articles+ search results

The Internet, business.industry, business, User interface management systems, Human–computer interaction, Computer science, Social relation, Salient, Visualization, Data visualization, Social environment, World Wide Web, and Visual language

Although constructed for researchers to share news and information, Usenet quickly developed into a social environment with varied styles of interactions. Unfortunately, the browsers developed to view the shared messages fail to effectively convey the rich social features of a newsgroup, let alone all of Usenet The goal of our research is to use the salient features of social interaction to build a "legible" interactive visual representation of Usenet. We introduce our approach to developing this type of visualization, discussing our theoretical framework, questions considered to access the socially salient features, and a series of design iterations used for exploring the way to develop a visual language that conveys social meaning. Although this paper represents a work in progress, we hope that this approach and our initial iterations help build a framework for future directions.

Health Policy, Mental health, Managed care, Nursing, Health care, business.industry, business, Medicine, Insurability, Health organization, and Descriptive research

Debate continues about the cost and use of mental health services under managed care, as legislators consider various “parity” bills. This descriptive research replicates, broadens, and expands previously published case studies of single employers' data on cost and treatment prevalence in a large, diverse, national sample whose varied point-of-service benefits were provided by thirty employers representing multiple industries. Of those covered, 59,005 received treatment over the seven years studied. Of particular note is the pattern of increased use, increased care within the managed behavioral health organization network, and long-term cost reductions.

Materials Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Aniline, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Methylaluminoxane, Pyridine, Ethylene, Ligand, Chromium, chemistry.chemical_element, Schiff base, Polymer chemistry, Ketone, chemistry.chemical_classification, and inorganic chemicals

A family of chromium complexes bearing tridentate pyridine-based ligands are disclosed as highly active precatalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene. The ligands are comprised of two distinct types: Type 1, in which both ketone groups of 2,6-diacetylpyridine are converted to imines to produce pyridine bisimine NNN ligands; and Type 2, in which only one ketone group of 2,6-diacetylpyridine is condensed with an aniline derivative to give monoimine NNO coordination sets. Ligands of either type are coordinated to chromium(II) or chromium(III) chlorides, and activation of the resultant complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) produces highly active ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts. Catalysts of Type 1 (NNN set) generally produce 1-butene when only two ortho alkyl substituents are present but switch to making waxes or polyethylene when the size and/or number of ortho substituents are increased. Catalysts of Type 2 (NNO set) produce waxes and polyethylene under all of the substitution pat...

Interpersonal communication, Psychology, Cognitive science, Simulation, Social competence, Social intuitionism, Implementation, and Social perception

We introduce vibration and temperature as visceral modes to aid intuitive social perception in networked interaction. We describe two implementations of these ideas for mediated systems -- VibroBod for interpersonal communication and What's Shaking for newsgroup navigation.

Interpersonal communication, Human–computer interaction, Social network, business.industry, business, Computer science, World Wide Web, and InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS

We present a novel application for interactively visualizing the interpersonal networks that emerge during email interactions. While people have complex email interrelationships, no previous tools allow examining one's overall network.

Interview, World Wide Web, Social network, business.industry, business, Personal narrative, Electronic mail, Computer science, Digital artifact, Storytelling, Data visualization, and Recall

As part of a long-term investigation into visualizing email, we have created two visualizations of email archives. One highlights social networks while the other depicts the temporal rhythms of interactions with individuals. While interviewing users of these systems, it became clear that the applications triggered recall of many personal events. One of the most striking and not entirely expected outcomes was that the visualizations motivated retelling stories from the users' pasts to others. In this paper, we discuss the motivation and design of these projects and analyze their use as catalysts for personal narrative and recall.

