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Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Deutérium, Deuterium, Deuterio, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Flamme, Flame, Llama, Marquage isotopique, Isotope labelling, Marcación isotópica, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Méthode temps vol, Time of flight method, Método tiempo vuelo, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Oxydation, Oxidation, Oxidación, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Spectrométrie SIMS, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Espectrometría SIMS, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Surface modification, flame treatment, isotopic labeling, polypropylene, and secondary ion mass spectrometry

-The surface of polypropylene (PP) film was oxidized by exposure to a flame fueled by isotopically labeled methane (CD4). The isotopic sensitivity of static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was then used to gain new insights into the mechanism of flame treatment. SIMS analysis indicated that much of the oxidation of PP occurring in fuel-lean flames is not deuterated, while for PP treated in fuel-rich flames, some of the affixed oxygen is deuterated. These observations imply that O2 is the primary source of affixed surface oxygen in fuel-lean flame treatments, but that OH may be a significant source of affixed oxygen in fuel-rich flame treatments. Hydroxyl radicals are primarily responsible for hydrogen abstraction in fuel-lean flames, while H is the primary active gas-phase species in fuel-rich flames. SIMS also detected trace quantities of oxidized nitrogen groups affixed to the flame-treated PP.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Alcool polymère, Alcohol polymer, Alcohol polímero, Ensimage, Textile oiling, Aceitado, Ether polymère, Ether polymer, Eter polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre carbone, Carbon fiber, Fibra carbón, Fibre minérale, Mineral fiber, Fibra inorgánica, Indentation, Indentación, Interface fibre matrice, Matrix fiber interface, Interfase fibra matriz, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau fibre unidirectionnelle, Unidirectional fiber material, Material fibra unidireccional, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Mode rupture, Fracture mode, Modo ruptura, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Polymère fonctionnel, Functional polymer, Polímero funcional, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Pyrrolidone(vinyl) polymère, Pyrrolidone(vinyl) polymer, Pirrolidona(vinil) polímero, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance cisaillement, Shear strength, Resistencia cizallamiento, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Vinylester résine, Vinyl ester resin, Resina vinilester, Hydroxyéther polymère, Résistance cisaillement interfacial, Vieillissement hygrothermique, Interface, interfacial shear strength, interphase, microindentation, and nanoindenter

Fiber sizing can improve the performance of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The focus of this work was to determine if the improvement in performance could be ascertained from a micromechanical test for interfacial adhesion on as-processed materials under hygrothermal exposure. Three types of sizings were examined: a carboxyl modified poly(hydroxyether), that is identified as low spread phenoxy (LSP), a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) sample and a standard industrial sizing (G'). A nanoindenter was effectively used to obtain interfacial shear strength (IFSS) using a modified micro-indentation technique. The results showed that LSP outperforms the PVP and G' materials in bulk composite properties, but showed equivalent interfacial shear strength to G' and experienced hygrothermal degradation in interfacial adhesion that the PVP did not. The LSP composite loses 10% of its original interfacial shear strength after 576 h, while for PVP composite it improves by 25%. The tensile strengths for LSP and PVP composites decrease by 7% and 10%, respectively, at 576 h of hygrothermal exposure. The relationship between tensile strength and interfacial adhesion proved to be weak, but processing defects and other failure processes showed a strong influence of interfacial adhesion on tensile strength of compsites.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Stratifiés, Laminates, Abrasion, Abrasión, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Collage, Adhesive bonding, Enlace adhesivo, Endommagement, Damaging, Deterioración, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre graphite, Graphite fiber, Fibra grafito, Fibre minérale, Mineral fiber, Fibra inorgánica, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Méthode non destructive, Non destructive method, Método no destructivo, Méthode ultrasonore, Ultrasonic method, Método ultrasonoro, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance choc, Impact strength, Resistencia choque, Résistance flexion, Bending strength, Resistencia flexión, Stratifié, Laminate, Estratificado, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Adhesive bond, debond area, flexural stiffness, impact, paper-peel ply, sandblasting, surface preparation, and ultrasonic C-scan

