articles+ search results

Biomedical engineering, Génie biomédical, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Tumeurs, Tumors, Tumeurs multiples. Tumeurs solides. Tumeurs chez l'enfant (généralités), Multiple tumors. Solid tumors. Tumors in childhood (general aspects), Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Cancer, Cáncer, Agrégat, Aggregate, Agregado, Criblage, Screening, Cernido, Dépistage, Medical screening, Descubrimiento, Médicament, Drug, Medicamento, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Tumeur maligne, Malignant tumor, and Tumor maligno

Microwell technology has revolutionized many aspects of in vitro cellular studies from 2D traditional cultures to 3D in vivo-like functional assays. However, existing lithography-based approaches are often costly and time-consuming. This study presents a rapid, low-cost prototyping method of CO2 laser ablation of a conventional untreated culture dish to create concave microwells used for generating multicellular aggregates, which can be readily available for general laboratories. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polystyrene (PS) microwells are investigated, and each produces distinctive microwell features. Among these three materials, PS cell culture dishes produce the optimal surface smoothness and roundness. A549 lung cancer cells are grown to form cancer aggregates of controllable size from ≈40 to ≈80 μm in PS microwells. Functional assays of spheroids are performed to study migration on 2D substrates and in 3D hydrogel conditions as a step towards recapitulating the dissemination of cancer cells. Preclinical anti-cancer drug screening is investigated and reveals considerable differences between 2D and 3D conditions, indicating the importance of assay type as well as the utility of the present approach.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Divers, Miscellaneous, Acrylate sel polymère, Acrylate salt polymer, Acrilato sal polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Forme tridimensionnelle, Three dimensional shape, Forma tridimensional, Polyélectrolyte, Polyelectrolyte, Polielectrolito, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Résistance eau, Waterproofness, Impermeabilidad agua, Stabilité dimensionnelle, Size stability, Estabilidad dimensional, Zinc composé, Zinc compound, Zinc compuesto, Impression jet encre, ionomers, polyelectrolytes, rapid prototyping: three dimensional printing, and zinc polycarboxylate cement

The powder blend of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with zinc oxide or zinc oxide/magnesium oxide was applied successfully to produce zinc polycarboxylate during the 3D dispensing of an aqueous ink by means of 3D printers (Z402 from ZCorporation and DeskmodelerTM from bmt Company). The layer-by-layer inkjet printing afforded zinc ionomer 3D objects with excellent water resistance, no inherent color formation and high mechanical and dimensional stabilities. In contrast to the 3D printing of conventional powders such as starch/cellulose/dextrose blends, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or plaster, no postprinting treatments were required. Excellent dimensional accuracy of the models, as evidenced by very small deviation of the dimensions from those of the corresponding CAD data, was achieved. The mechanical properties improved with increasing PAA content, ink amount (saturation value), decreasing particle size of the sintered zinc oxide ceramic. At high PAA content > 7 wt.-%, post-treatment with aqueous zinc acetate solution improved the mechanical properties. The setting time of the zinc cements shows no significant effect on the mechanical properties, but on the water resistance of the models. The porosity of the 3D objects, measured by means of X-ray microtomography (μ-CT), had profound impact on the variations of the mechanical properties of the 3D objects prepared by 3D printing processes.

Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Generalites, General aspects, Théories. Revues, Theories. Reviews, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Diffraction RX, X ray diffraction, Difracción RX, Etude théorique, Theoretical study, Estudio teórico, Interaction, Interacción, Macromolécule biologique, Biological macromolecule, Macromolécula biológica, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Os, Bone, Hueso, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Protéine, Protein, and Proteína

