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Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Tumeurs, Tumors, Tumeurs multiples. Tumeurs solides. Tumeurs chez l'enfant (généralités), Multiple tumors. Solid tumors. Tumors in childhood (general aspects), Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Cancer, Cáncer, Agrégat, Aggregate, Agregado, Criblage, Screening, Cernido, Dépistage, Medical screening, Descubrimiento, Médicament, Drug, Medicamento, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, and Tumor maligno

Microwell technology has revolutionized many aspects of in vitro cellular studies from 2D traditional cultures to 3D in vivo-like functional assays. However, existing lithography-based approaches are often costly and time-consuming. This study presents a rapid, low-cost prototyping method of CO2 laser ablation of a conventional untreated culture dish to create concave microwells used for generating multicellular aggregates, which can be readily available for general laboratories. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polystyrene (PS) microwells are investigated, and each produces distinctive microwell features. Among these three materials, PS cell culture dishes produce the optimal surface smoothness and roundness. A549 lung cancer cells are grown to form cancer aggregates of controllable size from ≈40 to ≈80 μm in PS microwells. Functional assays of spheroids are performed to study migration on 2D substrates and in 3D hydrogel conditions as a step towards recapitulating the dissemination of cancer cells. Preclinical anti-cancer drug screening is investigated and reveals considerable differences between 2D and 3D conditions, indicating the importance of assay type as well as the utility of the present approach.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères d'origine naturelle, Natural polymers, Amidon et polyosides divers, Starch and polysaccharides, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Mammalia, Rodentia, Vertebrata, Angiogenèse, Angiogenesis, Angiogénesis, Animal, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Chitosane, Chitosan, Quitosano, Congélation, Freezing, Congelación, Cryogénie, Cryogenics, Criogenia, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, In vivo, Microporosité, Microporosity, Microporosidad, Oside polymère, Oside polymer, Osido polímero, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Rat, Rata, freezing, rapid prototyping, scaffold, and tissue engineering

A major challenge in tissue engineering has been to develop scaffolds with controlled complex geometries, on both the macro- and micro-scale. One group of techniques, using rapid prototyping (RP) processes, has the capability to produce complex three-dimensional structures with good control over the size, geometry, and connectivity of the pores. In this article, a novel technique based on RP technology, that is, cryogenic prototyping (CP), that has the capability to fabricate scaffolds with controlled macro- and micro-structures, is presented. Our in vivo studies showed that the micro architecture (i.e., both pore size and pore orientation) and macro structures of the CP scaffolds affect both cellular infiltration and neo-vascularization. Full cellular infiltration and neo-vascularization were observed after 28 days in scaffolds with micropore sizes of 90 μm. In addition, it was observed that channels (300 μm) created in scaffolds were effective at enhancing cellular infiltration and vascularization. Our results have demonstrated that CP is a viable method for fabricating scaffolds for a wide range of tissue engineering applications.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Chirurgie orthopédique, Orthopedic surgery, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Activité biologique, Biological activity, Actividad biológica, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Calcium Phosphate, Calcium Phosphates, Calcio Fosfato, Cytotoxicité, Cytotoxicity, Citotoxicidad, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Implant, Implante, Phosphate de calcium, Calcium phosphate, Calcio fosfato, Propriété biologique, Biological properties, Propiedad biológica, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Résorption, Resorption, Resorción, Silice, Silica, Sílice, Technique rapide, Rapid technique, Técnica rápida, Greffe osseuse, Bone graft, Injerto óseo, bone graft, cytotoxicity, resorption, silica-calcium phosphate, and tissue engineering

