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AMERICAN drama, NATIONAL security, TERRORISM, and CHRONOLOGY

The National Security Act of 1947 was neither the first nor the last legislative word on intelligence coordination. Instead, it was the second of three formative, although not formidable, acts of Congress that have provided models for U.S. intelligence coordination: the Contingent Fund for Foreign Intercourse, the National Security Act of 1947, and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. This article reveals how the debate over intelligence coordination in the United States reaches back further than existing accounts that examine the origins of the Central Intelligence Agency. This article also uses the theme of intelligence coordination to introduce a new chronology for U.S intelligence history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIPARTISANSHIP, PARTISANSHIP, WOMEN legislators, POLITICAL image, LEADERSHIP, and POWER (Social sciences)

High-profile examples of the Senate women's cross-party collaboration, such as the 2013 government shutdown, contribute to the perception that women policymakers are bipartisan. Print, digital, and broadcast journalism serve as units of observation for understanding how the women senators cultivated a shared political image imbued with conventionally-defined "feminine" leadership qualities that linked to bipartisanship. Drawing on their mediated perspectives, I argue that the women of the 113th Senate's portrayal of feminine leadership traits contributed to the conventional wisdom that women are bipartisan. My analysis indicates that, during a time of rancorous partisanship, the women senators' public discussion of a sisterhood, a supper club, and communication norms advanced the appearance of being a united force while seeking policy goals in a partisan chamber. By analyzing mediated texts that featured the women in the 113th Senate, I demonstrate how women policymakers collectively depict a legislative style that can become a tool for harnessing power in numbers and maximizing political influence as women while navigating a gendered and partisan space. The contributing factors discussed serve as an entry point for critical inquiry into bipartisan image construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRAOCULAR lenses, CATARACT surgery, LITERATURE reviews, PRESBYOPIA, PHACOEMULSIFICATION, and MEDICAL personnel