Internet privacy, business.industry, business, Ethnography, Social theory, World Wide Web, Social community, Sociology, and Social network

This paper presents ethnographic fieldwork on Friendster, an online dating site utilizing social networks to encourage friend-of-friend connections. I discuss how Friendster applies social theory, how users react to the site, and the tensions that emerge between creator and users when the latter fails to conform to the expectations of the former. By offering this ethnographic piece as an example, I suggest how the HCI community should consider the co-evolution of the social community and the underlying technology.

Computer-mediated communication, Interview data, Computer science, Physical space, Social computing, Voluntary participation, World Wide Web, Multimedia, computer.software_genre, computer, Instant messaging, Collaborative software, business.industry, business, and Wireless internet access

There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are physically separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate. Widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly availability of wireless Internet access, have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. Such 'digital backchannels' affect interactions and experiences in a variety of ways, depending on the spaces, the participants, and the relationships among them. We focus on the space of an academic conference, a physical space designed for voluntary participation by people with shared interests, seeking to share knowledge and connect with others. We present and analyze system logs and interview data from a recent conference, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages experienced both by those who used the tools and by those who did not, and discuss implications and considerations for future use and research.

Psychology and Engineering ethics

Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, Quantum dissipation, Quantum dynamics, Open quantum system, Quantum mechanics, Consciousness, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Quantum system, Quantum discord, Theoretical physics, Quantum process, and Quantum entanglement

There have been suggestions that the unity of consciousness may be related to the kind of holism depicted only in quantum physics. This argument will be clarified and strengthened. It requires the brain to contain a quantum system with the right properties — a “Bose-Einstein condensate”. It probably does contain one such system, as both theory and experiment have indicated. In fact, we cannot pay full attention to a quantum whole and its parts simultaneously, though we may oscillate between the two. In a quantum theory of consciousness, emergent meanings arise as an inevitable consequence of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

Sociology and Political Science, Communication, Sociology, and World Wide Web

Computer-mediated communication, Human multitasking, Computer science, World Wide Web, Multimedia, computer.software_genre, computer, The Internet, business.industry, business, Wireless, Informal communication, Instant messaging, and Collaborative software

There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate on shared interests and tasks. The widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly widespread availability of wireless access to the Internet (WiFi), have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. The use of these tools to augment face-to-face meetings has created benefits for some participants and distractions-and detractions-for others. Our panelists will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these emerging uses of collaborative tools.

municipality, Crowsnest Pass, bisecting, Rocky Mountains, Southwestern Alberta, British Columbia, and Highway 3

