articles+ search results

POLITICAL science, ACTIVISM, PRESIDENTIAL administrations, HISTORICAL analysis, CONTENT analysis, and CHINA-United States relations

The Sino-U.S. relations tumbled during the Trump Administration. The talk of decoupling permeated the decision-making circle in Washington D.C. Many factors have contributed to the free fall. The roles Congress has played are undoubtedly one of them. Based on the new institutionalist approach, this study provides three analyses of recent China-related legislative activities. First, the historical analysis of legislative data illustrates a surge in congressional activism on China-related legislative activities. Second, the content analysis reveals some of the triggers in the deterioration of bilateral relations in recent years. Third, the political analysis of the critical congressional players and the structures and procedures Congress created provides some insight into the domestic and political logic of the congressional crusade against China. Finally, the paper ends with assessing the impact of the surge in Congressional activism on the new Biden Administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), DELIBERATION, SOCIAL groups, WOMEN legislators, and PARTICIPATION

The rising number of women in Congress changes deliberation. Using committee hearing transcripts from 1995 to 2017, we analyze how the gender composition of committees affects group dynamics in committee hearings. While we find limited evidence that increasing proportions of women affects women's participation, we find that discussion norms within committees change significantly in the presence of more women. Namely, interruptions decrease when there are more women on the committee; with higher proportions of women, men are less likely to interrupt others. Furthermore, committee members are more likely to engage and stay on the same topics in the presence of more women, suggesting a shift in norms toward more in-depth exchange. Overall, our results show that increasing the proportion of women changes discussion dynamics within Congress by shifting norms away from interruptions and one-sided talk in committees, thereby shifting group norms that govern decision-making during an important policy-making stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRESIDENTS of the United States, AGGRESSION (International law), NUCLEAR weapons, WAR powers, EXCLUSIVE & concurrent legislative powers, and WAR of 1812

This article argues that Congress can exercise its constitutional war powers to enact a law restricting the President from using nuclear weapons first. The article contends that using a nuclear weapon is qualitatively different from conventional warfare and that the first use of nuclear weapons marks a decision to enter into war. Therefore, nuclear first use is not a battlefield decision within the President's commander in chief power but rather a choice to enter the United States into a new type of conflict that could pose a direct, immediate, and existential threat to the U.S. homeland. Regulating that decision falls under Congress's exclusive war powers. Congress can limit its authorizations of war and prohibit military actions beyond its authorization. Therefore, Congress could stipulate that its war authorizations extend only to conventional hostilities unless Congress expressly authorizes the first use of nuclear weapons. Using its authority to limit authorizations of for the use of military force, Congress can enact a no-first-use law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QUANTITATIVE research, CHINA-United States relations, LEGISLATION, ACTIVISM, and GOVERNMENTALITY

Through a quantitative analysis of Taiwan–related legislation between 1979 and 2020, the article finds that the degree of Taiwan–related legislation is significantly correlated with the degree of tension in U.S.—China relations. While a deteriorating cross–Taiwan Strait relationship is clearly associated with the increasing legislative activities for the sake of Taiwan, an improving relationship from the state of fair to good cannot guarantee a decrease of such activities. A unified government and the extent of the Taiwan lobby are both helpful in passing pro–Taiwan acts but statistically insignificant. A content analysis of pro–Taiwan bills approved by the Trump administration suggests a creeping movement to "normalize" U.S–Taiwan relations with congressional activism and the less-restrained White House as a co–engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLITICAL development, BUREAUCRACY, DEMOCRACY, and POLITICAL systems

The institutional history of the United States Congress has lagged in recent decades as historians of American political development have focused on the history of administration and defined the state in terms of the autonomy of bureaucratic government institutions. In this article, I argue that the history of both Congress and the American state would benefit from analyzing Congress as an institution of the democratic state—an ongoing historical project in which the American people and their representatives in Congress have shaped American democracy and the creation, evolution, and administration of the American state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRIVATE sector, OPPORTUNITY costs, LEGISLATORS, LOBBYISTS, and UNITED States senators

Does the potential for a successful private sector career induce legislators to leave office? How does this affect the representation voters receive? I show that when former US senators—who now work as lobbyists—become more successful, currently serving senators with similar characteristics are more likely to take private sector employment. I replicate all results on data from the House. A number of tests suggest that senators react to the opportunity costs of holding office. Investigating selection effects, I find that legislative specialists are attracted the most in the Senate. Preliminary evidence suggests that the least wealthy respond most strongly in the House. This suggests that the revolving door shapes the skill set of legislators and the representation voters receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIGHER education, EDUCATION policy, LEADERSHIP, and NEGOTIATION

It has become increasingly difficult for the two major parties in Congress to reach agreement on major higher education legislation. As a result, the Higher Education Act is long overdue for reauthorization. Congressional stalemates on higher education legislation are not conducive to effective and productive governance in this important area of federal policy. The purpose of this comparative case study is to understand why some federal higher education legislative bills are successfully enacted while others, including some with bipartisan support, are not. Through the lens of negotiation theory, this study examines six federal higher education bills in order to understand the common characteristics of successfully enacted legislation and the common characteristics of unenacted legislation. Data sources include interviews with 28 policy actors and analysis of documents relevant to each case-study bill. [End Page 1] Findings from this study illuminate factors that make the passage of federal higher education bills more likely, including leadership and presidential priorities, cost savings, noncontroversial issues involving sympathetic policy beneficiaries, urgency, favorable congressional rules, support from the higher education lobby, and avoidance of political victories for the opposing party. Understanding how and why Congress members reach agreements on legislation may help forge a pathway toward more effective legislating in the higher education policy arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WAR, AERIAL bombing, PRESIDENTIAL administrations, WAR powers, ACTIVISM, DRONE warfare, and UNITED States presidential election, 2020

During his four years in office, Congress made historic challenges to President Donald Trump's authority as Commander in Chief, twice invoking the 1973 War Powers Resolution. The first resolution, passed in 2019, expressed disapproval of the U.S.' logistical and material support for Saudi Arabia's campaign against the Houthi rebel movement in Yemen. The second challenge occurred in 2020 after Trump authorized a drone strike that killed Iranian Major General Qassam Soleimani. In response, Congress passed a WPR that stipulated that any future military action against the regime would require express legislative authorization. Using a case study approach, this essay examines why Congress chose to employ the WPR as a policy tool after decades of dormancy. Ultimately, I argue that a confluence of factors compelled majorities in both chambers of Congress to use the War Powers Resolution to make a powerful rebuke of the administration's policy. Drawing on a wealth of existing literature about the factors that impede or compel Congressional activism in use-of-force debates, I find that in both cases, members of Congress faced strong moral, legal, and strategic incentives to act, with few attendant political risks. As such, while the passage of two wars powers resolutions represented an important milestone in interbranch relations, it likely does not presage a new era of Congressional assertiveness in war powers. Keywords: U.S. foreign policy; Donald Trump; Congress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INCOME inequality, PARTISANSHIP, and UNITED States legislators

Over the past twenty years, there has been much discussion about two of the most important recent trends in American politics: the increase in income inequality in the United States and the increase in ideological and partisan polarization, particularly in the U.S. House. These two national-level trends are commonly thought to be positively related. But, there are few tested theoretical connections between them, and it is potentially problematic to infer individual-level behavior from these aggregate-level trends. In fact, an examination of the literature reveals, at least, three different theoretical outcomes for district-level income inequality on voter and congressional ideological positions. I explore these district-level theoretical and empirical possibilities as well as test them over decades with three different measures of income inequality. I argue and demonstrate that higher district levels of income inequality are related to higher levels of ideological liberalism in the U.S. House. This stands in contrast to the national-level trends, but it tracks closely to traditional understandings of congressional behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIOCULTURAL factors, UNITED States presidential election, 2016, POLITICAL campaigns, and UNITED States politics & government, 2017-2021

Objectives: The political discourse surrounding the 2016 U.S. presidential election highlighted discontent with both Congress and corporations, a reality corroborated in recent scholarship highlighting declines in institutional confidence among U.S. citizens. Here we test theories of institutional confidence to understand the social and cultural determinants of confidence in Congress and corporations prior to the start of the 2016 presidential campaigns. Methods: We draw on data from the Religious Understandings of Science Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted in 2013–2014 (N = 9,416). Results: We find that political ideology largely explained confidence in corporations while social location (particularly racial‐ethnic identity and gender) strongly related to confidence in Congress. Seemingly opposing factors converged to predict trust in both institutions. Conclusions: Institutional confidence is shaped not only by social and cultural factors but also by the symbolic functions of institutions themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DOCUMENTARY films, TELEVISION programs, INVESTIGATIVE reporting, TELEVISION series, SCIENTIFIC community, and SOCIAL networks

Copyright of Art & Culture Studies / Hudozestvennaa Kul'tura is the property of Editorial Board of Journal Art & Culture Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

PARTISANSHIP, EXPRESS highways, PUBLIC works, BANK loans, INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics), and UNITED States history

In the mid-1950s, the Eisenhower administration and Congress erupted in a sharp partisan debate over how to pay for the novel National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, slated to become the most expensive and expansive public works project in United States history. Republicans advocated for interest-bearing bonded debt borrowed from banks, while Democrats preferred to avoid debt service costs and apply a direct tax-and-pave approach to the enormous state building project. The chosen fiduciary practices promised to be as permanent as the physical infrastructure they paid to construct and maintain. Consequently, the fraught episode saw the two parties contest not only transportation infrastructure and the capital supply upon which it depended, but indeed the very nature and future of American political economy. When the tax-and-pave approach prevailed, it saved taxpayers interest costs, but came with its own perilous consequences as it set near-limitless development in motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARTISANSHIP, WAR, DEMOCRATS (United States), PRESIDENTIAL administrations, WAR crimes, SOCIAL media, and ASSASSINATION