Recently we were able to apply the technique of 3D-Rapid Prototyping (3D-RP) to the construction of highly accurate three-dimensional plastic models of biomolecules [Laub, M. et al. (2001), Materialwiss. Werkstofftech. 32, 926]. These models are derived from x-ray crystallographic data and therefore represent exact replicas of the depicted molecules. Due to their accuracy these models should be suitable for the modelling of protein-protein-interactions. In a first study using 3D-Rapid Prototyping models of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) we were able to identify a novel structural motive on the concave side of this protein which we termed anthelix since a left-handed helix (radius ca. 0.8-1 nm, pitch 8-9 nm) can be fitted into this groove. Based on these structural findings we identified a 15mer polypeptide (KNMTPYRSPPPYVPP) from the Brookhaven database as a potential physiological ligand. Molecular docking studies using a geometric recognition approach confirmed the anthelix as a possible binding site for this peptide. However in affinity chromatography experiments no binding between BMP-2 and the immobilized peptide was observed. As the question arose whether 3D-Rapid Prototyping is in general suitable for modelling protein-protein interaction we used dimeric BMP-2 to study exemplary monomer-dimer interaction. Molecular docking studies using the monomeric BMP-2 subunits predicted a structure which is nearly identical to that found in dimeric BMP-2 (root mean square deviation < 1 A) proving the suitability of geometric docking. 3D-RP-BMP-2-monomers (size 140 mm x 75 mm x 65; magnification ca. 22 x 106 fold) constructed from dimeric BMP-2 could be assembled by hand yielding a structure highly homologous to dimeric BMP-2. Differences between the 3D-Rapid Prototyping model of dimeric BMP-2 and the assembled monomers arose in several gaps at the interface between the two monomers which are not visible in the dimeric structure. These gaps can be explained by the way the solvent-accessible molecular surface is generated. During this process an exterior probe sphere is rolled over the spherical atoms of the molecule. Distances between the monomers smaller than the diameter of this sphere are bridged thus resulting in a coherent surface. We conclude that 3D-Rapid Prototyping is in general eligible for the modelling of protein-protein-interaction though there are further efforts needed to increase our understanding of this process.

Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Chirurgie orthopédique, Orthopedic surgery, Artiodactyla, Infection, Infección, Mammalia, Ungulata, Vertebrata, Virose, Viral disease, Virosis, Application médicale, Medical application, Aplicación medical, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Croissance, Growth, Crecimiento, Développement, Development, Desarrollo, Essai clinique, Clinical trial, Ensayo clínico, Homme, Human, Hombre, Immobilisation, Immobilization, Inmovilización, Implant, Implante, Implanté, Implanted, Implantado, Modélisation, Modeling, Modelización, Mouton, Sheep, Carnero, Os, Bone, Hueso, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Protéine A, Protein A, Proteína A, SIDA, AIDS, Surface, and Superficie

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) play a decisive role in bone development and osteogenesis. In the past they have been the subject of widespread research and clinical trials as stimulants of bone growth. Recently BMP-2 has been chemically immobilized on implant surfaces leading to enhanced bone growth and accelerated integration in sheep. Although the 3D-structure of BMP-2 is known the surface topography has not been the subject of a detailed analysis. Therefore we have begun implementing the technique of 3D-rapid prototyping as a novel method for gaining topographical information on the structure-function relationship of proteins (Laub et al., 2001, FASEB J. 15, A543). 3D-rapid prototyping allows the construction of accurate three-dimensional models of proteins based on their x-ray crystallographic data. In this way we constructed a 3D scale image of BMP-2 of the size 140 mm x 70 mm x 50 mm corresponding to a ca. 20 x 106 fold magnification (scale 1 nm = 2 cm). BMP-2 is a twisted banana-shaped molecule consisting of a convex and a concave face and has a horn-like protuberance cross-turned at 180° (long axis) at each end. In the center of the convex face there is a ca. 1 nm deep crater like pit ca. 1.8 nm in diameter. The concave face is characterized by a 6-7 nm long helical groove 0.8-1.6 nm wide and ca 0.8 nm deep, into which a left-handed helix with a pitch of 8-9 nm and a helical radius of 0.35-0.45 nm can be fitted. The concave face of BMP-2 therefore corresponds to an imprint (groove) of a left-handed helix i. e. to an anti-helix or anthelix. The possible endogenous ligands and functions of these structures are unknown. These results demonstrate that full scale 3D molecular models of proteins can lead to new perceptions in understanding the interactions between ligands and proteins by macroscopic viewing and in-hand fitting of the molecules without the aid of a computer.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Electronique, Electronics, Appareillage électronique et fabrication. Composants passifs, circuits imprimés, connectique, Electronic equipment and fabrication. Passive components, printed wiring boards, connectics, Industries chimique et parachimique, Chemical industry and chemicals, Matériaux de construction. Céramique. Verres, Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses, Industries céramiques, Ceramic industries, Céramiques techniques, Technical ceramics, Céramiques électrotechniques et électroniques, Electrotechnical and electronic ceramics, Composant électronique, Electronic component, Componente electrónico, Céramique électronique, Electroceramics, Cerámica electrónica, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Microélectronique, Microelectronics, Microelectrónica, Moulage injection, Injection molding, Moldeo por inyección, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Précision, Accuracy, Precisión, Traitement thermique, Heat treatment, and Tratamiento térmico