The influence of pre-bond surface preparation on performance of adhesively-bonded composites subjected to impact was investigated in this study. Impact test was carried out on adhesively bonded graphite/epoxy composite specimens at different low impact energies ranging from 5 to 20 J using the drop-weight impact test. Post-impact ultrasonic evaluation was performed in order to determine the resulting internal damage due to impact on the adhesive bondline. The ultrasonic C-scan of the gated ultrasonic wave signal was acquired and the ensuing debond area in the adhesive bond was determined quantitatively for specimens made from substrates with different surface preparations such as paper peel ply, sandblasting, and sandpaper abrasion. In order to determine the flexural load bearing capacity and stiffness reduction after impact, a three-point bending test was conducted on unimpacted and impacted specimens. A comparative study was performed to evaluate the performance of adhesively-bonded composites with different surface preparations. The results revealed that paper-peel ply performed the best in terms of resistance to debond area formation in the adhesive layer, as well as in terms of retention of flexural load bearing capacity and stiffness after impact.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Cuivrage, Copper coating, Encobrado, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) copolymère, Tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) copolímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Propène(hexafluoro) copolymère, Hexafluoropropylene copolymer, Propeno(hexafluoro) copolímero, Rayonnement UV extrême, Vacuum ultraviolet radiation, Radiación ultravioleta extrema, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface métal polymère, FEP, Surface modification, Teflon, VUV radiation, adhesion, cohesive failure, copper, and poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)

Treatment of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from high pressures of helium in rotating dc arc plasmas was investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected defluorination and appearance of the functional groups (C=O, O-C=O and C-O) on the surface. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed the appearance of a band at 1884 cm-1 indicating the formation of the carboxylic acid fluoride moiety, -(C=O)-F. Improvement in film wettability was observed by contact angle measurements while SEM micrographs showed an increased amount of cracking on the surface with VUV exposure. Adhesion measurements of Cu sputter-coated onto the photo-modified surfaces resulted in failure within the fluoropolymer (cohesive failure) and not at the Cu-fluoropolymer interface. Cohesive failure occurred with shorter treatment times than for VUV exposure downstream from low pressure Ar microwave plasmas.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Attaque chimique, Chemical etching, Ataque químico, Benzoate(hydroxy) copolymère, Benzoate(hydroxy) copolymer, Benzoate(hidroxi) copolímero, Cuivre, Copper, Cobre, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Ester copolymère, Ester copolymer, Ester copolímero, Etat thermotrope, Thermotropic state, Estado termotropo, Etherethercétone polymère, Polyetheretherketone, Eter éter cetona polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Feuille métallique, Metal foil, Hoja metálica, Phénylène sulfure polymère, Phenylene sulfide polymer, Fenileno sulfuro polímero, Polymère cristal liquide, Liquid crystal polymers, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Sulfure polymère, Thioplast, Sulfuro polímero, Traitement par plasma, Plasma assisted processing, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Naphtoate(hydroxy) copolymère, Poly(etheretherketone), adhesion, copper foil, liquid crystal polymer, photoelectron spectroscopy, poly(phenylenesulfide), and surface modification

The influence of different surface treatments on the physical and chemical surface properties of poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), poly(phenylenesulfide) (PPS) and a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) was studied. For all the three polymers, the adhesion strength of an adhesively-bonded copper foil could be increased significantly by a chemical etching process using chromic sulphuric acid or a low pressure air-plasma treatment. However, for LCP the enhancement of adhesion by the surface treatments was lower than for the other polymers. Peel tests were employed for determining the adhesion strength of the copper foil. The physical surface properties were investigated by laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Contact-angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided detailed information on the chemical surface properties. The detailed XPS analyses revealed different chemical mechanisms of the surface treatments depending on the polymer investigated. In all cases an incorporation of oxygen containing groups by the surface treatments was found to be responsible for a better adhesion of the copper foil on the treated polymer films compared to the untreated.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Agent intercalant, Intercalating agent, Agente intercalante, Argile, Clay, Arcilla, Ether cyclique polymère, Cyclic ether polymer, Eter cíclico polímero, Ethylène oxyde polymère, Ethylene oxide polymer, Etileno óxido polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Hot melt, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Montmorillonite, Montmorilonita, Polyaddition, Poliadición, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété rhéologique, Rheological properties, Propiedad reológica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Uréthanne polymère, Polyurethane, Uretano polímero, Reactive hot-melt adhesive, poly(ethylene glycol), polyurethane, and sodium montmorillonite

