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Histoire et sciences de la litterature, History and sciences of litterature, Histoire de la littérature, History of literature, Domaine Scandinave, Scandinavian domain, Suède, Sweden, Auteurs contemporains, Contemporary authors, Auteurs, and Authors

S. L. commente avec E. B. son sens de la poésie et l'utilisation que l'on peut faire de cette dernière.

Zoology, Zoologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Systématique. Répartition géographique, Systematics. Geographical distribution, Arthropoda, Insecta, Invertebrata, Amérique Centrale, Central America, Clé détermination, Taxonomic key, Diagnose, Diagnosis, Heteroptera, Lygaeidae, Mexique, Mexico, Révision taxonomique, Taxonomic rewiew, Systématique, and Taxonomy

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Ecotoxicologie, effets biologiques de la pollution, Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution, Action de la pollution et effets secondaires des pesticides sur les protozoaires et les invertébrés, Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on protozoa and invertebrates, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Généralités, Generalities, Lutte, Control, Angiospermae, Arachnida, Arthropoda, Gramineae, Insecta, Invertebrata, Monocotyledones, Spermatophyta, Acephate, Araneida, Carbophenothion, Cypermethrine, Cyrthorhinus lividipennis, Delphacidae, Deltamethrine, Dose létale 50, Lethal dose 50, Dosis letal 50, Déprédateur, Pest, Effet secondaire, Secondary effect, Efecto secundario, Endosulfan, Entomophage, Entomophagous, Entomofago, Ethylan, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Insecticide, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Microvelia atrolineata, Nilaparvata lugens, Oryza sativa, Osbac, Plante céréalière, Cereal crop, Prédateur, Predator, Predador, Toxicité, Toxicity, and Toxicidad

Medical laboratory techniques, Techniques de laboratoire médical, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Méthodes bactériologiques et techniques utilisées en bactériologie, Bacteriological methods and techniques used in bacteriology, Bactériochlorophylle, Bacteriochlorophyll, Bactériophéophytine, Bacteriopheophytine, Chlorophylle, Chlorophyll, Communauté microbienne, Communauté, Community, Dosage, Assay, Ecologie, Ecology, Ecosystème, Ecosystem, Environnement, Environment, Microflore, Microflora, Microorganisme, Microorganism, Méthode, Method, Pigment photosynthétique, Photosynthetic pigment, Pigment, Pigments, Simultané, Concurrent, Soufre, and Sulfur

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bacteria, Bactérie, Cyanobacteria, Eau mer, Seawater, Agua mar, Ecologie, Ecology, Ecologia, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Mer du Nord, North Sea, Nitrogenase, Zone intertidale, and Intertidal zone

Tropical medicine, Médecine tropicale, Parasitology, Parasitologie, Arachnida, Arthropoda, Insecta, Invertebrata, Acari, Amérique du Sud, South America, America del sur, Animal, Brésil, Brazil, Brasil, Heteroptera, Isolement, Isolation, Aislamiento, Rhodnius prolixus, Répartition géographique, Geographic distribution, and Distribucion geografica

R. neglectus et R. pictipes ont été trouvés dans les palmeraies de la région de Mumbuca, Tocantinópolis (Goiás), Brésil, ainsi que R. prolixus.

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Métabolisme. Enzymes, Metabolism. Enzymes, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Recherche fondamentale orientée, Mission oriented research, Biologie des microorganismes d'intérêt industriel confirmé ou potentiel, Biology of microorganisms of confirmed or potential industrial interest, Physiologie et métabolisme, Physiology and metabolism, Bacteria, Oscillatoriaceae, Oscillatoriales, Bactérie, Alternance, Alternancia, Culture microorganisme, Microorganism culture, Cultivo microorganismo, Cyanobacteria, Dosage, Assay, Dosificacion, Enzyme, Enzima, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijacion nitrogenada, Lumière, Light, Luz, Nitrogenase, Obscurité, Obscurity, Oscuridad, Oscillatoria, Oxidoreductase, and Oxidorreductasa

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Métabolisme. Enzymes, Metabolism. Enzymes, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Recherche fondamentale orientée, Mission oriented research, Biologie des microorganismes d'intérêt industriel confirmé ou potentiel, Biology of microorganisms of confirmed or potential industrial interest, Physiologie et métabolisme, Physiology and metabolism, Bacteria, Oscillatoriaceae, Oscillatoriales, Bactérie, Culture microorganisme, Microorganism culture, Cultivo microorganismo, Cyanobacteria, Enzyme, Enzima, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijacion nitrogenada, Nitrogenase, Oscillatoria, Oxidoreductase, Oxidorreductasa, Oxygène, Oxygen, Protection, Proteccion, Toxicité, Toxicity, and Toxicidad

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Plant biology and physiology, Biologie et physiologie végétales, Ecology ethology, Écologie, éthologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bacteria, Bactérie, Caractérisation, Characterization, Caracterizacion, Cyanobacteria, Eau mer, Seawater, Agua mar, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijacion nitrogenada, Microflore, Microflora, Microscopie optique, Optical microscopy, Microscopia optica, Résistance, Resistance, Resistencia, Salinité, Salinity, and Salinidad

Energy, Énergie, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Energie, Energy, Energie. Utilisation thermique des combustibles, Energy. Thermal use of fuels, Installations de production et de conversion d'énergie: énergie électrique, énergie thermique., Installations for energy generation and conversion: thermal and electrical energy., Centrales nucléaires à fission, Fission nuclear power plants, America, South America, Amérique du Sud, Amérique, America del sur, Analyse, Analysis, Arbre événement, Brésil, Brazil, Brasil, Centrale nucléaire, Nuclear power plant, Planta nuclear, Evaluation probabiliste, Programme ordinateur, Computer program, Risque, Risk, Riesgo, Sécurité, Safety, and Securidad

Description de la méthodologie utilisée dans le programme d'ordinateur d'analyse d'arbres d'événements pour des évaluations probabilistes de risques. Description détaillée de la structure du programme et de ses entrées et sorties. Discussion de quelques limitations de la version actuelle du programme.

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Métabolisme. Enzymes, Metabolism. Enzymes, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bactérie, Azote, Nitrogen, Nitrogeno, Aérobiose, Aerobiosis, Enzyme, Enzima, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijación nitrogeno, Lumière, Light, Luz, Métabolisme, Metabolism, Metabolismo, Nitrogenase, Obscurité, Obscurity, Oscuridad, Oscillatoria, Photosynthèse, Photosynthesis, Fotosíntesis, Respiration cellulaire, Cell respiration, and Respiración celular

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Métabolisme. Enzymes, Metabolism. Enzymes, Bacteria, Bactérie, Acétate, Acetate, Acetato, Anaérobiose, Anaerobiosis, Cyanobacteria, Diholoside, Disaccharide, Diholosido, Ethanol, Etanol, Fermentation, Fermentación, Glycogène, Glycogen, Glicógeno, Lactate, Lactates, Lactato, Métabolisme, Metabolism, Metabolismo, Obscurité, Obscurity, Oscuridad, Sulfure, Sulfides, Sulfuro, Tréhalose, Trehalose, Trehalosa, Fermentation hétérolactique, and Oscillatoria limosa

The marine nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limosa, strain 23 (Oldenburg) was investigated with respect to its dark anaerobic metabolism. As soon as the cells were incubated anaerobically in the dark, they started to ferment. Glycogen was presumably degraded via the heterolactic fermentative pathway. Glycogen-glucose was degraded to equimolar amounts of lactate, ethanol and carbon dioxide. The disaccharide trehalose, which serves as an osmoprotectant in O. limosa, was also catabolized.

Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Spermatophyta, Coreidae, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Plante légumière, Vegetable crop, Planta leguminosa, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, Rendement, Yield, Rendimiento, Seuil dégât économique, Economic injury level, Umbral daño económico, Seuil intervention, Treatment threshold, Umbral tratamiento, Surveillance population, Population survey, Vigilancia población, Vigna unguiculata, and Clavigralla tomenta sicollis

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Medical oncology, Cancérologie, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Gynecologie. Andrologie. Obstetrique, Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics, Pathologie de la glande mammaire, Mammary gland diseases, Tumeurs, Tumors, Anatomopathologie, Pathology, Anatomía patológica, Cytométrie flux, Flow cytometry, Citometría flujo, DNA, Femelle, Female, Hembra, Glande mammaire pathologie, Mammary gland diseases, Glándula mamaria patología, Homme, Human, Hombre, Hormone ovarienne, Ovarian hormone, Hormona ovárica, Hormone stéroïde sexuelle, Sex steroid hormone, Hormona esteroide sexual, Oestrogène, Estrogen, Estrógeno, Phase S, S Phase, Fase S, Ploïdie, Ploidy, Ploidía, Pronostic, Prognosis, Pronóstico, Récepteur hormonal, Hormonal receptor, Receptor hormonal, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, Tumor maligno, Tumeur, and Tumor

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Génétique et amélioration des plantes d'intérêt économique, Genetics and breeding of economic plants, Sélection variétale. Amélioration spéciale, objectifs d'amélioration, Varietal selection. Specialized plant breeding, plant breeding aims, Résistance aux organismes nuisibles, Pest resistance, Déprédateurs, Pest animals, Africa, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Spermatophyta, Afrique, Coreidae, Criblage, Screening, Cernido, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Etude en laboratoire, Laboratory study, Estudio en laboratorio, Etude en serre, Greenhouse study, Estudio en invernadero, Etude sur terrain, Field study, Estudio en campo, Lignée sélection, Breeding line, Línea selección, Méthode, Method, Método, Méthodologie, Methodology, Metodología, Nigéria, Nigeria, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Plante légumière, Vegetable crop, Planta leguminosa, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, Résistance insecte, Insect resistance, Resistencia insecto, Sensibilité résistance, Sensitivity resistance, Sensibilidad resistencia, Vigna unguiculata, Pest resistance, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, and Résistance déprédateur

Description des procédures de criblage destinées à tester la résistance de nouvelles accessions de niébé, et qui peuvent être appliquées pour le criblage rapide de germoplasmes et la séparation des lignées de sélection.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Spermatophyta, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Développement, Development, Desarrollo, Etude en laboratoire, Laboratory study, Estudio en laboratorio, Fécondité, Fecundity, Fecundidad, Lens culinaris, Longévité, Longevity, Longevidad, Pentatomidae, Pisum sativum, Plante hôte, Host plant, Planta huesped, Plante légumière, Vegetable crop, Planta leguminosa, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, Reproduction, Reproducción, and Thyanta pallidovirens

Plant biology and physiology, Biologie et physiologie végétales, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Métabolisme. Enzymes, Metabolism. Enzymes, Bactérie, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Enzyme, Enzima, Activité enzymatique, Enzymatic activity, Actividad enzimática, Inactivation, Inactivación, Localisation, Localization, Localización, Modification, Modificación, Méthode immunoblotting, Immunoblotting assay, Nitrogenase, Technique immunoor, Immunogold labelling, Técnica inmunooro, Variation diurne, Diurnal variation, Variación diurna, Dinitrogénase réductase, Dinitrogénase, and Oscillatoria limosa

Control theory, operational research, Automatique, recherche opérationnelle, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Aluminium, Bille, Caractéristique temporelle, Circuit intégré, Contact métal métal, Contrainte thermique, Electrodiffusion, Essai vieillissement accéléré, In situ, Interconnexion, Mesure, Or, and Résistance contact

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte intégrée, Integrated pest control, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Coreidae, Culture tropicale, Tropical crop, Cultivo tropical, Dicotyledones, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Heteroptera, Insecta, Insecticide, Insecticida, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Lepidoptera, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Meliaceae, Plante pesticide, Pesticide crop, Planta plaguicida, Pyralidae, Spermatophyta, Azadirachta indica, Efficacité traitement, Treatment efficiency, Eficacia tratamiento, Extrait tissulaire, Tissue extract, Extracto tisular, Lutte antidéprédateur, Pest management, Manejo de plagas, Maruca testulalis, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Produit naturel, Natural product, Producto natural, Vigna unguiculata, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Insecticide végétal, and Botanical insecticide

The insecticidal activity of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., was tested on two major cowpea pests using different concentrations of aqueous extracts, and powders of both neem seed and kernel. The pests were larvae of Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the legume pod borer and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stäl (Hemiptera: Coreidae), the cowpea coreid bug. Ife Brown, an improved local cowpea variety, and IT84S-2246, a breeding line from IITA grain legume programme, were used in the study. Neem proved effective in acting as an insecticide and affected the rates of development of both pests at concentration as low as ca. 9% solution (wt/vol.).

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Coreidae, Culture tropicale, Tropical crop, Cultivo tropical, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Lepidoptera, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Pyralidae, Spermatophyta, Cultivar, Cycle développement, Life cycle, Ciclo desarrollo, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Etude en condition contrôlée, Controlled environment study, Estudio en condición controlada, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Facteur thermique, Thermal factor, Factor térmico, Maruca testulalis, Sensibilité résistance, Sensitivity resistance, Sensibilidad resistencia, Sensibilité thermique, Thermal sensibility, Sensibilidad térmica, Somme température, Heat sum, Suma temperatura, Stade développement, Developmental stage, Grado desarrollo, Température constante, Constant temperature, Temperatura constante, Vigna unguiculata, and Clavigralla tomentosicollis

The growth and development of Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stäl (Hemiptera : Coreidae) and Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) were studied under laboratory conditions using three cultivated Vigna varieties (IT84E-124, TVu 1890, MRx 10-85S) and one wild variety (TVNu 72) under a range of temperatures : 19°C, 22°C, 25°C, 28°C, 31°C, 34°C, 37°C, 40°C and 43°C. IT84E-124 served as the susceptible and TVNu 72 as the resistant control for both insects. Development time of C. tomentosicollis ranged between 7 days at 37°C to 26 days at 19°C, and decreased with increasing temperature up to an upper temperature threshold of 37°C(.).