Since March 2015, a coalition of states led by Saudi Arabia has been engaged in an armed conflict in Yemen. By the end of September 2018, and prior to the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, the conflict had been ongoing for an equal 21 months under the Obama and Trump administrations. During this 42-month period, US support for the Coalition was largely consistent in terms of the material and logistical aid provided, despite well-documented war crimes and a humanitarian crisis in Yemen. Nonetheless, Congressional Democratic positions on US support for the Coalition shifted following the political transition from Obama to Trump. Through an analysis of congressional resolutions and social media engagement, it is argued that political interests rather than ideological preferences were the primary source of Democratic positions on US support for the Coalition in Yemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001, UNITED States legislators, COUPS d'etat, INTELLIGENCE service, ASSASSINATION, and BLACK feminism

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

EXECUTIVE orders, PRESIDENTS of the United States, MASS media & politics, GOVERNMENT policy, and DIVIDED government

Do politicians tend to adopt unpopular policies when the media and the public are distracted by other events? We examine this question by analyzing the timing of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents over the past four decades. We find robust evidence that executive orders are more likely to be signed on the eve of days when the news is dominated by other important stories that can crowd out coverage of executive orders. This relationship only holds in periods of divided government when unilateral presidential actions are more likely to be criticized by Congress. The effect is driven by executive orders that are more likely to make the news and to attract negative publicity, particularly those on topics on which president and Congress disagree. Finally, the timing of executive orders appears to be related to predictable news but not unpredictable ones, which suggests it results from a deliberate and forward‐looking PR strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GENDER, WOMEN legislators, WOMEN'S rights, VIOLENCE against women, and ABORTION laws

As critical mass theorists have argued, the number of female legislators is important in the enactment of gender-status laws. Female legislators share strong beliefs on women's rights and have easily coordinated their legislative activities on gender issues. In addition, their strong coordination and consequent political influence have often allowed them to form a legislative majority by influencing male legislators. Gender policies, however, are frequently associated with non-gender policy dimensions on which female legislators tend to have different ideas. Thus, when a gender issue is interpreted in terms of a conspicuous non-gender policy dimension, critical mass theory may not work properly; the heterogeneity of female legislators regarding non-gender policy dimensions can weaken their legislative coordination, thereby hampering gender-status lawmaking. This article examines these propositions by reviewing the legislative histories of violence against women and the legality of abortion in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States Congressional elections, RACIAL minorities, and LEGAL status of voters

The author comments on the single-member district mandate for U.S. House of Representatives elections that was enacted by the Congress in 1967. Topics covered include the Congress' intentions for enacting the law including the representation of racial minority communities in the House, the law's unintended consequences on the political process, and the implications for the First Amendment political association rights of voters.

BIPARTISANSHIP and GENDER

This paper uses data on bill co-sponsorship in the U.S. House of Representatives to estimate gender differences in cooperative behaviour. We find that among Democrats there is no significant gender gap in the number of co-sponsors recruited, but women-sponsored bills tend to have fewer co-sponsors from the opposite party. On the other hand, we find robust evidence that Republican women recruit more co-sponsors and attract more bipartisan support on the bills that they sponsor. We interpret these results as evidence that cooperation is mostly driven by a commonality of interest, rather than gender per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIAL scientists, POLITICAL scientists, CIVIL service positions, CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), and RESEARCH institutes

Congressional hearings are a venue in which social scientists present their views and analyses before lawmakers in the United States, however quantitative data on their representation has been lacking. We present new, publicly available, data on the rates at which anthropologists, economists, political scientists, psychologists, and sociologists appeared before United States congressional hearings from 1946 through 2016. We show that social scientists were present at some 10,347 hearings and testified 15,506 times. Economists testify before the US Congress far more often than other social scientists, and constitute a larger proportion of the social scientists testifying in industry and government positions. We find that social scientists' testimony is increasingly on behalf of think tanks; political scientists, in particular, have gained much more representation through think tanks. Sociology, and psychology's representation before Congress has declined considerably beginning in the 1980s. Anthropologists were the least represented. These findings show that academics are representing a more diverse set of organizations, but economists continue to be far more represented than other disciplines before the US Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CLIMATE change & politics, UNITED States climate change policy, CLIMATE change skepticism, POLARIZATION (Social sciences), PARTISANSHIP, ENVIRONMENTAL policy, and UNITED States politics & government

Scholars who study the failure of climate change policy in the United States tend to focus on the mechanics of denial and the coordinated efforts of political operatives, conservative think tanks, and partisan news outlets to cast doubt on what has become overwhelming scientific consensus. In contrast, we address a factor that has been understudied until now – the role of climate change advocacy in the U.S. Congress. Using quantitative text analysis on a corpus of floor speeches published in the Congressional Record between 1996 and 2015, we find notable differences in the language partisans use. Democrats communicate in ways that are message-based, emphasizing the weight of scientific evidence, while Republicans tend towards a softer, cue-based narrative based on anecdotes and storytelling. We end with a discussion of what climate change advocates can hope to accomplish through the 'politics of talk,' especially in an age of heightened polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ENVIRONMENTAL policy, UNITED States elections, VOTING, and LEGISLATORS

Copyright of Review of Policy Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

POLITICAL systems, CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), IMPEACHMENTS, IMPEACHMENT of presidents, BALANCE of power, INCUMBENCY (Public officers), and CONSTITUTIONAL history

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RIGHT of privacy, PRIVACY, CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), FORUMS, GOVERNMENT corporations, DISCOURSE analysis, and PUBLIC spaces

This study explores how emerging US data privacy regulations are discussed at state and federal levels, examining Twitter discourse around Senate public hearings on data privacy and public forums on the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). The recent legal steps reflect growing public outcry over corporate data misuses and lack of appropriate legislation. The findings suggest that the issue public of Twitter users in this study largely considered corporations and the government as untrustworthy actors for privacy legislation. The political distrust was raising doubts over regulatory capture and if a future US federal privacy law will be weaker than state laws (e.g., CCPA) while overriding them. The study explores implications of the findings on the current deadlock over the state preemption clause in developing a comprehensive federal privacy law. I argue that the emerging regulatory efforts on data privacy may not be effective unless the public trust in institutions is regained in the US and that the continuing absence of a federal law amid the political distrust can leave people with limited individual privacy strategies as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States presidential election, 2020 and FOR-profit universities & colleges

MIDDLE East-United States relations, FOREIGN relations of the United States -- 21st century, INTERNATIONAL relations -- Congresses, and CONFERENCES & conventions

The following is an edited transcript of the 103rd in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The event took place on January 29, 2021, via Zoom, with Council Vice‐Chair Gina Abercrombie‐Winstanley moderating, Council President Richard J. Schmierer contributing, and Council Executive Director Bassima Alghussein serving as discussant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTERNAL revenue law, TAX reform, TAX deductions, DRUG control, CANNABIS (Genus), and MARIJUANA legalization

Historically, the Internal Revenue Code ("Code") and U.S. courts applied a taxpayer-friendly approach to determine the deductibility of business expenses. As long as the taxpayer paid taxes, the Code and U.S. courts allowed her to deduct certain business expenses, even if the source of her income was illegal. But, with the rise of President Richard Nixon's "War on Drugs" and the enforcement of "no tolerance" drug policies in the 1970s, Congress restricted the taxpayer-friendly approach. In 1981, Congress enacted Section 280E, which forbids businesses who traffic Schedule I or II substances from deducting ordinary business expenses when filing their federal taxes. Today, with thirty-three states and the District of Columbia allowing the sale of medical or adult-use cannabis--defying the plant's Schedule I status--state-legal cannabis business owners must pay taxes on gross receipts, instead of net income. Section 280E does not satisfy any War on Drugs policy goals and cripples the development of the legal cannabis industry. To remedy these shortcomings, Congress must reform Section 280E by enacting the STATES Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States senators, CONSTITUENTS (Persons), POLICY sciences, DOMESTIC travel, REPRESENTATIVE government, ELECTION districts, and ATTENTION

Is local attention a substitute for policy representation? Fenno (1978) famously described how legislators develop personal ties with their constituents through periodic visits to their districts and carefully crafted communications. Existing work suggests that such interactions insulate incumbents electorally, creating less need to represent constituents' policy preferences. Surprisingly, this important argument has never been tested systematically. In this paper, I use data on senator travel and staffing behavior along with survey data from the 2011–2018 Cooperative Congressional Election Study to investigate this claim. In addition to showing that areas with important campaign donors are significantly more likely to receive resources, I find that local visits may decrease approval among ideologically opposed constituents. Furthermore, I find inconsistent evidence regarding the effectiveness of local staff. These results suggest that local attention does not always cultivate goodwill in the district. Under polarized politics, home style does not effectively substitute for policy representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOCIAL Security (United States), COST-of-living adjustments, RETIREMENT age, FINANCIAL security, and RIGHT & wrong

Congress has a long menu of ways to reduce the growth of Social Security's future benefit costs. These include increasing the full retirement age, means testing benefits, reducing cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs), and modifying the benefit formula. Choosing from that long menu is totally a political matter, without obvious right and wrong answers. Something must be done before too long to solve Social Security's financial problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARTISANSHIP, CAMPAIGN funds, POLITICAL campaigns, CAMPAIGN promises, PRESIDENTIAL candidates, and INAUGURATION

