Government regulation, Company business management, Human services -- Laws, regulations and rules, Human services -- Psychological aspects, Pilot projects -- Management, Pilot projects -- Psychological aspects, Policy sciences -- Methods, Policy sciences -- Psychological aspects, and Prototypes (Psychology) -- Analysis

"I didn't know it would take this long, or what the next stepes were. I waited a long time and had to hurry to complete some forms before a deadline. [...]

Microfluidics -- Research, Chemical detectors -- Design and construction, Spray painting -- Research, Iron -- Research, Chemical research, and Colorimetry

Regenerative medicine -- Research, Tissue engineering -- Research, and Tissues

New manufacturing technologies under the banner of rapid prototyping enable the fabrication of structures dose in architecture to biological tissue. In their simplest form, these technologies allow the manufacture of scaffolds upon which cells can grow for later implantation into the body. A more exciting prospect is the printing and patterning in three dimensions of all the components that make up a tissue (cells and matrix materials) to generate structures analogous to tissues; this has been termed bioprinting. Such techniques have opened new areas of research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 10.1126/science.1226340

Algorithm, Tissue engineering -- Analysis, Acrylonitrile -- Analysis, Algorithms -- Analysis, Rapid prototyping -- Analysis, and Porosity -- Analysis

Author(s): Ethan Nyberg 1,2, Aine O'Sullivan 1,2, Warren Grayson 1,2,3,4,* Introduction 3D-printing technologies have become widely available with a large number of commercially available low-cost hardware systems and printable materials [...]
3D-printing is a powerful manufacturing tool that can create precise microscale architectures across macroscale geometries. Within biomedical research, 3D-printing of various materials has been used to fabricate rigid scaffolds for cell and tissue engineering constructs with precise microarchitecture to direct cell behavior and macroscale geometry provides patient specificity. While 3D-printing hardware has become low-cost due to modeling and rapid prototyping applications, there is no common paradigm or platform for the controlled design and manufacture of 3D-printed constructs for tissue engineering. Specifically, controlling the tissue engineering features of pore size, porosity, and pore arrangement is difficult using currently available software. We have developed a MATLAB approach termed scafSLICR to design and manufacture tissue-engineered scaffolds with precise microarchitecture and with simple options to enable spatially patterned pore properties. Using scafSLICR, we designed, manufactured, and characterized porous scaffolds in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene with a variety of pore sizes, porosities, and gradients. We found that transitions between different porous regions maintained an open, connected porous network without compromising mechanical integrity. Further, we demonstrated the usefulness of scafSLICR in patterning different porous designs throughout large anatomic shapes and in preparing craniofacial tissue engineering bone scaffolds. Finally, scafSLICR is distributed as open-source MATLAB scripts and as a stand-alone graphical interface.

Wildlife conservation -- Models, Wildlife conservation -- Methods, and Endangered species -- Protection and preservation

Abstract Prototyping is a practical response to the need for innovation, creativity, and new initiatives in endangered species conservation. Though prototyping is an inventive approach to diverse problems that strives [...]

Laser photochemistry -- Usage, Photonics -- Research, and Microstructure -- Research

Three-dimensional periodic microstructures of aluminum oxide, which are important for creating photonic band-gap structures (PBGs), were fabricated by laser rapid prototyping by means of laser-induced direct-write deposition from the gas [...]

Microstructure -- Research, Prototypes, Engineering, and Photolithography -- Research

Lithography and etching techniques that were originally developed for microelectronics applications can also be used to fabricate sensors, actuators, or other micromechanical devices on silicon. However, these techniques require photo [...]

Government contract, Company business management, Categorization (Psychology) -- Usage, Defense contracts -- Management, Defense programs -- Government finance, Defense programs -- Management, and United States -- Military policy

The military contractors in U.S. would compete for the development of Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) program. The strategy of competetive prototyping is adapted to save expenditure on military technologies.

Chemical vapor deposition -- Innovations, Fibers, and Microstructure

Researchers have demonstrated that laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) can be used to phototype complex and freestanding microstructures. The LCVD method provides a cost-effective means for making endless, ultra-strong fibers.

Robot, Robots -- Properties, Animal flight -- Research, Insects -- Physiological aspects, Robots -- Motion, and Robots -- Research

Flies are among the most agile flying creatures on Earth. To mimic this aerial prowess in a similarly sized robot requires tiny, high-efficiency mechanical components that pose miniaturization challenges governed by force-scaling laws, suggesting unconventional solutions for propulsion, actuation, and manufacturing. To this end, we developed high-power-density piezoelectric flight muscles and a manufacturing methodology capable of rapidly prototyping articulated, flexure-based sub-millimeter mechanisms. We built an 80-milligram, insect-scale, flapping-wing robot modeled loosely on the morphology of flies. Using a modular approach to flight control that relies on limited information about the robot's dynamics, we demonstrated tethered but unconstrained stable hovering and basic controlled flight maneuvers. The result validates a sufficient suite of innovations for achieving artificial insect-like flight. 10.1126/science.1231806

Lattice theory -- Analysis, Nanotubes -- Properties, and Nanotubes -- Analysis

Ultralight (<10 milligrams per cubic centimeter) cellular materials are desirable for thermal insulation; battery electrodes; catalyst supports; and acoustic, vibration, or shock energy damping. We present ultralight materials based on periodic hollow-tube microlattices. These materials are fabricated by starting with a template formed by self-propagating photopolymer waveguide prototyping, coating the template by electroless nickel plating, and subsequently etching away the template. The resulting metallic microlattices exhibit densities [rho] [greater than or equal to] 0.9 milligram per cubic centimeter, complete recovery after compression exceeding 50% strain, and energy absorption similar to elastomers. Young's modulus E scales with density as E ~ [[rho].sup.2], in contrast to the E ~ [[rho].sup.3] scaling observed for ultralight aerogels and carbon nanotube foams with stochastic architecture. We attribute these properties to structural hierarchy at the nanometer, micrometer, and millimeter scales. 10.11126/science.1211649

Manufacturing industry -- Forecasts and trends

Existing rapid prototyping techniques make it possible to create full-size models in a very short time. It is believed that similar techniques will also make it possible to fabricate actual parts in minutes.

Market trend/market analysis, Nanotechnology -- Research, and Federal aid to research -- Forecasts and trends

Nanotechnology can be viewed as the application of quantum theory and other nano-specific phenomena to fundamentally control the properties and behavior of matter as it is evolving through four overlapping stages of industrial prototyping and early commercialization. It is reported through investment in nanotech research and development by governments increased from $432 million in 1997 to about $4.1 billion in 2005 and is expected to cross $1 trillion by 2015.