Medical oncology, Cancérologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Gynecologie. Andrologie. Obstetrique, Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics, Pathologie de la glande mammaire, Mammary gland diseases, Tumeurs, Tumors, Glande mammaire pathologie, Mammary gland diseases, Glándula mamaria patología, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, Tumor maligno, Cycle cellulaire, Cell cycle, Ciclo celular, Cytométrie flux, Flow cytometry, Citometría flujo, Epithélioma, Carcinoma, Epitelioma, Exploration, Exploración, Glande mammaire, Mammary gland, Glándula mamaria, Homme, Human, Hombre, Phase S, S Phase, Fase S, Pronostic, Prognosis, Pronóstico, Précoce, Early, and Precoz

Purpose and Methods: The prognostic significance of cell proliferation, estimated as cytometric S-phase fraction (SPF), was investigated in node-negative breast cancer patients with small tumors (T1,N0). The 219 stage 1 patients originated from two series and were diagnosed either from 1978 to 1981 or from 1981 to 1985. The tumors were analyzed for estrogen receptors (ERs) by isoelectric focusing and for cellular DNA content by static cytofluorometry or flow cytometry. Results: A high SPF correlated with the absence of ERs and abnormal DNA content, and was less often found in tumors smaller than 11 mm compared with those with a diameter between 11 and 20 mm.

Electronics, Electronique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Circuits intégrés, Integrated circuits, Conception. Technologies. Analyse fonctionnement. Essais, Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing, Aluminium, Aluminio, Circuit intégré, Integrated circuit, Circuito integrado, Electrodiffusion, Electrodifusión, Encapsulation, Encapsulación, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fiabilité, Reliability, Fiabilidad, Interconnexion, Interconnection, Interconección, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Or, Gold, Oro, Phénomène transport, Transport process, and Fenómeno transporte

Medical oncology, Cancérologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Anticancéreux, Antineoplastic agents, Chimiothérapie, Chemotherapy, Anticancéreux, Antineoplastic agent, Anticanceroso, Chimiothérapie, Chemotherapy, Quimioterapia, Cycle cellulaire, Cell cycle, Ciclo celular, Cytométrie flux, Flow cytometry, Citometría flujo, Etude cas, Case study, Estudio caso, Exploration, Exploración, Glande mammaire, Mammary gland, Glándula mamaria, Homme, Human, Hombre, Phase S, S Phase, Fase S, Pronostic, Prognosis, Pronóstico, Préménopause, Premenopause, Premenopausia, Radiothérapie, Radiotherapy, Radioterapia, Traitement adjuvant, Adjuvant treatment, Tratamiento adyuvante, Traitement, Treatment, Tratamiento, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, and Tumor maligno

Cancer chemotherapy interacts with cell proliferation, but data on the relationship between cancer cell replication and the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy are scarce. We have investigated the S-phase fractions of the primary tumour from premenopausal breast cancer patients who participated in a randomised trial comparing 12 cycles of polychemotherapy (CMF) with post-operative radiotherapy. DNA flow cytometry was performed on frozen tissues from 208 primary breast carcinomas, of which the S-phase fraction was estimated in 176 cases. There was a significantly higher benefit from CMF among patients with a high S-phase fraction (P=0.0033).

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Virology, Virologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pathologie infectieuse, Infectious diseases, Viroses, Viral diseases, Viroses expérimentales et modèles, Experimental viral diseases and models, Betaherpesvirinae, Cytokine, Citoquina, Herpesviridae, Infection, Infección, Mammalia, Rodentia, Vertebrata, Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Facteur nécrose tumorale α, Tumor necrosis factor α, Factor necrosis tumoral α, Histopathologie, Histopathology, Histopatología, Immunodépression, Immunosuppression, Inmunodepresión, Modèle animal, Animal model, Modelo animal, Multiplication virus, Virus multiplication, Multiplicación virus, Pathogénie, Pathogenesis, Patogenia, Pathologie expérimentale, Experimental disease, Patología experimental, Rat, Rata, Relation hôte virus, Host virus relation, Relación huesped virus, Spécificité tissu, Tissue specificity, Especificidad tejido, Symptomatologie, Symptomatology, Sintomatología, Virose, Viral disease, and Virosis

We investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection. TNF-α levels found in the sera of radiation-immunosuppressed rats in the course of infection (>350 pg/ml) correlated with the development of RCMV disease. Administration of anti-TNF-α antibodies strongly reduced the severity of pneumonia and led to a reduction in virus titers. In immunocompetent rats, anti-TNF-α antibodies also significantly suppressed viral replication. Conversely, administration of TNF-α augmented RCMV replication and aggravated the disease signs. In vitro, TNF-α enhanced RCMV replication in the macrophage, whereas a reduction of viral replication was observed in fibroblasts, indicating that the effect on viral replication is cell type specific.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Virology, Virologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Virologie, Virology, Cycle de développement, interférence, relations hôte-virus, pouvoir pathogène, souches diverses, Replicative cycle, interference, host-virus relations, pathogenicity, miscellaneous strains, Betaherpesvirinae, Cytokine, Citoquina, Herpesviridae, Infection, Infección, Mammalia, Rodentia, Vertebrata, Virus, Activité biologique, Biological activity, Actividad biológica, Cytomegalovirus, In vitro, In vivo, Interféron gamma, Gamma interferon, Interferón gamma, Modèle animal, Animal model, Modelo animal, Multiplication virus, Virus multiplication, Multiplicación virus, Pathologie expérimentale, Experimental disease, Patología experimental, Rat, Rata, Relation hôte virus, Host virus relation, Relación huesped virus, Virose, Viral disease, and Virosis

The role of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the resolution of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) infection was investigated. In the spleen, IFN-γ-producing cells reached maximum numbers on day 7 after infection. Prophylactic treatment with high doses of recombinant rat IFN-γ exerted antiviral activity in fibroblasts and protected immunosuppressed rats against a lethal RCMV challenge. Remarkably, in immunocompetent rats, neutralization of endogenous IFN-γ activity significantly reduced the numbers of RCMV antigen-expressing cells in the spleen, the predominant site of viral replication. Moreover, protection of radiation-immunosuppressed infected rats by transferred immune T cells was enhanced by coinjection of IFN-γ neutralizing antibodies.

Control theory, operational research, Automatique, recherche opérationnelle, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Essais, mesure, bruit et fiabilité, Testing, measurement, noise and reliability, Diélectrique, Dielectric materials, Dieléctrico, Essai en place, In situ test, Ensayo en sitio, Essai vieillissement accéléré, Accelerated aging test, Ensayo envejecimiento acelerado, Fiabilité, Reliability, Fiabilidad, Mesure, Measurement, Medida, Métallisation, Metallizing, Metalización, Optimisation, Optimization, Optimización, Résistance électrique, Resistor, and Resistencia eléctrica(componente)

Medical oncology, Cancérologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux, Pharmacology. Drug treatments, Anticancéreux, Antineoplastic agents, Chimiothérapie, Chemotherapy, Glande mammaire pathologie, Mammary gland diseases, Glándula mamaria patología, Agent alkylant, Alkylating agent, Agente alquilante, Anticancéreux, Antineoplastic agent, Anticanceroso, Antifolate, Antifolato, Antimétabolite, Antimetabolic, Antimetabólito, Base pyrimidique dérivé, Pyrimidine base derivatives, Base pirimídica derivado, Chimiothérapie, Chemotherapy, Quimioterapia, Cyclophosphamide, Etude comparative, Comparative study, Estudio comparativo, Expression génique, Gene expression, Expresión genética, Fluor Composé organique, Fluorine Organic compounds, Fluor Compuesto orgánico, Fluorouracil, Glande mammaire, Mammary gland, Glándula mamaria, Gène suppresseur tumeur, Tumor suppressor gene, Gen supresor tumor, Homme, Human, Hombre, Méthotrexate, Préménopause, Premenopause, Premenopausia, Radiothérapie, Radiotherapy, Radioterapia, Traitement adjuvant, Adjuvant treatment, Tratamiento adyuvante, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, Tumor maligno, Gène p53, and p53 gene

Functional p53 protein is essential for the cellular response to drug-induced DNA damage. We investigated p53 accumulation in tumour specimens from premenopausal breast cancer patients who were randomised to adjuvant chemotherapy (CMF) or postoperative radiotherapy. Of the tumours from 139 patients, 20 showed abnormal accumulation as judged with immunohistochemistry (>10% positive tumour cells). The risk of distant recurrence was similar in the two treatment groups for patients whose primary tumours lacked p53 accumulation, whereas there was a significant benefit from CMF for patients showing abnormal accumulation (relative risk 0.18, 95% CI, 0.04-0.93). This result suggests that p53-dependent apoptosis is not a general mechanism by which breast cancer cells respond during CMF chemotherapy.

Genetics, Génétique, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Face, maxillaires, dents, parodonte: maladies, sémiologie, Facial bones, jaws, teeth, parodontium: diseases, semeiology, Maladies non tumorales, Non tumoral diseases, Biologie moléculaire, Molecular biology, Biología molecular, Cavité buccale pathologie, Oral cavity disease, Cavidad bucal patología, Génétique, Genetics, Genética, Maladie congénitale, Congenital disease, Enfermedad congénita, Malformation, Malformación, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Déterminisme génétique, Genetic inheritance, Determinismo genético, Etude familiale, Family study, Estudio familiar, Fissure congénitale, Cleft, Fisura congenital, Homme, Human, Hombre, Linkage, Ligamiento, Lèvre, Lip, Labio, Palais, Palate, and Paladar

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common craniofacial developmental defect. Recent segregation analyses have suggested that major genes play a role in the etiology of CL/P. Linkage to 22 candidate genes was tested in 11 multigenerational families with CL/P, and 21 of these candidates were excluded. APOC2, 19q13.1, which is linked to the proto-oncogene BCL3, gave suggestive evidence for linkage to CL/P. The study was expanded to include a total of 39 multigenerational CLIP families. Linkage was tested in all families, using an anonymous marker, D19S178, and intragenic markers in BCL3 and APOC2. Linkage was tested under two models, autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance and affecteds only. Homogeneity testing on the two-point data gave evidence of heterogeneity at APOC2 under the affecteds-only model. Both models showed evidence of heterogeneity, with 43% of families linked at zero recombination to BCL3 when marker data from BCL3 and APOC2 were included. A maximum multipoint LOD score of 7.00 at BCL3 was found among the 17 families that had posterior probabilities ≥50% in favor of linkage. The transmission disequilibrium test provided additional evidence for linkage with the 3 allele of BCL3 more often transmitted to affected children. These results suggest that BCL3, or a nearby gene, plays a role in the etiology of CLIP in some families.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Plantes parasites. Mauvaises herbes, Parasitic plants. Weeds, Malherbologie, Weeds, Lutte biologique et autres méthodes de lutte, Biological control and other methods, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Invertebrata, Spermatophyta, Verbenaceae, Animal auxiliaire, Beneficial animal, Animal benéfico, Efficacité, Efficiency, Eficacia, Insecta, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Mauvaise herbe, Weed, Malezas, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Phytophage, Phytophagous, Fitófago, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, and Lantana camara

Dans un effort continu pour éradiquer ou au moins, réduire, la présence de Lantana camara L., adventice bien répandue à Guam, un suivi bi-mensuel a été effectué, sur une période de 4 ans et demi, pour étudier l'efficacité des ennemis naturels à affaiblir la plante et à diminuer le nombre de graines viables. Au total, huit agents de lutte biologique ont été recensés. Les insectes s'attaquant aux feuilles sont: Uroplata girardi Pic. (Col. : Chrysomelidae), Teleonemia scrupulosa Stäl (Hem. : Tingidae), Calycomyza lantanae Frick (Dip. : Agromyzidae) et Hypena strigata (F.) (Lep. : Noctuidae). Les papillons de nuit Lantanophaga pusillidactyla (Walker, (Lep. : Pterophoridae), Epinotia lantana (Busck) (Lep. : Tortricidae) et Adoxopheyes melia Clarke (Lep. : Tortricidae) s'attaquent aux fleurs ainsi que T. scrupulosa. E. lantana et Ophomyia lantanae (Froggatt) (Dip. : Agromyzidae) font des dégâts aux fruits. Un modèle empirique de lutte biologique a été établi à partir des données observées. Le modèle a mis en évidence que les 8 auxiliaires empêchent la production ou détruisent 225,9 baies par mètre carré sur une période d'observation de deux semaines. Sur cette même période, la production de fruits non abîmés observée au mètre carré n'est que de 96,1. Ainsi, les auxiliaires réduisent la production potentielle de fruits de 70,1 %. Le modèle a aussi permis d'estimer le rôle tenu par chaque auxiliaire dans la lutte biologique globale contre L. camara à Guam.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Coreidae, Dicotyledones, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, Spermatophyta, Comportement alimentaire, Feeding behavior, Conducta alimenticia, Comportement déprédateur, Pest behavior, Conducta depredadora, Culture tropicale, Tropical crop, Cultivo tropical, Cycle développement, Life cycle, Ciclo desarrollo, Etude en laboratoire, Laboratory study, Estudio en laboratorio, Glycine max, Hôte substitution, Host substitution, Huesped sustitución, Plante hôte, Host plant, Planta huesped, Survie, Survival, Sobrevivencia, Vigna unguiculata, and Clavigralla tomentosicollis