Time-intensive and cost-consuming manufacturing of new ceramic components may be improved significantly by the use of rapid prototyping processes especially in the development of miniaturized or micropatterned components. Their molding is generally very expensive and finishing is difficult to the point of impossibility. Most known generative ceramic molding processes do not provide a sufficient resolution for the fabrication of microstructured components. In contrast to this, a rapid prototyping process chain that combines micro-stereolithography and low-pressure injection molding, for example, allows the rapid manufacturing of ceramic microcomponents from functional models to preliminary or small-lot series, microcomponents from functional models to preliminary or small-lot series.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Genie mecanique. Construction mecanique, Mechanical engineering. Machine design, Généralités, General, Choix matériau, Material selection, Selección material, Infiltration, Infiltración, Microstructure, Microestructura, Outil, Tool, Herramienta, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Revêtement, Coatings, Revestimiento, Usure outil, Tool wear, and Desgate instrumento

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industries chimique et parachimique, Chemical industry and chemicals, Matériaux de construction. Céramique. Verres, Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses, Industries céramiques, Ceramic industries, Céramiques techniques, Technical ceramics, Etudes générales, General studies, Céramique technique, Technical ceramics, Cerámica técnica, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Faisceau laser, Laser beam, Haz láser, Forme libre, Free form, Forma libre, Frittage, Sintering, Sinterización, Jet, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Solidification, Solidificación, Système multiphase, Multiphase system, and Sistema multifase

A variety of techniques has been recently developed to produce parts and prototypes from a computer-aided design (CAD) image without hard tools, dies, or molds. Integration of rapid prototyping technologies - laser sintering, multiphase jet solidification, hot molding etc. - into standard ceramic shaping processes is subject of several current research projects. Using a 3D datat set describing the geometry of the ceramic component, complex original models have been developed from rapid prototyping techniques. For a small-production run plastic molds can be used, whereas for a medium-or a high-production run a hardened steel die can be produced based on the correct shrinkage data.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Informatique; automatique theorique; systemes, Computer science; control theory; systems, Logiciel, Software, Conception assistée, Computer aided design, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Fonderie, Foundry engineering, Autres procédés de coulée. Solidification, Other casting methods. Solidification, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Radiotherapie. Traitement instrumental. Physiotherapie. Reeducation. Readaptation, orthophonie, crenotherapie. Traitement dietetique et traitements divers (generalites), Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects), Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements. Matériel. Appareillage, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments. Material. Instrumentation, Conception assistée, Computer aided design, Concepción asistida, Coulée en moule, Casting, Colada molde, Giessen, Coulée revêtement, Investment casting, Colada cera perdida, Feingiessverfahren, Dentisterie, Dentistry, Odontología, Homme, Human, Hombre, Prothèse, Prosthesis, Prótesis, Prothese, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Titane, Titanium, Titanio, and Titan

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Appareillage et mise en oeuvre, Machinery and processing, Matières plastiques, Plastics, Divers, Miscellaneous, Etat actuel, State of the art, Estado actual, Frittage laser sélectif, Selective laser sintering, Sinterizacion laser selectiva, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Stéréolithographie, Stereolithography, Stereolitografia, Impression 3 dimensions, Modelage objet laminé, 3D-printing, extrusion, fused deposition modeling, laminated object modeling, rapid prototyping, selective laser sintering, selective mask sintering, and stereolithography

Additive processing technologies are rapidly growing in all fields of application. A large number of scientific publications were investigated in order to provide a comprehensive overview of rapid prototyping methods for polymers and their applications, of currently available materials and research concerning additive processes. The current problems of additive processes are described, together with their potential solutions. Furthermore, this article delivers an insight into possible future trends of additive technologies.