Bioceramic processing using rapid prototyping technique (RPT) results in a fragile device that requires thermal treatment to improve the mechanical properties. This investigation evaluates the effect of thermal treatment on the mechanical, porosity, and bioactivity properties as well as the cytotoxicity of a porous silica-calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC) implant prepared by RPT. Porous SCPC implant was subject to 3-h treatment at 800°C, 850°C, or 900°C. The compressive strength (s) and modulus of elasticity (E) were doubled when the sintering temperature is raised from 850 to 900°C measuring (s = 15.326 ± 2.95 MPa and E = 1095 ± 164 MPa) after the later treatment. The significant increase in mechanical properties takes place with minimal changes in the surface area and the percentage of pores in the range 1-356 μm. The SCPC implant prepared at 900°C was loaded with rh-BMP-2 and grafted into a segmental defect in the rabbit ulna. Histology analyses showed highly vascularized bone formation inside the defect. Histopathological analyses of the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and the lung of rabbits grafted with and without SCPC demonstrated healthy tissues with no signs of toxicity or morphology alterations. Results of the study suggest that it is possible to engineering the mechanical properties of the SCPC implant without compromising its bioactivity. The enhanced bone formation inside the porous SCPC facilitated cell-mediated graft resorption and prohibited any accumulation of the material in the body organs.

Anesthesia, intensive care, Anesthésie, réanimation, Neurology, Neurologie, Otorhinolaryngology, stomatology, dentistry, Otorhinolaryngologie, stomatologie, dentisterie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Chirurgie orthopédique, Orthopedic surgery, Arcade zygomatique, Zygomatic arch, Arco cigomático, Chirurgie, Surgery, Cirugía, Crâniofacial, Craniofacial, Craneofacial, Etude cas, Case study, Estudio caso, Facteur prédictif, Predictive factor, Factor predictivo, Guide, Guía, Homme, Human, Hombre, Ostéotomie, Osteotomy, Osteotomía, Partie molle, Soft tissue, Parte blanda, Planification, Planning, Planificación, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Traitement, Treatment, Tratamiento, Soft tissue prediction, Three-dimensional virtual planning, and Zygomatic osteotomy

Introduction: The management of post-traumatic deformity in the midface region poses challenges for the maxillofacial surgeon. Ensuring symmetry after zygomatic osteotomy can be difficult and precise positioning of the osteotomised bony fragments requires careful treatment planning. It may be necessary to use a coronal flap to allow the surgeon to compare the contralateral zygomatic bone to allow symmetrical reduction. The authors present a new technique for the positioning of osteotomised zygomatic bones using a combination of computer assisted surgical simulation and rapid prototyping. Method: A patient presented to our unit with a post-traumatic zygomatic deformity. Using surgical simulation software the displaced zygomatic bone was osteotomised and placed in the ideal position on a three-dimensional computed tomography scan (3D CT). The position was determined by reference to the contralateral zygoma. In addition the repositioning of the soft tissues was simulated. A surgical guide which allowed intraoperative positioning of the osteotomised zygoma was manufactured by a rapid prototyping process. Use of the guide allowed a minimally invasive approach to the affected zygoma. The post-operative results were compared to the predicted outcome. Results: The post-operative appearance was satisfactory and corresponded well with the predicted result. There was a significant reduction in operative time compared to the previous management of similar cases.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Lactone copolymère, Lactone copolymer, Lactona copolímero, Adhérence cellulaire, Cell adhesion, Adherencia celular, Bactérie, Bacteria, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Cavité buccale, Oral cavity, Cavidad bucal, Colonisation, Colonization, Colonización, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Etude comparative, Comparative study, Estudio comparativo, Glycolique acide copolymère, Glycolic acid copolymer, Glicolico acido copolimero, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Homme, Human, Hombre, Lactique acide copolymère, Lactic acid copolymer, Láctico ácido copolímero, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell proliferation, Multiplicación celular, Ostéoblaste, Osteoblast, Osteoblasto, Phosphate de calcium, Calcium phosphate, Calcio fosfato, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Salive, Saliva, Structure 3 dimensions, Three dimensional structure, Estructura 3 dimensiones, Phosphate tricalcique, bacterial colonization, cell proliferation, dental pathogens, rapid prototyping, and tissue engineering