Introduction: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to identify and obtain a precise single summary estimate on complete spectacle independence after bilateral implantation of a trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) (AcrySof PanOptix, TFNTXX/TFATXX) for patients undergoing cataract surgery. Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed from January 2017 to September 2021. Relevant congress presentations were also searched to include data from completed studies not yet published. Search terms included the intervention (TFNTXX, TFATXX, PanOptix) and outcomes of interest (patient-reported spectacle independence rates). A Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, providing a pooled estimate (median and its 95% credible interval) of complete spectacle independence rates among cataract surgery patients. Subgroup analyses evaluated spectacle independence after cataract surgery across different working distances (near, intermediate, far). Results: Nineteen unique clinical studies were identified. Based on a meta-analysis of 13 studies (N = 513 patients), the complete spectacle independence rate after cataract surgery with TFNTXX/TFATXX IOL was 91.6% (95% credible interval 86.8–95.9%). Additionally, the spectacle independence rates at each focal point (N = 13 studies, 603 patients) were 89.6% (near), 96.3% (intermediate), and 95.9% (far). Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated that at least nine out of ten patients receiving TFNTXX/TFATXX trifocal IOL during cataract surgery can expect to achieve complete spectacle independence. This study provides informative data for clinicians and patients to feel confident in the use of trifocal intraocular lenses as presbyopia-correcting IOLs that offer high rates of complete spectacle independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the demographic factors associated with youths' first product tried (i.e., cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, hookah, or smokeless tobacco). This study also evaluates whether the first product tried is associated with future nicotine product use (i.e., no use, single product use, and multiple product use) and nicotine dependence. Participants were 1999 youths (ages 12–17 years) who had ever tried a nicotine product and completed the Population Assessment of Tobacco Health study's Wave 1 (2013–2014) and Wave 4 (2016–2018) assessments. Two separate multinomial logistic regression models examined the association between 1) demographic factors and the first product tried at Wave 1 and 2) the first product tried at Wave 1 and past-30-day product use status at Wave 4. A two-part multivariable model examined the association between the first product tried and nicotine dependence, with part 1 modeling the presence (or absence) of any symptom of dependence and part 2 modeling the degree of dependence among those with any symptom of dependence. The first product tried was associated with sex, race, urbanicity, and parent education. First trying smokeless tobacco (vs. e-cigarettes) was associated with a greater likelihood of multiple product use (vs. no use and vs. single product use). Regarding the degree of nicotine dependence (n = 713), first trying smokeless tobacco (vs. e-cigarettes) was associated with higher nicotine dependence scores among those with any symptom of dependence. Youths who first try smokeless tobacco (vs. e-cigarettes) may be at higher risk for future multiple product use and more symptoms nicotine dependence. Research should explore tailored interventions for smokeless tobacco users. • We examined first nicotine product tried and multiple product use (MPU). • First trying smokeless tobacco (FT-ST; vs. e-cigarettes) was associated with MPU. • FT-ST (vs. e-cigarettes) was associated with higher nicotine dependence scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After nearly two decades under U.S. rule, the 1917 Jones Act granted American citizenship to Puerto Ricans. I argue that the United States strategically granted collective citizenship in order to strengthen its colonial rule. The convergence of two conditions prompted the grant of citizenship: Congress determined that the islands were strategically valuable to the United States; and Congress registered an independence movement on the island that could threaten colonial control. When Puerto Ricans demanded independence, Congress enveloped them in a bear hug that granted citizenship to weaken their movement. While citizenship was an attractive solution to many of the problems of colonial rule, there were strong objections within the United States to granting citizenship to a population considered to be nonwhite. As a result, Congress created a workaround by disentangling citizenship from statehood and from many of the rights and privileges that typically accompany it. Though citizenship is often associated with democracy and equality, American officials turned citizenship into a mechanism of control for the empire they were building. This work uncovers strategies of American territorial expansion and colonial governance and confronts deeply held notions about American citizenship and political community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last two Republican presidents' hostility to multilateralism has produced striking departures from postwar American foreign policy, but this position is not as new as it sometimes appears. It has deep historical roots in the conservative wing of the Republican Party. Using data on congressional voting and bill sponsorship, we show that Republicans, especially those from the party's conservative wing, have tended to oppose multilateral rules for more than a century. This position fit logically into the broader foreign policy that Republican presidents developed before World War I but posed problems in light of the changing conditions during the mid-twentieth century. The importance of multilateral cooperation for U.S. national security during the Cold War and the growing international competitiveness of American manufacturing split the party on multilateral rules, but it did not reverse the conservative wing's longstanding skepticism of them. Congressional leaders' efforts to keep consequential choices about multilateral rules off the legislative agenda for most of the postwar era contributed to the persistence of this position. This move spared conservative members of Congress from confronting the costs of opposing multilateral institutions, giving them little incentive to challenge ideological orthodoxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the first attempt to raise congressional pay in 1816, voters have judged members harshly for increasing their own compensation. During debates on the Compensation Act of 1856, members acknowledged that the experience of 1816 still loomed over them, though they disagreed about whether the lesson was not to increase pay or not to replace the per diem with a salary. In the end, they did both. Unlike the "salary grabs" of 1816 and 1873, however, few were punished directly by voters and the law was not repealed. The splintering of the party system allowed representatives to shift responsibility and obscure accountability. The timing of elections and addition of anticorruption provisions further limited backlash. Senators recognized the electoral jeopardy of representatives and so built a broad multiparty coalition for passage. While representatives were sensitive to the judgment of voters, the brief period of a multiparty Congress aided adoption of salary-based compensation in spite of that judgment, making possible later moves toward professionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, the Research Center for Islamic Legislation & Ethics (CILE) and the World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH) submitted a proposal to host the 17th edition of the World Congress of Bioethics. After announcing that the CILE‐WISH proposal was the winning bid, concerns were raised by bioethicists based in Europe and the USA. To address these concerns, the International Association of Bioethics (IAB) developed a dedicated FAQ section, in coordination with the host institutions, for the first time in IAB history. One‐to‐one communication ensued and individual responses were shared with these colleagues. As a continuation of this conversation, we (CILE Acting Director, WISH Research Fellow and Head of Content, and WISH CEO) address the concerns raised in the Letter‐to‐the‐Editor of Bioethics by Graaf et al. As we support the call to revisit some contentious issues within the global community of bioethicists, we maintain that this should be based on meticulously discussed, informed, consistent and equitable criteria. We also argue that mutual learning from diverse cultures and moral traditions is the optimal way for our scholarly community to be truly global and to eschew the flaws ensuing from ethnocentric discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the development of major educational policies is essential, especially federal policies integral to Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs)—one of the fastest-growing types of postsecondary institutions in the United States, which collectively serve over two-thirds of Latina/o/x-identified college students. Accordingly, in this archive-based study, we explore the expansion of Title V, specifically the creation of the Postbaccalaureate Opportunities for Hispanic Americans Program, and how advocates framed the need for this program. Specifically, employing McBeth et al.’s policy narrative framework, we story how Congress came to enact this program, describing the setting, characters, and plot of this policy process. In doing so, we make visible via narration how federal policy unfolds and the relationship between federal and state-level policy. Additionally, we show that nationalist, capitalist, and democratic logics are often used to justify programs to support the Latina/o/x community. Considering the findings, we conclude with implications for policy and future research. Ultimately, using this innovative lens, we expand the HSI literature and complexify the understanding of Title V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BREASTFEEDING promotion, INFANTS, BOTTLE feeding, INFANT mortality, RACE, SUDDEN infant death syndrome, and COMMUNITIES

Background: In the U.S., sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUID) due to accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (ASSB) are increasing, with disparities by race/ethnicity. While breastfeeding is a protective factor against infant mortality, racial/ethnic disparities are present in its uptake, and motivations to breastfeed are also often coupled with non-recommended infant sleep practices that are associated with infant sleep deaths. Combining infant safe sleep (ISS) and breastfeeding promotion on the community level presents opportunities to address racial/ethnic disparities and associated socioeconomic, cultural, and psychosocial influences. Methods: We completed a descriptive qualitative hermeneutical phenomenology using thematic analysis of focus group data. We examined the phenomenon of community-level providers promoting ISS and breastfeeding in communities vulnerable to ISS and breastfeeding disparities. We asked eighteen informants participating in a national quality improvement collaborative about i.) areas requiring additional support to meet community needs around ISS and breastfeeding, and ii.) recommendations on tools to improve their work promoting ISS and breastfeeding. Results: We identified four themes: i.) education and dissemination, ii.) relationship building and social support, iii.) working with clients' personal circumstances and considerations, and iv.) tools and systems. Conclusions: Our findings support embedding risk-mitigation approaches in ISS education; relationship building between providers, clients, and peers; and the provision of ISS and breastfeeding supportive material resources with educational opportunities. These findings may be used to inform community-level provider approaches to ISS and breastfeeding promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]