-We have examined the effects of a sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) intercalated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the properties of a reactive hot melt adhesive (RHA) based on polyurethane pre-polymer with terminal isocyanate groups. The bond strengths of the RHA, from the initial to final time period after application, were enhanced and the set time was reduced by the addition of 1-3 phr Na-MMT intercalated with PEG (Na-MMT/PEG). The modifier increased the viscosity and a pseudo-solid-like behavior at low shear rates when subjected to a dynamic shear stress. Further, both the tensile modulus and tensile strength of cured RHA films were improved by the reinforcing effect of Na-MMT. The X-ray diffraction pattern of RHA showed that the gallery of Na-MMT was intercalated with PEG segment.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Acrylate polymère, Acrylate polymer, Acrilato polímero, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Cycle thermique, Thermal cycle, Ciclo térmico, Céramique dentaire, Dental ceramics, Cerámica dentaria, Dentisterie restauratrice, Dental restoration, Restauración dental, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Mode rupture, Fracture mode, Modo ruptura, Porcelaine, Porcelain, Porcelana, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance cisaillement, Shear strength, Resistencia cizallamiento, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Charisma, Composite dentaire, Interface composite porcelaine, Pertac, Shear bond strength, composite resin, fractured veneer, intraoral repair, porcelain, and tribochemical coating

In fixed prosthodontics, fracture of the porcelain veneer is not an uncommon problem under clinical conditions due to, e.g., malfunction, trauma or technical failures. To avoid time-consuming and cost-intensive renewal of the entire restoration, repair of the chipped veneer is desirable. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths of five intraoral porcelain repair kits based on different chemical bonding systems. 45 metal plates veneered with feldspathic porcelain were fabricated. The surface treatment was performed using five porcelain repair systems based on tribochemical silica coating (Cojet), mechanical roughening (Silistor, Cimara, Ceramic Repair) or etching (Clearfil Repair) followed by application of silane coupling agents (five specimens each). Cylinders of composite resin of Charisma and Pertac Hybrid were bonded using Cojet, Silistor, Cimara and Ceramic Repair, and of Clearfil AP-X with Clearfil Repair onto the porcelain specimens. After thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5-55°C) shear bond strength was measured according to ISO 10477 followed by assessment of the failure mode. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni-Dunn's multiple comparisons post-hoc analysis for test groups (a = 0.05). Shear bond strengths higher than 10 MPa were found for all test groups except for Ceramic Repair with Pertac Hybrid (8.1 ± 1.3 MPa), which was significantly lower than all other groups (P < 0.05). Highest shear bond strength was found for Silistor with Charisma (23.1 ± 5.8 MPa), which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than all other groups except Cojet with Charisma (17.8 ± 3.6 MPa) and Clearfil Repair (20.3 ±5.0 MPa). Cojet and Silistor with Charisma, Cimara, as well as with Clearfil mainly showed cohesive or mixed failure modes (cohesive and interfacial). Bond strengths of the combinations Silistor-Charisma, Clearfil Repair-Clearfil AP-X and Cojet-Charisma were superior to all other combinations used in the present tests.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Feuilles et films, Sheets and films, Acrylate de méthyle copolymère, Methyl acrylate copolymer, Acrilato de metilo copolímero, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse surface, Surface analysis, Análisis superficie, Copolymère greffé, Graft copolymer, Copolímero injertado, Ester polymère, Ester polymer, Ester polímero, Ethylène basse densité polymère, Low density ethylene polymer, Etileno baja densidad polímero, Ethylène copolymère, Ethylene copolymer, Etileno copolímero, Ethylène téréphtalate polymère, Ethylene terephthalate polymer, Etileno tereftalato polímero, Ethylène(tétrafluoro) polymère, Tetrafluoroethylene polymer, Etileno(tetrafluoro) polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Greffage, Grafting, Injerto, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Multicouche, Multiple layer, Capa múltiple, Méthacrylate de glycidyle copolymère, Glycidyl methacrylate copolymer, Metacrilato de glicidilo copolímero, Oléfine copolymère, Olefin copolymer, Olefina copolímero, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Résistance pelage, Peel strength, Resistencia pelado, Terpolymère, Terpolymer, Terpolímero, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface polymère polymère, FT-IR spectroscopy, Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), XPS analysis, multilayer films, peel strength, poly(ethylene terephthalate), scanning electron microscopy, and surface modification

