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Tillman P. Glynn, Cottrell Ted E., and Buntin G. David
- The Florida Entomologist. 102(1):222-226
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Michael E. Sparks, Raman Bansal, Joshua B. Benoit, Michael B. Blackburn, Hsu Chao, Mengyao Chen, Sammy Cheng, Christopher Childers, Huyen Dinh, Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni, Shannon Dugan, Elena N. Elpidina, David W. Farrow, Markus Friedrich, Richard A. Gibbs, Brantley Hall, Yi Han, Richard W. Hardy, Christopher J. Holmes, Daniel S. T. Hughes, Panagiotis Ioannidis, Alys M. Cheatle Jarvela, J. Spencer Johnston, Jeffery W. Jones, Brent A. Kronmiller, Faith Kung, Sandra L. Lee, Alexander G. Martynov, Patrick Masterson, Florian Maumus, Monica Munoz-Torres, Shwetha C. Murali, Terence D. Murphy, Donna M. Muzny, David R. Nelson, Brenda Oppert, Kristen A. Panfilio, Débora Pires Paula, Leslie Pick, Monica F. Poelchau, Jiaxin Qu, Katie Reding, Joshua H. Rhoades, Adelaide Rhodes, Stephen Richards, Rose Richter, Hugh M. Robertson, Andrew J. Rosendale, Zhijian Jake Tu, Arun S. Velamuri, Robert M. Waterhouse, Matthew T. Weirauch, Jackson T. Wells, John H. Werren, Kim C. Worley, Evgeny M. Zdobnov, and Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal
- BMC Genomics, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-26 (2020)
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Brown marmorated stink bug genome, Pentatomid genomics, polyphagy, chemoreceptors, odorant binding proteins, opsins, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Genetics, and QH426-470
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Abstract Background Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is a highly invasive insect species due in part to its exceptionally high levels of polyphagy. This species is also a nuisance due to overwintering in human-made structures. It has caused significant agricultural losses in recent years along the Atlantic seaboard of North America and in continental Europe. Genomic resources will assist with determining the molecular basis for this species’ feeding and habitat traits, defining potential targets for pest management strategies. Results Analysis of the 1.15-Gb draft genome assembly has identified a wide variety of genetic elements underpinning the biological characteristics of this formidable pest species, encompassing the roles of sensory functions, digestion, immunity, detoxification and development, all of which likely support H. halys’ capacity for invasiveness. Many of the genes identified herein have potential for biomolecular pesticide applications. Conclusions Availability of the H. halys genome sequence will be useful for the development of environmentally friendly biomolecular pesticides to be applied in concert with more traditional, synthetic chemical-based controls.
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Broglio, Sônia M. F., Dias-Pini, Nivia da S., Costa, Luiz A. A., and Lemos, Eurico E. P.
- Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. March 2012 56(1):122-124
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ENTOMOLOGY, Custard apple tree, insect morphology, lace bug, taxonomy, Fruta-do-conde, morfologia de inseto, percevejo-de-renda, and taxonomia
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First report and morphological redescription of Teleonemia morio (Stål) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) in Brazil. This is the first report of a severe attack of Teleonemia morio (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) on Annona squamosa L. (custard apple), causing up to 80% of losses of infested trees. In order to facilitate the identification of this insect pest, the adult female of T. morio is redescribed based on specimens collected in Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas, Brazil.
Primeiro registro e redescrição morfológica de Teleonemia morio (Stål) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) em Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) no Brazil. Este é o primeiro registro de um ataque severo de Teleonemia morio (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) em árvores de Annona squamosa L. (pinheira ou fruta-do-conde), resultando em perdas de aproximadamente 80% das plantas infestadas. Com o objetivo de facilitar a identificação deste inseto-praga, foi feita a redescrição da fêmea adulta de T. morio com base em espécimes coletados em Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas, Brasil.
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Sônia M. F. Broglio, Nivia da S. Dias-Pini, Luiz A. A. Costa, and Eurico E. P. Lemos
- Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, Vol 56, Iss 1, Pp 122-124 (2012)
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Fruta-do-conde, morfologia de inseto, percevejo-de-renda, taxonomia, Custard apple tree, insect morphology, lace bug, taxonomy, Zoology, and QL1-991
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First report and morphological redescription of Teleonemia morio (Stål) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) in Brazil. This is the first report of a severe attack of Teleonemia morio (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) on Annona squamosa L. (custard apple), causing up to 80% of losses of infested trees. In order to facilitate the identification of this insect pest, the adult female of T. morio is redescribed based on specimens collected in Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas, Brazil.Primeiro registro e redescrição morfológica de Teleonemia morio (Stål) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) em Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) no Brazil. Este é o primeiro registro de um ataque severo de Teleonemia morio (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) em árvores de Annona squamosa L. (pinheira ou fruta-do-conde), resultando em perdas de aproximadamente 80% das plantas infestadas. Com o objetivo de facilitar a identificação deste inseto-praga, foi feita a redescrição da fêmea adulta de T. morio com base em espécimes coletados em Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas, Brasil.
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5. Morphology of the spermatheca of Triatoma lecticularia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Stal, 1859) [2018]
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M. F. Monteiro, L. C. O. Lisboa, T. M. Carvalho-Costa, J. C. Nevoa, C. J. F. Oliveira, J. E. Serrão, and E. A. Souza
- Brazilian Journal of Biology, Iss 0 (2018)
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Triatominae, morfologia, secreção, espermatozoides, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Zoology, QL1-991, Botany, and QK1-989
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Abstract Triatoma lecticularia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Stal, 1859) is a potential vector of Chagas’s disease and the comprehension of its reproductive biology is an important tool to control this insect. In the reproductive tract of female insects, the spermatheca plays a crucial role storing male spermatozoa after mating. Whithin insects the spermatheca shows a wide morphological diversity and the analysis of this characteristic can contribute to understand the reproductive biology of the species. This study describes the histology and histochemistry of the spermatheca of T. lecticularia. Females have a pair of elongated spermathecal reservoirs without associated accessory gland. The reservoir opens into the common oviduct via a narrow muscular duct. The reservoir epithelium has single layer of columnar secretory cells. The control of the release of spermatozoa from the spermatheca occurs via the muscular duct. The anatomical features of the spermatheca of T. lecticularia resemble those described of other Reduviidae. However, the histological and histochemical features of spermatheca observed in T. lecticularia were important to explain the maintenance of the viability of the spermatozoa stored.
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Canale, Lauralice de Campos Franceschini., Mesquita, Rafael Agnelli., and Totten, George E. (1945- ).
- Bibliogr. przy rozdz. Indeks.
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Stal -- pęknięcie and Stal -- obróbka cieplna
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7. Morphology of the spermatheca of Triatoma lecticularia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Stal, 1859). [2019]
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Monteiro, M. F., Lisboa, L. C. O., Carvalho-Costa, T. M., Nevoa, J. C., Oliveira, C. J. F., Serrão, J. E., and Souza, E. A.