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Plasma physics, Physique des plasmas, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Arc impulsionnel, Pulsed arc, Arco impulsional, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Carbone adamantin, Diamond like carbon, Carbono adiamantino, Cellule mésenchymateuse, Mesenchymal cell, Célula mesenquimatosa, Cellule souche, Stem cell, Célula primitiva, Charpente, Framework, Armadura, Dépôt physique phase vapeur, Physical vapor deposition, Deposición física fase vapor, Effet structure, Structure effect, Efecto estructura, Epoxyde résine, Epoxy resin, Epóxido resina, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Matériau revêtu, Coated material, Material revestido, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Multiplication cellulaire, Cell proliferation, Multiplicación celular, Photolithographie, Photolithography, Fotolitografía, Polymérisation ouverture cycle, Ring opening polymerization, Polimerización abertura ciclo, Polymérisation photochimique, Photopolymerization, Polimerización fotoquímica, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Stéréolithographie, Stereolithography, Stereolitografia, Dépôt arc cathodique, diamond-like carbon, scaffolds, thermosetting polymers, and tissue engineering

In this study we investigate an alternative method for designing and obtaining novel scaffolds for analyzing the influence of geometries on tissue engineering processes. The method is based on the combination of conventional and accessible rapid prototyping technologies with plasma processing using a hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating in order to improve cell-tissue interactions. The proposed method allows a precise control of scaffold structure and enables in vitro studies linked to cell growth and tissue formation because of the highly biocompatible DLC surface. Several designs with different hole sizes and surface topographies have been manufactured for subsequent in vitro study of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) growth and aggregation, so as to validate our approach.

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Préparation, cinétique, thermodynamique, mécanisme et catalyseurs, Preparation, kinetics, thermodynamics, mechanism and catalysts, Copolymérisation, Copolymerization, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Lactone copolymère, Lactone copolymer, Lactona copolímero, Acétylation, Acetylation, Acetilación, Animal, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Cartilage, Cartílago, Charpente, Framework, Armadura, Chondrocyte, Condrocito, Copolymérisation radicalaire, Radical copolymerization, Copolimerización radical, Culture cellulaire, Cell culture, Cultivo celular, Dimension pore, Pore size, Dimensión poro, Estérification, Esterification, Esterificación, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Glycolique acide copolymère, Glycolic acid copolymer, Glicolico acido copolimero, Groupe hydroxyle, Hydroxyl group, Grupo hidróxilo, Groupe terminal, End group, Grupo terminal, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, In vivo, Lactique acide copolymère, Lactic acid copolymer, Láctico ácido copolímero, Matériau poreux, Porous material, Material poroso, Modification chimique, Chemical modification, Modificación química, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Préparation, Preparation, Preparación, Régénération, Regeneration, and Regeneración

A MHDS has been employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds from PLGA with acetyl endgroups to achieve in vivo regeneration of cartilage tissue. The fabricated acetylated-PLGA scaffold showed open pores and interconnected structures. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded on the PLGA scaffolds and transplanted immediately into subcutaneous sites of athymic mice. Chondrocytes transplantation with untreated PLGA scaffolds served as a control. Histological analysis of the implants at 4 weeks with H&E staining and alcian blue staining revealed higher extracellular matrix and GAG expression at the neocartilage in the PLGA-6Ac scaffolds than that of the PLGA-60H scaffold group. This endgroup-modified scaffold may be useful for successful cartilage tissue engineering in orthopedic applications.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industries chimique et parachimique, Chemical industry and chemicals, Matériaux de construction. Céramique. Verres, Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses, Industries céramiques, Ceramic industries, Céramiques techniques, Technical ceramics, Etudes générales, General studies, Céramique technique, Technical ceramics, Cerámica técnica, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Forme libre, Free form, Forma libre, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Pâte céramique, Ceramic body, Pasta cerámica, and Stéréolithographie

Among the different rapid prototyping technologies, solid freeform fabrication (SFF) is the most suitable for ceramics. Here a stereolithographic technique is presented that allows the usage of pastes composed of ceramic particles dispersed in a photocurable resin for the fabrication of alumina pieces. They exhibit a similar flexural strength than alumina parts made by classical techniques like pressing.