Suitability of the pods of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as food for Clavigralla tomentosicollis was determined in the laboratory using development, food substitution and host switch experiments. On soybean pods, nymphs survived for 8 days and adults for 12 days; on cowpea, all nymphal instars developed into adults and lived for 80-100 days. Teneral adults that were switched from cowpea to soybean lost weight, while adults that were moved from soybean to cowpea gained weight with slight differences between the sexes. The shortest critical survival threshold (duration with at least 50% survival) of adults on cowpea was greater than the longest on soybean. The likelihood of C. tomentosicollis exploiting soybean as a trophic niche in areas of tropical Africa where production of this crop is on the increase and usually contiguous with cowpea production, is discussed.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte intégrée, Integrated pest control, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Bruchidae, Coleoptera, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Reduviidae, Spermatophyta, Callosobruchus maculatus, Canavalia ensiformis, Croissance, Growth, Crecimiento, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Emergence, Emergencia, Insecticide, Insecticida, Larve, Larva, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Mortalité, Mortality, Mortalidad, Mue, Molt, Muda, Origine végétale, Plant origin, Origen vegetal, Rhodnius prolixus, Toxicité, Toxicity, Toxicidad, Toxine, Toxin, and Toxina

Canatoxin is a toxic protein isolated from the jackbean, Cananvalia ensiformis. The toxin injected intraperitoneally is lethal for mice and rats; however, it is inactive if given orally. In this study, Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera), Schistocerca americana (Drury) (Orthoptera), Drosophila melanogaster (L.) (Diptera), Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera), Rhodnius prolixus (Stal) (Hemiptera), and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera) were fed on can-atoxin-containing diets. No effects were seen in M. sexta, S. americana, D. melanogaster, or A. aegypti. No traces of canatoxin were found in their feces, suggesting that the protein was digested completely by these insects, which characteristically have a trypsin-based digestion. In contrast, canatoxin was lethal for insects displaying cathepsin-based digestion. Thus, for C. maculatus, a diet containing 0.25% wt:wt canatoxin caused complete inhibition of larval growth. When R. prolixus were fed on canatoxin, 2 effects were seen: impairment of water excretion and increased lethality 48-96 h after feeding. The lethal effect of canatoxin in R. prolixus was blocked partially or completely when the digestion of the toxin by R. prolixus midgut enzymes was impaired. The data showed that canatoxin is highly toxic when ingested by some species of insects but not affecting others, probably in correlation with the characteristics of the digestive process of the insect.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Solanaceae, Spermatophyta, Densité population, Population density, Densidad población, Durée, Duration, Duración, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Fruit, Fruto, Infestation, Infestación, Lycopersicon esculentum, Maturité, Maturity, Madurez, Pentatomidae, Plante légumière, Vegetable crop, Planta leguminosa, Chlorochroa uhleri, and Euschistus conspersus

Adult stink bugs were introduced onto caged, bush-type tomatoes to establish the amount of fruit damage resulting from different durations of infestation (up to 20 d), densities (1, 3, 5, and 10 bugs per 2 m of row), species (Euschistus conspersus Uhler and Chlorochroa uhleri (stal)) and reduced fruit abundance (75, 50, and 0% reduction). Factors that significantly influenced the percentage of tomato fruit damaged were stink bug density and reduced fruit density at constant stink bug densities. Stink bug density affected the number of damaged areas per fruit in 1 of the 2 years of the study. Stink bug species and the number of days of stink bug infestation did not affect the percentage of damaged fruit or the number of damaged areas per fruit. Implications for stink bug management in tomatoes grown in California are discussed.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Plant biology and physiology, Biologie et physiologie végétales, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bactérie, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Aphanizomenon flosaquae, Croissance, Growth, Crecimiento, Flottabilité, Buoyancy, Flotabilidad, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Photosynthèse, Photosynthesis, Fotosíntesis, Phytoplancton, Phytoplankton, Fitoplancton, Répartition verticale, Vertical distribution, Distribución vertical, and Vésicule gaz

Observations were made on the vertical distribution of colonies of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae for 9 d at a driftstation east of Bornholm Island in the Baltic Sea. The buoyant colonies were dispersed in the upper layers of the water column during periods of wind-induced mixing but floated up during calm periods. From measurements of the vertical light extinction, surface irradiance and the photosynthesis versus irradiance curve, calculations were made of the changes in the daily integral of photosynthesis with respect to time and depth throughout the water column. From these calculations it is demonstrated that net photosynthesis by the population of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae increased nearly threefold by floating up after a deep mixing event. It is estimated that, averaged over alternating periods of calm and mixing, the buoyancy provided by gas vesicles in this organism will result in a nearly twofold increase in photosynthesis. A quantitative analysis has been made of the relationship of the daily integral of photosynthesis by the Aphanizomenon population with the mean depth of the population in the water column and the daily insolation. The analysis shows that the integral decreases linearly with respect to mean depth.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Plant biology and physiology, Biologie et physiologie végétales, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Métabolisme. Enzymes, Metabolism. Enzymes, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Végétaux et champignons, Plants and fungi, Activité enzymatique, Enzymatic activity, Actividad enzimática, Bactérie, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Enzyme, Enzima, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Oxidoreductases, Phytoplancton, Phytoplankton, Fitoplancton, Chlorophylle, Chlorophyll, Clorofila, Eclairement énergétique, Irradiance, Aclaramiento energético, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijación nitrogeno, Flottabilité, Buoyancy, Flotabilidad, Intégration numérique, Numerical integration, Integración numérica, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Modèle mathématique, Mathematical model, Modelo matemático, Nitrogenase, Photosynthèse, Photosynthesis, Fotosíntesis, Variation journalière, Daily variation, Variación diaria, and Aphanizomenon

Measurements were made of the rates of nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) by cyanobacteria collected from the Baltic Sea at 2-h intervals, over a period of 24 h, and incubated under natural light. By relating the chlorophyll-specific rate of N2 fixation (PN) to the mean photon irradiance (I) at different periods, a PN/I curve was constructed. A mathematical description of this relationship was used in the calculation of rates of N2 fixation at different depths and times of day from continuous measurements of surface irradiance and light attenuation. By relating these calculations to the vertical distribution of chlorophyll due to Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, an estimate of the daily integral of N2 fixation by the population of this cyanobacterium was obtained: it varied from 039 to 071 mmol m-2 with a mean value of 053 mmol m-2 over 9 d. Comparisons with similar calculations of the daily integral of photosynthesis over the same period indicated the atomic ratio of N/C fixed is about 022, not very different from the N/C ratio expected for the elemental composition of these cyanobacteria. It is demonstrated that when buoyant gas-vacuolate colonies float up during calm periods the increased irradiance that they experience supports an increased rate of N2 fixation. This increase is less than that seen for carbon fixation because photosynthesis is negated by respiration at low irradiances and is less inhibited at high irradiances.

Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Frottement. Usure, Contact of materials. Friction. Wear, Choix matériau, Material selection, Selección material, Werkstoffwahl, Essai usure, Wear test, Prueba al desgaste, Verschleissversuch, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Méthode étude, Investigation method, Método estudio, Untersuchungsmethode, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Revêtement dur, Hard coating, Revestimiento duro, Rugosité, Roughness, Rugosidad, Rauhigkeit, Traitement surface, Surface treatment, Tratamiento superficie, Oberflaechenbehandlung, Tribologie, Tribology, Tribología, Usure, Wear, Desgaste, Verschleiss, Vitesse usure, Wear rate, and Velocidad desgaste

The present paper describes how in depth analysis and modelling of wear data obtained from uni- and bidirectional wear tests were used to determine criteria for the selection of materials for tribological applications. Different wear modes in unidirectional ball on disc tests were linked to a load to roughness dependence between body and counterbody. The displacement of the ball is described using a particle flux model and the wear rate in bidirectional fretting tests is discussed, including a new concept based on dissipated frictional energy. The merits of the various approaches used to measure wear in tribological systems are also discussed.

Electronics, Electronique, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Electronique des semiconducteurs. Microélectronique. Optoélectronique. Dispositifs à l'état solide, Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices, Dispositifs optoélectroniques, Optoelectronic devices, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Caractéristique temporelle, Time curve, Característica temporal, Caractéristique électrique, Electrical characteristic, Característica eléctrica, Diode électroluminescente, Light emitting diode, Diodo electroluminescente, Effet champ électrique, Electric field effect, Efecto campo eléctrico, Electroluminescence, Electroluminiscencia, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Mécanisme, Mechanism, Mecanismo, Phénylènevinylène polymère, Phenylenevinylene polymer, Fenilenovinileno polímero, Polymère conjugué, Conjugated polymer, Polímero conjugado, Vieillissement, Ageing, and Envejecimiento

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) made with poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) using a non-ionic precursor route with indium-tin oxide (ITO) as anode and Al as cathode have been examined during continuous electrical stress in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Three distinct regions in the time evolution of the equivalent electrical resistance and the light output of PLEDs are identified. Various electrical and analytical measurement results are presented to explain the main failure mechanisms. The most severe degradation mode can be identified as dielectric breakdown, resulting in 'hot spots' and ohmic leakage paths. The inhibition of the ohmic path formation by oxidation under ambient conditions results in a local delamination of the electrode, shrinking the active area of the device. This loss of active area caused by these oxidative burn-outs can clearly be observed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) and is consistent with secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) results. Emission microscopy (EMMI) inspection provides evidence for electric field induced ageing at defects present in the device. These defects are already present in the as-produced samples, e.g. particle impurities, interface roughness and structural weakness (edges of the Al electrodes).

Ecology, Ecologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Arthropoda, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Pentatomidae, Prédateur, Predator, Depredador, Tenebrionidae, Zone tropicale, Tropical zone, Zona tropical, Fréquence temporelle, Temporal frequency, Frecuencia temporal, Longévité, Longevity, Longevidad, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Nutrition, Nutrición, Relation prédateur proie, Predator prey relation, Relación depredador presa, Reproduction, Reproducción, Survie, Survival, Sobrevivencia, Tenebrio molitor, Oviposition, and Podisus rostratis

Reproduction and longevity of Podisus rostralis (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) females, fed at different intervals were studied in the Núcleo de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária' (BIOAGRO), of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% R.H. and photophase of 12 hours. Females of P. rostralis were fed with Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larva, during 24 hours, every one, two, four, eight and 16 days. An inverse linear effect was found between oviposition period, egg batches/female, total number and number of eggs per day with feeding interval. Daily fed females laid more eggs (199.6) while those fed every 16 days showed lowest number of eggs (45.3). Longevity of P. rostralis was similar in all feeding intervals. Egg oviposition rate was reduced but females of this predator maintained its longevity which give then higher chances to maintain themselves in the ecosystem until occurs better conditions of preys.

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Oceanography, Océanographie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Quaternaire marin et continental, Marine and continental quaternary, Europe, Europa, Océan Atlantique, Atlantic Ocean, Océano Atlántico, Procaryote, prokaryotes, Bactérie, bacteria, Carbone organique, organic carbon, Carbono orgánico, Effet biogène, biogenic effects, Effet tampon, buffer effects, Efecto tampón, Fer, iron, Hierro, Milieu littoral, coastal environment, Medio litoral, Oxydation, oxidation, Oxidación, Porosité, porosity, Porosidad, Réduction chimique, chemical reduction, Reducción química, Sulfate, sulfates, Sulfato, Sulfure, sulfides, Sulfuro, Sédiment marin, marine sediments, Sedimento marino, Variation verticale, and vertical variations

The Bassin d'Arcachon (south-west France) was chosen as a model ecosystem to study the chemical and microbiological buffering towards free sulphide. Data were collected on the vertical distribution of oxygen, sulphur and iron compounds and the vertical distribution of colourless sulphur bacteria and sulphide-producing bacteria. In addition, data on the chemical and biological buffering capacity towards free sulphide were collected in sediment slurries from defined depth layers using a biological sulphide and oxygen monitor (BOSM) equipped with electrodes for oxygen, sulphide, redox and pH. The data showed that a substantial population of aerobic sulphide-oxidizing bacteria was present, yet buffering towards free sulphide could mainly be attributed to chemical processes: in particular, reactions with iron were of importance. Interestingly, the potential microbiological rate of sulphide oxidation was orders of magnitude higher than the rate of sulphate reduction reported for this ecosystem. The ecological implications of these observations for the Bassin d'Arcachon are that the powerful biological buffering capacity towards the free sulphide present will become effective after the chemical buffering capacity has been depleted. Under such conditions the colourless sulphur bacteria will no longer face the competition with iron, and thus may be expected to proliferate. The crucial factor then becomes the availability of oxygen.