Scaffolds used in the field of tissue engineering should facilitate the adherence, spreading, and ingrowth of cells as well as prevent microbial adherence. For the first time, this study simultaneously deals with microbial and tissue cell adhesion to rapid prototyping-produced 3D-scaffolds. The cell growth of human osteosarcoma cells (CAL-72) over a time period of 3-11 days were examined on three scaffolds (PLGA, PLLA, PLLA-TCP) and compared to the adhesion of salivary microorganisms and representative germs of the oral flora (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cell proliferation measurements, and determination of the colony forming units (CFU) were performed. The cell proliferation rates on PLLA and PLLA-TCP after 3, 7, and 11 days of cultivation were higher than on PLGA. On day 3 the proliferation rates on PLLA and PLLA-TCP, and on day 5 on PLLA-TCP, proved to be significantly higher compared to that of the control (culture plate). The strain which showed the most CFUs on all of the investigated scaffolds was P. gingivalis, followed by E. faecalis. No significant CFU differences were determined examining P. gingivalis among the biomaterials. In contrast, E. faecalis was significantly more adherent to PLGA and PLLA compared to PLLA-TCP. The lowest CFU values were seen with C. albicans and P. nigrescens. Salivary born aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms adhered significantly more to PLGA compared to PLLA-TCP. These results supported by SEM point out the high potential of PLLA-TCP in the field of tissue engineering.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Cellule stromale, Stromal cell, Célula estromal, Culture cellulaire, Cell culture, Cultivo celular, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Moelle osseuse, Bone marrow, Médula ósea, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Technique, Técnica, and Phosphate de calcium biphasique

The adequate regeneration of large bone defects is still a major problem in orthopaedic surgery. Synthetic bone substitute materials have to be biocompatible, biodegradable, osteoconductive and processable into macro-porous scaffolds tailored to the patient specific defect. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) as well as mixtures of both phases, biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (BCP), meet all these requirements and are considered to be optimal synthetic bone substitute materials. Rapid prototyping (RP) can be applied to manufacture scaffolds, meeting the criteria required to ensure bone ingrowth such as high porosity and defined pore characteristics. Such scaffolds can be used for bone tissue engineering (BTE), a concept based on the cultivation of osteogenic cells on osteoconductive scaffolds. In this study, scaffolds with interconnecting macroporosity were manufactured from HA, TCP and BCP (60 wt% HA) using an indirect rapid prototyping technique involving wax ink-jet printing. ST-2 bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultivated for 17 days under either static or dynamic culture conditions and osteogenic stimulation. While cell number within the scaffold pore system decreased in case of static conditions, dynamic cultivation allowed homogeneous cell growth even within deep pores of large (1,440 mm3) scaffolds. Osteogenic cell differentiation was most advanced on BCP scaffolds in both culture systems, while cells cultured under perfusion conditions were generally more differentiated after 17 days. Therefore, scaffolds manufactured from BCP ceramic and seeded with BMSCs using a dynamic culture system are the method of choice for bone tissue engineering.

Otorhinolaryngology, stomatology, dentistry, Otorhinolaryngologie, stomatologie, dentisterie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Chirurgie, Surgery, Cirugía, Homme, Human, Hombre, Orbite (oeil), Orbit (eye), Orbita (ojo), Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Reconstruction anatomique, Anatomical reconstruction, Reconstrucción anatómica, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Traitement, Treatment, and Tratamiento