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Formes d'application et semiproduits, Forms of application and semi-finished materials, Divers, Miscellaneous, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Animal, Mammalia, Propriété biologique, Biological properties, Propiedad biológica, Rodentia, Vertebrata, Biocompatibilité, Biocompatibility, Biocompatibilidad, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Charpente, Framework, Armadura, Courbe fluage, Creep curve, Curva fluencia, Esteruréthanne polymère, Esterurethane polymer, Esteruretano polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Fibroblaste, Fibroblast, Fibroblasto, Forme tramée, Grid shape, Forma tejido, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, In vitro, In vivo, Lignée cellulaire, Cell line, Línea celular, Morphologie, Morphology, Morfología, Méthode en solution, Growth from solution, Método en solución, Polymère aliphatique, Aliphatic polymer, Polímero alifático, Polymère segmenté, Segmented polymer, Polímero segmentado, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Propiedad mecánica, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Rat, Rata, Résorption, Resorption, Resorción, Souscutané, Subcutaneous, and Subcutáneo

Polymeric scaffolds were realised with linear degradable PU in the form of square, hexagonal and octagonal grids. They were characterised in terms of their mechanical properties. Analysis shows that the mechanical properties of the scaffolds depend on their geometries which are easily modulated using PAM. In vitro biological assays showed that PU promotes the adhesion and proliferation of fibroblast cells and that cell activities are better on PU scaffolds than on PU films. In vivo implantation of PU and PLGA scaffolds and PU films demonstrated that the scaffolds are completely resorbed after three months with a slight inflammatory response, while the PU film was still present after six months with an intense granulomatous reaction.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Propriétés mécaniques. Rhéologie. Mécanique de la rupture. Tribologie, Mechanical properties and methods of testing. Rheology. Fracture mechanics. Tribology, Elasticité. Plasticité, Elasticity. Plasticity, Techniques de l'ingénieur appliqués à la métallurgie. Applications. Divers, Engineering techniques in metallurgy. Applications. Other aspects, Applications, Divers, Others applications, Allongement mécanique, Elongation (mechanics), Alargamiento (mecánico), Elasticité, Elasticity, Elasticidad, Elastizitaet, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Fertigung, Implant, Implante, Méthode élément fini, Finite element method, Método elemento finito, Finite Element Methode, Prothèse, Prosthesis, Prótesis, Prothese, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Résistance traction, Tensile strength, Resistencia tracción, Zugfestigkeit, Titane, Titanium, Titanio, Titan, Rechargement laser, and Laser cladding

Biotechnology, Biotechnologies, Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industrie des polymeres, peintures, bois, Polymer industry, paints, wood, Technologie des polymères, Technology of polymers, Domaines d'application, Application fields, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Chirurgie (generalites). Transplantations, greffes d'organes et de tissus. Pathologie des greffons, Surgery (general aspects). Transplantations, organ and tissue grafts. Graft diseases, Technologie. Biomatériaux. Equipements, Technology. Biomaterials. Equipments, Biomatériau, Biomaterial, Echafaudage, Scaffold, Andamiaje, Etat actuel, State of the art, Estado actual, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Génie tissulaire, Tissue engineering, Ingeniería de tejidos, Lithographie RX, X ray lithography, Litografía RX, Microassemblage, Microassembling, Micromontaje, Microusinage, Micromachining, Micromaquinado, Polymère, Polymer, Polímero, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Robotique, Robotics, Robótica, Structure 3 dimensions, Three dimensional structure, Estructura 3 dimensiones, Stéréolithographie, Stereolithography, Stereolitografia, Fabrication forme libre solide, Microfabrication, Microrobotique, and Polymère biodégradable

Scaffold based tissue engineering strategies use cells, biomolecules and a scaffold to promote the repair and regeneration of tissues. Although scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches are being actively developed, most are still experimental, and it is not yet clear what defines an ideal scaffold/cell construct. Solid free form fabrication (SFF) techniques can precisely control matrix architecture (size, shape, interconnectivity, branching, geometry and orientation). The SFF methods enable the fabrication of scaffolds with various designs and material compositions, thus providing a control of mechanical properties, biological effects and degradation kinetics. This paper reviews the application of micro-robotics and MEMS-based fabrication techniques for scaffold design and fabrication. It also presents a novel robotic technique to fabricate scaffold/cell constructs for tissue engineering by the assembly of microscopic building blocks.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Metaux. Metallurgie, Metals. Metallurgy, Transformation de matériaux métalliques, Production techniques, Métallurgie des poudres. Matériaux composites, Powder metallurgy. Composite materials, Poudres métalliques, Metal powders, Application, Aplicación, Anwendung, Brasage tendre, Soldering, Soldeo blando, Weichloeten, Dimension particule, Particle size, Dimensión partícula, Teilchengroesse, Dépôt projection, Spray coating, Depósito proyección, Spritzbeschichten, Moulage injection, Injection molding, Moldeo por inyección, Poudre fine, Fine powder, Polvo fino, Poudre métallique, Metal powder, Polvo metálico, Metallpulver, Prototypage rapide, Rapid prototyping, Prototipificación rápida, Pulvérisation jet, Atomizing, Pulverización a chorro, Zerstaeuben, and Procédé Nanoval

