmas: direct and remote H2 plasmas and direct and remote O2 plasmas; and the hydrophobic recovery process of these plasma-modified surfaces was investigated using water contact angle measurements and angular XPS. The water contact angle measurements showed important aspects for the hydrophobic recovery process. (1) All plasma-modified ETFE surfaces, regardless of the kind and mode of plasmas, showed increases in the contact angle with increasing aging time. The increase continued for 5 days after finishing the plasma modification, and stopped after 5 days. (2) The plasma-modified surfaces after the aging process never reverted back to the same level of the contact angle as for the unmodified (original ETFE) surfaces. (3) The contact angle after the aging process was strongly dependent on to what plasma the ETFE surfaces were exposed in the modification. (4) The aging temperature influenced the contact angle value after the aging process. The angular XPS measurements also provided a detailed description of the chemical composition of the topmost layer. (1) The chemical composition at the topmost layer of the surfaces altered during the aging process. (2) CH2-CH2-CHF, and CH2-CHF-CH2 and CH2-CH(OH)-CF2 groups disappeared from the topmost layer during the aging process; and CH2-CH2-CH2, and CH2-CH2-CF2 and CH2-CH(OH )-CHF groups appeared at the topmost layer. (3) Such disappearance and appearance occurred on all plasma-modified surfaces regardless of the kind (H2 or O2 plasma) or mode (direct or remote plasma) of plasmas used for the modification. This may be due to segmental mobility of CH2-CH2-CH2 sequences rather than of CF2-CF2-CF2 sequences.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre aramide, Aramid fiber, Fibra aramida, Fibre synthétique, Synthetic fiber, Fibra sintética, Interface fibre matrice, Matrix fiber interface, Interfase fibra matriz, Matière charge, Filler, Materia carga, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Plasma, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Atmospheric pressure plasma, aramid fibers, fiber/matrix interface, and interfacial shear strength

In order to investigate the effect of atmospheric pressure plasmas on adhesion between aramid fibers and epoxy, aramid fibers were treated with atmospheric pressure helium/air for 15, 30 and 60 s on a capacitively-coupled device at a frequency of 5.0 kHz and He outlet pressure of 3.43 kPa. SEM analysis at 1000x magnification showed no significant surface morphological change resulted from the plasma treatments. XPS analysis showed a decrease in carbon content and an increase in oxygen content. Deconvolution analysis of C1s, N1s and Ols peaks showed an increase in surface hydroxyl groups that can interact with epoxy resin. The microbond test showed that the plasma treatment for 60 s increased interfacial shear strength by 109% over that of the control (untreated). The atmospheric pressure plasma increased single fiber tensile strength by 16-26%.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Absorbant UV, Light stabiliser, Absorbente UV, Additif, Additive, Aditivo, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Ethylène polymère, Polyethylene, Etileno polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Feuille, Foil, Hoja, Fluor, Fluorine, Fluoration, Fluorination, Fluoración, Plasma, Propriété traction, Tensile property, Propiedad tracción, Relation formulation propriété, Property formulation relationship, Relación formulación propiedad, Relation mise en œuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Stabilisant, Stabilizer agent, Estabilizante, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement accéléré, Artificial ageing, Envejecimiento acelerado, Vieillissement produit, Weathering, Envejecimiento producto, Gas phase fluorination of PE, fluorination kinetics, and weathering

Polyethylene foils, used as greenhouse foils stabilized with various types of sterically hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), showed an extraordinary prolonged lifetime on exposure to natural or artificial weathering if a gas-phase fluorination under low-pressure conditions was applied. The fluorination was performed using F2/N2 mixtures and provided ca. 50 F/100 C (fluorination degree 25%). The lifetimes of fluorinated PE foils on exposure to artificial or natural weathering were increased at least by a factor of 2-4 as measured in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Angle contact, Contact angle, Angulo contacto, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre carbone, Carbon fiber, Fibra carbón, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Mode rupture, Fracture mode, Modo ruptura, Plasma, Relation mise en œuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en œuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, XPS, carbon/epoxy composite, contact angle, radio-frequency plasma, surface free energy, and surface treatment

The load transmission capability of adhesive joints can he improved by increasing the surface free energy of the adherends with surface treatments. In this paper, suitable plasma surface treatment conditions for carbon/epoxy composite adherend were investigated to enhance the strength of carbon/epoxy composite adhesive joints using a capacitively coupled radio-frequency plasma system. Effects of plasma surface treatment parameters on the surface free energy and adhesion strength of carbon/epoxy composite were experimentally investigated with respect to gas flow rate, chamber pressure, power intensity, and surface treatment time. Quantitative chemical bonding analysis determined with XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) was also performed to understand the load transmission capabilities of composite adhesive joints with respect to surface treatment time.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Constituants de formulation, Compounding ingredients, Matières charges et agents renforçants, Fillers and reinforcing agents, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Ensimage, Textile oiling, Aceitado, Fibre aramide, Aramid fiber, Fibra aramida, Fibre carbone, Carbon fiber, Fibra carbón, Fibre synthétique, Synthetic fiber, Fibra sintética, Fibre textile, Textile fiber, Fibra textil, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Modification chimique, Chemical modification, Modificación química, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxidación, Plasma, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Relation mise en œuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Renforçant, Reinforcing filler, Agente refuerzo, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, adhesion, fiber-reinforced composite, plasma treatments, and surface modification

Surface treatments have long been utilized to modify the chemical and physical structures of the surface layers of textile fibers, thus improving the properties of fibers in many applications. This review discusses the feasibility and characteristics of different methods of surface modification of polymeric textile fibers, focusing on tailoring fiber-matrix bond strength in fiber-reinforced composite materials. The influence of various treatments on the chemical and mechanical properties of different fibers is discussed. Some very recent developments in surface modification of textile fibers are highlighted.