Ecology, Ecologie, Oceanography, Océanographie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Bactériologie, Bacteriology, Action d'agents physiques et chimiques sur les bactéries, Action of physical and chemical agents on bacteria, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bactérie, Bacteria, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Adaptation, Adaptación, Analyse quantitative, Quantitative analysis, Análisis cuantitativo, Bloom, Caroténoïde, Carotenoid, Carotenoide, Chlorophylle a, Chlorophyll a, Clorofila a, Cyanobacteria, Dynamique population, Population dynamics, Dinámica población, Emission oxygène, Oxygen emission, Emisión oxígeno, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Intensité lumineuse, Luminous intensity, Intensidad luminosa, Lumière, Light, Luz, Photosynthèse, Photosynthesis, Fotosíntesis, Pigment photosynthétique, Photosynthetic pigment, Pigmento fotosintético, Variation saisonnière, Seasonal variation, and Variación estacional

Ecology, Ecologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Coleoptera, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Myrtaceae, Pentatomidae, Spermatophyta, Tenebrionidae, Animal auxiliaire, Beneficial animal, Animal benéfico, Arbre forestier feuillu, Hardwood forest tree, Arbol forestal frondoso, Comportement alimentaire, Feeding behavior, Conducta alimenticia, Elevage en masse, Mass rearing, Cría masiva, Entomophage, Entomophagous, Entomófago, Etude en laboratoire, Laboratory study, Estudio en laboratorio, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Prédateur, Predator, Depredador, Tenebrio molitor, Eucalyptus urophylla, and Supputius cincticeps

The effect of the association with Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings on mortality, nymphal phase duration, and adult weight of Supputius cincticeps (Stal, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae was investigated. S. cincticeps were reared in the laboratory under 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% r.h., and 12 hours of photophase on three diets: (1) prey (T. molitor larvae), (2) prey + plant (E. urophylla seedling), and (3) plant. S. cincticeps reared on prey + plant showed lower mortality, shorter nymphal development, and heavier females.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Entomophage, Entomophagous, Entomófago, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Relation hôte parasite, Host parasite relation, Relación huesped parásito, Spermatophyta, Animal auxiliaire, Beneficial animal, Animal benéfico, Coreidae, Densité population, Population density, Densidad población, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Efficacité parasitaire, Parasitic efficiency, Eficacia parasitaria, Hôte, Host, Huesped, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Oophage, Oophagous, Oófago, Parasitoïde, Parasitoid, Parasitoide, Scelionidae, Taux parasitisme, Parasitism rate, Tasa parasitismo, Variation saisonnière, Seasonal variation, Variación estacional, Vigna unguiculata, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Gryon fulviventris, and Nigeria du Nord

Field surveys were conducted on cowpea and pigeon pea in 1995 and 1996 to assess the effect of indigenous egg parasitoids on populations of Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål in northern Nigeria. From the egg masses of C. tomentosicollis, three species of Hymenoptera belonging to three families, namel Anastatus sp. (Eupelmidae), Ooencyrtus utetheisae (Risbec) (Encyrtidae), and Gryon fulviventris (Crawford) (Scelionidae), were recorded. Among them, G. fulviventris was found to be the most abundant parasitoid. Of a total of 3,502 egg masses collected on cowpea from four geographical locations, 2,587 (73.9%) were found to contain at least one egg parasitized by G fulviventris. From 56,072 eggs discovered, it parasitized 38,935 (69.4%). Overall, 74,724 eggs were collected from the four different locations and of these 52% were parasitized by G. fulviventris. However, parasitism rates varied with time and location. At one of the study sites (Minjibir, Kano) where weekly samples were collected throughout the growing season, the discovery efficiency, exploitation efficiency, and overall percentage parasitism increased significantly from July to November. Also, the proportion of eggs parasitized was found to be inversely related to the size of the egg mass. These findings are discussed in relation to the potential contribution of biological control in the integrated pest management of this economically important pest.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Démécologie, Demecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Dynamique population, Population dynamics, Dinámica población, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Pentatomidae, Spermatophyta, Abondance écologique, Ecological abundance, Abundancia ecológica, Communauté animale, Animal community, Comunidad animal, Culture mixte, Mixed cropping, Cultivo mixto, Densité population, Population density, Densidad población, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Euschistus servus, Glycine max, Gossypium hirsutum, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Nezara viridula, Plante piège, Trap plant, Planta trampa, Plante à fibres, Fiber crop, Planta de fibras, Variation saisonnière, Seasonal variation, Variación estacional, and Acrosternum hilare

Two soybean varieties (early-maturing group V and late-maturing group VII) and two cotton varieties (conventional and transgenic (Bt) were grown in adjacent replicated large field plots (0.1 ha each) at two locations for 3 yr. The dynamics and relative abundance of phytophagous stink bugs within these two crops were observed. The most abundant pentatomid species in both crops for all 3 yr were Nezara viridula (L.), Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus servus (Say). Several other species also were commonly collected. This is the first record of Mormidea lugens (F.) on soybean and E. quadrator Rolston, E. obscurus (Palisot), Holcostethus limbolarius (Stål), and Oebalus pugnax (F.) on cotton. Stink bugs began arriving in soybean when plant growth stages ranged from pod formation to full seed development. Peak numbers of these insects were found in soybean from the time of full-size seeds in the pods until early maturity. The bugs were first attracted to the earlier maturing cultivar (group V), where they remained until plants began to mature (R7). The pentatomids then moved to the later-maturing cultivar (group VII) as it reached full pod to full seed. Stink bugs began arriving in cotton from the time of the earliest flowers until after the first bolls formed. Peak numbers in cotton occurred during the time when all stages of developing bolls were present. Stink bug numbers were much greater in soybean than in cotton over all three seasons. This preference for soybean over cotton indicates the potential use of soybean as a trap crop for attracting stink bugs away from cotton. Additionally, the coordinated use of early- and late-maturing soybean cultivars as a trap crop could minimize the area requiring insecticides, as well as the number of insecticide applications to cotton.

Entomology, Entomologie, Tropical medicine, Médecine tropicale, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Physiologie. Développement, Physiology. Development, Biochimie. Physiologie. Immunologie, Biochemistry. Physiology. Immunology, Arthropoda, Heteroptera, Infection, Infección, Insecta, Invertebrata, Parasitose, Parasitosis, Protozoose, Protozoal disease, Protozoosis, Reduviidae, Relation hôte parasite, Host parasite relation, Relación huesped parásito, Trypanosomiase, Trypanosomiasis, Tripanosomiasis, Communication intraspécifique, Intraspecific communication, Comunicación intraespecífica, Composition chimique, Chemical composition, Composición química, Glande Brindley, Brindley gland, Glándula Brindley, Isobutyrique acide(β-amino), Isobutyric acid(β-amino), Isobutírico ácido(β-amino), Phéromone, Pheromone, Feromona, Réponse défensive, Defensive response, Respuesta defensiva, Sécrétion exocrine, Exocrine secretion, Secreción exocrina, Trypanosomiase américaine, Chagas disease, Tripanosomiasis americana, Vecteur, Vector, and Triatoma lecticularia

The contents of the Brindley's gland of Triatoma lecticularia (Stål) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as isobutyric acid. This compound is found in similar secretions from certain other members of the Triatominae, and is suggested to play a role as a defensive pheromone and for intraspecies communication.

Crystallography, Cristallographie cristallogenèse, Electronics, Electronique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Surfaces et interfaces; couches minces et trichites (structure et propriétés non électroniques), Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties), Propriétés physiques non électroniques de couches minces, Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic, Propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques, Mechanical and acoustical properties, Contrainte compression, Compressive stress, Tensión compresión, Contrainte résiduelle, Residual stresses, Contrainte traction, Tensile stress, Tensión traccíon, Densité énergie, Energy density, Dépôt physique phase vapeur, Physical vapor deposition, Etude théorique, Theoretical study, Faisceau ion, Ion beams, Film, Films, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Relation fabrication propriété, Fabrication property relation, Relación fabricación propiedad, Revêtement, and Coatings

A relative simple model is elaborated for the overall behaviour of the residual stress in a coating layer, grown under continuous bombarding of energetic particles. It concentrates on the transition from tensile to compressive stress under increasing energetic particle flux, a phenomenon frequently observed in experiments. The energy density E in the film is written as a sum of an elastic deformation contribution, and a contribution due to depletion zones between the growing columns. Minimization of E leads to the value of the lateral stress in the film. It is found that the film stress shows a characteristic behaviour on the ratio Jion/Jat (ion to atom flux ratio). Generally, for increasing Jion/Jat the stress will first attain a maximum tensile value, and then will change from tensile to compressive values. Further we find that the maximum tensile stress and the tensile/compressive transition occur at lower Jion/Jat ratios for higher energies of the incoming energetic particles. These findings agree with a number of experimental results.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, Spermatophyta, Age, Edad, Comparaison interspécifique, Interspecific comparison, Comparación interespecífica, Coreidae, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Gousse, Pod, Vaina, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Pentatomidae, Position, Posición, and Vigna unguiculata

Laboratory and screenhouse studies were carried out to assess the relationship between pod age and pod position of cowpea and damage by different pod bug species. The coreids Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stäl and Riptortus dentipes Fabricius caused significant damage to young pods of cultivated genotypes, in contrast to the coreid Anoplocnemis curvipes Fabricius and the pentatomid Aspavia armigera Fabricius which exhibited minor feeding activity. Percent seed damage declined with pod age, the critical stage for pod bug infestation being when pods were about eight days old. Clavigralla tomentosicollis and R. dentipes caused significantly higher damage to pods located within the leaf canopy, thus behaving differently from Anoplocnemis curvipes which showed a distinct preference for pods growing above the leaf canopy. The feeding activity of Aspavia armigera was not affected by the position of pods on the plant. Overall, the study suggests that cowpea genotypes with a short flowering period and pods held above the leaf canopy offer the most promise in the management of pod-sucking pests.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Génétique et amélioration des plantes d'intérêt économique, Genetics and breeding of economic plants, Sélection variétale. Amélioration spéciale, objectifs d'amélioration, Varietal selection. Specialized plant breeding, plant breeding aims, Résistance aux organismes nuisibles, Pest resistance, Déprédateurs, Pest animals, Amélioration génétique, Genetic improvement, Enriquecimiento genético, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Coreidae, Culture tropicale, Tropical crop, Cultivo tropical, Dicotyledones, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Fruit, Fruto, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Plante sauvage, Wild plant, Planta salvaje, Spermatophyta, Comparaison interspécifique, Interspecific comparison, Comparación interespecífica, Cultivar, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Effet dimensionnel, Size effect, Efecto dimensional, Etude en laboratoire, Laboratory study, Estudio en laboratorio, Gousse, Pod, Vaina, Graine, Seeds, Semillas, Infestation, Infestación, Lignée sélection, Breeding line, Línea selección, Mécanisme défense, Defense mechanism, Mecanismo defensa, Ressource génétique, Genetic resource, Recurso genético, Résistance insecte, Insect resistance, Resistencia insecto, Trichome, Tricoma, Vigna unguiculata, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Péricarpe, Pericarp, and Vigna vexillata

Studies were conducted in the laboratory to investigate the different components of the resistance of Vigna vexillata A. Richards, TVnu 72, and several cultivars of cultivated Vigna spp. to infestation and damage by the brown cowpea coreid, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stäl. The main objective was to determine the different roles of the pod wall and seeds, and the relationship between seed size, number, and damage by this insect. Results showed that both the pod wall and seed clearly contribute different components to the resistance of TVnu 72 to C. tomentosicollis. Analysis of the results suggests that the seed defences and the pod wall pericarp may be more important than are trichomes in this resistance. Seed number was found to influence the extent of damage in a more predictable manner than seed size. However, because both of these traits are generally inversely related and mutually exclusive, their individual effects cannot be completely separated. The implications of these traits in a breeding programme targeted at a specific consumer group are discussed.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Surfaces et interfaces; couches minces et trichites (structure et propriétés non électroniques), Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties), Propriétés physiques non électroniques de couches minces, Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic, Propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques, Mechanical and acoustical properties, Coefficient frottement, Friction factor, Dépôt physique phase vapeur, Physical vapor deposition, Essai usure, Wear testing, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Magnétron, Magnetrons, Microstructure, Molybdène sulfure, Molybdenum sulfides, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propriété surface, Surface properties, Revêtement, Coatings, SEM, Tribologie, Tribology, Usure petit débattement, Fretting wear, Desgate pequinio desplazamiento, Usure, and Wear