-Multilayer films were prepared from poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films together with using an adhesion promoting layer (tie-layer) consisting of ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (E-MA-GMA) terpolymer and low density polyethylene (LDPE) blend. Na/naphthalene treatment and subsequent acrylic acid grafting were applied on the surfaces of PTFE for chemical modification. FT-IR spectroscopy, XPS analysis and surface energy measurements were performed to characterize the modified PTFE films. The analyses showed defluorination and oxidation of PTFE surface, and supported the acrylic acid grafting. The surface energy of modified surfaces enhanced with respect to unmodified one, which promoted adhesion. The multilayers were subjected to T-peel tests to measure the adhesion strength between PET and modified PTFE. Peel strength between the films increased with increasing E-MA-GMA amount in the tie-layer. A proportional dependence of peel strength on Na/naphthalene treatment time was observed for multilayers containing acrylic acid grafted or ungrafted PTFE. From SEM analysis, it was observed that the texture of the PTFE surface after modifications became rougher when compared to untreated PTFE. The peeled surfaces were also analyzed by SEM. The micrographs evidence that the energy absorbing mechanism is the plastic deformation of the tie-layer, which is responsible for obtaining high peel strengths.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Bois. Papiers. Non tissés, Wood. Paper. Non wovens, Bois, Wood, Dégradation et protection, Degradation and preservation, Bois, Wood, Madera, Décharge barrière diélectrique, Dielectric barrier discharge, Etalement, Spreading, Escalonamiento, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau revêtement, Coating material, Material revestimiento, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Peinture, Paint, Pintura, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Wood surfaces, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), spreading, and wettability

-Protection and preservation of wood properties in exterior environments can only be ensured if the surface is coated with a paint or varnish. In our experiments a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was used as a wood surface pretreatment for improvement of the subsequent deposition of thin paint layers from solutions onto these surfaces. As the adsorption, interfacial interactions and adhesion of paints are strongly dependent on surface wettability, the dynamics of the wetting process were analyzed. The results show that the water contact angle decreases after the DBD treatment, proving a more wettable surface. Additionally, the spreading of paint solution on the DBD-treated surface is more isotropic, showing a lower tendency to elongate along the wood fiber orientation.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Action humidité, Humidity effect, Acción humedad, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Chloroprène polymère, Chloroprene polymer, Cloropreno polímero, Cristallinité, Crystallinity, Cristalinidad, Diène polymère, Diene polymer, Dieno polímero, Décharge couronne, Corona effect, Descarga corona, EVA, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mode rupture, Fracture mode, Modo ruptura, Module élasticité, Elastic modulus, Módulo elasticidad, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété rhéologique, Rheological properties, Propiedad reológica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Propriété thermique, Thermal properties, Propiedad térmica, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement accéléré, Artificial ageing, Envejecimiento acelerado, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Vieillissement hygrothermique, ATR-IR spectroscopy, Corona discharge, SEM, T-peel strength, contact angle measurements, and polychloroprene adhesive