- Brazilian Journal of Biology; Jan-Mar2019, Vol. 79 Issue 1, p144-148, 5p
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MORPHOLOGY, SPERMATHECA, TRIATOMA, SPERMATOZOA, and EPITHELIUM
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Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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POCCO, M. A. R. T. I. N. A. E., GUZMÁN, N. O. E. L. I. A., PLISCHUK, S. A. N. T. I. A. G. O., CONFALONIERI, V. I. V. I. A. N. A., LANGE, C. A. R. L. O. S. E., and CIGLIANO, MARÍA M. A. R. T. A.
Systematic Entomology . Apr2018, Vol. 43 Issue 2, p290-307. 18p.
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BIODIVERSITY, GRASSHOPPER behavior, BIOMES, PHYLOGENY, and SPECIES distribution
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Abstract: The open vegetation biomes, within the limits of the Chacoan subregion, occur along a diagonal in eastern South America covering a large range of environmental conditions. In order to contribute to the knowledge on the biodiversity of these open biomes, we analysed the phylogenetic relationships of the grasshopper genus Zoniopoda to the remaining South American Romaleinae, and examined the biogeographical patterns of diversification of the genus. The study is based on morphological and molecular (COI and H3) evidence, including 12 species of Zoniopoda and 17 species of four tribes of South American Romaleinae. We describe a new species of Zoniopoda, and test its taxonomic placement within the group. Results of our phylogenetic analyses recovered Zoniopoda as a monophyletic group with high support values. According to the dispersion–vicariance analysis, the ancestor of Zoniopoda may have been distributed in an area corresponding to the Chacoan and Cerrado provinces. A vicariant event, that could be explained by the uplift of the Brazilian Plateau and the subsidence of the Chaco, is hypothesized to have occurred splitting the ancestral distribution of Zoniopoda, resulting in the independent evolution of the Tarsata group within the Cerrado and the Iheringi group in the Chacoan subregion. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FCFB4C5D-1741-46F1-8E25-B37ED2B9D872. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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9. Molecular Mechanism of Flocculation Self-Recognition in Yeast and Its Role in Mating and Survival [2015]
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Goossens, K. V. Y., Ielasi, F. S., Nookaew, Intawat, Stals, I., Alonso-Sarduy, L., Daenen, L., Van Mulders, S. E., Stassen, C., van Eijsden, R. G. E., Siewers, Verena, Delvaux, F. R., Kasas, S., Nielsen, Jens B, Devreese, B., and Willaert, R. G.
- mBio. 6(2)
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Mikrobiologi and Microbiology
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We studied the flocculation mechanism at the molecular level by determining the atomic structures of N-Flo1p and N-Lg-Flo1p in complex with their ligands. We show that they have similar ligand binding mechanisms but distinct carbohydrate specificities and affinities, which are determined by the compactness of the binding site. We characterized the glycans of Flo1p and their role in this binding process and demonstrate that glycan-glycan interactions significantly contribute to the cell-cell adhesion mechanism. Therefore, the extended flocculation mechanism is based on the self-interaction of Flo proteins and this interaction is established in two stages, involving both glycan-glycan and protein-glycan interactions. The crucial role of calcium in both types of interaction was demonstrated: Ca-2(+) takes part in the binding of the carbohydrate to the protein, and the glycans aggregate only in the presence of Ca-2(+). These results unify the generally accepted lectin hypothesis with the historically first-proposed "Ca-2(+)-bridge" hypothesis. Additionally, a new role of cell flocculation is demonstrated; i.e., flocculation is linked to cell conjugation and mating, and survival chances consequently increase significantly by spore formation and by introduction of genetic variability. The role of Flo1p in mating was demonstrated by showing that mating efficiency is increased when cells flocculate and by differential transcriptome analysis of flocculating versus nonflocculating cells in a low-shear environment (microgravity). The results show that a multicellular clump (floc) provides a uniquely organized multicellular ultrastructure that provides a suitable microenvironment to induce and perform cell conjugation and mating. IMPORTANCE Yeast cells can form multicellular clumps under adverse growth conditions that protect cells from harsh environmental stresses. The floc formation is based on the self-interaction of Flo proteins via an N-terminal PA14 lectin domain. We have focused on the flocculation mechanism and its role. We found that carbohydrate specificity and affinity are determined by the accessibility of the binding site of the Flo proteins where the external loops in the ligand-binding domains are involved in glycan recognition specificity. We demonstrated that, in addition to the Flo lectin-glycan interaction, glycan-glycan interactions also contribute significantly to cell-cell recognition and interaction. Additionally, we show that flocculation provides a uniquely organized multicellular ultrastructure that is suitable to induce and accomplish cell mating. Therefore, flocculation is an important mechanism to enhance long-term yeast survival.
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Zhi-Hui ZHAN, Akane MATSUO, and Chul-Sa KIM
- Journal of Pesticide Science. 2016 41(3/4):163-166
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Madaleno, Leonardo L., Ravaneli, Gisele C., Presotti, Leandro E., Mutton, Miguel A., Fernandes, Odair A., and Mutton, Márcia J.R.
- Neotropical Entomology. February 2008 37(1):68-73
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ENTOMOLOGY, Spittlebug, insect-day, chemical control, Cigarrinha-das-raízes, inseto-dia, and controle químico
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Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) is an important pest in Latin America and causes significant reduction in sugarcane productivity. There is no information regarding the effect of this pest on the quality of cane juice used for sugar and alcohol production. This work aimed at evaluating the quality of sugarcane juice from plants attacked by spittlebugs. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 15 replications, and comprised two treatments: control and chemical treatment with thiamethoxam. An average of 9.2 ± 4.44 spittlebug nymphs m-1 were found in the plots prior to insecticide application. Nymphs were counted 18, 35, 55, and 82 days after the initial sampling (december/2003). During the mid growing season (July 2004), the juice was extracted from stalks and analyzed for Brix, Pol, RS, pH, fiber, purity, TRS, dextran, starch, and total phenolic compounds. Stalk yield was also measured. Chemical treatment was efficient in reducing spittlebug population, and elevated both stalk yield and juice pH. The accumulated infestation expressed as insect-days was significantly and negatively correlated to yield, Pol, pH, and purity. The concentration of phenolic compounds increased with pest infestation, while dextran and starch levels were not affected. The infestation of 2.4 and 7.3 nymphs m-1 day-1 caused reductions of 8.3% and 29.8% in yield; 1.9% and 5.8% in Pol; 0.4% and 1.1% in pH and 0.4% and 1.2% in purity, respectively, in comparison to areas where the pest population was extremely low (< 0.1 nymphs m-1).
Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) é considerada praga importante na América Latina por reduzir a produtividade de cana-de-açúcar. Há pouca informação sobre o efeito do inseto na qualidade da cana que será utilizada para produção de açúcar e álcool. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do caldo da cana de plantas atacadas pela cigarrinha-das-raízes. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 15 repetições e dois tratamentos: testemunha e controle químico com tiametoxam. Nas parcelas experimentais foram encontradas em média 9,2 ± 4,44 ninfas m-1 em monitoramento inicial (dezembro/2003). As ninfas foram contadas aos 18, 35, 55, e 82 dias após a primeira contagem, sendo a infestação expressa em insetos-dia acumulados. Em julho de 2004, procedeu-se à colheita de colmos e extração do caldo, analisando-se o Brix, Pol, açúcares redutores, pH, fibra, pureza, açúcares redutores totais, dextrana, amido, compostos fenólicos totais e produtividade. O controle químico reduziu a população do inseto e elevou a produtividade de colmos e do pH do caldo. A infestação acumulada foi correlacionada significativa e negativamente com a produtividade, Pol, pH, e pureza. O teor de compostos fenólicos aumentou com a elevação da infestação, enquanto que os valores de dextrana e amido não foram alterados. Infestações de 2,4 e 7,3 ninfas m-1 dia-1 causaram reduções da ordem de 8,3% e 29,8% na produtividade; 1,9 e 5,8% na Pol; 0,4% e 1,1% no pH e 0,4% e 1,2% na pureza, respectivamente, em comparação com áreas de população baixa (< 0,1 ninfa m-1).