On the campaign trail and at his inauguration, Joe Biden pledged, above all else, to be a uniter to restore the soul of America. At the end of his first year in office, many campaign promises have been met, but unity has not been one. Far from transcending partisanship as promised, Biden has embraced the levers of presidential discretion and power inherent within the modern executive office to advance partisan objectives. He is not just a victim of polarization, but actively contributes to it. This is not unexpected. Rather it is the culmination of a decades-long reorientation within both major parties: the rise of an executive-centered party-system, with Democrats and Republicans alike relying on presidents and presidential candidates to pronounce party doctrine, raise campaign funds, campaign on behalf of their partisan brethren, mobilize grass roots support, and advance party programs. Like Barack Obama and Donald Trump before him, Biden has aggressively used executive power to cut the Gordian knot of partisan gridlock in Congress. Even pandemic politics is not immune to presidential partisanship; in fact, it has accentuated the United States' presidency-centered democracy, which weakens the public resolve to confront and solve national problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LEGISLATORS, SOCIAL influence, and POLITICAL attitudes

Legislators often rely on cues from colleagues to inform their actions. Several studies identify the boardinghouse effect, cue-taking among U.S. legislators who lived together in the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, there remains reason for skepticism, as legislators likely selected residences for reasons including political similarity. We analyze U.S. House members' residences from 1801 to 1861, decades more than previously studied, and show not only that legislators tended to live with similar colleagues but also that coresidents with divergent politics were more likely to move apart. Therefore, we deploy improved identification strategies. First, using weighting, we estimate that coresidence increased voting agreement, but at only half of previously reported levels. Consistent with theoretical expectations, we find larger effects for weaker ties and those involving new members. Second, we study legislators who died in office, estimating that deaths increased ideological distance between survivors and deceased coresidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ENTREPRENEURSHIP, PROBLEM solving, LEGISLATORS, MALES, and FEMALES

Research indicates that congresswomen are more effective at moving bills through the lawmaking process than their male counterparts. To investigate why, we discuss what legislative entrepreneurship involves and explain why it can serve as the basis for problem-solving and effective lawmaking in the U.S. Congress. We also examine the entrepreneurial work that members of Congress did on behalf of bills that they sponsored from 1973 to 2008. Among other findings, we observe that congresswomen, especially those in the minority party, are more entrepreneurial than their male colleagues. This finding enhances our understanding of why female lawmakers are more effective lawmakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VETO, BICAMERALISM, PRESIDENTS of the United States, POLITICAL parties, and POWER (Social sciences)

According to the conventional view, presidents are largely bereft of influence with an opposition-controlled Congress. Congress sends them legislation with a "take it or leave it" choice that maximizes the preferences of the opposition majority while minimizing presidents' preferences. To extricate themselves from this bind, presidents threaten vetoes. Past research suggests that their efforts largely fail, however, for two model-driven reasons: first, veto threats amount to minimally informative "cheap talk," and second, Congress is a unitary actor with firm control over its agenda. We relax both assumptions, bringing veto rhetoric into a setting more closely resembling real-world conditions. Presidents transmit credible veto threats to a heterogeneous, bicameral Congress where chamber rules enable the minority party to wield some influence over legislation. Examining the legislative histories of all veto-threatened bills passed between 1985 and 2016, we confirm that veto threats ward off about half of veto-targeted legislative provisions—a far greater share than for comparable unthreatened provisions. The House of Representatives is more likely to introduce and pass legislation objectionable to presidents and the Senate is more likely to accommodate presidents, findings consistent with the textbook description of the modern bicameral Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ISLANDS, TYPE 1 diabetes, and ISLANDS of Langerhans

Clinical islet allotransplantation has been successfully regulated as tissue/organ for transplantation in number of countries and is recognized as a safe and efficacious therapy for selected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, in the United States, the FDA considers pancreatic islets as a biologic drug, and islet transplantation has not yet shifted from the experimental to the clinical arena for last 20 years. In order to transplant islets, the FDA requires a valid Biological License Application (BLA) in place. The BLA process is costly and lengthy. However, despite the application of drug manufacturing technology and regulations, the final islet product sterility and potency cannot be confirmed, even when islets meet all the predetermined release criteria. Therefore, further regulation of islets as drugs is obsolete and will continue to hinder clinical application of islet transplantation in the US. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network together with the United Network for Organ Sharing have developed separately from the FDA and BLA regulatory framework for human organs under the Human Resources & Services Administration to assure safety and efficacy of transplantation. Based on similar biologic characteristics of islets and human organs, we propose inclusion of islets into the existing regulatory framework for organs for transplantation, along with continued FDA oversight for islet processing, as it is for other cell/tissue products exempt from BLA. This approach would reassure islet quality, efficacy and access for Americans with diabetes to this effective procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States legislators, MICROBLOGS, POLITICAL communication, MASS media policy, and RHETORIC

Social media incentivizes members of Congress to routinely advertise their policy agenda for the public; however, it is unclear whether those expressed policy priorities are linked to their legislative behaviour. The incongruous nature of unlimited, online messages with constrained policy agendas necessitates assessing the association between what politicians say and their institutional actions. Using a dataset of senators' tweets from the 114th Congress, we analyse policy rhetoric on Twitter and bill sponsorship across a variety of issues in the Senate to show that senators' policy priorities on Twitter are representative of congressional activity. These results broaden the application of social media as a tool for policy agendas – extending theories of limited attention to lawmakers' political communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WOMEN in politics, UNITED States elections, and REPUBLICANS

Using a new data set of state political party bylaws and demographics of state party chairs, I evaluate whether women were more likely to run for Congress during the 2018 midterm elections from parties with higher levels of gender diversity. I construct three measures of gender diversity, whether each party was chaired by a woman, granted committee membership to an allied women's group, and required gender parity among their committee members. Democratic parties are more likely to be chaired by a woman and to require gender parity among their members, but Republican parties are more likely to grant membership to allied women's groups. Considering the implications of these rules, I find Democratic women were more likely to run for Congress representing parties that grant membership to an allied women's group and parties chaired by a woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIPARTISANSHIP, LOGISTIC regression analysis, ARTS endowments, PARTISANSHIP, REGRESSION analysis, FORTUNE, and DEMOCRATS (United States)

Objective: We examine the relationship between the Congress and the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), from the agency's inception in the mid‐1960s to the present. The NEA has seen its fortunes rise and fall over time, as congressional appropriations and scrutiny have fluctuated with ideological and partisan change in the House and Senate. Methods: We use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and logistic regression models to examine the politics of the NEA systematically. Results: We find that while the NEA has enjoyed some bipartisan support throughout its tenure, assistance for the agency has been more likely to come from more liberal members and Democrats, respectively. We also uncover some evidence that particular states and districts benefit more of less from NEA grants. Conclusion: Overall, states and districts represented by Democrats do better in terms of both grants and grant dollars than states and districts represented by Republicans, with the most liberal Democratic House members doing especially well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLITICAL parties, FEDERAL legislation, and TWENTY-first century

U.S. federal environmental legislation has followed a significant logistic growth curve from 1862 through 2012, as determined by the cumulative number of acts per Congress. Growth of federal environmental legislation reached an asymptote around 2003; the number of environmental regulatory acts passed per year has sharply declined since 2002. Republican presidential years generally resulted in more federal environmental acts than Democratic presidential years, with the greatest total number of acts passed occurring during the eight occurrences of a Republican president and Democratic control of both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Statistically, however, the number of acts is evenly distributed among presidential political parties. The significant decline in U.S. federal environmental legislation since 2003 is presumably due to the second anti-environmental regulation backlash in the U.S. Congress that began in 1995, and an apparent, recent reversal by the Republican Party of its historically strong support of pro-environmental legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tomsk State University Journal of History is the property of Tomsk State University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most climate change actions take place in the international context in terms of multilateral negotiations and accords or in bilateral agreements between heads of the state. Parliaments or legislatures such as the United States Congress are in a crucial position when it comes to converting agreements or aims to action in domestic politics. The United States has played a volatile role in international negotiations on climate change. From categorically rejecting the Kyoto protocol during the George W. Bush administration, President Barack Obama announced that the United States would join the Paris Climate Accord prior to President Donald J. Trump's announcement of the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Accord. In domestic politics, too, efforts to address climate change have likewise varied. This article explores the complexity of climate change as a political question in the United States and considers the problematic issue that explains why the United States Congress has not have similar momentum to address climate change since the House of Representatives passed cap and trade legislation in 2009. The focus will be on theoretical discussions on congressional inaction and the United States Congress members' views on how and to what extent that institution should play a role in addressing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CORRUPTION laws, POLITICAL corruption, UNITED States politics & government, and POLITICAL corruption -- Law & legislation

Ninety three of the 1,818 people who served in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1972 and 2012 were investigated for corruption by the Ethics Committee. Eighteen were acquitted and 75 suffered consequences (reprimand/payback/resignation/conviction). Detailed analysis of the data shows that the longer one is in Congress, the more likely is the chance of corruption. In addition, the more powerful one is in Congress, the more likely is the chance of corruption. This article concludes that corruption follows opportunity. In general, the more opportunity members of Congress have to engage in corruption, the more they will ultimately succumb to corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EXECUTIVE-legislative relations, POLITICAL agenda, LEGISLATION, and UNITED States Congressional elections, 2018

