Conservation Biology. Dec 2019, Vol. 33 Issue 6, p1448, 3 p.
Subjects
Rapid prototyping
Abstract
***** No abstract is available for this article. Article Note: Article impact statement: Web-application development frameworks enable the creation of decision-support tool prototypes for actionable conservation science. CAPTION(S): Table 1. List of web-application development frameworks that might be useful for conservation scientists. Byline: Denis Valle, Kok Ben Toh, Justin Millar
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. Sep2019, Vol. 34 Issue 9, p8715-8723. 9p.
Subjects
RAPID prototyping, CURRENT-voltage characteristics, and FEEDBACK (Psychology)
Abstract
Using a photovoltaic (PV) emulator (PVE) simplifies the testing of the PV generation system. However, conventional controllers used for PVEs suffer from oscillating output voltage, requiring a high number of iterations, or being too complex to be implemented. This paper proposes a controller based on a resistance feedback control strategy that produces a stable and fast converging operating point for the PVE. The resistance feedback control strategy requires a new type of PV model, which is the current–resistance (I–R) PV model. This model is computed using a binary search method at a fast convergence rate. It is combined with a closed-loop buck converter using a proportional-integral controller to form the resistance feedback control strategy. The PVE's controller is implemented into dSPACE ds1104 hardware platform for experimental validation. The acquired experimental results show that the proposed PVE is able to follow the current–voltage characteristic of the PV module accurately. In addition, the PVE's efficiency is more than 90% under maximum power point operation. The transient response of the proposed PVE is similar to the PV panel during irradiance changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The present work addresses two different applications enabled by a specific and useful property of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs): injectability. On the one hand minimally invasive procedures involving the use of CPCs are based on the injectability of such biomaterials, and on the other hand extrusion-based additive manufacturing processes such as robocasting rely on this property to correctly manufacture personalized 3D-printed scaffolds for the treatment of large bone defects. The present thesis is divided in three different sections. The first one consists in a study of the differences of injectability of aqueous pastes of the two allotropic forms of tricalcium phosphate, namely a- and ß-TCP. The reactivity of the powder was shown to play a significant role in the injectability of TCP pastes. Significant differences were observed between the injection behaviour of non-hardening ß-TCP pastes and that of selfhardening a-TCP pastes. The differences were more marked at low liquid-to-powder ratios, using fine powders and injecting through thin needles. Although, as a general trend, faster-setting pastes were less injectable, some exceptions to this rule were found. For example, whereas in the absence of setting accelerants fine TCP powders were more injectable than the coarse ones, in spite of their shorter setting times, this trend was inverted when setting accelerants were added, and coarse powders were more injectable than the fine ones. In the second section thermoresponsive pastes are developed through the combination of CPCs with an inversethermoresponsive hydrogel. Although calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are used for bone regeneration in a wide range of clinical applications, various physicochemical phenomena are known to hinder their potential use in minimally invasive surgery or in highly vascularized surgical sites, mainly because of their lack of injectability or their low washout resistance. The proposed strategy allowed to finely tune the cohesive and rheological properties of CPCs to achieve clinical acceptable injectability. It avoided phase separation during implantation and improved cohesion, avoiding washout of the paste. Using the knowledge acquired about the injectability behaviour of TCP pastes, the additive manufacturing of 3D printed scaffolds is studied in the last section. More precisely, this study dealt with the robocasting of alpha-tricalcium phosphate/gelatine reactive slurries as a bioinspired self-setting ink for the production of biomimetic hydroxyapatite/gelatine scaffolds. A controlled and totally interconnected pore network of approximately 300 µm was obtained after ink printing and setting, with the struts consisting of a micro/nanoporous matrix of needle-shaped calcium deficient hydroxyapatite crystals, with a high specific surface area. Gelatine was effectively retained by chemical crosslinking. The setting reaction of the ink resulted in a significant increase of both the elastic modulus and the compressive strength of the scaffolds, which were within the range of the human trabecular bone. In addition to delaying the onset of the setting reaction, thus providing enough time for printing, gelatine provided the viscoelastic properties to the strands to support their own weight, and additionally enhanced mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and proliferation on the surface of the scaffold. Altogether this new processing approach opens good perspectives for the design of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering with enhanced reactivity and resorption rate.
Plastics Engineering. Oct 2019, Vol. 75 Issue 9, p40, 6 p.
Subjects
Time to market, Thermoplastics -- Product development, Product development, and 3D printing
Abstract
The laborious process of product development is changing. The evolution of rapid prototyping, 3D printing, and additive manufacturing will continue to affect the process for the better, developing accurate and [...]