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la Grange, Mari Roleen
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UCTD
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The leafhopper Mgenia fuscovaria Stål (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a vector of aster yellows phytoplasma (AY), 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris', in grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae), in South Africa. In a previous study, M. fuscovaria was preferentially attracted to AY-infected compared to uninfected grapevine branches, although the mode of attraction was not determined. Phytoplasma infection may alter the volatile profiles of plants, rendering them more attractive to the insect vector. This may lead to an increase in the number of vectors transmitting the pathogen. The volatile compounds that attract or repel insect pests could be used in behavioural manipulation strategies to manage pests. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of AY-infection on the volatile composition of the grapevine cultivars Colombard and Chenin blanc in summer and autumn, and the associated behavioural and electrophysiological responses of M. fuscovaria towards these changes in volatile profiles.Volatile analyses of AY-infected and uninfected grapevine branches revealed both qualitative and quantitative differences. In summer, methyl salicylate was produced in significantly higher amounts or only produced in AY-infected branches in cv. Chenin blanc and cv. Colombard, respectively. Similarly, ethyl salicylate was recorded only from AY-infected branches of both cultivars during summer. There was a significant increase in the total volatile emissions in AY-infected compared to uninfected grapevine cv. Colombard, including several green leaf volatiles. The compounds that differed significantly between AY-infected and uninfected branches in autumn were produced exclusively or in greater quantities in uninfected branches. (E,E)-α-farnesene was the most abundant compound recorded in all cases. Grapevine branches infected with AY often had a greater mass than uninfected branches with the same leaf area.In behavioural studies, M. fuscovaria displayed no consistent preferences toward volatiles from AY-infected and uninfected grapevine branches cv. Colombard or cv. Chenin blanc in summer or autumn. In summer, there were no significant differences in the choices made by leafhoppers for both cultivars. In autumn, leafhoppers preferred purified air over AY-infected cv. Colombard branches and AY-infected cv. Chenin blanc branches over purified air. There was no difference in the choices made between male and female leafhoppers.In electrophysiological tests, M. fuscovaria antennae displayed weak responses to grapevine volatiles collected in summer. Consistent responses were identified to 1-octen-3-ol, phenol, (E,E)-α-farnesene, which is produced at elevated concentrations by AY-infected grapevine, and aromadendrene, which was only produced by AY-infected branches and not by uninfected branches cv. Colombard. For grapevine cv. Chenin blanc, insects responded to the co-eluting green leaf volatiles (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol as well as nonane from uninfected branches.The results from this study suggest that M. fuscovaria is not preferentially attracted toward AY-infected grapevine branches based solely on olfactory cues. Based on the weak responses observed in electrophysiological and behavioural tests, as well as results obtained in studies on other leafhopper species, the observed attraction could be a result of visual cues rather than olfactory cues or a combination of both.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Jirström, Karin, Rydén, Lisa, Anagnostaki, L, Nordenskjold, B, Stal, O, Thorstenson, S, Chebil, G, Jonsson, P-E, Fernö, Mårten, and Landberg, Göran
- Journal of Clinical Pathology. 58(11):1135-1142
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Medicin och hälsovetenskap, Klinisk medicin, Cancer och onkologi, Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Medicine, and Cancer and Oncology
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Khan, Muhammad Musa, Huang, Qing, Wagan, Tufail Ahmed, Hua, Hongxia, Cai, Wanlun, and Zhao, Jing
- Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology; Jun2020, Vol. 23 Issue 2, p269-276, 8p
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• Trans-2-dodecenol had no effect on behavior of Paederus fuscipes. • Trans-2-dodecenol showed high repellence against Nilaparvata lugens. • Trans-2-dodecenol had high attraction for Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Plant essential oils (EOs) and a wide range of chemicals affect insect pests in many ways, such as via stimulatory, deterrent, toxic and hormonal effects. Three different compounds ((E)-β-caryophyllene (E-β-C), D-limonene (D-lime) and trans-2-dodecenol (T-2-D)) were tested against Nilaparvata lugens , Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Paederus fuscipes , and their behavioral response was assessed. The results showed that on average, more N. lugens nymphs were repelled by E-β-C and T-2-D than by D-lime. More C. lividipennis nymphs were attracted to T-2-D and D-lime than to E-β-C. However, P. fuscipes displayed no significant response to the three chemical compounds. The results also demonstrated that T-2-D has exerted significant repellency against N. lugens and a significant attraction for C. lividipennis , while E-β-C and D-lime have no significant effect on any tested insect. T-2-D was selected and tested in a greenhouse under semi-field conditions, where the observations confirmed the results of the laboratory experiments. From the results, it can be concluded that T-2-D at a concentration of 0.06 g/L is an effective synthetic volatile chemical compound and is the strongest repellent of N. lugens and the strongest attractant for C. lividipennis. This synthetic chemical compound can be used as a pest management tool in rice agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Mathijs, E, Stals, A, Denayer, S, Baert, L, Bottledoorn, N, Vancoillie, E, Daube, Georges, Dierick, K, Herman, Lieve, Thiry, Etienne, Uyttendaele, Mieke, and BELSPO, sponsor
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Norovirus, Food, Transmission, molecular detection, multiplex real-time RT-PCR, murine norovirus 1, in vitro recombination, virus extraction, soft red fruits, ready-to-eat foods, Life sciences :: Microbiology, and Sciences du vivant :: Microbiologie
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A.ContextNoroviruses are pathogens causing gastroenteritis and infections result in typical symptoms such as abdominal cramps, fever, watery diarrhea and other symptoms such as headaches, chills and general myalgias, which usually last for 2 to 3 days. The illness is self-limiting in most cases. The NV genus contains 5 genogroups whereby genogroup I and II (GI and GII) comprise most of the human infective NV genotypes. Bovine and murine NV are classified respectively in genogroup III (GIII) and V (GV), while porcine NV are also classified in GII. Human infective (mainly GI and GII) noroviruses (NV) have increasingly been recognized as a global major cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis, but sensitive detection is only possible by molecular methods, due to the unavailability of a cultivation system. Development of these molecular methods showed that NV could be responsible for 60 % and 77 % of all gastroenteritis cases with known etiology in the USA and in Europe, respectively. The fraction of NV outbreaks caused by consumption of contaminated foods is estimated to be 10 to 20 %. Food products can be contaminated through 2 main transmission routes: either pre-harvest contamination, whereby mostly fresh produce and bivalve shellfish are involved. Shellfish are contaminated