MoSx coatings were prepared by bipolar pulse DC (balanced and unbalanced) magnetron-sputtering systems. Deposition parameters, cathode current density, argon pressure, bias voltage and magnetron sputtering conditions, were varied in order to obtain low friction and wear-resistant coatings. Composition and surface morphology were determined by energy dispersive X-rays and scanning electron microscopy, while the structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The friction and wear properties were investigated by fretting tests in ambient air of < 10% and 50% relative humidity. On proper selection of the argon pressure and the cathode current density, MoSx coatings characterised by a strong (002) basal plane orientation parallel to the substrate were obtained in a reproducible way. Such coatings deposited under optimised conditions exhibit very good lubricity and high wear-resistance, even in ambient air with a relative humidity of 50%. Conversely, when deposition parameters such as higher argon pressure and larger cathode current density result in the deposition of a MoSx coatings with a needle-like structure and preferential (100) and (110) plane orientations, a lower wear resistance is achieved especially in air of 50% relative humidity. Ion bombardment, achieved by applying a negative voltage bias or unbalanced sputtering conditions, improves the friction and wear performance. Conversely, a positive bias voltage deteriorates the tribological performance of the coatings. Experimental data on the friction and sliding wear resistance for MoSx coatings indicate that the best tribological properties are obtained with low sulfur and featureless MoSx coatings.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Ecology, Ecologie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Terre, ocean, espace, Earth, ocean, space, Sciences de la terre, Earth sciences, Géochimie, Geochemistry, Géochimie des sols et des roches, Soil and rock geochemistry, Formations superficielles, Surficial geology, Quaternaire marin et continental, Marine and continental quaternary, Europe, Europa, Actuel, modern, Actual, Calcium, calcium, Calcio, Carbohydrate, carbohydrates, Matière particulaire, particulate matters, Partícula elemental, Milieu intertidal, intertidal environment, Medio intertidal, Particule, particles, Rhéologie, rheology, Reología, Sorption, sorption, Sorción, Stabilisation, stabilization, Estabilización, Sédimentation estuaire, estuarine sedimentation, Sedimentación estuario, Vasière, mud flats, and Marisma

Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) are considered to play an important role in the stabilization of intertidal mudflats. In this study the role of EPS as a binding agent in intertidal sediments was investigated. For this purpose two EPS fractions (termed coll-SF and EDTA-SF) were isolated from intertidal sediment and characterized in terms of monosaccharide- and size distribution. In slurry addition experiments the sorption characteristics of these EPS-fractions as well as their effect on sediment properties were examined under varying Ca2+-concentrations. Results showed more EDTA-SF adsorbed to the sediment compared to coll-SF. For both fractions more EPS adsorbed to the sediment when Ca2+-concentration increased. This effect was stronger for EDTA-SF. The differences in sorption between the two fractions could not be explained in terms of monosaccharide- and size distribution, which were largely similar. The addition of EPS in the presence or absence of Ca2+ did not alter the rheology of the sediment slurries indicating that there was no effect of EPS on the sediment properties. This contradicts results of experiments with bacterial EPS as well as field observations in which the presence of EPS/ biofilms leads to an increase in the erosion resistance of the sediment. Possible causes for this discrepancy in results are discussed.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Arthropoda, Communication chimique, Chemical communication, Comunicación química, Composé sémiochimique, Semiochemicals, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Attractif, Attractant, Atractivo, Composé volatil, Volatile compound, Compuesto volátil, Pentatomidae, Phéromone sexuelle, Sex pheromone, Feromona sexual, Thyanta pallidovirens, Sex attractant pheromone, Thyanta accerra custator, methyl (E2,Z4,Z6)-decatrienoate, redundant, sesquiterpene, zingiberene β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-curcumene

The male-produced sex pheromone of the red-shouldered stink bug, Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) consists of a blend of methyl (E2,Z4,Z6)-decatrienoate (E2,Z4,Z6-10:COOMe), and the sesquiterpenes (+)-α-curcumene, (-)-zingiberene, and (-)-β-sesquiphellandrene. In laboratory bioassays, sexually mature males attracted sexually mature females but not males, and females did not attract either sex. Extracts of volatiles collected from sexually mature males contained compounds not present in extracts from females or sexually immature males, and male-produced extract was attractive to females. Biological activity was lost when the extract was fractionated, indicating that the pheromone consisted of at least two components having different chemical, properties. Individually, pheromone components were not attractive to females, but E2,Z4,Z6-10:COOMe in combination with at least one of the three male-produced sesquiterpenes was attractive. The presence of more than one sesquiterpene in the blend did not increase attraction, indicating redundancy in the pheromone signal. Male extract was as attractive as a blend reconstructed from synthesized compounds, indicating all biologically active components had been identified. In bioassays conducted at dusk in a 1- x 1- x 1-m screen field cage, females were attracted to synthetic pheromone lures. In field trials, adult female T pallidovirens were attracted to pheromone-baited traps in relatively low numbers. The profile of volatiles released by sexually mature males of a congeneric species, Thyanta accerra custator McAtee, was remarkably similar to that of male T pallidovirens, with the exception that the former species produced (E)-2-decenal, a compound that was not found in T. pallidovirens extracts.

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Végétaux et champignons, Plants and fungi, Synécologie, Synecology, Ecosystèmes marins, Sea water ecosystems, Algae, Bacillariophyta, Facteur photique, Light effect, Factor fótico, Heterokontophyta, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Thallophyta, Eclairement énergétique, Irradiance, Aclaramiento energético, Extracellulaire, Extracellular, Extracelular, Photosynthèse, Photosynthesis, Fotosíntesis, Phytobenthos, Fitobentos, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Productivité biologique, Biological productivity, Productividad biológica, Cylindrotheca closterium, Extracellular polymeric substances, Microphytobenthos, and P/E curves

The partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) into different fractions of intracellular and extracellular C pools by an axenic culture of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) and a field sample of natural benthic diatoms was studied using short-term incubation with 14C at different irradiances. Hence, excretion was directly dependent on the level of irradiance. During the incubations, a comparable amount of about 70 and 75% of the fixed C, respectively, was excreted by the culture and the field sample. This excreted C was distinguished in 2 operational fractions of attached (closely bound to the cells) and colloidal (soluble) material. In the field sample, the percentage of excreted C decreased at irradiances higher than 300 pmol photons m-2 s-1, but it was constant for the culture over the whole range of different irradiances applied. The percentage of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the attached and colloidal material, as obtained by ethanol precipitation, was constant over the range of the provided irradiances for both samples. Subsamples of natural benthic diatoms were treated with an antibiotic cocktail in order to exclude bacterial activity which resulted in unexpected higher values of incorporated C in the fractions of total C, intracellular C, colloidal C and EPS.

General chemistry, physical chemistry, Chimie générale, chimie physique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Surfaces et interfaces; couches minces et trichites (structure et propriétés non électroniques), Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties), Structure et morphologie de couches minces, Thin film structure and morphology, Structure et morphologie; épaisseur, Structure and morphology; thickness, Diffraction RX, XRD, Dépôt physique phase vapeur, Physical vapor deposition, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Frottement, Friction, Magnétron, Magnetrons, Microscopie électronique balayage, Scanning electron microscopy, Microstructure, Molybdène sulfure, Molybdenum sulfides, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Pulvérisation irradiation, Sputtering, Revêtement, Coatings, Tribologie, Tribology, Usure, and Wear

MoSx coatings were prepared with an unbalanced DC magnetron-sputtering system by varying the DC power mode, target type and liquid nitrogen trap. The composition and surface morphology were examined by energy dispersive X-ray and scanning electron microscopy; structural characterization was determined by X-ray diffraction. The friction and wear properties were evaluated with a fretting tester in dry (< 10% relative humidity) and humid (50% and 90% relative humidity) air. MoSx coatings deposited by simple DC power tended to form rougher surfaces, and had a higher edge orientation of crystallites with worse tribological performance than those by bipolar pulsed DC power. MoSx coatings made by a cold pressed target had a lower deposition rate, and were inclined to form (002) basal orientations parallel to the surface especially at higher argon pressures. The contents of oxygen and carbon in the MoSx coating with the use of liquid nitrogen trap were greatly reduced, but MoSx coatings had lower coefficients of friction and shorter wear life at higher relative humidity. The role of these deposition variables in the formation process is discussed.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Ecology, Ecologie, Geology, Géologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie microbienne, Microbial ecology, Milieux divers (espace extraatmosphérique, air, eau), Various environments (extraatmospheric space, air, water), Bactérie, Bacteria, Article synthèse, Review, Artículo síntesis, Cyanobacteria, Cycle biogéochimique, Biogeochemical cycle, Ciclo biogeoquímico, Diazotrophie, Diazotrophy, Diazotrofía, Fixation azote, Nitrogen fixation, Fijación nitrogeno, Milieu marin, Marine environment, Medio marino, Océan, Ocean, Océano, and Trichodesmium

The surface water of the marine environment has traditionally been viewed as a nitrogen (N) limited habitat, and this has guided the development of conceptual biogeochemical models focusing largely on the reservoir of nitrate as the critical source of N to sustain primary productivity. However, selected groups of Bacteria, including cyanobacteria, and Archaea can utilize dinitrogen (N2) as an alternative N source. In the marine environment, these microorganisms can have profound effects on net community production processes and can impact the coupling of C-N-P cycles as well as the net oceanic sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As one component of an integrated 'Nitrogen Transport and Transformations' project, we have begun to re-assess our understanding of (I) the biotic sources and rates of N2 fixation in the world's oceans, (2) the major controls on rates of oceanic N2 fixation, (3) the significance of this N2 fixation for the global carbon cycle and (4) the role of human activities in the alteration of oceanic N2 fixation. Preliminary results indicate that rates of N2 fixation, especially in subtropical and tropical open ocean habitats, have a major role in the global marine N budget. Iron (Fe) bioavailability appears to be an important control and is, therefore, critical in extrapolation to global rates of N2 fixation. Anthropogenic perturbations may alter N2 fixation in coastal environments through habitat destruction and eutrophication, and open ocean N2 fixation may be enhanced by warming and increased stratification of the upper water column. Global anthropogenic and climatic changes may also affect N2 fixation rates, for example by altering dust inputs (i.e. Fe) or by expansion of subtropical boundaries. Some recent estimates of global ocean N2 fixation are in the range of 100-200 Tg N (1-2 x 1014 g N) yr-1, but have large uncertainties. These estimates are nearly an order of magnitude greater than historical, pre-1980 estimates, but approach modern estimates of oceanic denitrification.

Marine biology, limnology, Biologie marine, limnologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Oceanography, Océanographie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Synécologie, Synecology, Ecosystèmes saumâtres, Brackish water ecosystems, Milieu saumâtre, Brackish water environment, Medio salobre, Estuaire, Estuaries, Estuario, Etude comparative, Comparative study, Estudio comparativo, Extracellulaire, Extracellular, Extracelular, Glucide, Carbohydrate, Glúcido, Phytobenthos, Fitobentos, Répartition spatiale, Spatial distribution, Distribución espacial, Vasière, Mud flats, Fondo fangoso, Zone intertidale, Intertidal zone, Zona intertidal, Ems-Dollard estuary, Extracellular carbohydrate, Grain size distribution, Humber estuary, Marennes-Oléron Bay, Microphytobenthos, Monosaccharide distribution, and Tidal flats

In this study, the spatial distribution of two operationally defined extracellular carbohydrate fractions (water- and EDTA-extractable carbohydrates) were examined in three intertidal mudflats in Western Europe (Dollard, the Netherlands; Marennes, France; Humber, UK). The three mudflats were sampled along cross-shore transects and sediment cores were sliced to a depth of 5 cm. In these mudflats diatoms were the dominant component of the microphytobenthos. Carbohydrate content showed little variation with depth but varied along transects within each mudflat. Carbohydrate contents were also significantly different between mudflats and the carbohydrate contents of the stations within a mudflat grouped together resulting in separate clusters. This was also observed when the Marennes mudflat was investigated on a temporal scale. These results suggest that processes that act on the scale of whole mudflats determine the variations in extracellular carbohydrate contents In the surface 0.5 cm of the sediment, water-extractable carbohydrates showed a correlation with both chlorophyll a content and median grain size while EDTA-extractable carbohydrates were only correlated with median grain size. Incubation experiments also showed the importance of microphytobenthos as a source of extracellular carbohydrate especially when subjected to the light. Analyses of the monosaccharide distribution of the carbohydrate fractions revealed that the carbohydrate composition was largely similar between the areas investigated. Structurally. the carbohydrates found in these sediments seem to represent a biorefractory part of the freshly produced carbohydrates that remained after rapid degradation of the mare labile component.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, and Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology

The effects of secondary metabolites in different Vigna species on the development of Clavigralla tomentosicollis were investigated in an artificial seed system using different fractions of crude pod extracts, while the orientation response of this pod-bug to volatile extracts was studied using a dual-choice olfactometer. Feeding on the neutral fraction extracts, in contrast to the basic and acidic fractions, resulted in significantly higher mortalities, longer total developmental time, and lower growth index of the insects in comparison with controls. All volatile extracts elicited an avoidance reaction by C. tomentosicollis, except the volatile from the susceptible genotype IT84S-2246 which generally attracted as many insects as controls. Extracts from wild Vigna species showed higher activity than those from their cultivated relatives. The present study which has established that most secondary metabolites in cowpea pods were localized in the neutral fraction of the crude extract, could facilitate experiments on the separation and characterization of the toxic factors involved.