Donald Trump came to the presidency claiming a unique proficiency in negotiating deals. Once in office, however, he floundered. He adopted a passive approach to agenda setting, putting him in a reactive mode. Although he received high levels of support from Republicans in both chambers of Congress and although their leaders kept votes that he might lose off the agenda, Congress passed little significant legislation at his behest. The president received historically low levels of support from Democratic senators and representatives and could not win congressional assent for new healthcare policy, immigration reform, or infrastructure spending. Government shutdowns and symbolic slaps at his foreign policies characterized his tenure, even with his party in control of the legislature. He was even less successful after Democrats gained control of the House in the 2018 midterm elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DRUG efficacy, DRUG approval, PRACTICAL politics, BIOSIMILARS, and PATIENT safety

What is known and objective: The United States is the only country with legislation to approve two classes of biosimilars. One has "no clinically meaningful difference" from the reference product, and when it is tested for switching and alternating, it can receive an interchangeable status. The objective of this review is to establish whether it is possible from the switching and alternating studies to evaluate additional safety or efficacy. Methods: Analysed published data to ascertain if the testing with switching and alternating provide additional proof of safety or efficacy. Political and scientific rationale of creating a new class of biosimilars and how this affects the confidence in biosimilars. Results and discussion: There is no safety or efficacy concern when switching or alternating biosimilars with the reference product. Unfortunately, the rationale for interchangeability is more political than scientific, and it has brought more confusion and mistrust in using biosimilars in the United States. What is new and conclusion: The US Congress is requested to remove the interchangeability clause from the Biological Price and Competition Act to enable faster acceptance of biosimilars and remove the threat of lack of confidence in the safety of biosimilars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NORTH American Free Trade Agreement, INTERNATIONAL relations, and STATE power

Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

CHURCH schools, NINETEENTH century, COMMUNITY life, LOCAL history, CATHOLICS, TELEVISED sports, and SCHOOL building design & construction

When studying the history of our emigration, memorials of Slovak associations, organizations, and settlements, issued on the occasion of important anniversaries, jubilees, or on the occasion of building a new church or school or even their consecration are highly valued sources. There are hundreds of such memorials available in the libraries in the USA, which show a real picture of the life of the Slovak community in the USA without an ideological assessment coming from Slovakia. The first of such memorials originated in the early 1930s when the first Slovak associations established at the end of the 19th century began to celebrate their jubilees. Such an important memorial that shows a probe into the history of the Slovak community to the USA is the memorial of the XIII. congress and X. festival (Pamätnica XIII. Sjazdu a X. Sletu) of the Slovak Catholic Sokol in 1936. The Slovak Catholic Sokol was and still is one of the largest Slovak Catholic organizations ever, having branches in all US states where Slovaks settled down. It focused not only on social and organizational aspects but also on the sport being an important part of its programme. The memorial of the XIII. congress and the X. festival (Pamätnica XIII. Sjazdu a X. Sletu) of the Slovak Catholic Sokol describes the events which happened on August 21 - 26, 1936, when members of the Slovak Catholic Sokol met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Since some of the contributions to this Memorial are so interesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLITICAL leadership, PRESIDENTS of the United States, TAX cuts, GOVERNMENT shutdown, and MEDICAL care

In examining Donald Trump's presidential leadership, this article focuses on determining his efficacy as a political leader evident through three critical turning points in his presidency. His presidency began with a key legislative defeat, followed by a rare policy victory and in 2019, he controversially shutdown the government in a failed attempt to gain congressional funding for the US-Mexico border wall. By comparing the GOP attempt to reform healthcare with the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, this article demonstrates how Republican legislative success relied upon a unified approach between Congress and the White House, with clear, long-established policy goals. Analysis of the longest government shutdown in US history provides insight into Trump's leadership style, presidential power and relationship with Congress. In all three cases, Trump's rhetoric failed to effectively support Republican policy efforts or convince Americans that their course of action was best. Indeed, Trump's rhetoric and actions often proved more contradictory and damaging to Republican efforts and to the overall future of the party. This article concludes that Trump inexperience and character was ill-equipped to be an effective political leader, evident in his few legislative achievements and the toxic environment of hyper-partisanship he left behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LEGISLATIVE bills, CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), LEGISLATIVE histories, and LEGISLATIVE bodies

The U.S. House and Senate were designed to have an adversarial relationship. Yet, House members and senators often collaborate on the introduction of “companion” bills. We develop a theory of these cross-chamber collaborations, which asserts that companion bill introductions are driven by legislators’ desire to increase the probability of bill passage and the relational difficulties in developing companion bill partnerships. To test the expectations emerging from our theory, we develop a novel data set of every companion bill introduction in the 111th and 112th U.S. Congress. Then, using social networking techniques, we develop an empirical model of partner selection in companion bill introduction. Our results are supportive of our expectations, and suggest that companion bills are more likely to survive chamber deliberation and are typically introduced by senior members with secure electoral margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NEW START Treaty, 2010, CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), FACTIONALISM (Politics), RATIFICATION of treaties, and BALLISTIC missile defenses

The United States Senate voted to ratify the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with Russia in 2010 by 74-26, all 26 voting against being Republicans. The change in the voting outcome compared to the 95-0 result in the 2003 SORT vote was dramatic. Using inductive frame analysis, this article analyzes committee hearings in the Senate Foreign Relations and the Armed Services committees in order to identify competing narratives defining individual senators’ positions on the ratification of the New START. Building on conceptual framework introduced by Walter Russel Mead (2002), it distinguishes four schools of thought: Jacksonian, Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Wilsonian. The argumentation used in the hearings is deconstructed in order to understand the increase in opposition to the traditionally bipartisan nuclear arms control regime. The results reveal a factionalism in the Republican Party. The argumentation in opposition to ratification traces back to the Jacksonian school, whereas argumentation supporting the ratification traces back to Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian and Wilsonian traditions. According to opposition, the Obama administration was pursuing its idealistic goal of a world-without-nuclear-weapons and its misguided Russia reset policy by any means necessary – most importantly by compromising with Russia on U.S. European-based missile defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PARTISANSHIP and SELECTION & appointment of U.S. Supreme Court justices

Partisan disputes are ubiquitous in Congress. Yet, participation in this bickering varies among legislators. Some eagerly join these fights while others abstain. What explains this variation? Previous research examines this question by studying members' partisan preferences expressed through votes or bill cosponsorships. However, preference-based studies miss much of the daily congressional bickering and cannot identify which legislators were most involved in the fighting. This paper considers lawmakers' partisan intensity, the time and effort they devote to partisanship. I argue the same factors that drive other forms of legislative participation—constituent demand, committee service, and a member's personal characteristics—also predict who joins a partisan dispute. Using Senators' daily Twitter communications during Brett Kavanaugh's Supreme Court confirmation, I show legislators' partisan intensity systematically varied based on these factors. In particular, I find that sexual assault allegations against Kavanaugh altered Senators' partisan behavior in a predictable manner. This study helps explain why legislators choose to create the partisan acrimony that is omnipresent on Capitol Hill and contributes to our understanding of partisanship, messaging politics, and how social identity affects legislative participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLITICAL elites, ECONOMIC elites, COMMERCIAL policy, LABOR market, PUBLIC housing, PARTISANSHIP, and LOCAL elections

Driven by concerns over American jobs, factions within both the Democrat and Republican parties have appealed for greater trade protection. Does the legislative record reflect this rhetoric and have protectionist demands impacted the direction of trade policy in recent decades? Our answers are yes and no, respectively. We investigate the content of all 3356 trade bills introduced in Congress, 2005–2016, and classify them as liberalizing and protectionist. Analyzing legislator decisions to sponsor or cosponsor bills, we show that legislators who represent districts hardest hit by trade competition promote protectionism at a higher rate. We find strong evidence that district economic conditions reinforce the party position for Democrats and reveal intra-party cleavages among Republicans. Yet, these local interests are quickly sidelined in the legislative process. The few trade bills that become public law advance liberalization. The attrition process reflects the positions of party leadership who exercise gatekeeping powers to promote legislation that aligns with productive firms and the broader national interest. Thus we show how local economic conditions, partisan politics, and Congressional elite jointly shape the direction of trade policy, reinforcing U.S. engagement in the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LABOR unions

It has long been recognized that economic inequality may undermine the principle of equal responsiveness that lies at the core of democratic governance. A recent wave of scholarship has highlighted an acute degree of political inequality in contemporary democracies in North America and Europe. In contrast to the view that unequal responsiveness in favor of the affluent is nearly inevitable when income inequality is high, we argue that organized labor can be an effective source of political equality. Focusing on the paradigmatic case of the U.S. House of Representatives, our novel dataset combines income-specific estimates of constituency preferences based on 223,000 survey respondents matched to roll-call votes with a measure of district-level union strength drawn from administrative records. We find that local unions significantly dampen unequal responsiveness to high incomes: a standard deviation increase in union membership increases legislative responsiveness towards the poor by about six to eight percentage points. As a result, in districts with relatively strong unions legislators are about equally responsive to rich and poor Americans. We rule out alternative explanations using flexible controls for policies, institutions, and economic structure, as well as a novel instrumental variable for unionization based on history and geography. We also show that the impact of unions operates via campaign contributions and partisan selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting evidence-informed health policymaking is a priority of the Society of Behavioral Medicine and other professional societies. However, politics often impede the translation of research into policy. Public opinion is an important feature of political context that influences policymakers' behaviors, but prior research has not examined public opinion about evidence-informed health policy development. This exploratory study sought to characterize public opinion about the influence that evidence should, and does, have on health policy development in U.S. Congress relative to other factors and examine differences by political party affiliation. A public opinion survey was conducted in 2018 using the SSRS Probability Panel (N = 532). Respondents separately rated the extent to which six factors (e.g. evidence, budget impact, industry interests) "should have" and "currently have" influence on U.S. congresspersons' health policy decisions. Evidence (59%) was the most frequently identified factor that should have "a lot of influence" on health policy development, but only 11% of respondents thought that evidence currently has "a lot of influence" (p <.001). Opinions about evidence did not vary significantly by political party. The interests of insurance and pharmaceutical companies were identified as factors that should have the least influence on policy development, but were perceived as having the most influence (p <.001). There is strong bipartisan public support for evidence to have much more influence on health policy development in U.S. Congress. Efforts that aim to improve evidence-informed health policymaking should consider harnessing the power of public opinion to change elected policymakers' behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FEDERAL Reserve monetary policy, FEDERAL Reserve banks, UNITED States politics & government, and TWENTIETH century