by cultivation in contaminated water, while fresh produce can by contaminated by use of contaminated irrigation water or (post-) harvest contamination often involving an infected food handler or food picker. A broad range of food products are related to the latter transmission route. Detection of NV in foods is more difficult because detection of NV present at very low levels on the foods should be possible due to the low infectious dose. Therefore, (genomic material of) NV has to be extracted from the foods and has to be detected subsequently by a molecular detection method. Furthermore, NVs are present in several animal species, raising important questions about zoonotic transmission and potential animal reservoir.B.Objectives1.The NV RNA detection methodology: elaboration, optimization and evaluation of a real-time PCR format and determination of specificity, sensitivity and robustness. Two protocols will be developed. A real-time RT-PCR protocol directed to detection of the acknowledged GGI and GGII strains involved in outbreaks to be used in the frame of control and surveillance by food authorities and food business operators to verify their products and production process. Another real-time RT PCR protocol directed towards a wide diversity of NV genogroups (including newly reported animal associated NV) to be used for research purposes to establish transmission routes and document circulating strains in the environment.2.The sample preparation method: to evaluate the effectiveness of several virus concentration / viral RNA extraction and purification protocols from a variety of food matrices in particular seafoods and with emphasis on elaboration of an appropriate extraction producedure in fresh produce/ready-to-eat foods.3.The routine detection of NVs in food stuffs (seafoods and fresh products): to develop and implement a standard protocol with establishment of appropriate controls for rapid screening of foods for the presence of NVs in accordance with the guidelines for officially approved analysis and harmonization and to generate information on the prevalence of NV strains in foods at retail, products and production processes under the control of food business operators and the primary production. 4.Elucidation of transmission routes (zoonosis hypothesis) through molecular tracing, with a global view on NV strains circulating among human, animal and also in food.5.The tracing of outbreaks: scenario for coupling clinical data from NV outbreaks to their foodborne cause and risk evaluation.6.The development of a risk profile on NV present in the food chain and animal species (strain types circulating, potential animal reservoir, zoonose, definition and incidence in at risk foods, link to epidemiological information).7.Tracing of the genetic evolution of NVs: genetic profiles and emerging of recombinantsC.ConclusionsObjective 1: A multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of human GI and GII NV in clinical samples was designed, with the successful inclusion of MNV-1 as real-time PCR IAC. Evaluation of this multiplex assay showed a high concordance between the multiplex assay and the corresponding singleplex PCR assays. Specificity analysis of the multiplex assay by testing a NV RNA reference panel and clinical GI and GII NV samples showed that specific amplification of NV GI and GII was possible. In addition, no cross-amplification was observed when subjecting a collection of bovine NV and other (non-NV) enteric viruses to the multiplex assay. Finally, MNV-1 was successfully integrated as IAC, although a sufficiently low concentration was needed to avoid interference with the possibility of the developed multiplex assay to quantitatively and simultaneously detect the presence of GI and GII NV within one sample. Persistent contamination problems leading to false-positive results were encountered, but an investigation was performed towards the source of the contamination. The problem could be controlled and only occasional contamination has been observed.Objective 2:Two protocols for extraction of NV from soft red fruits (selected as fresh produce product) and ready-to-eat (RTE) foods were evaluated towards robustness and sensitivity. For the RTE foods, the protocol for RTE foods made use of a guanidine isothiocyanate containing reagent to extract viral RNA from the food sample (basic protocol called TriShort) with an eventual concentration/purification step (extended protocol called TriConc). The protocol for extraction of NV from soft red fruits consisted of alkaline elution of NV particles from the food, followed by polyethylene glycol precipitation and organic solvent purification. After purification, the RNA was detected by the multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay optimized in objective 1. The influence of (1) the NV inoculum level and (2) different food types on the recovery of NV from these foods was investigated for both protocols.Overall, the elution –precipitation protocol was able to recover NV from soft red fruits with efficiencies of 10 % to 20 % in most cases while the protocol for RTE foods yielded recovery efficiencies of >1% (TriShort protocol) and 0.1 to 10 % (TriConc protocol). For both NV extraction methods, taking into account all dilution factors resulted in a detection limit of approximately 104 genomic copies/10g. Simultaneous recovery of GI and GII NV in similar or 100-fold different concentrations was possible in both food categories.A significant influence of the NV inoculum level on its recovery was noticeable in both protocols as high inoculum levels were recovered more successfully and with a higher efficiency compared to low level inocula in both protocols. This phenomenon, together with the influence of the food type on the recovery was more explicit on the protocol for RTE foods compared to the protocol for soft red fruits.Objective 3:The multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay described in objective 1 and the virus extraction protocols described in objective 2 were combined to two NV detection methods. The murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), a cultivable genogroups V NV, was in these detection methods used and evaluated as control reagent. MNV-1 was used to control the entire virus detection protocol (process control; PC), the reverse transcription reaction (reverse transcription control; RTC) and the real-time PCR reaction (internal amplification control; IAC) when detecting NV in foods. Evaluation showed that MNV-1 PC and RTC could be used for detection of inefficient extraction and inhibition of the RT-PCR, respectively. On the other hand, the MNV-1 IAC provided only little added value and it was suggested to leave this control out. Objective 4:Screening of 75 fruit samples for NV presence was performed using the protocol for soft red fruits (objective 2) and the multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay (objective 1). MNV-1 was used as PC, RTC and IAC. A total of 18 samples tested positive for GI and/or GII NV despite good bacteriological quality. Results obtained showed the difficulty of expressing positive (real-time) PCR results towards terms of public health threat if no associated diseases or outbreaks are reported. Although these low NV levels might indicate virus contamination at some point during the fresh produce chain, care should be taken to translate these results as a significant risk to the public health. Nevertheless, a possible risk for food borne transmission of NV from these food products cannot be excluded either.Genotyping results from 115 clinical samples originating from gastro-enteritis epidemics reported to the Scientific Institute of Public Health allowed us to characterise the NV strains implicated in these outbreaks between 2007 and 2010. Similarly, the creation of a stool bank with domestic animal clinical samples and NV screening