Mechanical engineering, Génie mécanique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Domaines interdisciplinaires: science des materiaux; rheologie, Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology, Science des matériaux, Materials science, Essais sur les matériaux, Materials testing, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Genie mecanique. Construction mecanique, Mechanical engineering. Machine design, Métrologie industrielle. Contrôle, Industrial metrology. Testing, Contrôle non destructif: méthodes et appareillages, Non-destructive testing: methods and equipments, Acier électrique, Electric furnace steel, Acero horno eléctrico, Conversion onde, Wave conversion, Conversión onda, Dispositif électromagnétique, Electromagnetic devices, Effet Barkhausen, Barkhausen effect, Effet champ magnétique, Magnetic field effects, En ligne, On line, En línea, Essai courant Foucault, Eddy current testing, Essai non destructif, Nondestructive testing, Essai perte magnétique, Magnetic leakage field testing, Control pérdida magnética, Fer, Iron, Grosseur grain, Grain size, Joint grain, Grain boundaries, Mesure électrique, Electrical measurement, Medida eléctrica, Métrologie, Metrology, Processus fabrication, Production process, Proceso fabricación, Procédé fabrication, Manufacturing processes, Visualisation, and Visualization

The results of investigation of the relation between the grain size in the intermediate stages of manufacturing electrical steel and various physical characteristics are given. The investigations are carried out for the purpose of clarifying the possibility of using these characteristics for arranging nondestructive testing of the grain size in the process of steel manufacturing. The paper contains the results of tests performed with the use of the methods of measuring the leakage magnetic fields on the grain boundaries by means of yttrium iron garnet films employed for visualization of the magnetic fields, the Barkhausen effect, the ultrasonic and eddy-current methods, the electromagnetic-acoustic conversion (EMAC) method, and the use of the relation between the grain size and the value of the coercive force.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Ecology, Ecologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Facteur milieu, Environmental factor, Factor medio, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Spermatophyta, Coreidae, Défoliation, Defoliation, Defoliación, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Feuille végétal, Plant leaf, Hoja vegetal, Gousse, Pod, Vaina, Infestation, Infestación, Structure, Estructura, Température, Temperature, Temperatura, Vigna unguiculata, Anoplocnemis curvipes, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, canopy temperature, defoliation, and pod position

Potted cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., plants were used to determine the effects of defoliation and pod position relative to the leaf canopy on infestation and damage by the coreid pod-bugs Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and Anoplocnemis curvipes (F.). Temperature measurements were taken within and outside the canopy to determine whether there was a correlation to seed damage. Seed damage decreased significantly with increasing defoliation in plants infested with C. tomentosicollis; an inverse trend was observed with A. curvipes. Temperatures within the canopy increased as the number of leaves decreased. As observed in the defoliation experiment, C. tomentosicollis and A. curvipes reacted differently in a free-choice situation between pods located outside or within the canopy. Significantly higher numbers of C. tomentosicollis concealed themselves within the canopy, where they caused more severe damage to seeds, in comparison with numbers and damage outside the canopy. These trends were reversed for A. curvipes. There was a significant negative correlation between percentage of seed damage and temperature with C. tomentosicollis, and a significant positive correlation with A. curvipes, both in defoliated plants and those with pods distributed outside and within the canopy. Overall, plants with less dense canopy, and long peduncles holding pods outside the canopy showed some resistance to C. tomentosicollis, which is the most damaging pod bug on cowpea. Because such cowpea plants harbor fewer C. tomentosicollis, they are likely to suffer less overall damage from infestation by the complex of pod bugs that occur concurrently in cowpea fields.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte chimique, Chemical control, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Gramineae, Invertebrata, Monocotyledones, Pesticide, Pesticides, Plaguicida, Plante céréalière, Cereal crop, Planta cerealista, Spermatophyta, Zone tropicale, Tropical zone, Zona tropical, Date de plantation, Planting date, Fecha de plantación, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Fertilisation azotée, Nitrogen fertilization, Fertilización nitrogenada, Infestation, Infestación, Insecta, Insecticide, Insecticida, Irrigation, Irrigación, Lutte antidéprédateur, Pest management, Manejo de plagas, Lutte chimique, Chemical control, Lucha química, Oryza sativa, Prise décision, Decision making, Toma decision, Rendement, Yield, Rendimiento, Résistance insecte, Insect resistance, Resistencia insecto, Seuil intervention, Action threshold, Umbral tratamiento, Pest control, colonisation pattern, decision making, insecticides, irrigated rice, nitrogen fertilisation, plant tolerance, planting date, and yield loss

Action thresholds as decision tools for insecticide application were developed and tested against the major insect pests of rice at four sites in the Philippines over a 13-year period. Action threshold treatments were compared to the farmers' practice, prophylactic insecticide usage, and an untreated check. Yield loss data using the insecticide check method partitioned yield losses over three crop growth stages in the same test fields. Chronic pests that exceeded action thresholds in 79% of fields were whorl maggot Hydrellia philippina Ferino (Diptera: Ephydridae), defoliators Naranga senescens Moore and Rivula atimeta (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) and Marasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and stemborers Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and S. innotata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Minor chronic pests reached threshold levels in only one site each: rice bug Leptocorisa oratorius (F.) (Koronadal), whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Zaragoza) and green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Guimba); brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) did not exceed a threshold in any field. Stemborers were the most important pest group in terms of yield loss. Despite the insecticide check method underestimating losses, a mean crop loss of 0.62 t/ha was measured which showed ample scope for corrective action. But loss was evenly distributed across crop growth stages (0.15 0.24 t/ha) reducing the impact of insecticides. Action threshold treatments overall outyielded the untreated check, more so in the two sites with highest pest density. The benefit of thresholds was to reduce insecticide usage, as a cost saving. However all the practices showed poor economic returns including the farmers' practice. Farmers' practice employed low insecticide dosages and timing was not consistent with pest damage, but yields were often similar to threshold treatments. Farmers appear to use insecticide more for risk aversion than for profit. The best threshold characters when evaluated against resulting pest density and yield loss criteria showed accuracies > 90% correct decisions. Future work is needed to improve the insecticide response rather than monitoring tools. Thresholds need to be incorporated into improved crop management, which was often found suboptimal by farmers, to take advantage of the high levels of tolerance in modern high tillering cultivars. Crop husbandry practices which improve yield potential such as selection of longer maturing varieties and nitrogen fertilizer may be a more effective pest management strategy than insecticides.

Medical oncology, Cancérologie, Medical laboratory techniques, Techniques de laboratoire médical, General medicine general surgery, Médecine et chirurgie générales, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Gynecologie. Andrologie. Obstetrique, Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics, Pathologie de la glande mammaire, Mammary gland diseases, Tumeurs, Tumors, Techniques d'exploration et de diagnostic (generalites), Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects), Anatomopathologie. Exploration cytologique. Biochimie. Spectrométries. Méthodes cliniques et paracliniques diverses, Pathology. Cytology. Biochemistry. Spectrometry. Miscellaneous investigative techniques, Glande mammaire pathologie, Mammary gland diseases, Glándula mamaria patología, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, Tumor maligno, Adjuvant, Coadyuvante, Anatomopathologie, Anatomic pathology, Anatomía patológica, Essai clinique, Clinical trial, Ensayo clínico, Paramètre, Parameter, Parámetro, Préménopause, Premenopause, Premenopausia, Tamoxifène, Tamoxifene, Tamoxifeno, Cancer sein, Breast cancer, and Cáncer pecho

Background: Subgroups of breast cancer that have an impaired response to endocrine treatment, despite hormone receptor positivity, are still poorly defined. Breast cancer can be subdivided according to standard pathological parameters including histological type, grade, and assessment of proliferation. These parameters are the net result of combinations of genetic alterations effecting tumour behaviour and could potentially reflect subtypes that respond differently to endocrine treatment. Aims: To investigate the usefulness of these parameters as predictors of the response to tamoxifen in premenopausal women with breast cancer. Materials/methods: Clinically established pathological parameters were assessed and related to the tamoxifen response in 500 available tumour specimens from 564 premenopausal patients with breast cancer randomised to either two years of tamoxifen or no treatment with 14 years of follow up. Proliferation was further evaluated by immunohistochemical Ki-67 expression. Results: Oestrogen receptor positive ductal carcinomas responded as expected to tamoxifen, whereas the difference in recurrence free survival between control and tamoxifen treated patients was less apparent in the relatively few lobular carcinomas. For histological grade, there was no obvious difference in treatment response between the groups. The relation between proliferation and tamoxifen response seemed to be more complex, with a clear response in tumours with high and low proliferation, whereas tumours with intermediate proliferation defined by Ki-67 responded more poorly. Conclusions: Clinically established pathology parameters seem to mirror the endocrine treatment response and could potentially be valuable in future treatment decisions for patients with breast cancer.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Végétaux et champignons, Plants and fungi, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Relation animal végétal, Animal plant relation, Relación animal vegetal, Spermatophyta, Coreidae, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Gousse, Pod, Vaina, Histopathologie, Histopathology, Histopatología, Plante hôte, Host plant, Planta huesped, Tissu végétal, Plant tissue, Tejido vegetal, and Vigna unguiculata

Histological studies were conducted on cowpea pods fed upon by the coreoid pod-sucking bugs, Anoplocnemis curvipes (Fabricius), Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal, C. shadabi Dolling, Riptortus dentipes (Fabricius) and Mirperus jaculus (Thunberg). Various degrees of tissue and cellular disruption were apparent, especially in the brachysclereids. They were manifested in terms of plasmolysis, cell enlargement and cell wall disintegration depending on the coreoid species involved. The feeding site and its periphery had all the cells of the brachysclereids plasmolysed, with the parenchyma having broken cell walls in the case of A. curvipes. Riptortus dentipes and M. jaculus showed similar patterns of feeding activity but less extensive levels of damage. The Clavigralla spp., however, caused cell enlargement in the brachysclereids, and broken cell walls in both the brachysclereids and the parenchyma. Damage symptoms were observed in cells far away from the feeding sites of the bugs, suggesting the possibility of sucrase activity which has been reported to cause osmotic pump feeding in the Coreidae.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Vecteurs d'importance medicale, nuisances, depredateurs des denrees et materiaux: surveillance des populations et lutte, Medically important nuisances and vectors, pests of stored products and materials: population survey and control, Vecteurs. Hôtes intermédaires, Vectors. Intermediate hosts, Arthropoda, Heteroptera, Infection, Infección, Insecta, Invertebrata, Parasitose, Parasitosis, Protozoose, Protozoal disease, Protozoosis, Reduviidae, Trypanosomiase, Trypanosomiasis, Tripanosomiasis, Fitness, Adecuación, Rhodnius prolixus, Surveillance population, Population survey, Vigilancia población, Trypanosomiase américaine, Chagas disease, Tripanosomiasis americana, Vecteur, Vector, Triatominae, biodemography, cost of reproduction, and tradeoff

Rhodnius prolixus Stal (Reduviidae: Rhodninii) is one of the most important vectors of Chagas disease. As a result of its medical importance, several life history studies have been carried out, but in general with a restricted demographical scope, without assessing the potential tradeoffs in the life history of this insect. In this study, individuals of R. prolixus were kept in two spatially different habitats and several fitness components were measured. The results show that life expectancy in adults is negatively correlated with gross fecundity, indicating a cost of reproduction. Life expectancy is shorter for males arid longer for individuals of the same sex in the more complex habitat, where the fitness is lower compared with that of the simpler habitat.

Ecology, Ecologie, Environment, Environnement, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie animale et végétale, Animal and plant ecology, Autoécologie, Autoecology, Animaux, Animals, Protozoa. Invertebrata, Arthropoda, Composé sémiochimique, Semiochemicals, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Pentatomidae, Allomone, Alomona, Analyse chimique, Chemical analysis, Análisis químico, Attractif, Attractant, Atractivo, Mâle, Male, Macho, Phéromone sexuelle, Sex pheromone, Feromona sexual, Structure chimique, Chemical structure, Estructura química, Tibraca limbativentris, (1RS, 4RS, 1'5)-4-(1', 5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)- 1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol, Semiochemical, allomone, and zingiberenol

The male-produced sex pheromone from the Brazilian rice stalk stink bug Tibraca limbativentris is reported. Olfactometer bioassays with sexually mature males and females showed that males attracted females, which suggests that males release a sex pheromone. Males were not attracted to either sex, nor were females attractive to conspecific females. Attraction of the females to males was highest at night. The headspace volatiles collected from male and female bugs were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Two male-specific compounds were identified as isomers of 1 'S'-zingiberenol, whereas a series of defensive compounds were identified in extracts from both sexes. Zingiberenol has three chiral centers, and the nonselective syntheses used produced two groups of isomers, zingiberenol I containing four isomers, namely (1RS,4RS, 1 'R)-4-( 1 ',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol, and zingiberenol II containing the other four isomers, namely (1RS,4RS,1'S)-4-(l',5'-dimethylhex-4'-enyl)-1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol. Both groups of stereoisomers were more attractive than hexane controls. The absolute configuration of the insect-produced pheromonal components remains to be elucidated, but the 1'S' stereochemistry was established for at least one of the isomers.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Généralités, Generalities, Angiospermae, Arbre forestier feuillu, Hardwood forest tree, Arbol forestal frondoso, Arthropoda, Cicadomorpha, Dicotyledones, Gramineae, Homoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Meliaceae, Monocotyledones, Plante médicinale, Medicinal plant, Planta medicinal, Plante pesticide, Pesticide crop, Planta plaguicida, Plante sucrière, Sugar plant, Planta azucarera, Spermatophyta, Azadirachta indica, Cercopidae, Saccharum officinarum, Mahanarva fimbriolata, NeemAzal, Nimkol, neem aqueous extract, and sugarcane

The effect of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, on some biological parameters of Mahanarva fimbriolata (StÅl) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) was studied in the laboratory by using NeemAzal-T/S, Nimkol-LS, and an aqueous neem seed extract. Initially, the LC50 was estimated for nymphs. Later, nymphs fed on sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L., roots were sprayed with the respective LC50 for each product. The adults were maintained in cages on sugarcane plants sprayed at the base with the maximum rate recommended commercially for the crop (3 liter/ha). Moistened cotton discs surrounding the base of the plant were used as oviposition substrates. The LC50 values estimated for NeemAzal, Nimkol, and aqueous extract were 0.014, 0.225, and 0.611%, respectively. There was a reduction in spittlebug longevity, regardless of sex, in relation to the control. Males exposed to the neem products, and aqueous extract showed longevity reductions of ≈50%, whereas for females the reductions were 55- 60%. The neem products and extract reduced fecundity by 75- 85%. Morphological and physiological changes were observed in 9% of the eggs from individuals submitted to NeemAzal. Neem-based products, especially NeemAzal, have potential for the control of M. fimbriolata.