Purpose: We examined the application of individual digital design and rapid prototyping in the reconstruction of orbital wall defects for different stages of orbital volume (OV) changes. Patients and Methods: Patients with unilateral post-traumatic orbital defects underwent individual digital design and rapid prototyping to manufacture specific titanium mesh implants to create ideal OV recovery. Features of orbital wall fracture deformities and OV changes were analyzed and measured with 3-Dimensional Medical Surface Rendering image software system. Results: Most cases involving enophthalmos and diplopia were rectified, except for 5 cases of enophthalmos and 2 cases of diplopia with fresh fractures and 11 cases of enophthalmos and 7 cases of diplopia cases with old fractures. Ocular movements and facial malformations were improved. The OV values between the uninjured and injured sides had a significant deviation (P < .05). The degree of enophthalmos had no significant deviation with OV changes pre- and postoperatively in the early fracture stages. The degree of enophthalmos in the old fracture stages had a significant deviation with OV changes pre- and postoperatively. Conclusions: This study showed that orbital wall fractures can be diagnosed in early fracture stages and that the degree of long-term enophthalmos can be predicted with 3-Dimensional Medical Surface Rendering software. Our results suggest that early-stage orbital wall fractures should recover OV as early as possible, and that advanced stage orbital wall fractures should overcorrect OV. The degree of accuracy and rational of OV reconstruction can be improved by appropriate individual digitalization design and rapid prototyping technology.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Système ostéoarticulaire, Osteoarticular system, Sistema osteoarticular, Caprolactone polymère, Polycaprolactone, Caprolactona polímero, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Etude comparative, Comparative study, Estudio comparativo, Glycolique acide copolymère, Glycolic acid copolymer, Glicolico acido copolimero, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Lactique acide copolymère, Lactic acid copolymer, Láctico ácido copolímero, Lactone copolymère, Lactone copolymer, Lactona copolímero, Lactone polymère, Lactone polymer, Lactona polímero, Os, Bone, Hueso, Polymère aliphatique, Aliphatic polymer, Polímero alifático, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Technique rapide, Rapid technique, and Técnica rápida

Three dimensional tissue engineered scaffolds for the treatment of critical defect have been usually fabricated by salt leaching or gas forming technique. However, it is not easy for cells to penetrate the scaffolds due to the poor interconnectivity of pores. To overcome these current limitations we utilized a rapid prototyping (RP) technique for fabricating tissue engineered scaffolds to treat critical defects. The RP technique resulted in the uniform distribution and systematic connection of pores, which enabled cells to penetrate the scaffold. Two kinds of materials were used. They were poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly (D, L-lactic-glycolic acid) (PLGA), where PCL is known to have longer degradation time than PLGA. In vitro tests supported the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. A 12-week animal study involving various examinations of rabbit tibias such as micro-CT and staining showed that both PCL and PLGA resulted in successful bone regeneration. As expected, PLGA degraded faster than PCL, and consequently the tissues generated in the PLGA group were less dense than those in the PCL group. We concluded that slower degradation is preferable in bone tissue engineering, especially when treating critical defects, as mechanical support is needed until full regeneration has occurred.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Lactone copolymère, Lactone copolymer, Lactona copolímero, Protéine, Protein, Proteína, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Cellule endothéliale, Endothelial cell, Célula endotelial, Cellule immobilisée, Immobilized cell, Célula inmovilizada, Cellule souche, Stem cell, Célula primitiva, Charpente, Framework, Armadura, Cytodifférenciation, Cell differentiation, Diferenciación celular, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Fibrine, Fibrin, Fibrina, Fibrinogène, Fibrinogen, Fibrinógeno, Glycolique acide copolymère, Glycolic acid copolymer, Glicolico acido copolimero, Gélification, Gelation, Gelificación, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Hydrogel, Hidrogel, Immobilisation, Immobilization, Inmovilización, Lactique acide copolymère, Lactic acid copolymer, Láctico ácido copolímero, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Support, Soporte, Thrombine, Thrombin(drug), Trombina, Tissu vasculaire, Vascular tissue engineering, adipose-derived stem cells, composite three-dimensional construct, endothelial cells, and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)

Currently, large, thick, and complex tissue vascularization is one of the research focuses of tissue engineering. Numerous studies have proven that microvascular systems can be developed by cultivating endothelial cells in a hydrogel/scaffold structure. As the sources of adult endothelial cells are very limited and very easily degraded, it is better to induce stem cells into endothelial cells. In this article, a grid poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) structure with defined internal channels was fabricated using a low-temperature deposition manufacturing technique under computer direction. In a fibrinogen mixture, an aqueous adipose-derived stem cell fibrinogen mixture was incorporated into the internal walls of the poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold and stabilized with thrombin solution. After several days of in vitro culture, the adipose-derived stem cells immobilized in the fibrin hydrogel were induced into endothelial-like cells with endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Morphological and biological properties of the composite cell/fibrin―poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) construct were characterized.