in these samples in the first part of the NORISK project have allowed the characterisation of animal NVs especially in the bovine and porcine species. These results confirm that bovine and porcine NVs may be endemic in our counties but besides these animal NVs, no other animal NV was detected in the other animal species selected for the stool bank. Objective 5:After the introduction of Norovirus specific analysis method in the surveillance of foodborne outbreaks, it became clear, that Norovirus is an important agent causing foodborne outbreaks in Belgium. During the last three years it was even the leading reported agent. It became also clear that it is not so easy to define the transmission routes of Norovirus. By the introduction of a scenario for gastro-enteritis a classification based on the possible transmission route was possible. In all the reported outbreaks no primary contaminated food like bivalve shellfish or red fruits was involved. Secondary contaminated food plays an imported role in the transmission of Norovirus with an infected food handler as a crucial vector. Besides the food related outbreaks it became clear that person-to person transmission and a high environmental contamination are risk factors in the further transmission of Norovirus in the population The fact that many people are living close together in for example youth camps or elderly homes, the common use of sanitary facilities and the common preparation of meals, combined with the high infectivity of Norovirus and the existence of asymptomatic carriers, results in highly vulnerable populations in these conditions. Although Norovirus infections often end up in a positive way, they may have a high impact on the health (eg elderly homes) and may cause a lot of costs (less personnel at work) and sorrow (eg closure of a youth camp). Although both the prevention and decrease of the risk of a Norovirus infection are not evident, some measures have to be taken. A good hand-, toilet- and kitchen hygiene, a good infrastructure and the rapid signaling of gastro-enteritis outbreaks can decrease the risk of Norovirus infection and might restrict further spread of the virus. The knowledge rising from the Norovirus outbreaks reported at the NRL FBO allowed use to formulate and publish specific measures and recommendations for Norovirus outbreaks, which help the inspectors and physicians in the rapid diagnosis and prevention of the further transmission of Norovirus outbreaks.Objective 6:Throughout the NORISK project, NVs were detected in different food matrices available for human consumption, in humans and in animals like cattle and pigs. For a better comprehension of NV transmission routes, sequences of the detected NVs were determined and submitted for further analysis. Genotyping of NVs in food matrices came out to be a real challenge and consisted into a bottleneck as the amount of genetic material on food was insufficient for PCR amplification and sequencing. This obstacle was not overcome during our project and NV sequences were only obtained from clinical samples in humans and animals. Interesting was that no animal NVs were detected in samples originating from humans and no human sequences were amplified from animal clinical samples. Thus, there is no evidence of a potential interspecies NV transmission and zoonotic transmissions seem unlikely to occur. However NV, being an RNA virus, exhibit great genomic plasticity and changes in its genome could lead to the emergence of new NV variant with different biological proprieties that should not be left out (objective 7).Objective 7:Sequences obtained in the human and bovine clinical samples show different NV strains that exhibit incoherent clustering for the partial sequences of the polymerase and the capsid region indicating that they might be recombinant. For the human NV strains, although the majority of the gastroenteritis outbreaks were involved with GII.4 NVs in 2007 and 2008, other GII NVs were detected from the end of 2008 to 2010 along GII.4 NVs. Among these NVs, a variety of new recombinants were detected in different samples from different outbreaks between 2008 and 2010. New « super » polymerase sequences (GII.e and GII.g) related to the previously described GII.b polymerase were detected in the same period. The exact significance of the emergence of these polymerases or their origin has yet to be elucidated but their involvement with different outbreaks might indicate that they have a selective advantage upon the capsid parental strains.Based on sequencing data, norovirus (NV) recombinants have been described, but noexperimental evidence of recombination in NVs has been documented. Using the murine norovirus (MNV) model, we investigated the occurrence of genetic recombination between two co-infecting wild-type MNV isolates in RAW cells. The design of a PCR-based genotyping tool allowed accurate discrimination between the parental genomes and the detection of a viable recombinant MNV (Rec MNV) in the progeny viruses. Genetic analysis of Rec MNV identified a homologous-recombination event located at the ORF1–ORF2 overlap. Rec MNV exhibited distinct growth curves and produced smaller plaques than the wild-type MNV in RAW cells. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that MNV undergoes homologous recombination at the previously described recombination hot spot for NVs, suggesting that the MNV model might be suitable for in vitro studies of NV recombination. Moreover, the results show that exchange of genetic material between NVs can generate viruses with distinct biological properties from the parental viruses.
A.ContexteLes norovirus (NV) sont des pathogènes responsables de gastro-entérites et d’infections dont les symptômes sont typiquement des crampes abdominales, fièvre, diarrhée aqueuse et d’autres symptômes tels que maux de tête, frissons et myalgies généralisées se manifestant généralement pendant 2 à 3 jours. La maladie est auto-limitante dans la plupart des cas. Le genre NV contient 5 génogroupes où le génogroupe I et II (GI et GII) comprennent la plupart des génotypes de NV humains. Les NV bovins et murins sont classés respectivement dans le génogroupe III (GIII) et V (GV), alors que les NV porcins se groupent aussi dans le GII. Les NV humains (majoritairement GI et GII) ont de plus en plus été globalement reconnus comme cause majeure de gastro-entérite aiguë non bactérienne, cependant la détection n’est possible que par des méthodes moléculaires en l’absence de système de culture. Le développement de ces méthodes moléculaires a montré que les NV seraient responsable de 60 % et 77 % des cas de gastro-entérite à étiologie connue aux Etats-Unis et en Europe, respectivement. La proportion d’épidémies à NV causée par la consommation d’aliments contaminés est estimée à 10-20 %. Les produits alimentaires peuvent être contaminés par deux voies principales : soit par contamination avant la récolte, impliquant surtout les produits frais et les mollusques bivalves, ou par contamination pendant ou après la récolte impliquant une personne infectée qui manipule les aliments. Un large éventail de produits alimentaires est concerné par cette dernière voie de transmission. La détection des NV dans les aliments est plus fastidieuse car les NV sont présents en très faible quantité cependant ils devraient pouvoir être détectés due à leur faible dose infectieuse. Ainsi le matériel génomique des NV devrait pouvoir être extrait des matrices alimentaires et successivement détecté par des méthodes de détection moléculaire. De plus, les NVs des espèces bovine et porcine soulèvent des questions sur l’éventuelle transmission zoonotique ou la présence d’un réservoir animal potentiel.B.Objectifs1.Méthodologie de la détection des NV : élaboration, optimisation et évaluation d’une méthode de RT-PCR en temps réel (RT-qPCR) et détermination de la spécificité, sensibilité et