The Nanoval gas atomizing process for metal and polymeric melts gives fine powders and filaments in a narrow distribution. For metal powder it was shown that these characteristics are requested for a growing number of applications like soldering, thermal spraying, rapid prototyping and metal injection molding.

Chemical industry parachemical industry, Industrie chimique et parachimique, Metallurgy, welding, Métallurgie, soudage, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Industries chimique et parachimique, Chemical industry and chemicals, Matériaux de construction. Céramique. Verres, Building materials. Ceramics. Glasses, Industries céramiques, Ceramic industries, Céramiques techniques, Technical ceramics, Divers, Miscellaneous, Aluminium Nitrure, Aluminium Nitrides, Aluminio Nitruro, Centre recherche, Research center, Centro investigación, Céramique sans oxyde, Non oxide ceramics, Cerámica sin óxido, Céramique technique, Technical ceramics, Cerámica técnica, Céramique électronique, Electroceramics, Cerámica electrónica, Fabrication, Manufacturing, Fabricación, Microstructure, Microestructura, Oxynitrure, Nitrides oxides, Oxinitruro, Recherche développement, Research and development, Investigación desarrollo, Sialon, Silicium Carbure, Silicon Carbides, Silicio Carburo, Silicium Nitrure, Silicon Nitrides, Silicio Nitruro, Technologie avancée, Advanced technology, and Tecnología avanzada

The Industrial Research Limited (IRL) ceramics research programme has activities in electroceramics, advanced refractories and engineering ceramics aimed both at the initiation and development of new manufacturing enterprises and the uptake by New Zealand industry of advanced ceramic technologies. The research team has considerable expertise and experience in sialon ceramics and composites that has underpinned the development of a new advanced refractory manufacturing capability in New Zealand. The team's capability in engineering ceramics is based on considerable research into new forming techniques and encompasses new ceramic-metal composites. Increasingly the team is prototyping high value added, high performance ceramic bodies with industry partners. A rapidly growing capability in electroceramics has targeted the communications and electronics industry. Current research includes the prototyping of a new design broadband piezoelectric transducer, suitable for application in high definition sonar.

Crystallography, Cristallographie cristallogenèse, Electronics, Electronique, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjects, Nanotechnologies, nanostructures, nanoobjets, Condensed state physics, Physique de l'état condensé, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Physique, Physics, Etat condense: structure, proprietes mecaniques et thermiques, Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties, Propriétés mécaniques et acoustiques de l'état condensé, Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter, Propriétés mécaniques des solides, Mechanical properties of solids, Elasticité, constantes d'élasticité, Elasticity, elastic constants, Alliage base titane, Titanium base alloys, Coefficient Poisson, Poisson ratio, Conception assistée, Computer aided design, Fusion, Melting, Matériau cellulaire, Cellular material, Material celular, Module Young, Young modulus, Métal transition alliage, Transition element alloys, Propriété mécanique, Mechanical properties, Recuit faisceau électronique, Electron beam annealing, Matériau auxetique, and Auxetic material

This paper is concerned with the build up and characterization of well-defined auxetic structures (negative Poisson ratio) from Ti-6A1-4V through selective electron-beam melting (SEBM). SEBM is a rapid prototyping/manufacturing technique allowing for the direct translation of CAD models to real world objects. Using SEBM we are able to produce structures of arbitrary geometry in a well-defined manner. Here, we introduce a self-designed 3D-auxetic structure and determine its mechanical properties. We also address the dependence of Young's modulus on relative density.