Imagery, Imagerie fontionnelle et interventionnelle, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Traumatismes. Maladies dues aux agents physiques, Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents, Traumatismes des membres. Traumatismes du rachis, Injuries of the limb. Injuries of the spine, Techniques d'exploration et de diagnostic (generalites), Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects), Radiodiagnostic. Imagerie rmn. Spectrométrie rmn, Radiodiagnosis. Nmr imagery. Nmr spectrometry, Système ostéoarticulaire. Muscles, Osteoarticular system. Muscles, Imagerie médicale, Medical imagery, Imaginería médica, Pathologie du système ostéoarticulaire, Diseases of the osteoarticular system, Sistema osteoarticular patología, Radiodiagnostic, Radiodiagnosis, Radiodiagnóstico, Traumatisme, Trauma, Traumatismo, Conception assistée, Computer aided design, Concepción asistida, Conduite à tenir, Clinical management, Actitud médica, Fracture, Fractura, Homme, Human, Hombre, Imagerie RMN, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Imaginería RMN, Modèle 3 dimensions, Three dimensional model, Modelo 3 dimensiones, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Reconstruction image, Image reconstruction, Reconstrucción imagen, Technique, Técnica, Tomodensitométrie, Computerized axial tomography, Tomodensitometría, 3D modeling, Complex trauma, and Patient matched instrumentation

Background: The production of a copy of the fracture or a deformity in a bone with a complex geometry can be one of the important applications of the integration between two modern computer-based technologies, reverse engineering (RE) and rapid prototyping (RP). Methods: This article reviews recent development in this field and present a case series about the use of medical CT/MRI scanning, three-dimensional reconstruction, anatomical modeling, computer-aided design, RP and computer-aided implantation in treating a complex fracture of acetabulums, calcaneum, and medial condyle of femur (Hoffa's fracture). Conclusion: The use of RP technology helped us to understand the fracture configuration and to achieve near anatomical reduction. With this we believe, this technology will reduce the surgical time as was observed in our cases. This consequently, will lower the requirement of an anesthetic dosage and decrease the intraoperative blood loss.In summary, the merging of computational analysis, modeling, designing, and fabrication will serve as important means to treat conditions and fractures around joints, spine, acetabulum, and craniofacial region. Level of evidence: Level 4, case series.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Fibres et fils, Fibers and threads, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Biocompatibilité, Biocompatibility, Biocompatibilidad, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Caprolactone polymère, Polycaprolactone, Caprolactona polímero, Electrofilage, Electrospinning, Electrohilado, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fibre synthétique, Synthetic fiber, Fibra sintética, Filage solvant, Solvent spinning, Hilado solvente, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, In vitro, Lactone polymère, Lactone polymer, Lactona polímero, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell proliferation, Multiplicación celular, Nanofibre, Nanofiber, Nanofibra, Ostéoblaste, Osteoblast, Osteoblasto, Polymère aliphatique, Aliphatic polymer, Polímero alifático, Propriété biologique, Biological properties, Propiedad biológica, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Fabrication forme libre solide, and Microfibre

Tissue-engineered scaffolds require an adequate three-dimensional (3-D) structure for cell growth and attachment. Solid freeform fabrication can provide the interconnected pore to induce the cell ingrowth, and electrospinning technique can make the nanofiber web with high surface for cell attachment. In this study, 3-D polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds were fabricated using a rapid prototyping plotting system coupled with an electrospinning apparatus. Scanning electron micrographs showed that these hybrid scaffolds had a regular microfiber structure with interconnected pores and a nanofiber distribution appropriate for cell attachment. Scaffolds were seeded with MG63 cells for in vitro study and implanted in the tibia of rabbit for in vivo study. The resulting structure also facilitated cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation as evidenced by biochemical analyses and confocal microscopy. The hybrid scaffolds also exhibited good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity in animal studies. POLYM.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Céramique, Ceramic materials, Cerámica, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Phosphate de calcium, Calcium phosphate, Calcio fosfato, Porosité, Porosity, Porosidad, Procédé fabrication, Manufacturing process, Procedimiento fabricación, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, and Prototipificación rápida