Applying an array of quasi-experimental designs, proponents of causal inference approaches to studying American politics are setting their sights on the study of Congress. In many ways, that focus makes sense: improved research design allows us to draw stronger analytical inferences from observational data, bolstering our understanding of legislative politics. But are the pursuit and methods of causal inference equally well suited to the study of Congress and history? In this article, I consider the application of causal inference methods in historically oriented studies of Congress. Drawing from my coauthored work on the interdependence of Congress and the Federal Reserve over the Fed's first century and earlier work on the institutional evolution of Congress, I point to the tradeoffs between knowledge and certainty that are endemic in causal inference approaches—and arguably especially so in the study of Congress and history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CORONAVIRUS diseases, UNITED States tax laws, TAX cuts, and TAX rates

INTELLECTUAL property, COMMERCIAL treaties, INTERNATIONAL trade, FOREIGN trade promotion, and COMMERCIAL policy

Despite the large body of literature on the connection between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and trade at the international level, less attention has been paid to the impacts of such rights included in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on domestic legislative debates. This article contributes to filling this gap by analyzing debates in the U.S. legislature where the IPRs included in PTAs were referred to. We consider the 1995–2012 period (104th to 112th Congresses). We also analyze trade laws enacted by Congress over the period. The data suggest that the IPRs negotiated with foreign partners affect Congress voting on the concession of trade promotion authority to the president. They may also trigger urges for adjustments to trade agreements and be tapped into by members of Congress to advocate for changes to domestic patent legislation. The importance placed on IPRs by members of Congress was not consistent over time and across parties. These results suggest that theoretical explanations of the U.S. trade policy must account for the diversity of views at the domestic level and for how such often divergent sentiments translate into policies, as framed by the domestic laws and institutions in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MUSLIM Americans, RAMADAN, CONTRAST media, RELIGIOUS communities, UNITED States Congressional elections, RELIGIOUS minorities, and UNITED States presidential election, 2020

This article traces the history of the simple resolutions introduced in the United States Congress almost annually since 2001 to recognize the commencement of Ramadan, and to offer good wishes to Muslims in the United States and globally. Only one of these has passed. These symbolic resolutions have been little studied, in contrast to media attention on White House iftars and presidential Ramadan greetings. Using Congressional sources, this article argues that these symbolic resolutions, despite their limited success, offer an important lens for understanding a post-9/11 Congressional effort to recognize Muslims as an American religious minority community. The impact of these Ramadan resolutions lies in their attempt to grant national recognition to a minority religious community—an effort that has been both inclusive and contentious. Overall, Congressional resolutions and debates offer a fruitful source for scholarship on American Muslims and other religious minorities in the contemporary United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTERNATIONAL cooperation, INTERNATIONAL relations, SPACE flight, and CHINA-United States relations

There are a growing number of U.S. space scientists and managers calling for reinitiating cooperation with China in space. It is well-known that investigations of the U.S. Congress into various allegations involving China have resulted in a series of laws curtailing space cooperation between these two countries. By surveying the concurrent political developments within the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, this article attempts to reveal the domestic compulsions that propelled changes in the U.S. space policy towards China. The fundamental impetus is the power struggle and differences between the U.S. president and Congress in their perception of U.S. economic interests and national security in the context of space technology that strained these relations. Recent U.S. presidents who inherited this situation added to the discourse based on their own perceptions about outer space and China. These perceptions either found congruence with the policy of the U.S. Congress or led to finding ways to circumvent its legal restrictions. Based on these developments, it is concluded that the view of the U.S. president has alternated between necessary, desirable, and objectionable on the issue of U.S.-China space cooperation, and the U.S. Congress has thus shifted from supporting to restricting and then legally banning cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STOCKS (Finance) -- Law & legislation, CONSTITUTIONAL amendments (United States), STOCKS (Finance), UNITED States legislators, and MULTIVARIATE analysis

This paper examines the returns of stocks most frequently held by members of the US Congress surrounding the amendment to the "Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge" (STOCK) Act, which relaxed some of the restrictions that kept congressional staffers from trading on non-public information. Using a series of standard event study techniques, we find evidence that the stocks held most by members of Congress outperformed the market during the period immediately surrounding the amendment's passage. Our results are robust to different treatment samples, various methods of calculating abnormal returns, and a number of different placebo tests. In addition, our multivariate tests show that the positive CARs surrounding the amendment are driven by the number of congressmen holding the stock and the amount invested by members of Congress in a particular stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PUBLIC housing, HOUSING policy, and UNITED States legislators

Prior research assumes that high-status actors have greater organizational influence than lower-status ones, that is, it is easier for the former to get their ideas and initiatives adopted by the organization than it is for the latter. Drawing from the literature on ideology, we posit that the status–influence link is contingent on actors' ideological position. Specifically, status confers organizational influence to the degree that the focal actor is ideologically mainstream. The more an actor's ideology deviates from the mainstream the less will her status translate into increased organizational influence. We find support for this hypothesis using data on the work of legislators in the House of Representatives in the United States Congress. By illuminating how and under what conditions status leads to increased influence, this study qualifies and extends current understandings of the role of status in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States tax laws, TAX planning, FAIR value, TAX administration & procedure, and TAXPAYER compliance

Tax abuse--a process by which taxpayers secure tax outcomes that directly or indirectly contravene congressional intent--is a commonplace phenomenon that has plagued the nation's economic fabric since Congress instituted the income tax. A typical pattern associated with tax abuse is as follows: one or more taxpayers devise a methodology to mitigate their tax burdens in a way that skirts their civic obligations, the practice becomes widespread, and Congress responds by instituting reform measures. Often, however, the legislative process takes years or, in some cases, decades to unfold; in the meantime, billions of dollars of tax revenue are lost. Consider the case of upstream tax planning. This is a process by which younger-generation taxpayers gift appreciated assets to older loved ones with the expectation of receiving such assets back in the form of outright bequests or in trust for their benefit. After the application of the Internal Revenue Code's "basis equal to fair market value" rule, the transferred assets are cleansed of their former gains, making upstream tax planning very financially enticing. Using upstream tax planning as a case study, this Article advocates that Congress enact a general anti-abuse rule that vests the Treasury Department with broad administrative authority to promulgate anti-abuse regulations whenever the agency perceives a tax-compliance problem. The grant of such administrative authority combined with its utilization would yield a vast improvement over the status quo: it would safeguard the nation's coffers in a faster and more timely manner; enhance and invigorate taxpayer compliance; and, where necessary, shape the Code into being more standard based rather than rule based in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. is experiencing an epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Socioeconomically disadvantaged and certain racial and ethnic groups experience a disproportionate burden from diabetes and are subject to disparities in treatment and outcomes. The National Clinical Care Commission (NCCC) was charged with making recommendations to leverage federal policies and programs to more effectively prevent and control diabetes and its complications. The NCCC determined that diabetes cannot be addressed simply as a medical problem but must also be addressed as a societal problem requiring social, clinical, and public health policy solutions. As a result, the NCCC's recommendations address policies and programs of both non–health-related and health-related federal agencies. The NCCC report, submitted to the U.S. Congress on 6 January 2022, makes 39 specific recommendations, including three foundational recommendations that non–health-related and health-related federal agencies coordinate their activities to better address diabetes, that all federal agencies and departments ensure that health equity is a guiding principle for their policies and programs that impact diabetes, and that all Americans have access to comprehensive and affordable health care. Specific recommendations are also made to improve general population-wide policies and programs that impact diabetes risk and control, to increase awareness and prevention efforts among those at high risk for type 2 diabetes, and to remove barriers to access to effective treatments for diabetes and its complications. Finally, the NCCC recommends that an Office of National Diabetes Policy be established to coordinate the activities of health-related and non–health-related federal agencies to address diabetes prevention and treatment. The NCCC urges Congress and the Secretary of Health and Human Services to implement these recommendations to protect the health and well-being of the more than 130 million Americans at risk for and living with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States tax laws, TAX Cuts & Jobs Act (U.S.), TAX credits, and CORPORATE taxes

The article discusses two major legislative acts passed by Congress to change tax law in the U.S., including the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) and the 2018 Bipartisan Budget Act (BBA). Topics covered include BBA's elimination of the production tax credit and the investment tax credit, and TCJA's creation of the base erosion anti-abuse tax (BEAT) and its elimination of the corporate alternative minimum tax.