The municipality of Crowsnest Pass is situated in a rare east-west corridor bisecting the Rocky Mountains in Southwestern Alberta and Southeastern British Columbia. Highway 3, which runs the length of the Pass, is a major transportation route supporting over 13,000 vehicles per day. Wildlife mortality, due to collisions with vehicles, has been identified as a major human-safety and wildlife-conservation issue on this stretch of highway with approximately 109 large mammal deaths per year. Another immediate threat to wildlife populations in the region is the proposed expansion and realignment of Highway 3. The expanded highway footprint and increased traffic will likely affect wildlife use in the area. It is therefore important that decision makers acquire information on where wildlife are most likely to cross the road to ensure effective mitigation measures. Currently, information pertaining to wildlife movement in the Pass is limited. Road Watch in the Pass is an innovative, community-based research project that engages local citizenry in reporting wildlife observations along Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Through the use of a Web-based GIS, interested citizens can participate in data collection that will be instrumental to decision makers in reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and for developing mitigation measures for highway expansion. Road Watch was designed to test and profile the use of local knowledge and volunteer data collection in the Crowsnest Pass by providing land managers and the community with valuable baseline information related to wildlife highway crossings. The goals of the project are to collect, analyze, and communicate information highlighting crossing locations of wildlife along the highway based on local knowledge and observations, as well as to engage the citizenry of the pass in local issues relating to wildlife movement and safety. The project was launched in November 2004 after considerable communication with decision makers in the Pass and the hiring of a local project coordinator. There are currently 51 active participants using the website and interactive mapping tool. The 51 participants have recorded over 581 large mammal sightings. These results are provided to the community on a regular basis through the local media, project website, and email messages. Although the project is still new in inception, preliminary results indicate that the community is successfully engaged with an average of five new volunteers joining Road Watch each month. Each volunteer has contributed an average of 12 observations, with 59 percent of the participants submitting observations on more than one occasion. The number of individual observations ranges from one to 167. Participants have recorded the full compliment of large mammals that occur in the pass, including: 243 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 106 big horn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 66 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 64 unidentified deer species (Odocoileus spp.), 35 elk (Cervus elaphus), 30 moose (Alces alces), 11 coyotes (Canis latrans), seven black bears (Ursus americanus), three wolves (Canis lupus), three mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), three grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and two cougars (Puma concolor), with the exception of wolverine (Gulo gulo) and lynx (Lynx canadensis). Road Watch observations provide a valuable supplement to mortality data and have the potential to greatly enhance the existing information base. For example, the percentages of species observations from Road Watch correlate to the recorded levels of wildlife mortality, with mule deer as the highest recorded species from both data sources. From preliminary comparisons of these two data sources, we have identified zones with high Road Watch observations corresponding with low mortality records. This may indicate that there are areas where wildlife are successfully crossing, which has important implications for highway mitigation. Road Watch is an innovative initiative that will generate a unique dataset resulting from a comparative anlysis of knowledge sources. Preliminary results demonstrate that this approach increases the knowledge base by providing new emerging knowledge that would not have been explicit from a single source. This initiative also provides the opportunity for the Crowsnest Pass community to actively engage in an important wildlife-conservation issue. This information will be important to citizens in the community and local decisionmakers in relation to human safety and wildlife conservation around Highway 3.

Computer science, Online participation, Visual search, Visualization, World Wide Web, Data science, Friendship, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Data visualization, business.industry, business, Social network, Usability, and Popularity

Recent years have witnessed the dramatic popularity of online social networking services, in which millions of members publicly articulate mutual "friendship" relations. Guided by ethnographic research of these online communities, we have designed and implemented a visualization system for playful end-user exploration and navigation of large scale online social networks. Our design builds upon familiar node link network layouts to contribute customized techniques for exploring connectivity in large graph structures, supporting visual search and analysis, and automatically identifying and visualizing community structures. Both public installation and controlled studies of the system provide evidence of the system's usability, capacity for facilitating discovery, and potential for fun and engaged social activity

citizen science, Crowsnest Pass, highways, road ecology, transportation, web-based GIS, wildlife-vehicle collisions, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Web application, business.industry, business, Road ecology, Wildlife, Environmental protection, Wildlife conservation, Kappa index, Citizen science, Human safety, Mortality data, Environmental planning, and Geography

Road Watch in the Pass is a citizen-science project that engages local citizens in reporting wildlife observations along a 44-km stretch of Highway 3 through Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. The numbers of wildlife vehicle collisions and a recent proposal to expand the highway have raised concerns from both human safety and wildlife conservation perspectives. Through the use of a web-based GIS, interested citizens can contribute information that will be instrumental in making final decisions concerning measures to mitigate the effects of highway expansion. Currently, 58 people have contributed over 713 observations to Road Watch. We performed a preliminary comparison of 11 months of Road Watch observations and wildlife mortality data for the same time period to demonstrate that the use of citizen science not only augments more conventional approaches, but also results in the emergence of new knowledge and insights. A Kappa index of agreement of 14% indicates poor agreement between the data sets, highlighting that wildlife successfully cross the highway in areas not identified by the wildlife mortality data. This has important implications for design and mitigation efforts for Highway 3 and other roadways.

Marketing, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Chaos theory in organizational development, Management, Government, Social vision, Managing change, Quantum, and Engineering ethics

Social software, computer.software_genre, computer, Computer science, World Wide Web, Social network, business.industry, business, Tag system, Controlled vocabulary, Folksonomy, Reputation, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Modalities, and Web page

In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., "tags") to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems.Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photo-sharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.