Calcium phosphate ceramics, commonly applied as bone graft substitutes, are a natural choice of scaffolding material for bone tissue engineering. Evidence shows that the chemical composition, macroporosity and microporosity of these ceramics influences their behavior as bone graft substitutes and bone tissue engineering scaffolds but little has been done to optimize these parameters. One method of optimization is to place focus on a particular parameter by normalizing the influence, as much as possible, of confounding parameters. This is difficult to accomplish with traditional fabrication techniques. In this study we describe a design based rapid prototyping method of manufacturing scaffolds with virtually identical macroporous architectures from different calcium phosphate ceramic compositions. Beta-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (at two sintering temperatures) and biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds were manufactured. The macro- and micro-architectures of the scaffolds were characterized as well as the influence of the manufacturing method on the chemistries of the calcium phosphate compositions. The structural characteristics of the resulting scaffolds were remarkably similar. The manufacturing process had little influence on the composition of the materials except for the consistent but small addition of, or increase in, a beta-tricalcium phosphate phase. Among other applications, scaffolds produced by the method described provide a means of examining the influence of different calcium phosphate compositions while confidently excluding the influence of the macroporous structure of the scaffolds.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Pharmacology drugs, Pharmacologie, galénique, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Propriétés et caractérisation, Properties and characterization, Propriétés des solutions et des gels, Solution and gel properties, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Oside polymère, Oside polymer, Osido polímero, Protéine, Protein, Proteína, Alginate, Alginates, Alginato, Bicouche, Bilayers, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Cellule souche, Stem cell, Célula primitiva, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Fibrine, Fibrin, Fibrina, Forme tubulaire, Tubular shape, Forma tubular, Gel dégel, Freeze thaw cycle, Hielo deshielo, Glycérol, Glycerol, Glicerol, Gélatine, Gelatin, Gelatina, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Hydrogel, Hidrogel, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell proliferation, Multiplicación celular, Méthyle sulfoxyde, Methyl sulfoxide, Sulfóxido de dimetilo, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Uréthanne polymère, Polyurethane, Uretano polímero, Assemblage cellulaire, Cellule souche dérivée tissu adipeux, Cryoprésevation, Viabilité cellulaire, adipose-derived stem cells, double-nozzle, hydrogel, low-temperature cell loading, polyurethane, rapid prototyping, and tissue regeneration

A tubular polyurethane (PU) sandwich-like, adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)/gelatin/alginate/ fibrin construct was fabricated using a double-nozzle, low-temperature (―20°C) deposition technique. The ADSCs survived the fabrication and cryopreservation stages by incorporating a cryoprotectant (glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) in the cell/hydrogel system. With 5% DMSO or 10% glycerol alone in the hydrogel, the cell viabilities were retained (73% and 62%, respectively). The three-dimensional construct was effectively preserved below ―80°C for more than I week. After the freeze/thaw processes, cell viability and proliferation ability were regained. This strategy has the potential to be widely used in complex organ manufacturing techniques.