CORRUPT practices in elections, ELECTRONIC newsletters, FALSE claims, FRAUD, DEMOCRATS (United States), REPUBLICANS, and ELECTIONS

Talk of fraud dominated President Donald J. Trump's campaign and time in office. In this article, we explore whether members of Congress followed Trump's lead in discussing all types of fraud, including electoral fraud as well as fraud, waste, and abuse. Using a unique dataset of the universe of congressional electronic newsletters from 2010 to 2021, we show that Republicans wrote to constituents about fraud much more than Democrats, especially about electoral fraud after Trump's election, but it was Democrats who used angrier rhetoric to discuss fraud, a check on the President and many of the false claims about voter fraud in 2016 and 2020. These findings show an important aspect of the inter-party and inter-branch dynamics at play during Trump's presidency; once keen to focus on fraud, waste and abuse in government congressional Republican attention shifted once the head of the executive branch was a co-partisan to parroting the claims of electoral and voter fraud made by the President. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLITICAL action committees, PRIMARIES, POLITICAL campaigns, CAMPAIGN funds, ETHNIC groups, SELF-promotion, CROWD funding, and SOLIDARITY

Copyright of Humanities & Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University is the property of Financial University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

CIVIL rights, POLICE brutality, and RACISM

In Bivens, the Supreme Court held that although 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is silent as to its application to federal agents, the plaintiff had an implied cause of action against federal agents for violation of his constitutional rights. Since this decision, the Court has heavily narrowed the implied Bivens cause of action and punted the decision to Congress to codify a cause of action against federal agents. As the law currently stands, plaintiffs must overcome a confusing framework that conflates constitutional merits with whether a cause of action exists, affords extreme deference to executive decisions, and is presumptively unavailable. In June of 2020, federal agents were deployed to cities throughout the United States to end recurring protests against police brutality and systemic racism. Federal agents used excessive force to remove protestors, resulting in several lawsuits. However, because of Bivens' narrow application, a remedy is unavailable. In contrast, the plaintiffs could sue if officers acting under color of state or local law had used excessive force, using § 1983 as a vehicle to remedy their injuries. Whether an agent acts under color of state or federal law should not be the determining factor in deciding whether a remedy is available. This comment will discuss the flaws in the current Bivens framework, recognizing why a codified Bivens is necessary. Further, this comment will address how a codified Bivens would look, analyzing: who could be sued, for what rights a codified Bivens would apply, and how a codified Bivens would interact with other areas of civil rights law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POPULATION statistics, UNITED States census, and ELITE (Social sciences)

The delegates to the Federal Convention of 1787 needed to know the population of the United States in order to distribute representation. They faced problems, however, in doing so. They had only fragmentary and often outdated census estimates. Some delegates unhelpfully withheld information from their colleagues about their state's population. The legacy of the Confederation Congress influenced them to be more concerned about the relative rather than the absolute size of states' populations. For whatever reasons, the population estimates of states that circulated among them disagreed among themselves. Furthermore, skepticism about quantification remained strong, and the ability of the delegates to do numerical analysis was limited. Consequently, the population estimates they put in the Constitution were significantly revised by the Census of 1790, but because of ambiguities in the Constitution about apportionment, Congress struggled to reallocate representation. In sum, numbers were malleable agents in shaping constitutional affairs in transactional ways, not precise yardsticks to resolve conflicts. The gradual introduction of quantification into public affairs in the late eighteenth century, represented by the creation of the U.S. census, increased contentiousness rather than resolved differences. These events remind Americans in the twenty-first century that counting the nation's population has always been a difficult and contentious endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOMINATIONS for office, APPOINTMENT to public office, and UNITED States senators

FRAUD, LEGISLATIVE bills, CONGRESSIONAL hearings (U.S.), and PUBLIC administration

Public administration scholars have taken up the study of fraud, waste, and abuse, but typically from an executive or bureaucratic perspective. The aim of this paper is to deepen what we know about the topic by re-orienting the focus back to Congress, in line with Paul Light's seminal book on the subject. By examining two decades of Congressional bill and hearings data, the findings show Congress has remained active on fraud, waste, and abuse, but no single theory of legislative behavior best explains the patterns of activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRESIDENTS of the United States, INTERGOVERNMENTAL cooperation, and LEGISLATION

Presidents routinely employ Statements of Administration Policy (SAPs) to inform Congress about the executive's thoughts and position on pending legislation. Such statements are used for a variety of purposes, including bill promotion, suggesting changes, issuing veto threats, and addressing perceived threats to traditional powers. While SAPs have been identified as an important vehicle for interbranch communication and a key source of insight into presidential preferences, many questions remain as to how presidents make use of SAPs' full range of potential. Using a novel data set of over 4,600 SAPs across multiple administrations, we explore the content of these interbranch communications to uncover how, when, and why presidents use such statements over time. Ultimately, we demonstrate the many ways that presidential use of SAPs is strategic based on political contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRESIDENTS of the United States, AMERICAN letters, and NEWSPAPERS

When he delivered his first annual message in 1801, Thomas Jefferson departed from prior presidential practice and delivered the message to Congress in writing rather than as a speech. Scholars have differed over the meaning and significance of his action. This article examines new historical evidence on the question. The evidence is a commentary in Jefferson's presidential newspaper that explained the reasons for his action; a letter Jefferson wrote explaining his action; and commentaries on the action from Federalist Party opposition newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AMERICAN women legislators, PARTISANSHIP, UNITED States political parties, ELECTORAL college, and UNITED States politics & government, 21st century

The gender gap between female and male voters receives much attention during election season. But the partisan gap among women in Congress is a dramatically bigger gulf and arguably holds much more significant consequences for our democracy. This gap has been caused by long-term, structural changes in American electoral politics—specifically, the regional, racial and ideological realignments of the two major political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTERNATIONAL relations, AMERICAN attitudes, ATTITUDE change (Psychology), COLD War, 1945-1991, and RELEVANCE

Copyright of Bulletin of the MSRU. Series History & Political Sciences is the property of Moscow State Regional University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Expertise: POLITEX is the property of Saint-Petersburg State University, Federal State Budgetary Educational Inst. of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

CHILD tax credits, AMERICAN Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (U.S.), POOR children, EDUCATIONAL vouchers, and CHURCH schools

The American Rescue Plan Act enacted in March 2021 expanded the child tax credit to as much as $3,600 a year for children under six and made it fully refundable and perhaps payable in advance. At least some are hailing the credit as something close to a school voucher, saying the money could help pay for parochial school. It would also lift millions of children out of poverty. Should this one-year provision be made permanent law as is? Or are there alternative uses of this federal money or modifications to the policy that would bring better outcomes for children, with a lower risk of unintended consequences? Matthew Yglesias, a journalist who writes about economics and politics, and Scott Winship, director of poverty studies at the American Enterprise Institute, weigh in on these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GREEN v. United States, DOUBLE jeopardy, TAXATION, and DUE process of law

In 1976, in Fisher v. United States, the Supreme Court first recognized the "act of production privilege" as being a necessary component of the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination. A grand jury subpoena or Service summons does not violate the Fifth Amendment just because documents the government seeks are incriminating; pre-existing documents are not the result of government compulsion. But, a taxpayer may refuse to produce those same documents if the compelled act of producing them is testimonial and incriminating. By producing documents, a taxpayer may "testify" that the documents exist, that she possesses and controls them, that she believes that they are described in the subpoena or summons, and that they are authentic -- all admissions that may be incriminating. The act of production privilege does not apply, however, if factual admissions inherent in producing documents are a "foregone conclusion" (i.e., if the government can independently prove those facts without relying on the documents' production). In 2016, in United States v. Greenfield, the Second Circuit narrowly drew this foregone conclusion exception. Greenfield asserted his act of production privilege in response to a 2013 Service summons seeking records of foreign bank accounts. Evidence in the government's hands indicated that Greenfield might have controlled the accounts in 2001. But the court held that the "critical issue" was whether the government could prove that facts which would be conveyed by Greenfield's act of producing documents were a foregone conclusion in 2013. The government could not meet this burden (although it might have done so in 2001). The court therefore applied the act of production privilege to quash the summons, because the existence and Greenfield's control of the summonsed documents in 2013 could be incriminating. "One of Greenfield's strongest defenses to a charge of tax evasion would be to argue that his father [who died in 2009] was the sole person with knowledge of how the family's finances were organized," a defense which would be undermined by evidence that Greenfield took control of bank records after his father's death. Greenfield seems to be a robust affirmation of the Fifth Amendment's act of production privilege. Yet the Greenfield court was careful to distinguish its 2013 decision in In re Grand Jury Subpoena Dated Feb. 2, 2012, where it refused to apply the act of production privilege to a grand jury subpoena that sought a taxpayer's foreign bank account records, but only from the previous five years. In the earlier case, the Second Circuit applied the so-called "required records exception" to the Fifth Amendment privilege, because a regulation under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), 31 C.F.R. § 1010.420, requires taxpayers sometimes even to create, and to retain for five years, records of foreign bank accounts. The Greenfield decision stated: "The Government can require an individual to produce documents related to foreign bank accounts maintained pursuant to 31 C.F.R. § 1010.420, without violating an individual's right against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment." Consequently, the difference between Greenfield and In re Grand Jury Subpoena Dated Feb. 2, 2012 is not the result of meticulous constitutional analysis, but rests only on the length of time that an agency regulation requires foreign bank account records to be maintained. If the BSA regulation required taxpayers to maintain foreign bank account records for, say, 12 years, presumably the Greenfield court would not have engaged in its extensive discussion of the Fifth Amendment, but would simply have ordered Greenfield to respond to the summons. Greenfield thus, by its own terms, applies only if no statute or regulation requires a taxpayer to maintain records that the government seeks. Greenfield does nothing to mitigate the potentially far-reaching and troubling fallout from decisions of eight of the 12 federal circuit courts, dating from 2011 through 2016, all of which applied the so-called "required records exception" to the Fifth Amendment. This "exception" dates from the Supreme Court's 1948 decision in Shapiro v. United States, a case that involved emergency wartime recordkeeping regulations governing a publicly conducted business. Nevertheless, the eight circuit court cases all relied on Shapiro to hold that a taxpayer may not assert her Fifth Amendment act of production privilege (first recognized three decades after Shapiro) to refuse to produce records from the past five years in connection with the private act of owning a foreign bank account, no matter how testimonial and incriminating the taxpayer's act of producing those records may be. The eight circuit court decisions espoused the dubious notion that whether the Fifth Amendment act of production privilege applies depends on whether there is a statute or even a regulation that requires taxpayers to maintain for a specified period records that the government seeks via subpoena or summons. As a result, Congress, or even a federal agency, can "override" the Constitution's protection against compelled self-incrimination simply by prescribing recordkeeping requirements. This surely cannot be correct constitutional law; these decisions contravene the bedrock propositions that a statute (let alone a regulation) cannot override the Constitution, and that, when the prerequisites of compulsion, testimony, and possible self-incrimination are met, the Fifth Amendment's privilege is "unequivocal and without exception." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LEGISLATIVE voting, VOTING, DEMOGRAPHIC characteristics, ELECTIONS, DEMOCRATS (United States), and REPUBLICANS