Four ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) co-polymers with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents (9-20 wt%) were treated with corona discharge to improve their adhesion to polychloroprene (PCP) adhesive. The thermal properties of the EVAs decreased as their VA content increased, caused by a decrease in crystallinity. The elastic and viscous moduli of the EVAs decreased and the temperature and modulus at the cross-over between these moduli decreased with increasing VA content. Contact-angle measurements (water), infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the surface modifications produced in the corona-discharge-treated EVAs. The corona discharge treatment produced improved wettability and created roughness and oxygen moieties on the EVA surfaces. The higher the VA content and the higher the corona energy, the more significant modifications were produced on the EVA surface. The VA content also affected the T-peel strength values of treated EVA/polychloroprene + isocyanate adhesive joints, as the values increased with increasing VA content. Mixed failure modes (interfacial + cohesive failure in the EVA) were obtained in the adhesive joints produced with corona discharge treated EVAs containing more than 9 wt% VA. The accelerated ageing of the joints did not affect the T-peel strength values, but the locus of failure in most cases became fully cohesive in the EVA, likely due to the higher extent of curing of the adhesive.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Bois. Papiers. Non tissés, Wood. Paper. Non wovens, Panneaux et bois améliorés, Wood-based materials, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Angle contact, Contact angle, Angulo contacto, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Bois résineux, Softwood, Madera de coníferas, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Panneau particule, Particleboard, Panel partícula, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance cisaillement, Shear strength, Resistencia cizallamiento, Traitement chimique, Chemical treatment, Tratamiento químico, Traitement mécanique, Mechanical treatment, Tratamiento mecánico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Adhesion, contact angle, polypropylene, roughness, surface energy, surface modification, and wood plastic composites

-To have a better knowledge of the phenomena that affect the adhesion characteristics of wood plastic composites (WPCs) a series of surface treatments was performed. The treatments consisted of chemical, mechanical, energetic, physical, and a combination of energetic and physical WPC surface modifications. After each treatment, the composite boards were bonded using a commercial epoxy adhesive, and bond shear strength was determined according to ASTM D 905. All the surface treatments, except the mechanical one, were performed and presented in a previous paper (W. Gramlich et al., J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. 20, 1873-1887 (2006)). Mechanical treatment and surface characterization for all the treatments were performed in the present study. The surface characterization included application of thermodynamic and spectroscopic techniques. Most of the surface treatments improved the adhesive bondability of wood plastic composites and, particularly, the smoothest WPC surfaces increased the shear strength by 100% with respect to the control. Thermodynamic measurements indicate that the WPCs low surface energy of about 25 mJ/m2, is likely due principally to the surface migration of a lubricant component used in the extrusion formulation. The surface energy increased over 45% with respect to the control samples after the chemical treatments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that high oxidation levels of the WPC surfaces resulted in high surface energy and high bond shear strength.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Bois. Papiers. Non tissés, Wood. Paper. Non wovens, Bois, Wood, Dégradation et protection, Degradation and preservation, Angiospermae, Coniferales, Dicotyledones, Gymnospermae, Spermatophyta, Verbenaceae, Bois feuillu, Hardwood, Madera de frondosas, Bois résineux, Softwood, Madera de coníferas, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Picea abies, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Rayonnement UV, Ultraviolet radiation, Radiación ultravioleta, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Tectona grandis, Tension superficielle, Surface tension, Tensión superficial, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, SEM, UV-activation, acid-base approach, and dynamic contact angle (DCA)

With the aim to assess the viability of ultraviolet light irradiation as a surface pretreatment technique for activation, samples of two wood species, spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and teak (Tectona grandis), were exposed to ultraviolet light in ambient air. Contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy were used for the characterisation of these surfaces. After a specific exposure period to UV light radiation, the wettability and surface free energy (γs), especially the base component of γs, of radial and tangential wood surfaces of both species increased significantly. We presume UV irradiation to be an ablation process providing modification (cleaning) of the wood surface and opening the pits in spruce.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Acidobasicité, Acidobasicity, Acidobasicidad, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Cellulose régénérée, Cellulose hydrate, Celulosa regenerada, Chromatographie phase gazeuse, Gas chromatography, Cromatografía fase gaseosa, Chromatographie phase inverse, Reversed phase chromatography, Cromatografía fase inversa, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre artificielle, Artificial fiber, Fibra artificial, Interface fibre matrice, Matrix fiber interface, Interfase fibra matriz, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé fibre, Fiber reinforced material, Material reforzado fibra, Méthode mesure, Measurement method, Método medida, Paramètre interaction, Interaction parameter, Parámetro interacción, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Propriété thermodynamique, Thermodynamic properties, Propiedad termodinámica, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Styrène polymère, Styrene polymer, Estireno polímero, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Inverse gas chromatography, acid-base interaction, cellulose, composites, fiber-matrix interaction, polystyrene, and silane