Otorhinolaryngology, stomatology, dentistry, Otorhinolaryngologie, stomatologie, dentisterie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Application, Aplicación, Articulation temporomaxillaire, Temporomandibular joint, Articulación temporomaxilar, Chirurgie, Surgery, Cirugía, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Reconstruction anatomique, Anatomical reconstruction, Reconstrucción anatómica, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Traitement, Treatment, and Tratamiento

Purpose: To introduce the preliminary application of rapid prototyping (RP) for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery. Materials and Methods: This study included 11 consecutive patients (13 joints) seeking TMJ replacement. All patients had previously undergone 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scanning (0.625-mm slice thickness) of the craniofacial skeleton. The data from CT scanning in DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) format were input into the interactive Simplant CMF software program (Materialise Medical, Leuven, Belgium). Preoperative planning included segmentation and osteotomies. The movements of the jaw bones were simulated by use of Simplant CMF. The affected mandible was reconstructed based on the contralateral side. Then, the titanium plate was shaped on the reconstructed model before surgery. The bone graft was transplanted by the shaped titanium plate during the operation to reconstruct the TMJ. Twenty-four patients who underwent traditional surgery were used as the control group. The operative time of the 2 groups was analyzed with the SPSS software package, version 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL), with the Student t test. The data from CT scanning in the experimental group before and after surgery were compared by paired t test. Results: All the incisions healed primarily without any complications. All patients were satisfied with the operation, because of their symmetric faces and good occlusion. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the position of the transplanted costochondral cartilage in the glenoid fossa. A group t test showed that the operative time was longer in the control group (mean, 7.09 hours) than that in the RP group (mean, 5.67 hours). Three parameters (condyle-incisor, condyle-mental foramen, and condyle-angle) from the postoperative CT scan were analyzed by paired t test, and there was no significant difference between the 2 sides. Conclusion: RP technology provides an advanced method for TMJ reconstruction that can make the TMJ reconstruction more accurate and symmetric, improve the mandible's function, and consequently, enhance the reconstructive effect.

Otorhinolaryngology, stomatology, dentistry, Otorhinolaryngologie, stomatologie, dentisterie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Basse température, Low temperature, Baja temperatura, Chirurgie, Surgery, Cirugía, Défaut, Defect, Defecto, Lactique acide copolymère, Lactic acid copolymer, Láctico ácido copolímero, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Os, Bone, Hueso, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Régénération, Regeneration, Regeneración, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Technologie, Technology, Tecnología, Traitement, Treatment, Tratamiento, Voûte crânienne, Calvaria, Bóveda del cráneo, Protéine BMP-2, Bone morphogenetic protein-2, artificial bone, cranium defect, and goat model

Active artificial bone composed of poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA)/ tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was prefabricated using low-temperature rapid-prototyping technology so that the process of osteogenesis could be observed in it. PLGA and TCP were the primary materials, they were molded at low temperature, then recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) was added to form an active artificial bone. Goats with standard cranial defects were randomly divided into experimental (implants with rhBMP-2 added) and control (implants without rhBMP-2) groups, and osteogenesis was observed and evaluated by imaging and biomechanical and histological examinations. The PLGA-TCP artificial bone scaffold (90% porosity) had large and small pores of approximately 360 μm and 3-5 μm diameter. Preliminary and complete repair of the cranial defect in the goats occurred 12 and 24 weeks after surgery, respectively. The three-point bending strength of the repaired defects attained that of the normal cranium. In conclusion, low-temperature rapid-prototyping technology can preserve the biological activity of this scaffold material. The scaffold has a good three-dimensional structure and it becomes an active artificial bone after loading with rhBMP-2 with a modest degradation rate and excellent osteogenesis in the goat.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Filage, Spinning, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Propriété biologique, Biological properties, Propiedad biológica, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Caprolactone polymère, Polycaprolactone, Caprolactona polímero, Charpente, Framework, Armadura, Chondrocyte, Condrocito, Dimension pore, Pore size, Dimensión poro, Electrofilage, Electrospinning, Electrohilado, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Module compression, Bulk modulus, Módulo volumétrico, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell proliferation, Multiplicación celular, Nanofibre, Nanofiber, Nanofibra, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Relation structure propriété, Property structure relationship, Relación estructura propiedad, Structure 3 dimensions, Three dimensional structure, Estructura 3 dimensiones, biomaterials, mechanical properties, poly(ε-caprolactone), scaffold, and tissue engineering