Why do some members of Congress vote more on the extremes of their party than others? I argue that lawmakers representing more homogeneously white districts have greater electoral incentive to moderate their voting records, since the two parties compete more for support of white voters than for the support of minority voters. I provide evidence using roll-call votes from the U.S. House and Senate. I find members representing more homogeneously white districts have more moderate voting records, a finding that holds for Democrats and Republicans. I explore two potential mechanisms: legislator responsiveness and electoral punishment. While legislators do not seem to adjust their voting behavior in response to short-term changes in district racial composition, more homogeneously white districts are found to assess larger vote share penalties on more extreme candidates in general elections. The findings have implications for our understanding of race, representation, and electoral accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LEGISLATORS, TRAVEL, GIFTS, and PRESSURE groups

Members of Congress take more than 2,000 trips sponsored by private organizations and interest groups every congress. Using a new data set of gift travel from 2007 to 2019 and interviews with former members of Congress, current and former congressional staffers, and staffers from interest groups that fund trips, we attempt to answer two core questions about this increasingly frequent behavior. Why do members take privately sponsored trips and what types of groups are driving this behavior? We argue that members of Congress take trips because they believe it makes them more effective legislators by exposing them to real-world consequences of their policy decisions and forcing them to build relationships with their fellow members. Trip sponsors, alternatively, seek to persuade and build relationships with members of Congress that ultimately shape their legislative coalitions. We find that trip-taking is associated with greater legislative effectiveness, in particular for Democrats, and that the provision of policy-specific information is a valuable benefit from taking these trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRESIDENTS of the United States, POLITICAL opposition, LEGISLATIVE bills, and LEGISLATIVE committees

Who sponsors the president's program when the opposition controls the House presents a puzzle because the president's copartisan members arguably lack agenda‐setting power and the president cannot compel the opposition to consider legislation. Attracting opposition sponsors to their bills is one way presidents hope to enact their agendas when in the minority. Doing so allows the opposition to share or take credit for bills in the president's program. New OMB data about presidents' programs (Kernell et al. 2019) open a window to these dynamics of divided government between the 97th (1981–82) and 109th (2005–6) Congress. In contrast to the near monopolization of program bills by presidents' copartisans when they are in control, these data demonstrate that opposition members sponsor most bills in presidents' programs when the opposition is in the majority. Opposition members with committee and subcommittee chair status, long tenure, and high legislative effectiveness scores (Volden and Wiseman 2014) are especially likely to sponsor presidents' program bills when the opposition controls the House. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POLITICAL communication, PARTISANSHIP, POLITICAL participation, COMMUNICATION & politics, and UNITED States legislators

We investigate the influence of partisanship on congressional communication by analyzing 180,000 press releases issued by members of Congress (MCs) between 2005 and 2019. Specifically, we examine whether partisan factors such as party control of the White House and/or Congress influence the tone used by MCs and whether MCs are more likely to focus on issues that their respective party owns. Our analyses include the use of multiple OLS models, the machine learning approach gradient boosting, and Grimmer's topical modeling software "expAgenda." We find that (1) partisanship influences the tone MCs use when communicating online; and (2) MCs are unable to prioritize discussing issues that their respective party own but devote slightly greater attention to their party's issues than MCs from the opposite party. Our study ultimately finds strong evidence of partisan influence in the way MCs design their press releases and has important implications for online congressional communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HUMAN facial recognition software, LAW enforcement agencies, SEARCHES & seizures (Law), and KATZ v. United States

The article analyze police departments use of facial recognition technology and the pros and cons of the technology in the U.S. Topics include law enforcement agencies' use of facial recognition technology and the potential for Fourth Amendment violations stemming from such use; recommendations for Congress when passing a law regulating facial recognition technology; and the U.S. Supreme Court case Katz v. United States the protections of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

INJUNCTIONS, CLASS actions, UNITED States. Immigration & Nationality Act, PLAINTIFFS, and FORUM shopping

A curious provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) precludes class actions challenging expedited removal, the system of fast-track deportations for individuals who have recently entered the country. The same provision authorizes nationwide relief in non-class actions, but it requires that plaintiffs in such non-class systemic challenges file their claims in the federal District Court for the District of Columbia and that they do so within sixty days of the challenged change to the system. This framework should matter to scholars of nationwide injunctions for two reasons. First, Congress took for granted in 1996 that federal district courts may issue nationwide injunctions without certifying a nationwide class. Second, by limiting individual nationwide actions to a single judicial district, Congress prevented plaintiffs from trying their luck in multiple judicial districts and prevented courts from issuing conflicting nationwide injunctions. The expedited removal statute therefore eliminates two of the most commonly cited harms of non-class nationwide injunctions-- heightened plaintiff forum shopping and the possibility of conflicting injunctions. At the same time, it requires a court to issue such injunctions when the federal government violates the law. In other words, this provision illustrates that solving the (real) policy problems posed by nationwide injunctions does not require the drastic measure of limiting all injunctive relief to the plaintiffs. More modest solutions are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PUBLIC welfare, WELFARE state, COMMERCE, NETWORK effect, and FORECASTING

We compare the drivers of U.S. congressmen's votes on trade and migration reforms since the 1970s. Standard trade theory suggests that trade reforms that lower barriers to goods from less skilled‐labor abundant countries and migration reforms that lower barriers to low‐skilled migrants should have similar distributional effects, hurting low‐skilled U.S. workers while benefiting high‐skilled workers. In line with this prediction, we find that House members representing more skilled‐labor abundant districts are more likely to support trade and migration reforms that benefit high‐skilled workers. Still, important differences exist: Democrats are less supportive of trade reforms than Republicans, while the opposite is true for migration reforms; welfare state considerations and network effects shape votes on migration, but not on trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONFERENCES & conventions, PHYSICAL fitness -- Congresses, and PUBLIC health -- Congresses

Information about the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health, held April 17-20, 2006, in Atlanta, Georgia is presented. The congress was made relative to the tenth-year anniversary of the publication of the “US Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health.” A forum for exchanging information on current research and practice in the area of physical activity and public health was also made.

WOMEN politicians, WOMEN in politics, WOMEN presidential candidates, POLITICAL leadership, PRESIDENTIAL nominations, UNITED States elections, and UNITED States politics & government, 1989-

Women are drastically underrepresented in American political institutions. This has prompted speculation about the impact of electing more women on policy and the functioning of government. Examining the growing presence of women in Congress, I demonstrate that women do exhibit unique policy priorities, focusing more on the needs of various groups of women. However, the incentive structure of the American electoral system, which rewards ideological purity, means that women are not likely to bring more consensus to Washington. Indeed, women's issues are now entrenched in the partisan divide. Since the 1990s, the majority of women elected to Congress have been Democrats, who have pursued their vision of women's interests while portraying Republican policies as harmful to women. In response, Republican women have been deployed to defend their party, further reducing the potential for bipartisan cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GOVERNMENT agencies, GOVERNMENTAL investigations, REPRESENTATIVE government, PUBLIC records, AMERICAN veterans, UNITED States legislators, and AMERICAN women legislators

A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. Using Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, we collected 88,000 records of communication between members of the U.S. Congress and federal agencies during the 108th–113th Congresses. These legislative interventions allow us to examine members' "follow‐through" with policy implementation. We find that women, racial/ethnic minorities, and veterans are more likely to work on behalf of constituents with whom they share identities. Including veterans offers leverage in understanding the role of political cleavages and shared experiences. Our findings suggest that shared experiences operate as a critical mechanism for representation, that a lack of political consensus is not necessary for substantive representation, and that the causal relationships identified by experimental work have observable implications in the daily work of Congress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States legislators, UNITED States politics & government, PRESIDENTS of the United States, REPUBLICANS, AMERICAN women legislators, and ATTITUDE (Psychology)