robustesse. Deux protocoles seront développés. Un protocole de RT-qPCR destiné à l a détection des souches de NV GI et GII impliquées dans les épidémies à être utilisé dans le cadre du contrôle et de la surveillance des autorités de la chaîne alimentaire et les opérateurs de l’industrie de l’agro-alimentaire. Un autre protocole de RT-qPCR dirigé envers un grand éventail de génogroupes de NV (tenant compte des NV animaux récemment décrits) sera développé à des fins de recherche pour l’étude des voies de transmission et rapporter les souches de NV circulantes.2.Méthode de préparation de l’échantillon : évaluer l’efficacité de plusieurs protocoles de concentration virale, d’extraction d’ARN et de purification d’ARN à partir d’une variété de matrices alimentaires notamment les mollusques bivalves et l’élaboration d’une procédure d’extraction appropriée dans les produits frais/aliments prêts à la consommation.3.Détection en routine des NV dans les matrices alimentaires (mollusques bivalves et produits frais) : développer et implémenter un protocole standard avec la mise en place de contrôles appropriés pour le criblage rapide des aliments pour la présence de NV en accord avec les recommandations, analyses et harmonisations officiellement approuvées et générer des informations sur la prévalence sur la prévalence des souches de NV dans les aliments vendus au détail, des produits et des procédés de production sous le contrôle des opérateurs de l’industrie agro-alimentaire et la production primaire.4.Elucider les voies de transmission (hypothèse zoonotique) par traçage moléculaire avec une vue globale sur les souches de NV qui circulent dans les humains, les animaux et les aliments.5.Traçage des épidémies : scenario pour coupler les données cliniques des épidémies à NV à la cause alimentaire et évaluation du risque.6.Le développement d’un profile de risque sur les NV présents dans la chaîne alimentaire et les espèces animales (souches circulantes, animal comme réservoir potentiel, zoonose, définition et prévalence dans les aliments à risque et le lien avec les informations épidémiologique).7.Traçage de l’évolution génétique des NVs : profiles génétiques et observation de souches recombinantes.C.ConclusionsObjectif 1: Une RT-qPCR en multiplex pour la détection simultanée des NV humains GI et GII dans les échantillons cliniques a été conçue avec l’insertion fructueuse du MNV-1 comme contrôle interne d’amplification (CIA). L’évaluation de la méthode a montré une grande concordance entre la réaction en multiplex et les réactions en simplex correspondantes. L’évaluation de la spécificité en testant un éventail d’ARN de NV de référence et des échantillons cliniques positifs pour GI et GII a montré que l’amplification spécifique des NV GI et GII est possible. De plus, aucune amplification croisée n’a été observée lorsqu’une collection de NV bovins et d’autres virus entériques (non NV) ont été soumis au test en multiplex. Finalement, le MNV-1 a été intégré avec succès comme CIA, malgré qu’une concentration suffisamment faible étaient nécessaire afin d’éviter l’interférence avec la réaction multiplex développée pour détecter de façon quantitative et simultanée la présence de GI et GII dans un échantillon donné.Des problèmes persistants de contamination menant à des résultats faussement positifs ont été rencontrés et une investigation a été menée afin d’identifier la source de contamination. Le problème a pu être résolu et seuls des contaminations occasionnelles ont été observées par la suite. Objectif 2:Deux protocoles d’extraction pour les NV dans les fruits rouges (produits frais) et les aliments prêts à la consommation (APC) ont été évalués pour leur robustesse et la sensibilité. Pour les APC, le protocole était basé sur l’utilisation de guanidine isothiocyanate contenant un réactif pour l’extraction de l’ARN viral des échantillons de matrice alimentaire (protocole basique appelé TriShort) avec une éventuelle étape de concentration/purification (protocole étendu appelé TriConc). Pour l’extraction des NV dans les fruits rouges, le protocole consistait d’une élution alcaline des particules virales de la matrice alimentaire suivie d’une précipitation au polyéthylène glycol et d’une purification à l’aide d’un solvant organique. Après purification, l’ARN fut détecté par la RT-qPCR en multiplex optimisée lors de l’objectif 1. L’influence de i) la concentration en NV de l’inoculum et ii) les différents types de matrice alimentaire sur la récupération des NV à partir de ces matrices a été investiguée pour chaque protocole.Globalement, le protocole d’élution-précipitation a pu récupérer les NV des fruits rouges avec des efficiences de 10 à 20 % alors que le protocole pour les APC avaient des efficiences de récupération de >1 % (TriShort) et 0,1 % à 10 % (TriConc). Pour les deux protocoles d’extraction, tenant compte des facteurs de dilution la limite de détection était approximativement de 104 copies génomiques/10g. La récupération simultanée de NV GI et GII en quantité similaire jusqu’à 100 fois plus de l’un des deux était possible pour les deux catégories d’aliments.Objectif 3:La réaction de RT-qPCR en multiplex décrite dans l’objectif 1 et les protocoles d’extraction décrits dans l’objectif 2 ont été combinés dans deux méthodes de détecion. Le NV murin MNV-1, un NV cultivable du génogroupe V, a été utilisé et évalué comme réactif de contrôle dans la réaction de détection. Le MNV-1 a été utilisé afin de contrôler le protocole de détection virale en entier (contrôle de procédé, PC), la réaction de transcription réverse (contrôle de RT, RTC) et la réaction de qPCR (contrôle d’amplification interne, IAC) lors de la détection des NV dans les matrices alimentaires. L’évaluation a pu montrer que le MNV-1 comme PC et RTC permet la détection respectivement d’une extraction inefficiente et de l’inhibition de la RT-PCR. D’autre part, le MNV-1 IAC n’a montré qu’un faible intérêt alors il a été suggéré de l’exclure de la réaction. Objectif 4:Le criblage de 75 échantillons de fruits pour la présence a été réalisé avec le protocole d’extraction pour les fruits rouges (objectif 2) et la réaction de RT-qPCR en multiplex (objectif 1). Le MNV-1 a été utilisé comme PC, RTC et IAC. Un total de 18 échantillons a été testé positif pour NV GI et/ou GII malgré la bonne qualité bactériologique des aliments. Les résultats obtenus illustraient bien la difficulté à interpréter les résultats positifs des (q)PCR en terme de danger pour la santé publique lorsqu’aucune maladie ou épidémie associée a été rapportée. Malgré le faite que même une faible quantité de NV détectée peut indiquer une contamination virale à un moment donné dans la chaîne alimentaire et les résultats obtenus doivent donc être interprétés avec attention en terme de danger pour la santé publique. Néanmoins, un risque potentiel de transmission alimentaire de NV à partir de ces matrices alimentaires ne peut être exclu.Le génotypage de 115 échantillons cliniques provenant d’épidémies de gastro-entérite rapportées à l’Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique ont permis de caractériser les souches NV impliquées dans ces épisodes en Belgique pour la période 2007-2010. Parallèlement, le criblage d’échantillons cliniques d’animaux domestiques, après création d’une banque de matières fécales pour différentes espèces animales, a permis la caractérisation de NV animaux au cours de la première partie du projet notamment dans l’espèce bovine et porcine. Les résultats obtenus confortent le fait que les NV bovins et porcins sont endémiques dans nos régions. Cependant des NV n’ont pas pu être mis en évidence pour d’autres animaux domestiques dans cette étude. Objectif 5 :Après l’introduction d’une méthode d’analyse spécifique aux norovirus pour la surveillance des épidémies d’origine alimentaire, il est devenu clair, que NV est un agent important responsable d’épidémies de gastro-entérite