An ideal scaffold should have good mechanical properties and provide a biologically functional implant site. A rapid prototyping system has been introduced as a good method of fabricating 3D scaffolds that mimic the structure in the human body. However, the scaffolds have strands that are too smooth and a pore size that is too large relative to the seeded cells and present unfavorable conditions for initial cell attachment. To overcome these problems, we propose a hybrid technology combining a 3D rapid prototyping system and an electrospinning process to produce a hierarchical 3D biomedical scaffold. The resulting structure consists of alternating layers of 3D-structured/microsized polymer strands and nanofiber webs. The results of cell culturing of chondrocytes indicate that this technique is a feasible new method for fabricating high quality 3D polymeric scaffolds.

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Biotechnologie, Biotechnology, Applications et implications industrielles. Aspects économiques, Industrial applications and implications. Economical aspects, Santé. Industrie pharmaceutique, Health. Pharmaceutical industry, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Chirurgie orthopédique, Orthopedic surgery, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Céramique, Ceramic materials, Cerámica, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Génie biomédical, Biomedical engineering, Ingeniería biomédica, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Géométrie, Geometry, Geometría, Macroporosité, Macroporosity, Macroporosidad, Porosité, Porosity, Porosidad, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Phosphate de calcium biphasique, Substitut osseux, and Bone substitute

While various materials have been developed for bone substitute and bone tissue engineering applications over the last decades, processing techniques meeting the high demands of scaffold shaping are still under development. Individually adapted and mechanically optimised scaffolds can be derived from calcium phosphate (CaP-) ceramics via rapid prototyping (RP). In this study, porous ceramic scaffolds with a periodic pattern of interconnecting pores were prepared from hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic calcium phosphates using a negative-mould RP technique. Moulds predetermining various pore patterns (round and square cross section, perpendicular and 60° inclined orientation) were manufactured via a wax printer and subsequently impregnated with CaP-ceramic slurries. Different pore patterns resulted in macroporosity values ranging from about 26.0-71.9 vol% with pore diameters of approximately 340 μm. Compressive strength of the specimens (1.3-27.6 MPa) was found to be mainly influenced by the phase composition as well as the macroporosity, both exceeding the influence of the pore geometry. A maximum was found for scaffolds with 60 wt% hydroxyapatite and 26.0 vol% open porosity. It has been shown that wax ink-jet printing allows to process CaP-ceramic into scaffolds with highly defined geometry, exhibiting strength values that can be adjusted by phase composition and pore geometry. This strength level is within and above the range of human cancellous bone. Therefore, this technique is well suited to manufacture scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Otorhinolaryngology, stomatology, dentistry, Otorhinolaryngologie, stomatologie, dentisterie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Otorhinolaryngologie. Stomatologie, Otorhinolaryngology. Stomatology, Assistance ordinateur, Computer aid, Asistencia ordenador, Attelle, Splint, Férula, Chirurgie, Surgery, Cirugía, Mandibule, Mandible, Mandíbula, Modèle, Models, Modelo, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Stomatologie, Stomatology, Estomatología, Traitement, Treatment, Tratamiento, Tête, Head, Cabeza, Génioplastie, and Genioplasty

The authors present a new procedure of computer-assisted genioplasty. They determined the anterior, posterior and inferior limits of the chin in relation to the skull and face with the newly developed and validated three-dimensional cephalometric planar analysis (ACRO 3D). Virtual planning of the osteotomy lines was carried out with Mimics (Materialize) software. The authors built a three-dimensional rapid-prototyping multi-position model of the chin area from a medical low-dose CT scan. The transfer of virtual information to the operating room consisted of two elements. First, the titanium plates on the 3D RP model were pre-bent. Second, a surgical guide for the transfer of the osteotomy lines and the positions of the screws to the operating room was manufactured. The authors present the first case of the use of this model on a patient. The postoperative results are promising, and the technique is fast and easy-to-use. More patients are needed for a definitive clinical validation of this procedure.