The objective of this research was to use inverse gas chromatography (IGC) to infer fiber-matrix interactions for predicting practical adhesion between cellulose fibers and polystyrene matrix polymer. IGC experiments were performed on polystyrene, untreated, alkyl- and amino-silanated cellulose (lyocell) fibers. The fiber-matrix acid-base interaction was quantified by (1) pairing the acidic parameter (KA) of one component with the basic parameter (KB) of another component and (2) observing the adsorption enthalpy of the polymer building blocks (ethylbenzene) onto the fibers. Results show that the cellulose/polystyrene acid-base interaction inferred from interaction parameters is closely correlated to that evaluated from the specific adsorption of ethylbenzene. This feature indicates that the acid-base interactions, which play an important role in the adhesion between fibers and polystyrene, can be conveniently predicted from their respective acid and base parameters (KA and KB) prior to composites' manufacture. A specific implication of this study is that treatment with an aminosilane is likely to improve interaction and, hence, bonding with polystyrene in a composite system. Treatment with alkylsilane, on the other hand, would result in a weak interaction with polystyrene. These predictions will be verified in future studies which will correlate materials interactions with interfacial micromechanics in the resulting micro-composites.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Assemblage et découpage thermique: aspects métallurgiques, Joining, thermal cutting: metallurgical aspects, Collage, Adhesive bonding, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Klebemittel, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Aluminium alliage, Aluminium alloy, Aluminio aleación, Aluminiumlegierung, Assemblage collé, Adhesive joint, Ensambladura pegada, Klebverbindung, Effet substituant, Substituent effect, Efecto sustituyente, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Epoxidharz, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Experimentelle Untersuchung, Formation motif, Patterning, Formacíon motivo, Milieu aqueux, Aqueous medium, Medio acuoso, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Oberflaecheneigenschaft, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Oberflaechenbehandlung, Vieillissement accéléré, Artificial ageing, Envejecimiento acelerado, Kuenstliches Altern, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Interface métal polymère, Promoteur adhérence, Vieillissement hygrothermique, Heterogeneous silane, adhesion enhancement, patterned silane, water barrier, and water scavenger

Silanes are used for surface modification to improve dispersion, bind biomaterials, improve adhesion, etc. Their use in improving adhesion in composite materials is widespread, and for these systems there is a growing need for both increased adhesion performance and resistance to water penetration across polymer/oxide interfaces. The present work reports adhesion results obtained using patterned, binary combinations of adhesion-promoting and non-adhesion-promoting silanes patterned onto an oxide surface. The effects of pattern shape, texture (feature size) and the fractional coverage of the adhesion promoter are explored for the bonding of epoxy matrices to aluminum oxide surfaces using combinations of y-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS), an adhesion promoter, and either octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS) as a hydrophobic non-adhesion promoter, or vinyltrimethoxysilane (VMS) as a water scavenger. In addition to dry tests, samples are submerged in boiling water for 48 h, and in 50°C water for 4 h to determine if water penetrated into the interface, thereby reducing the adhesion. Climbing drum peel tests reveal that heterogeneity of silane primer substrates can influence the adhesion and increase the durability to water penetration. Adhesion enhancement is attributed to the blocking of lateral diffusion of water by barriers due to the presence of the hydrophobic silane. Results show that due to exposure to water at 50°C for 4 h, the adhesion is reduced by 46% in the homogeneous samples but only by 20% in the heterogeneous samples. In contrast, the use of VMS was ineffective in preventing the loss of adhesion due to water penetration.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Flamme, Flame, Llama, Hétérogénéité, Heterogeneity, Heterogeneidad, Mesure force, Force measurement, Medición esfuerzo, Mesure température, Temperature measurement, Medida temperatura, Mouillabilité, Wettability, Remojabilidad, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Surface modification, Wilhelmy plate technique, contact angle, flame temperature measurements, flame treatment, polypropylene, and wettability