TARGET costing, PROTOTYPES, PRODUCT design, RAPID prototyping, and SUPPLIERS
Abstract
Prototyping allows firms to evaluate the technical feasibility of alternative product designs and to better estimate their costs. We study a collaborative prototyping scenario in which a manufacturer involves a supplier in the prototyping process by letting the supplier make detailed design choices for critical components and provide prototypes for testing. While the supplier can obtain private information about the costs, the manufacturer uses target costing to gain control over the design choice. We show that involving the supplier in the prototyping process has an important influence on the manufacturer's optimal decisions. The collaboration results in information asymmetry, which makes parallel prototyping less attractive and potentially reverses the optimal testing sequence under sequential prototyping: It may be optimal to test designs in increasing order of attractiveness to avoid that the supplier does not release technically and economically feasible prototypes for strategic reasons. We also find that the classical target costing approaches (cost‐ and market‐based) need to be adjusted in the presence of alternative designs: Due to the strategic behavior of suppliers, it is not always optimal to provide identical target costs for designs with similar cost and performance estimates, nor to provide different target costs for dissimilar designs. Furthermore, the timing is important: While committing upfront to carefully chosen target costs reduces the supplier's strategic behavior, in some circumstances, the manufacturer can take advantage of this behavior by remaining flexible and specifying the second prototype's target costs later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
RAPID prototyping, SEARCH algorithms, DIELECTRIC-loaded antennas, THREE-dimensional printing, and PERMITTIVITY
Abstract
A prototyping method for dielectrically loaded antennas is presented. Dielectric loading has been used with horn antennas, feeds, and lenses. Dielectrics have also been used for coating antennas submerged in water and biological matter and have led to improvements in bandwidth and efficiency as well as antenna miniaturisation. The authors present a new technique to produce variable dielectrics with permittivity from 6 to 28 using two commonly available powders, titanium dioxide (used in foods) and magnesium silicate (used in talcum powder). An example spherical helical ball antenna is used to demonstrate the process. In this antenna, the mixed powders were encased in a 3D printed shell that achieved a reduction in diameter of the spherical antenna by a factor of 1.85. The technique aids rapid prototyping and optimisation using search algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
El objetivo de esta tesis es el de la mejora del rendimiento de dispositivos electroquímcos miniaturizados, con énfasis en pilas de combustible microbianas y sensores electroquímicos. Para conseguir este objetivo, está tesis está centrada en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales para electrodos, nuevas geometrías para microelectrodos y mejor fabricación y procesos de encapsulado. Un inconveniente muy importante en la miniaturización de dispositivos electroquímicos está en la reducción de al superficie activa de los electrodos resultado en señales más pequeñas. Sin embargo, la introducción de técnicas de micromecanizado de silicio como pueden ser fotolitografía grabados seco y húmedo, deposición de metales o dieléctricos por métodos físicos o químicos o procesos térmicos rápidos se han convertido en una vía real para solventar todos los problemas relacionados la manufacturación de dispositivos electroquímicos miniaturizados. Además el uso de herramientas computacionales basadas en métodos de elementos finitos ha ayudado extraordinariamente al diseño de estos dispositivos porque la quinética del electrodo y el transporte de masa pueden ser simulados y estudiados antes de su fabricación. El primer capítulo es una introducción a los fundamentos de la electroquímica, al diseño, a la fabricación y a las aplicaciones desarrolladas en esta tesis. La primera sección se centra en explicar los aspectos fundamentales de la electroquímica. La segunda sección introduce las pilas de combustible, porque estos son los dispositivos electroquímicos desarrollados en el capítulo 4. Finalmente la última sección cubre los materiales y métodos utilizados, incluyendo la microfabricación de los electrodos y las técnicas de prototipaje utilizadas para fabricar las pilas de combustible microbianas. El segundo capítulo comienza con la teoría del transporte de masa en micropilares totalmente conductores. A continuación, el modelo computacional de un único dominio de un micropilar es desarrollado utilizando COMSOL. La fabricación de electrodos con arrays de micropilares totalmente conductores fue conseguida por electrodeposición de oro y también por la combinación de grabado seco y metalización por deposición de oro mediante sputtering. El capítulo cierra con la caracterización electroquímica de los dos arrays, lo que permitió comparar su respuesta y averiguar que ruta era la mejor. El capítulo tres se dirige a la síntesis y fabricación de discos de electrodos de carbón para detectar mercurio en muestras acuosas. Estos electrodos de carbón están basados en la pirólisis de fotoresina. Esta técnica combina fotolitografía y procesos térmicos rápidos. Además las ventanas activas de esos electrodos fueron definidas por deposición química de dieléctricos, también los electrodos fueron físicamente y electroquímicamente caracterizados. Una vez estos electrodos fueron completamente estudiados se utilizaron para detectar mercurio en soluciones. El último capítulo se centra en encontrar una aplicación a los electrodos de arrays de micropilares totalmente conductores. La aplicación escogida fue una pila de combustible microbiana miniaturizada fabricada mediante técnicas de prototipaje rápido, donde en cada caso una geometría diferente con el objeto de averiguar si los arrays de micropilares ayudan a mejorar el rendimiento eléctrico de las pilas de combustible microbianas.
This paper presents a discrete-time neural inverse optimal control for induction motors, which is implemented on a rapid control prototyping (RCP) system using a C2000 Microcontroller-Simulink platform. Such controller addresses the solution of three issues: system identification, trajectory tracking, and state estimation, which are solved independently. The neural controller is based on a recurrent high order neural network (RHONN), which is trained with an extended Kalman filter. The RHONN is an identifier to obtain an accurate motor model, which is robust to external disturbances and parameter variations. The inverse optimal controller is used to force the system to track a desired trajectory and to reject undesired disturbances. Moreover, the controller is based on a neural model and does not need the a-priori knowledge of motor parameters. A supertwisting observer is implemented to estimate the rotor magnetic fluxes. The hub of the RCP system is a TMS320f28069M MCU, which is an embedded combination of a 32-bit C28x DSP core and a real-time control accelerator. This Microcontroller is fully programmable from the Simulink environment. Simulation and experimental results illustrate the performance of the proposed controller and the RCP system, and a comparison with a control algorithm without the neural identifier is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Techniques. Sept, 2019, Vol. 94 Issue 6, p29, 5 p.
Subjects
United States
Abstract
Education communities across the country are investing in career and technical education (CTE) pathways as a means to get students interested in a career field prior to finishing high school. [...]