Early adopter, Venture capital, Psychology, Social software, computer.software_genre, computer, Marketing, Social life, and Cash flow

Computer Networks and Communications, Human-Computer Interaction, Public relations, business.industry, business, Affordance, Norm (social), Sociology, Social network, Social processes, Socialization, Friendship, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, and Architecture

“Are you my friend? Yes or no?” This question, while fundamentally odd, is a key component of social network sites. Participants must select who on the system they deem to be ‘Friends.’ Their choice is publicly displayed for all to see and becomes the backbone for networked participation. By examining what different participants groups do on social network sites, this paper investigates what Friendship means and how Friendship affects the culture of the sites. I will argue that Friendship helps people write community into being in social network sites. Through these imagined egocentric communities, participants are able to express who they are and locate themselves culturally. In turn, this provides individuals with a contextual frame through which they can properly socialize with other participants. Friending is deeply affected by both social processes and technological affordances. I will argue that the established Friending norms evolved out of a need to resolve the social tensions that emerged due to technological limitations. At the same time, I will argue that Friending supports pre-existing social norms yet because the architecture of social network sites is fundamentally different than the architecture of unmediated social spaces, these sites introduce an environment that is quite unlike that with which we are accustomed.

Computer Networks and Communications, Computer Science Applications, Scholarship, Social science, Enterprise social software, Psychology, Computer-mediated communication, Social network, business.industry, business, Semiotics of social networking, Cyberpsychology, Engineering ethics, Social media optimization, Poison control, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Strategy and Management, Management of Technology and Innovation, Affordance, Public relations, Sociology, and Special section

Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.

Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Communication, Business, Convergence (routing), Advertising, Internet privacy, business.industry, and Information privacy

Not all Facebook users appreciated the September 2006 launch of the `News Feeds' feature. Concerned about privacy implications, thousands of users vocalized their discontent through the site itself, forcing the company to implement privacy tools. This essay examines the privacy concerns voiced following these events. Because the data made easily visible were already accessible with effort, what disturbed people was primarily the sense of exposure and invasion. In essence, the `privacy trainwreck' that people experienced was the cost of social convergence.

Communication, Cultural Studies, Political action, Political science, Public relations, business.industry, business, Social psychology, and Social network

Library and Information Sciences, Information Systems, Persona, Status group, Subculture, Life style, Information science, Social psychology, User studies, and Sociology

Whether we call them “users,” “participants,” or just “actors,” a focus of information science research and practice is invariably human beings. While user studies have grown in scope and volume since the early ARIST chapters in the 1960s, few researchers have approached study populaces from the perspective of social types. A concept with a long and somewhat sordid history in the social sciences, particularly sociology, as Almog (1998) explains referencing the works of Parker, Simmel, Goffman, Klapp, Becker, and other luminaries, social types in essence refer to: A sociological summary of the typical characteristics of a particular group or of a category of human beings usually recognized and typed by the public and often granted a nickname. This group or category may be a secondary group, a community, a profession, a subculture, a status group, a class or a generation unit that is characterized by its look (physical, fashionable or both), life style and philosophy, pattern of interaction (particularly linguistic), attitudes and certain psychological traits.