en Belgique. Pendant ces trois dernières années, les NV étaient les agents les plus rapportés. De plus, la détermination des voies de transmission des NV s’est avérée être difficile. Par la présentation d’un scénario pour les gastro-entérites, une classification basée sur la transmission potentielle a été possible. Pour toutes les épidémies rapportées aucune matrice alimentaire contaminée de façon primaire comme les mollusques bivalves ou les fruits rouges n’a pu être incriminée. Deuxièmement, les aliments contaminés jouent un rôle important dans la transmission des NV avec les personnes impliquées dans la préparation des aliments (food handler) comme vecteur crucial. Mis à part les épidémies d’origine alimentaire, les transmissions de personne à personne et une contamination importante de l’environnement représentaient des facteurs de risque pour la transmission des NV dans la population. La promiscuité comme dans les colonies de vacances ou les maisons de repos, le partage des installations sanitaires et la préparation commune des repas, en concomitance avec la grande infectiosité des NV et l’existence de porteurs asymptomatiques rendent les populations dans les collectivités très vulnérables. Bien que les infections à NV sont pour la plupart bénignes, elles ont un impact majeur sur la santé publique (particulièrement dans les maisons de repos) et peuvent engendrer des frais importants (moins de personnel à disposition) ainsi que d’autres embarras tels que la fermeture d’un camp de jeunesse. Malgré la difficulté pour prévenir et limiter les risques d’infection à NV, certaines mesures doivent toute fois être prises. Une bonne hygiène des mains, des toilettes et de la cuisine, une infrastructure adéquate ainsi qu’un rapportage rapide des épidémies à NV peuvent réduire les risques d’infection et limiter la progression des infections. Les connaissances acquises pour les épidémies rapportées à la plateforme au cours du projet nous ont permis de formuler et de publier des mesures et des recommandations spécifiques pour les épidémies à NV afin d’aider les inspecteurs et les médecins à réaliser un diagnostic rapide et à contenir les épidémies.Objectifs 6 :Tout au long du projet NORISK des NVs ont pu être détectés dans différentes matrices alimentaires destinées à la consommation humaine, dans des échantillons cliniques humains et animaux notamment dans l’espèce bovine et porcine. Pour une meilleure compréhension des voies de transmisssion, les séquences des NVs détectés ont été déterminées et ont été analysées. Le génotypage des NVs détectés dans les aliments s’est avéré constituer un véritable défi et a constité un facteur limitant car la contamination virale dans ces matrices était trop faible pour permettre une amplification par PCR suivi du séquençage. Cet obstacle n’a pu être surmonté et seules les séquences des NVs détectés dans les échantillons cliniques humains et animaux ont pu être déterminées. Aucun NV animal n’a pu être détecté dans les échantillons cliniques humains. Inversement, aucun NV humain n’a pu être détecté dans les échantillons cliniques animaux. Rien n’indique donc une éventuelle transmission inter-espèce pour les NV et la possibilité d’éventuelles transmissions zoonotiques parait peu probable. Toutefois, les NV sont des virus à ARN avec une grande plasticité génomique et ces changements pourraient conduire à des modifications d’hôtes qui ne sont pas à exclure (objectif 7).Objectif 7 :L’analyse des séquences obtenues dans les échantillons cliniques humains et bovins montrent plusieurs souches dont la classification dans la région de la capside diffère de celle de la région de la polymérase indiquant qu’il s’agit là probablement de souches recombinantes. Pour les NV humains, alors que la majorité des NV détectés au cours des épisodes de gastro-entérite en 2007 et 2008 appartenaient au GII.4, d’autres NV du GII ont été détecté à partir de fin 2008 aux côtés des GII.4. Parmi elles, différentes souches de NV recombinantes détectées dans des échantillons provenant de différentes épidémies entre 2008 et 2010. De nouvelles séquences de « super » polymérases (GII.e et GII.g) telles que la polymérase GIIb ont été détectées pendant ces années. La signification exacte de l’apparition de ces polymérases et leur origine n’a pas encore été élucidée mais leur implication dans plusieurs épisodes de gastro-entérite indiquent qu’elles pourraient avoir un avantage par rapport aux souches parentales de capside.De nombreux NV recombinants ont été décrits sur base des données de séquences nucléotidiques cependant aucune donnée expérimentale sur la recombinaison chez les NV n’était disponible. A l’aide du modèle cultivable du MNV, nous avons investigué la fréquence de recombinaison entre deux souches sauvages co-infectantes de MNV dans les cellules RAW. La mise au point d’un outil de génotypage par qPCR a permis de discriminer de façon précise entre les deux souches parentales et la détection d’un MNV recombinant viable (Rec MNV) parmi les virus filles. L’analyse génétique du recombinant a permis de mettre en évidence un évènement de recombinaison homologue localisé au niveau de la jonction ORF1-ORF2. Rec MNV possédaient des courbes de croissance distinctes par rapport aux souches parentales et produisaient des plages de lyse plus petites que les souches sauvages dans les cellules RAW. Nous avons donc montré expérimentalement que les MNV subissent la recombinaison homologue à l’endroit reconnu comme point préférentiel de recombinaison pour les NV suggérant que le modèle MNV pourrait être utilisé pour les études in vitro de recombinaison chez les NV. De plus, les résultats montrent que l’échange de matériel génétique entre NV peut générer des virus avec des propriétés biologiques distinctes de celles des virsu parentaux.
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Scott A Thomson, Richard L Pyle, Shane T Ahyong, Miguel Alonso-Zarazaga, Joe Ammirati, Juan Francisco Araya, John S Ascher, Tracy Lynn Audisio, Valter M Azevedo-Santos, Nicolas Bailly, William J Baker, Michael Balke, Maxwell V L Barclay, Russell L Barrett, Ricardo C Benine, James R M Bickerstaff, Patrice Bouchard, Roger Bour, Thierry Bourgoin, Christopher B Boyko, Abraham S H Breure, Denis J Brothers, James W Byng, David Campbell, Luis M P Ceríaco, István Cernák, Pierfilippo Cerretti, Chih-Han Chang, Soowon Cho, Joshua M Copus, Mark J Costello, Andras Cseh, Csaba Csuzdi, Alastair Culham, Guillermo D'Elía, Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz, Mikhail E Daneliya, René Dekker, Edward C Dickinson, Timothy A Dickinson, Peter Paul van Dijk, Klaas-Douwe B Dijkstra, Bálint Dima, Dmitry A Dmitriev, Leni Duistermaat, John P Dumbacher, Wolf L Eiserhardt, Torbjørn Ekrem, Neal L Evenhuis, Arnaud Faille, José L Fernández-Triana, Emile Fiesler, Mark Fishbein, Barry G Fordham, André V L Freitas, Natália R Friol, Uwe Fritz, Tobias Frøslev, Vicki A Funk, Stephen D Gaimari, Guilherme S T Garbino, André R S Garraffoni, József Geml, Anthony C Gill, Alan Gray, Felipe G Grazziotin, Penelope Greenslade, Eliécer E Gutiérrez, Mark S Harvey, Cornelis J Hazevoet, Kai He, Xiaolan He, Stephan Helfer, Kristofer M Helgen, Anneke H van Heteren, Francisco Hita Garcia, Norbert Holstein, Margit K Horváth, Peter H Hovenkamp, Wei Song Hwang, Jaakko Hyvönen, Melissa B Islam, John B Iverson, Michael A Ivie, Zeehan Jaafar, Morgan D Jackson, J Pablo Jayat, Norman F Johnson, Hinrich Kaiser, Bente B Klitgård, Dániel G Knapp, Jun-Ichi Kojima, Urmas Kõljalg, Jenő Kontschán, Frank-Thorsten Krell, Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber, Sven Kullander, Leonardo Latella, John E Lattke, Valeria Lencioni, Gwilym P Lewis, Marcos G Lhano, Nathan K Lujan, Jolanda A Luksenburg, Jean Mariaux, Jader Marinho-Filho, Christopher J Marshall, Jason F Mate, Molly M McDonough, Ellinor Michel, Vitor F O Miranda, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu, Jesús