How do members of the US Congress give credit when credit is due for political achievements? Focusing on an important credit giving scenario – credit giving to the president of the United States – this research suggests that credit giving is a form of non-roll call position taking and members give credit in a way that is reflective of individual, institutional, and constituency factors. Using an original data set composed of the official congressional statements concerning the death of Osama bin Laden, findings suggest the proximate decision to issue a statement is related to individual and institutional factors. Within the issued statements, however, credit giving is primarily driven by presidential popularity in the constituency. In addition to being less predictable in their credit giving behaviour, members of the Senate are less likely to give credit than their colleagues in the House of Representatives. Finally, Republican women in the House of Representatives are less likely to give the president credit than other members. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

FOREIGN relations of the United States, INTERNATIONAL relations, INTERNATIONAL security, HUMAN rights, and GOVERNMENT policy

Numerous U.S. government agencies are involved in developing and implementing U.S. policy toward Korean Peninsula events, trends, and developments. Those studying U.S. government policies toward this region need to pay particular attention to the role played by U.S. Congressional committees in this policymaking. Congressional committees are responsible for approving new legislation, revising existing legislation, funding U.S. government programs and conducting oversight of these programs. This work examines Congressional committee hearings and debate during the 113th Congress (2013-2014) and reveals that multiple Congressional committees with varying jurisdictions seek to shape U.S. government Korean Peninsula policy and that this policymaking covers more than international relations and international security issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTERNATIONAL economic integration, GLOBALIZATION, FOREIGN relations of the United States, FREE trade, and TRADE regulation

Who supports trade in the US Congress? We uncover the ideological space of trade voting, focusing on trade agreements and development policy as two fundamental cleavages around globalization. We then cluster members of Congress into coherent voting blocs, and identify the most pro-trade voting blocs in each Chamber. We find that these blocs: cross party lines; are ideologically heterogeneous; and are over-represented on the committees with jurisdiction over trade. We then examine two leading theories of Congressional voting – on constituency characteristics and campaign contributions – and find support for each using our learned voting blocs. Members of pro-trade blocs have defended their constituents' and contributors' interests by speaking out to confront the Trump administration's protectionism. We conclude that unsupervised learning methods provide a valuable tool for exploring the multifaceted and dynamic divisions which characterize current debates over global economic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INCUMBENCY (Public officers), ELECTIONS, and UNITED States history

Throughout American history some members of Congress are beset with the unfortunate predicament of facing a fellow incumbent in their bids for reelection. One culprit is responsible for these atypical contests: redistricting. Using district and sub-district level data, this research note provides the first systematic coverage of all dueling incumbent general election U.S. House races from 1843 to 2018. We chronicle and analyze when we expect to see dueling incumbent races, the ability of parties to target out-party incumbents, and the electoral value of previously represented constituents for incumbents in reconfigured districts. Although incumbent duels are uncommon, they comprise a substantial number of incumbent general election defeats in contests following redistricting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SOLID propellants, DRUG delivery devices, and THERMAL analysis

Marisa Spirandeli Crespi Jivaldo do Rosário Matos Acknowledgements The Guest Editors are very grateful to the following scientists for their critical and valuable reviews which have significantly contributed to the quality of the papers in this Special Issue Ali, F., India Ao, W., China Artiaga, R., Spain Bannach, G., Brazil Bruni, G., Italy Budrugeac, P., Romania Cai, Xu-fu, China Castro, R., Portugal Cavalheiro, E., Brazil Chen, H., China Chen, W.-T., Taiwan Conceicao, M. M., Brazil Crespi, M. S., Brazil Cruz, G., Brazil Dastan, D., USA Fueglein, E., Germany Garzón, E. G., Spain Gomes, A. P. B., Brazil Gomes do Nascimento, T., Brazil Gong, J., China Guo, Z. H., China Huang, Y.-H., Taiwan Karthichekyan, V., China Lazzara, G., Italy Lehto, V.-P., Finland Liu, S.-H., China Liu, L.-T., China L"orinczy, D., Hungary Michelina, C., Italy Mohan, C., India Monajjemzadeh, F., Iran Muthu Manokar, A., India Nomen, R., Spain Nozela, W. C., Brazil Popa, A., Romania Predoana, L., Romania Punia Bangar, S., uSA Rangel-Porras, G., Mexico Regdon Jr., G., Hungary Rotaru, A., Romania Schnitzler, E., Brazil Shayanfar, A., Iran Simon, P., Slovakia Souza, E. Costa de, Brazil Sternik, D., Poland Terekhova, I. V., Russian Federation Usacheva, T. R., Russian Federation Walter, D., Germany Wang, X., China Yuan, B., China Zaharescu, M. M., Romania Zhang, S., China. On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I wish the best of luck to my closest colleagues and the representatives of the Companies that sell thermal analysis equipment in Brazil involved with the scientific events. [Extracted from the article]

ELECTION of legislators, POLITICAL candidates -- Attitudes, PERSONALITY, and VOTERS -- Attitudes

This article addresses the question of appearance-based effects by looking at the U.S. House of Representatives election 2016. We broaden the focus beyond existing studies by offering a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the three traits attractiveness, competence, and likability while simultaneously taking into account confounding third variables and possible interactions. Corresponding to the comparative character of electoral competition in the districts, we developed a relative measure of the three traits which we apply in an online survey. This measure also takes into account the raters' latency times, that is, their clicking speed, as a weighting factor for their ambiguity in the ratings. With these data we test whether appearance matters for the electoral outcome. We find that attractiveness positively affects the vote share, whereas perceived likability and competence play no role. The study also tests to what extent the found appearance effects are conditioned by incumbency status, age, and gender of the contestants. Furthermore, it gives hints which aspects of their appearance candidates could change to perform better at the ballot box. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TELECOMMUNICATION, ORGANIZATIONAL legitimacy, PUBLIC officers, SIGNS & symbols, TELEPHONE calls, DIGITAL communications, and ONLINE databases

Low-cost forms of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) such as phone calls, e-mail, faxes, online town halls, constituent databases, and social media are thought to improve Congress' ability to capture and be responsive to constituent views. However, scholarly work finds evidence that congressional offices do not use ICTs to effectively listen to constituent concerns. Rather, Members of Congress use such technologies primarily for one-way communication and self-promotion, indicating a clear disconnect between the expectations and realities of Congress adopting these technologies for responsive engagement. Using staff survey and interview data collected during ethnographic fieldwork, we find that this disconnect can be partially explained by institutional pressures and interpretations of responsive citizen engagement. Congress adopts ICTs as symbols of responsiveness by efficiently responding to constituents via form letters. The language of responsiveness touted by congressional offices allows staff to bridge public narrative and institutional practice by using the same word to promote different values in constituent engagement. This disconnect leads to a mismatch between the public's expectations of how ICTs might influence communicative practices by elected officials and how such tools are used in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RUNOFF elections, ELECTIONS, PARTISANSHIP, DEMOCRATS (United States), VOTING, PRESIDENTIAL elections, and FEDERAL government

Recent work on American presidential elections suggests that voters engage in anticipatory balancing, which occurs when voters split their ticket in order to moderate collective policy outcomes by forcing agreement among institutions controlled by opposing parties. We use the 2021 Georgia U.S. Senate runoffs, which determined whether Democrats would have unified control of the federal government given preceding November victories by President-elect Biden and House Democrats, to evaluate support for anticipatory balancing. Leveraging an original survey of Georgia voters, we find no evidence of balancing within the general electorate and among partisans across differing model specifications. We use qualitative content analysis of voter electoral runoff intentions to support our findings and contextualize the lack of evidence for balancing withan original analysis showing the unprecedented partisan nature of contemporary Senate elections since direct-election began in 1914. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNITED States legislators, UNITED States Congressional elections, PRIMARIES, and VOTING research

Effective lawmakers are the workhorses of the US Congress, yet we know little about the electoral payoffs of their efforts. Are effective lawmakers better at warding off challengers in the next election? Do they win at a greater rate? To answer these questions, we draw on original data on congressional primary elections from 1980 to 2016, allowing us to focus on elections that lack partisan cues and where voters tend to be highly knowledgeable about politics. We find that incumbents receive an electoral boost in congressional primaries from their legislative work in Congress. Ineffective lawmakers are more likely to face quality challengers, and they lose their primaries at a greater rate than do more effective lawmakers. These differences diminish in the complex informational environment of a primary with multiple challengers. These findings provide important insights into the conditions under which voters hold their elected representatives accountable for their legislative successes and failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONGRESSIONAL Review Act, 1996 (U.S.), DELEGATED legislation, ADMINISTRATIVE law, GOVERNMENT regulation, and GOVERNMENT agencies

Last Term, the Supreme Court recognized a new major questions doctrine, which requires Congress to provide clear statutory authorization for an agency to regulate on a question of great economic or political significance. This new substantive canon of statutory interpretation will be invoked in court challenges to federal agency actions across the country, and it will no doubt spark considerable scholarly attention. This Essay does not wade into those doctrinal or theoretical debates. Instead, it suggests one way Congress could respond: by enacting a Congressional Review Act for the major questions doctrine. In other words, Congress could establish a fast-track legislative process that bypasses the Senate filibuster and similar slow-down mechanisms whenever a federal court invalidates an agency rule on major questions doctrine grounds. The successful passage of such a joint resolution would amend the agency's governing statute to authorize expressly the regulatory power the agency had claimed in the invalidated rule. In so doing, Congress would more easily have the opportunity to decide the major policy question itself--tempering the new doctrine's asymmetric deregulatory effects and allowing Congress to reassert its primary role in making the major value judgments in federal lawmaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]