Library and Information Sciences, Information Systems, Social identity theory, Ethnography, Social computing, Information architecture, business.industry, business, Embodied cognition, Social media optimization, Social network, Sociology, World Wide Web, and Social web

Overview Social network websites have played a key factor in the evolution of the “social web.” Hundreds of millions of individuals from all age-ranges have flocked to sites such as MySpace (http://myspace.com), Facebook (http://facebook.com) and Orkut (http://orkut.com) to create an online representation of identity, to manage their social lives, and to establish deep social relationships with other users of the sites. To this extent, the promise of Web 2.0 is embodied in social network websites. Social networks both implicitly and explicitly connect individuals, enabling the representation of a rich social identity embodied in a virtual presence. In this panel, an exciting young group of researchers will present results of their ongoing work in the analysis of social network websites. This panel will present a number of different research methods, as well as international perspectives on the analysis of social networks. danah boyd will present some of the key challenges she has faced in her multi-year, ongoing ethnographic analysis of social network websites. Raquel Recuero will share results of her mixed-methods international work on Fotolog, a popular photo-based social network site. Scott Golder and Fred Stutzman will present large-network analysis of social behavior in Facebook, the leading college-based social network. Finally, Alla Zollers will present a quantitative and content-analysis of activism in social network sites, analyzing the information architecture of the sites and the role it plays in activism. The research and the varying methods presented in this panel will present viewers with an exciting look at the many ways social network websites can be analyzed. These sites stand at the forefront of the social web, presenting myriad opportunities to future researchers.

Endodontie, NaOCl, RinsEndo and FOS: Medical and Health Sciences

Human-Computer Interaction, Transformative learning, Cyberpsychology, World Wide Web, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, and Sociology

Many of us have had our lives transformed by technology. And many of us are also enamored of the transformative potential of technology, which has led us to develop technology and become advocates of technological practices. As we become more and more enveloped in and by technology, it’s easy to feel excited about what’s going on. Yet we must also be cautious.

Communication, Cultural Studies, Visibility, The Internet, business.industry, business, Social psychology, Sociology, and Internet privacy

The complexities of the Internet continue to be a source of consternation for parents, educators, and policy makers. Some embrace the Internet, evangelizing about its tremendous potential. Others f...

Computer Networks and Communications, Human-Computer Interaction, Computer science, Social network analysis, Spambot, World Wide Web, Social media, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, Spamming, Forum spam, Microblogging, Social spam, social computing, social media, social network analysis, microblogging, spam, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, and InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL

Spam becomes a problem as soon as an online communication medium becomes popular. Twitter’s behavioral and structural properties make it a fertile breeding ground for spammers to proliferate. In this article we examine spam around a one-time Twitter meme—“robotpickuplines”. We show the existence of structural network differences between spam accounts and legitimate users. We conclude by highlighting challenges in disambiguating spammers from legitimate users.

Sociology and Political Science

Social network, business.industry, business, Social media, Social information, Microblogging, World Wide Web, Internet privacy, Phone, Broadcasting, Computer-mediated communication, Social computing, and Umbrella term

Microblogging, the act of broadcasting short, real-time messages, is a relatively new communication practice allowing people to share information they are less likely to express using existing technologies (e.g. email, phone, IM or weblogs). We use microblogging as an umbrella term to include the posting of status updates to social network sites such as Facebook, and message-exchange services like Twitter, Jaiku, and Yammer. Microblogging has become popular quickly, catching researchers' interests as both a means of public, social information exchange, and a medium for collaboration and communication in the work context. The goal of this workshop is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to exchange insights into microblogging as a communication practice in enterprises, academic and social settings. We aim to develop an agenda for what and how we can learn from and better study this phenomenon.

Library and Information Sciences, Communication, Artificial intelligence, business.industry, business, Knowledge management, and Pace

Even if they do not always keep pace with technological innovation, end-users adapt rapidly. For professionals, it’s more than just recognizing new behavior, we must anticipate or accompany them.

Sociology and Political Science, Anthropology, History, Sociology, Media studies, Social dynamics, and Social connectedness

Sociology and Political Science, Communication, The Internet, business.industry, business, Personal branding, Conversation, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Internet privacy, Social media, and Sociology

Social media technologies collapse multiple audiences into single contexts, making it difficult for people to use the same techniques online that they do to handle multiplicity in face-to-face conversation. This article investigates how content producers navigate ‘imagined audiences’ on Twitter. We talked with participants who have different types of followings to understand their techniques, including targeting different audiences, concealing subjects, and maintaining authenticity. Some techniques of audience management resemble the practices of ‘micro-celebrity’ and personal branding, both strategic self-commodification. Our model of the networked audience assumes a many-to-many communication through which individuals conceptualize an imagined audience evoked through their tweets.