Molinari, Scott Monks, Abigail J Moore, Ricardo Moratelli, Dávid Murányi, Takafumi Nakano, Svetlana Nikolaeva, John Noyes, Michael Ohl, Nora H Oleas, Thomas Orrell, Barna Páll-Gergely, Thomas Pape, Viktor Papp, Lynne R Parenti, David Patterson, Igor Ya Pavlinov, Ronald H Pine, Péter Poczai, Jefferson Prado, Divakaran Prathapan, Richard K Rabeler, John E Randall, Frank E Rheindt, Anders G J Rhodin, Sara M Rodríguez, D Christopher Rogers, Fabio de O Roque, Kevin C Rowe, Luis A Ruedas, Jorge Salazar-Bravo, Rodrigo B Salvador, George Sangster, Carlos E Sarmiento, Dmitry S Schigel, Stefan Schmidt, Frederick W Schueler, Hendrik Segers, Neil Snow, Pedro G B Souza-Dias, Riaan Stals, Soili Stenroos, R Douglas Stone, Charles F Sturm, Pavel Štys, Pablo Teta, Daniel C Thomas, Robert M Timm, Brian J Tindall, Jonathan A Todd, Dagmar Triebel, Antonio G Valdecasas, Alfredo Vizzini, Maria S Vorontsova, Jurriaan M de Vos, Philipp Wagner, Les Watling, Alan Weakley, Francisco Welter-Schultes, Daniel Whitmore, Nicholas Wilding, Kipling Will, Jason Williams, Karen Wilson, Judith E Winston, Wolfgang Wüster, Douglas Yanega, David K Yeates, Hussam Zaher, Guanyang Zhang, Zhi-Qiang Zhang, and Hong-Zhang Zhou
- PLoS Biology , Vol 16, Iss 3, p e2005075 (2018)
- Subjects
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Biology (General) and QH301-705.5
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A. G. Akeroyd, M. Aoki, A. Arhrib, L. Basso, I. F. Ginzburg, R. Guedes, J. Hernandez-Sanchez, K. Huitu, T. Hurth, M. Kadastik, S. Kanemura, K. Kannike, W. Khater, M. Krawczyk, F. Mahmoudi, S. Moretti, S. Najjari, P. Osland, G. M. Pruna, M. Purmohammadi, A. Racioppi, M. Raidal, R. Santos, P. Sharma, D. Sokołowska, O. Stål, K. Yagyu, and E. Yildirim
- European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields, Vol 77, Iss 5, Pp 1-33 (2017)
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Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, and QC770-798
- Abstract
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Abstract The goal of this report is to summarize the current situation and discuss possible search strategies for charged scalars, in non-supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model at the LHC. Such scalars appear in Multi-Higgs-Doublet models, in particular in the popular Two-Higgs-Doublet model, allowing for charged and additional neutral Higgs bosons. These models have the attractive property that electroweak precision observables are automatically in agreement with the Standard Model at the tree level. For the most popular version of this framework, Model II, a discovery of a charged Higgs boson remains challenging, since the parameter space is becoming very constrained, and the QCD background is very high. We also briefly comment on models with dark matter which constrain the corresponding charged scalars that occur in these models. The stakes of a possible discovery of an extended scalar sector are very high, and these searches should be pursued in all conceivable channels, at the LHC and at future colliders.
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Casper D. J. den Heijer, Christian J. P. A. Hoebe, Geneviève A. F. S. van Liere, Jan E. A. M. van Bergen, Jochen W. L. Cals, Frans S. Stals, and Nicole H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers
- BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2017)
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Sexually Transmitted Infection, Chlamydia Trachomatis, Patient Visit, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Social Economic Status, Infectious and parasitic diseases, and RC109-216
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Abstract Background Gonorrhoea, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), can cause reproductive morbidity, is increasingly becoming resistant to antibiotics and is frequently asymptomatic, which shows the essential role of NG test practice. In this study we wanted to compare NG diagnostic testing procedures between different STI care providers serving a defined geographic Dutch region (280,000 inhabitants). Methods Data on laboratory testing and diagnosis of urogenital and extragenital (i.e. anorectal and oropharyngeal) NG were retrieved from general practitioners (GPs), an STI clinic, and gynaecologists (2006–2010). Per provider, we assessed their contribution regarding the total number of tests performed and type of populations tested, the proportion of NG positives re-tested (3–12 months after treatment) and test-of-cure (TOC, within 3 months post treatment). Results Overall, 17,702 NG tests (48.7% STI clinic, 38.2% GPs, 13.1% gynaecologists) were performed during 15,458 patient visits. From this total number of tests, 2257 (12.7%) were extragenital, of which 99.4% were performed by the STI clinic. Men were mostly tested at the STI clinic (71%) and women by their GP (43%). NG positivity per visit was 1.6%; GP 1.9% (n = 111), STI clinic 1.7% (n = 131) and gynaecology 0.2% (n = 5). NG positivity was associated with Chlamydia trachomatis positivity (OR: 2.06, 95% confidence interval: 1.46–2.92). Per anatomical location, the proportion of NG positives re-tested were: urogenital 20.3% (n = 36), anorectal 43.6% (n = 17) and oropharyngeal 57.1% (n = 20). NG positivity among re-tests was 16.9%. Proportions of NG positives with TOC by anatomical location were: urogenital 10.2% (n = 18), anorectal 17.9% (n = 7) and oropharyngeal 17.1% (n = 6). Conclusions To achieve best practice in relation to NG testing, we recommend that: 1) GPs test at extragenital sites, especially men who have sex with men (MSM), 2) all care providers consider re-testing 3 to 12 months after NG diagnosis and 3) TOC is performed following oropharyngeal NG diagnosis in settings which provide services to higher-risk men and women (such as STI clinics).
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20. Physics at the e(+) e(-) linear collider [2015]
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Moortgat-Pick, G., Baer, H., Battaglia, M., Belanger, G., Fujii, K., Kalinowski, J., Heinemeyer, S., Kiyo, Y., Olive, K., Simon, F., Uwer, P., Wackeroth, D., Zerwas, P. M., Arbey, A., Asano, M., Bagger, J., Bechtle, P., Bharucha, A., Brau, J., Bruemmer, F., Choi, S. Y., Denner, A., Desch, K., Dittmaier, S., Ellwanger, U., Englert, C., Freitas, A., Ginzburg, I., Godfrey, S., Greiner, N., Grojean, C., Gruenewald, M., Heisig, J., Hoecker, A., Kanemura, S., Kawagoe, K., Kogler, R., Krawczyk, M., Kronfeld, A. S., Kroseberg, J., Liebler, S., List, J., Mahmoudi, F., Mambrini, Y., Matsumoto, S., Mnich, J., Moenig, K., Muehlleitner, M. M., Poschl, R., Porod, W., Porto, S., Rolbiecki, K., Schmitt, M., Serpico, P., Stanitzki, M., Stål, Oscar, Stoecfaniak, T., Stockinger, D., Weiglein, G., Wilson, G. W., Zeune, L., Moortgat, F., Xella, S., Ellis, J. d, Komamiya, S., Peskin, M., Schlatter, D., Wagner, A., Yamamoto, H., Stockholms universitet, Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Fysikum, and Stockholms universitet, Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Oskar Klein-centrum för kosmopartikelfysik (OKC)
- European Physical Journal C. 75(8)
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Natural Sciences, Physical Sciences, Naturvetenskap, and Fysik
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A comprehensive review of physics at an e(+) e(-) linear collider in the energy range of root s = 92 GeV-3 TeV is presented in view of recent and expected LHC results, experiments from low-energy as well as astroparticle physics. The report focusses in particular on Higgs-boson, top-quark and electroweak precision physics, but also discusses several models of beyond the standard model physics such as super-symmetry, little Higgs models and extra gauge bosons. The connection to cosmology has been analysed as well.
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