A cross-web non-uniformity ('laning') in the flame surface modification of polypropylene (PP) film was investigated using flame temperature measurements and Wilhelmy plate force measurements. To associate the cross-web non-uniformity in the flame treatment with specific features of the flame supported on an industrial 4-port ribbon burner, the temperature and force measurements were registered to a specific burner port. The Wilhelmy force measurements show that the upstream pair of ribbon-burner ports causes a slightly greater treatment of the PP surface than the corresponding downstream pair of ports. The average temperature experienced by the PP as the film traverses through the flame is noticeably higher along the down-web line of the upstream burner ports as compared with a line passing through the downstream pair. This greater average temperature correlates to an exposure to a greater concentration of the active species, such as OH radicals, that cause the surface oxidation of the PP.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Feuilles et films, Sheets and films, Tubes, Acier galvanisé, Galvanized steel, Acero galvanizado, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Agent accrochage, Coupling agent, Agente enganche, Anhydride organique, Organic anhydride, Anhídrido orgánico, Durabilité, Durability, Durabilidad, Ethylène polymère, Polyethylene, Etileno polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Interphase, Interfase, Matériau revêtement, Coating material, Material revestimiento, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Polymère fonctionnel, Functional polymer, Polímero funcional, Propriété interface, Interface properties, Propiedad interfase, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Silane organique, Organic silane, Silano orgánico, Structure interface, Interface structure, Estructura interfaz, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Vieillissement thermique, Thermal ageing, Envejecimiento térmico, Interface métal polymère, Vieillissement hydrothermique, Galvanised steel, adhesion, ageing, functionalised organo-silane, and polyolefins

The practical adhesion of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAH-PE) to galvanised steel was studied using 3-point flexure tests, before and after hydrothermal ageing. Before bonding, the electro-galvanised steel was treated with y-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS). The influence of the silane coating thickness and deposition pH on the practical adhesion of MAH-PE to steel was investigated. FT-IR spectroscopy and microscopy enabled to gain understanding of the interphase formation between the silane and the metal substrate. It was found that, at the natural pH of the γ-APS, Zn ions dissolved in the silane coating with subsequent formation of crystals. This interphase could be held responsible for the better durability of the bonds than for silane coatings applied at quasi-neutral pH, for which dissolution of Zn ions was not observed.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Matériaux composites, Composites, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Collage, Adhesive bonding, Enlace adhesivo, Déchet bois, Wood waste, Desperdicio madera, Eau, Water, Agua, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Flamme, Flame, Llama, Matériau composite, Composite material, Material compuesto, Matériau renforcé dispersion, Dispersion reinforced material, Material renforzado dispersión, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Propène polymère, Propylene polymer, Propeno polímero, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Résistance cisaillement, Shear strength, Resistencia cizallamiento, Traitement chimique, Chemical treatment, Tratamiento químico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Farine bois, SEM, Wood-plastic composite, adhesion, chromic acid, flame, profilometry, surface modification, and water