Medical laboratory techniques, Techniques de laboratoire médical, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Physiologie vegetale et developpement, Plant physiology and development, Généralités, méthodes, General aspects, methods, Métabolisme, Metabolism, Réserves et sécrétions, pigments, phytochrome, Storage and secretion, pigments, phytochrome, Algae, Heterokontophyta, Thallophyta, Analyse statistique, Statistical analysis, Análisis estadístico, Arbre phylogénétique, Phylogenetic tree, Arbol filogenético, Bacillariophyta, Biofilm, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Spectrométrie masse, Mass spectrometry, Espectrometría masa, Sécrétion, Secretion, Secreción, Benthic diatoms, EPS, Extracellular polymeric substances, and ToF-SIMS

Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to study compositional characteristics of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) and compared these to characteristics of the EPS-matrix of intact diatom biofilms. Three benthic diatoms species were investigated, Cylindrotheca closterium, Navicula mutica and Nitzschia cf. brevissima. Comparison of the ToF-SIMS spectra of sequentially extracted EPS-fractions by cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) indicated that soluble and bound EPS were not distinguishable based on their ion spectra. On the contrary the water insoluble bicarbonate soluble (WIBS)-EPS-fraction formed a distinct cluster showing that this material was compositionally different from the other EPS-fractions. Ion spectra of the EPS-fractions were dissimilar to results obtained from intact biofilms. This suggested that during the extraction procedure, the structure of the EPS irreversibly changed, which alters the fragmentation patterns of the extracellular surface layer. Furthermore, from the examination of the positive ion spectra it was shown that the overall composition of EPS in the intact biofilms was different between diatom species. In spite of these differences, several common peak patterns were shared between different species. This suggests the presence of common structural components in the EPS of these diatoms that may play a role in building the surface EPS-layer.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Animal sciences, zootechny, veterinary medicine, Sciences animales, zootechnie, médecine vétérinaire, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Méthodes. Procédés. Technologies, Methods. Procedures. Technologies, Techniques génétiques, Genetic technics, Génie génétique, Genetic engineering, Animaux et plantes transgéniques, Transgenic animals and transgenic plants, Plantes transgéniques, Transgenic plants, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Génétique et amélioration des plantes d'intérêt économique, Genetics and breeding of economic plants, Amélioration et sélection: aspects fondamentaux et méthodologiques, Plant breeding: fundamental aspects and methodology, Applications du génie génétique, Genetic engineering applications, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Biotecnología, Chalcidoidea, Dicotyledones, Hymenoptera, Insecta, Lutte phytosanitaire, Pest and disease control, Lucha fitosanitaria, Malvaceae, Pesticide, Pesticides, Plaguicida, Plante à fibres, Fiber crop, Planta de fibras, Spermatophyta, Trichogrammatidae, Agriculture, Agricultura, Communauté animale, Animal community, Comunidad animal, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Effet non intentionnel, Non target effect, Efecto no intencional, Gossypium, Génie génétique, Genetic engineering, Ingeniería genética, Insecticide, Insecticida, Invertebrata, Lutte antidéprédateur, Pest management, Manejo de plagas, Lutte intégrée, Integrated pest management, Manejo integrado de plagas, Organisme génétiquement modifié, Genetically modified organism, Organismo modificado genéticamente, Plante transgénique, Transgenic plant, Planta transgénica, Transformation génétique, Genetic transformation, Transformación genética, Trichogramma, 1PM, Australia, GMO, beneficials, and pests

A new transgenic cotton producing the Vegetative Insecticidal Protein (Vip) is being developed to control Lepidopteran pests, especially Helicoverpa larvae. Before its introduction its efficacy against Helicoverpa larvae under field conditions needs to be confirmed, and any non-target effects it may have on the arthropod community need to be identified. We conducted field trials to compare the arthropod community in unsprayed conventional (Sicala 40) and Vip (Coker 312 Vip3A, event 102) cotton using visual searches, beatsheets, and suction samplers at 2 sites in Australia. At both sites, Vip controlled Helicoverpa larvae leading to much higher boll counts. There were no major differences in either species richness or diversity of the beneficial and non-target communities between Vip and conventional cotton, although cotton cultivar accounted for 2-7% of the variance in arthropod communities. There was no detrimental effect of Vip cotton on egg parasitoids. The number of predatory beetles and the pest mirid Creotiades dilutus (StÅl) was higher in the Vip, although the increase in minds was probably the result of more food (bolls) in the Vip crop. In a small plot experiment, we found higher numbers of whitefly in Vip, but this may be driven by differences in leaf hair between the cotton cultivars. Vip cotton appeared to have little effect on the arthropod community other than on Helicoverpa. As such it has the potential to be a useful tool in the management of Helicoverpa and may relieve resistance pressure on existing Bt cultivars (transgenic cotton containing genes for insecticidal Cry proteins), thereby increasing the durability of both technologies.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Signalements, symptômes, dégâts, importance économique, surveillance des populations, Records, symptoms, damages, economic importance, population surveys, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Leguminosae, Spermatophyta, Analyse quantitative, Quantitative analysis, Análisis cuantitativo, Comparaison interspécifique, Interspecific comparison, Comparación interespecífica, Dégât, Damage, Estrago, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Gousse, Pod, Vaina, Légumineuse grain, Grain legume, Leguminosa grano, Rendement, Yield, Rendimiento, Vigna unguiculata, Anoplocnemis curvipes, Clavigralla shadabi, Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Mirperus jaculus, and Riptortus dentipes

Feeding 'trials were conducted on three (young, mid-fill and mature) developmental stages of cowpea Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata pods in the screenhouse using fourth instar nymphs and adults of Anoplocnemis curvipes (Fabricius), Riptortus dentipes (Fabricius), Mirperus jaculus (Thunberg), Clavigralla tomentosicollis StÅl and C. shadabi Dolling. Anoplocnemis curvipes was observed to be the most damaging coreoid species causing a yield reduction of 26.4-51.7% followed by R. dentipes (24.4-29.4%), M. jaculus (21.9-26.9%), C. tomentosicollis (17.9-22.4%) and C. shadabi (15.9-20.4%). The fourth instar nymphs of each pod-sucking bug species caused a significantly higher cowpea yield reduction than their respective adults. Similarly, infestation on young pods compared to mid-fill and mature stages resulted in significantly higher yield reduction. The results suggest that infestation levels of two fourth instar nymphs of A. curvipes or three fourth instar nymphs of the other four pod-sucking bug species per young pod should be adequate for screening of cowpea varieties for resistance to the coreoid bugs.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Bactéries phytopathogènes, Bacterial plant pathogens, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Bactérie, Bacteria, Dicotyledones, Homoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Mollicutes, Phytopathogène, Plant pathogen, Fitopatógeno, Plante à tubercule, Tuber plant, Planta con tubérculo, Solanaceae, Spermatophyta, Agriculture, Agricultura, Cicadellidae, Cicadomorpha, Dynamique population, Population dynamics, Dinámica población, Phytoplasme, Phytoplasma, Fitoplasma, Pomme de terre, Potato, Patata, Solanum tuberosum, Variation saisonnière, Seasonal variation, Variación estacional, Vecteur, Vector, Alaska, Leafhoppers, and Phytoplasma vectors

Leafhopper transmitted phytoplasma diseases are an emerging problem for potato and vegetable producers in the conterminous US. Due to its geographical isolation and climatic constraints, Alaska is considered relatively free of diseases and insect pests; therefore growers in the state are exploring the potential of producing seed potato for export. However, the biology of agricultural insect pests in the circumpolar region is lacking or poorly understood. Research conducted from 2004 to 2006 in the main potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production areas of Alaska resulted in the identification of 41 leafhopper species associated with agricultural settings. Twenty species were identified from sweep net samples and adhesive cards in association with potato. Two species, Davisonia snowi (Dorst) and Macrosteles fascifrons (StÅl), made up approximately 60% of the total number of individuals collected, representing 34 and 26%, respectively. Both species, M. fascifrons and D. snowi generally arrived in fields by late May to early June and numbers peaked by late June to July, but in all years M fascifrons populations peaked earlier than D. snowi. Twenty-three percent of the specimens were immature or could not be identified. Three of the species collected [Balclutha punctata (Fabricius), M. fascifrons, and Scaphytopius acutus (Say)] are known vectors of phytoplasmas of potatoes and other agricultural crops or have the potential to cause mechanical damage to potatoes. This report represents the first extensive study of cicadellids from potatoes in Alaska.

Hygiene and public health, epidemiology, occupational medicine, Hygiène et santé publique, épidémiologie, médecine du travail, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Pathologie de l'appareil digestif, Digestive diseases, Aparato digestivo patología, Aliment, Food, Alimento, Epidémiologie, Epidemiology, Epidemiología, Homme, Human, Hombre, Intoxication alimentaire, Food poisoning, Intoxicación alimentaria, Microbiologie, Microbiology, and Microbiología

The Belgian data for foodborne norovirus (NoV) outbreaks became available for the first time with the introduction of an extraction and detection protocol for NoV in the National Reference Laboratory for foodborne outbreaks in September 2006. In 2007, 10 NoV foodborne outbreaks were reported affecting 392 persons in Belgium. NoV became the most detected agent in foodborne outbreaks followed by Salmonella (eight foodborne outbreaks). The major implicated foods were sandwiches (4/10), where food handlers reported a history of gastroenteritis in two outbreaks. A food handler was implicated in the limited number of Belgian NoV outbreaks which is in accord with internationally recorded data. Forty foodborne and waterborne outbreak events due to NoV, epidemiological and/or laboratory confirmed, from 2000 to 2007 revealed that in 42.5 % of the cases the food handler was responsible for the outbreak, followed by water (27·5%), bivalve shellfish (17·5%) and raspberries (10·0%).

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Dicotyledones, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Plante légumière, Vegetable crop, Hortalizas (plantas), Solanaceae, Spermatophyta, Animal auxiliaire, Beneficial animal, Animal benéfico, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Habitat, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Lycopersicon esculentum, Pentatomidae, Plante sauvage, Wild plant, Planta salvaje, Tomate, Tomato, Hemiptera, Thyanta, Euschistus conspersus, Lobularia maritima, Thyanta pallidovirens, conservation biological control, consperse stink bug, pest habitat, and red shouldered stink bug

We investigated the effects of weed hosts on stink bug density and damage (Euschistus conspersus Uhler and Thyanta pallidovirens Stal), and a nectar bearing plant on natural enemies of stink bugs in the Sacramento Valley of California. Stink bug density and fruit damage were evaluated in processing tomatoes adjacent to weedy and cultivated borders. The density of E. conspersus was significantly greater in tomatoes adjacent to weedy borders in July but not during August/September. Thyanta pallid-ovirens was less abundant overall (19%), but was found in significantly greater densities adjacent to cultivated borders in July but not in August/September. Mean percent fruit damage by stink bugs was greater adjacent to the weedy border than the cultivated border, but this difference was not significant. Stink bug egg parasitism and generalist predator density were evaluated in fresh market tomatoes adjacent to a sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima L.) border and an unplanted control border at three sites. Egg parasitism was significantly greater in the alyssum treatment for the 9―12 September sampling period. Jalysus wickhami VanDuzee (Hemiptera: Berytidae) density was significantly greater in the alyssum treatment in mid-June. No other significant differences in predator populations were detected. Results of these two studies show that habitat manipulations have the potential to reduce densities of E. conspersus in tomato, the first step in developing a farmscape management plan for stink bug control.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Généralités, Generalities, Arthropoda, Composé sémiochimique, Semiochemicals, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Pentatomidae, Phéromone agrégation, Aggregation pheromone, Feromona agregación, aggregation pheromone, methyl (2E,6E)-farnesoate, methyl (E)-5-2,6,10-trimethyl-5,9-undecadienoate, methyl (E)-6-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate, and methyl geranate

In field trials, adult Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of both sexes were caught in significant numbers in cylindrical screen traps baited with gray rubber septum lures loaded with the main component of the male-produced pheromone, methyl (E)-6-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate. Addition of the two possible minor components of the pheromone, methyl (E)-5-2,6,10-trimethyl-5,9-undecadienoate and methyl (2E,6E) -farnesoate, did not affect attraction. Combining the pheromone with different concentrations of volatiles mimicking the odors of a known host plant, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), had no significant effect on attraction of adult bugs, whereas combining the pheromone with the pheromones of two sympatric stink bug species, Chlorochroa sayi (Stål) and Euschistus conspersus Uhler, decreased trap captures, suggesting interference between the pheromones. Small numbers of Chlorochroa ligata (Say) adults also were attracted, but numbers caught were too low to allow statistical comparisons between lure blends. In field trials with C. sayi, all three of the male-specific pheromone compounds [methyl geranate, methyl citronellate, and methyl (E) -6-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate] were required for optimal attraction. As with C. uhleri, adults of both sexes were attracted to pheromone lures in approximately equal numbers. Because of the decreased volatility (=release rate) of methyl (E)-6-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate in comparison with the other two, lower molecular weight pheromone components, lures needed to be loaded with a disproportionately high amount of methyl (E)-6-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate to obtain the best trap catch. There was no indication that the pheromone components of C. uhleri or E. conspersus interfered with the attractiveness of the C. sayi pheromone in lures containing a blend of all three pheromones.

Plant biology and physiology, Biologie et physiologie végétales, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Physiologie vegetale et developpement, Plant physiology and development, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Delphacidae, Enzyme, Enzima, Fulgoromorpha, Gramineae, Homoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Monocotyledones, Spermatophyta, Bactérie, Bacteria, Hydroperoxyde, Hydroperoxide, Hidroperóxido, Lyases, Oryza sativa, Résistance induite, Induced resistance, Resistencia inducida, Sogatella furcifera, (2E,6Z)-nonadienal, (E)-2-hexenal, C6 volatiles, hydroperoxide lyase, and induced resistance

A pre-infestation of the white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horváth, conferred resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under both laboratory and field conditions. The infestation of another planthopper species, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål, did not significantly reduce the incidence of bacterial blight symptoms. A large-scale screening using a rice DNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that WBPH infestation caused the upregulation of more defence-related genes than did BPH infestation. Hydroperoxide lyase 2 (OsHPL2), an enzyme for producing C6 volatiles, was upregulated by WBPH infestation, but not by BPH infestation. One C6 volatile, (E)-2-hexenal, accumulated in rice after WBPH infestation, but not after BPH infestation. A direct application of (E)-2-hexenal to a liquid culture of Xoo inhibited the growth of the bacterium. Furthermore, a vapour treatment of rice plants with (E)-2-hexenal induced resistance to bacterial blight. OsHPL2-overexpressing transgenic rice plants exhibited increased resistance to bacterial blight. Based on these data, we conclude that OsHPL2and its derived (E)-2-hexenal play some role in WBPH-induced resistance in rice.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Généralités, Generalities, Vecteurs d'importance medicale, nuisances, depredateurs des denrees et materiaux: surveillance des populations et lutte, Medically important nuisances and vectors, pests of stored products and materials: population survey and control, Vecteurs. Hôtes intermédaires, Vectors. Intermediate hosts, Arthropoda, Bactérie, Bacteria, Cicadomorpha, Homoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Mollicutes, Mycoplasmatales, Spiroplasmataceae, Cicadellidae, Dalbulus maidis, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Maïs, Corn, Maiz, Spiroplasma kunkelii, Vecteur, Vector, corn leafhopper, corn stunt, and spiroplasmas

Corn stunt caused by the mollicute Spiroplasma kunkelii (Whitcomb) is potentially one of the most severe diseases affecting the corn (Zea mays L.) crop in the Americas, and the leafhopper Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) is considered its most important vector. However, other insects seen quite frequently in corn crops might well be its vectors in Argentina. To identify any leafhoppers species other than D. maidis that can transmit S. kunkelii, transmission assays were conducted, using individuals of Exitianus obscurinervis (Stål) collected in field and reared under controlled conditions. S. kunkelii was transmitted to corn plants by E. obscurinervis. The pathogen was transmitted to seven of the 11 plants, which showed characteristic corn stunt symptoms, and the presence of the pathogen was confirmed by DAS-ELISA. The presence of S. kunkelii in the E. obscurinervis individuals used in transmission experiments was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy. The current study shows the existence of a new experimental vector of S. kunkelii, the leafhopper E. obscurineruis, which acquired spiroplasmas from infected plants and inoculated it to healthy plants.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Généralités, Generalities, Agrume, Citrus fruit, Agrios, Angiospermae, Arthropoda, Bactérie, Bacteria, Cicadomorpha, Dicotyledones, Homoptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Mollicutes, Rutaceae, Spermatophyta, Bocage, Grove, Boscaje, Cicadellidae, Citrus, Hôte, Host, Huesped, Maladie, Disease, Enfermedad, Mauvaise herbe, Weed, Malezas, Phloème, Phloem, Liber, Phytoplasme, Phytoplasma, Fitoplasma, Prévalence, Prevalence, Prevalencia, Sève, Sap, Savia, Vecteur, Vector, phloem-limited bacteria, plant disease, sap-sucking insect, and weed

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a severe citrus (Citrus spp.) disease associated with the bacteria genus Candidatus Liberibacter, detected in Brazil in 2004. Another bacterium was found in association with HLB symptoms and characterized as a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrIX group. The objectives of this study were to identify potential leafhopper vectors of the HLB-associated phytoplasma and their host plants. Leafhoppers were sampled every other week for 12 mo with sticky yellow cards placed at two heights (0.3 and 1.5 m) in the citrus tree canopy and by using a sweep net in the ground vegetation of two sweet orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, groves infected by the HLB-phytoplasma in Sao Paulo state. Faunistic analyses indicated one Agalliinae (Agallia albidula Uhler) and three Deltocephalinae [Balclutha hebe (Kirkaldy), Planicephalus flavicosta (Stål), and Scaphytopius (Convelinus) marginelineatus (Stål)] species, as the most abundant and frequent leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Visual observations indicated an association of leafhopper species with some weeds and the influence of weed species composition on leafhopper abundance in low-lying vegetation. S. marginelineatus and P. flavicosta were more frequent on Sida rhombifolia L. and Althernantera tenella Colla, respectively, whereas A. albidula was observed more often on Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. and B. hebe only occurred on grasses. DNA samples of field-collected S. marginelineatus were positive by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing tests for the presence of the HLB-phytoplasma group, indicating it as a potential vector. The association of leafhoppers with their hosts may be used in deciding which management strategies to adopt against weeds and diseases in citrus orchards.

Entomology, Entomologie, Tropical medicine, Médecine tropicale, Parasitology, Parasitologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Vecteurs d'importance medicale, nuisances, depredateurs des denrees et materiaux: surveillance des populations et lutte, Medically important nuisances and vectors, pests of stored products and materials: population survey and control, Vecteurs. Hôtes intermédaires, Vectors. Intermediate hosts, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Pathologie infectieuse, Infectious diseases, Parasitoses, Parasitic diseases, Protozooses, Protozoal diseases, Protozooses humaines, Human protozoal diseases, Trypanosomiase, Trypanosomiasis, Arthropoda, Infection, Infección, Invertebrata, Parasitose, Parasitosis, Protozoose, Protozoal disease, Protozoosis, Trypanosomiase, Trypanosomiasis, Tripanosomiasis, Abondance, Abundance, Abundancia, Allergie, Allergy, Alergia, Dispersion, Dispersión, Insecta, Potentiel vecteur, Vector potential, Potencial vector, Trypanosomiase américaine, Chagas disease, Tripanosomiasis americana, U.S.A, allergy, dispersal, and triatomine

Triatomine insects are a problem for human health in southwestern United States because of the moderate-to-severe allergic reactions their bites can cause and because they are potential vectors of Chagas Disease. Although both infected insects and wild mammalian reservoirs are plentiful in southern U.S., only seven cases of autochthonous transmission (plus 16 new presumed cases) of this disease have been reported to date. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate triatomine distribution and abundance in a metropolitan area in southern Arizona. Species, life-stage, locality, and date of collection were recorded for 1,878 triatomine insects collected during 4 yr inside and around houses. For both sexes of the most abundant species, Triatoma rubida (Uhler) (>95% of triatomines collected), dispersal followed a typical year-to-year pattern: dispersal started at the beginning of May and peaked during the first-second week of June. T. rubida was found widely distributed in suburban areas. Triatomines of the two less abundant species, T recurva (Stal) and T. protracta (Uhler), were collected in all suburban areas throughout the 4-yr survey. All of these population characteristics were observed both at a large (i.e., all collection sites pooled) and a small (i.e., single collection sites) scale. In total, ≈55―60% of the triatomines were collected inside houses, and 30-35% of those were found in or near beds; thus, it is likely that they fed on humans. To our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive multi-year analysis of triatomine distribution and abundance in the U.S., providing data that allow inferences about risks to human health.

Entomology, Entomologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Invertebres, Invertebrates, Insecta, Systématique. Répartition géographique, Systematics. Geographical distribution, Arthropoda, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Insecta, Invertebrata, Coreidae, Cycle évolutif, Life history, Ciclo evolutivo, Description, Descripción, Elevage, Rearing, Cría, Etude en laboratoire, Laboratory study, Estudio en laboratorio, Heteroptera, Laboratoire, Laboratory, Laboratorio, Narnia femorata, description, and life history

Narnia femorata Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) is a leaffooted bug commonly found on Opuntia and Ferocactus cacti (Cactaceae) in southern New Mexico. Although general information has been published on the biology of this species, detailed studies are limited, particularly in America north of Mexico. Therefore, we conducted a study of this bug's life history in southern New Mexico from August 2010 to May 2012, reared the bug in the laboratory, and described the immature stages. Six prickly pear cactus plants, Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann, and four barrel cactus plants, Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelmann) Britton & Rose, were examined weekly to record numbers of the various life stages, adult sex ratios, and behavioral activities. Adults of this apparently bivoltine species overwintered in plant debris at the bases of their host plants. They emerged in late February to deposit eggs in rows along the underside of cactus spines. Nymphs were found from late February through late December. Nymphs of the first generation were most abundant April through June on and around developing flowers of O. phaeacantha. Those of the second generation were most abundant during August and September on maturing fruit of O. phaeacantha and developing flowers and maturing fruit of F. wislizeni. The bug also was reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions on fruit and pads of O. phaeacantha at 25 ± 0.01°C under a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. The incubation period averaged 12.70 d. The five stadia averaged 3.84, 11.00, 12.12, 17.06, and 22.94 d, respectively. Instars can be distinguished readily by differences in several morphological features in addition to body size and coloration.

Agronomy, agriculture, phytopathology, Agronomie, agriculture, phytopathologie, Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Sustainable development, Développement durable, Ecology, Ecologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Ecologie animale, vegetale et microbienne, Animal, plant and microbial ecology, Ecologie appliquée, Applied ecology, Agronomie. Sciences du sol et productions vegetales, Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions, Phytopathologie. Zoologie agricole. Protection des cultures et des forets, Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection, Protozoaires. Invertébrés, Protozoa. Invertebrates, Lutte, Control, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Arthropoda, Déprédateur, Pest, Plaga, Heteroptera, Insecta, Invertebrata, Pentatomidae, Espèce envahissante, Invasive species, Especie invasora, Euschistus servus, Lutte biologique, Biological control, Lucha biológica, Oeuf, Egg, Huevo, Parasitisme, Parasitism, Parasitismo, Parasitoïde, Parasitoid, Parasitoide, Plante ornementale, Ornamental crop, Planta ornamental, Pépinière, Nursery (plant), Vivero, Native parasitoids, and Ornamental nursery crops

Native to eastern Asia. the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stal), has become a serious invasive pest in North America. Consequently, accurate assessment of parasitism rates under field conditions is critical for determining baseline parasitism rates of native egg parasitoids on BMSB, and for future evaluations of native or exotic parasitoid biological control release strategies and impacts. BMSB sentinel (laboratory-laid) egg masses have typically been used for this purpose, even though they could be providing misleading estimates of parasitoid activity. Accordingly, we compared the use of BMSB sentinel (laboratory-laid) and wild (naturally field-laid) egg masses in 2012 and 2013 to examine rates of parasitism and the parasitoid community composition of indigenous egg parasitoids in outdoor ornamental nurseries. Wild egg masses consistently had higher rates of parasitism than sentinel egg masses. In 2012, wild egg masses had a mean percent parasitism of 28.4% compared to 4.6% in sentinel egg masses, while in 2013 the difference between the two methods increased even further with a mean percent parasitism of 55.3% in wild egg masses compared to 0.8% in sentinel eggs. Furthermore, we found greater total numbers of parasitoids (889, 42) and greater species richness (seven, five), when using wild egg masses compared to sentinel egg masses, respectively. While sentinel egg masses provide a rapid and convenient way to assess the presence of natural enemies, our findings indicate that using sentinel egg masses could dramatically underestimate actual rates of parasitism and provide inaccurate estimates of parasitoid community composition. Future studies should address potential mechanisms underlying these patterns such as lack of certain host cues required by parasitoids in sentinel compared to wild egg masses.