In an effort to improve the adhesive bonding between wood-plastic composites (WPCs) formulated with polypropylene and a commercial epoxy adhesive, surface treatments were performed to chemically and/or physically modify the surface of WPCs. The treatments were performed on extruded WPC that had been planed and consisted of chromic acid treatment, flame treatment, water treatment, flame then water treatment and water then flame treatment. The strength of the adhesive bonds of the treated samples was tested following ASTM D 905 and the maximum shear stress was calculated for each treatment. The chromic acid and flame treatments increased their respective average shear strengths by 97% and 67% compared to an untreated control group. The increase in bond strength due to these two treatments is believed to be a result of their oxidative mechanisms. The water treatment, which consisted of covering the planed surface of a WPC with water for 10 min, resulted in an increase in shear strength of 31% relative to the control. Characterization of the water-treated WPC surface with profilometry and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the likely mechanism for the increase in bond strength was the absorption of water and subsequent swelling of the wood present in the WPC, creating greater surface area for bonding. The combination of flame and water treatments showed increased shear strength relative to the individual treatments alone, indicating that the two processes might act synergistically to facilitate the formation of stronger adhesive bonds.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Adhésif, Adhesive, Adhesivo, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Faisceau ionique, Ion beam, Haz iónico, Imide polymère, Polyimide, Imida polímero, Mécanisme réaction, Reaction mechanism, Mecanismo reacción, Plasma, Polymère aromatique, Aromatic polymer, Polímero aromático, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Relation structure propriété, Property structure relationship, Relación estructura propiedad, Réactivité chimique, Chemical reactivity, Reactividad química, Structure surface, Surface structure, Estructura superficie, Traitement chimique, Chemical treatment, Tratamiento químico, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Interface polymère polymère, Polyimides, epoxy, flow microcalorimetry, interfacial adhesion, and surface free energy

Polyimides are commonly used as organic passivation layers for microelectronic devices due to their unique combination of properties such as low dielectric constant, high thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties and superior solvent resistance. Unfortunately, polyimides are well known to be difficult to bond to other materials, especially to epoxy resins. Many surface treatments have been developed to increase epoxy-polyimide adhesion. These treatments include exposure to ion beams, plasmas and chemical solutions. The goal of our research was to relate surface reactivity of epoxy and polyimide resins to the strength of epoxy-polyimide interfaces. The surface reactivity of four polyimides was studied and quantified using contact angle measurements, flow microcalorimetry (FMC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (using an attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Several ways of analyzing contact angles were tried and only a weak correlation between the polar component or the acid-base components of the surface free energy with the critical interfacial strain energy release rate (i.e., the interfacial fracture strength) was observed. FMC results suggest that the strength of epoxy-polyimide interfaces is related to the molecular interactions between the curing agent and polyimide. The molecular interactions between the curing agent and polyimide surfaces were found to be either greater than epoxy and polyimide interactions or more irreversible. Therefore, the curing agent (2,4-EMI) is thought to play a critical role in controlling adhesion strength.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Revêtement, métallisation, coloration, Coating, metallization, dyeing, Adhésivité, Adhesivity, Adhesividad, Analyse quantitative surface, Quantitative surface analysis, Análisis cuantitativo superficie, Cuivre, Copper, Cobre, Dégradation photochimique, Photochemical degradation, Degradación fotoquímica, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Imide polymère, Polyimide, Imida polímero, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Photooxydation, Photooxidation, Fotooxidación, Polymère aromatique, Aromatic polymer, Polímero aromático, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Propiedad superficie, Relation mise en oeuvre propriété, Property processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha propiedad, Relation mise en oeuvre structure, Structure processing relationship, Relación puesta en marcha estructura, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Dégradation photooxydante, BPDA-PDA, UV, Upilex-S, adhesion, cohesive failure, copper, photo- oxidation, and polyimide

Poly(biphenyl dianhydride-para-phenylene diamine) (BPDA-PDA, Upilex-S) polyimide (PI), was exposed to 185 and 254 nm UV radiation in the presence of oxygen at atmospheric pressure. SEM micrographs revealed only a small change in surface morphology following treatment. XPS showed an approximate doubling of the O/C ratio on the modified surfaces which appeared mostly as the carbonyl moiety. UV photo-oxidation degraded Upilex-S to produce a locus of failure below the interface (cohesive failure). XPS and TOF-SIMS results indicated that the Upilex-S thickness remaining on sputtered Cu after the tape test on the Cu-modified surface was < 10 nm. Cohesive failure occurred at shorter treatment times when Cu was sputter coated on modified BPDA-PDA than on poly(pyromellitic dianhydide-oxydianiline) (PMDA-ODA) PI.