Computer Networks and Communications, Human-Computer Interaction, The Internet, business.industry, business, Psychology, Advertising, Internet privacy, News media, and Default

With over 500 million users, the decisions that Facebook makes about its privacy settings have the potential to influence many people. While its changes in this domain have often prompted privacy advocates and news media to critique the company, Facebook has continued to attract more users to its service. This raises a question about whether or not Facebook's changes in privacy approaches matter and, if so, to whom. This paper examines the attitudes and practices of a cohort of 18- and 19-year-olds surveyed in 2009 and again in 2010 about Facebook's privacy settings. Our results challenge widespread assumptions that youth do not care about and are not engaged with navigating privacy. We find that, while not universal, modifications to privacy settings have increased during a year in which Facebook's approach to privacy was hotly contested. We also find that both frequency and type of Facebook use as well as Internet skill are correlated with making modifications to privacy settings. In contrast, we observe few gender differences in how young adults approach their Facebook privacy settings, which is notable given that gender differences exist in so many other domains online. We discuss the possible reasons for our findings and their implications.

Clinical Neurology, Neurology, General Medicine, Abdomen, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Postcentral gyrus, Epilepsy, medicine.disease, business.industry, business, Ictal, Trunk, Parietal lobe, Homunculus, Anatomy, Sensory system, nervous system diseases, and nervous system

Unilateral abdominal clonic seizures represent a peculiar and rare manifestation of focal onset epilepsy. We present the case of a 26-year-old man with right-sided abdominal clonic movements associated with seizures arising from the left parietal area. We show the ictal EEG correlates of these events, including source localization of early ictal spikes; findings that have not been demonstrated in previously reported cases. The electro-clinical features in this patient suggested that clinical onset occurred after anterior propagation of ictal activity from a region posterior to the neck and trunk area of the sensory homunculus of the postcentral gyrus. [Published with video sequence on www.epilepticdisorders.com].

Publics, Social network, business.industry, business, Internet privacy, Affordance, and Sociology

General Engineering, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Social psychology, Poison control, Homophily, Social engagement, Social group, Social network, business.industry, business, Psychology, Collective identity, Timeline, and Social media

The principle of homophily says that people associate with other groups of people who are mostly like themselves. Many online communities are structured around groups of socially similar individuals. On Twitter, however, people are exposed to multiple, diverse points of view through the public timeline. The authors captured 30,000 tweets about the shooting of George Tiller, a late-term abortion doctor, and the subsequent conversations among pro-life and pro-choice advocates. They found that replies between like-minded individuals strengthen group identity, whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforce in-group and out-group affiliation. Their results show that people are exposed to broader viewpoints than they were before but are limited in their ability to engage in meaningful discussion. They conclude with implications for different kinds of social participation on Twitter more generally.

Virology, Insect Science, Immunology, Microbiology, Molecular biology, Transmembrane protein, Antibody, biology.protein, biology, Gp41, Transmembrane domain, Biophysics, Lipid bilayer, Heterologous, Membrane protein, HBsAg, Structure and Assembly, virus diseases, and digestive system diseases

Native hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) spontaneously assembles into 22-nm subviral particles. The particles are lipoprotein micelles, in which HBsAg is believed to span the lipid layer four times. The first two transmembrane domains, TM1 and TM2, are required for particle assembly. We have probed the requirements for particle assembly by replacing the entire first or third TM domain of HBsAg with the transmembrane domain of HIV gp41. We found that either TM domain of HBsAg could be replaced, resulting in HBsAg-gp41 chimeras that formed particles efficiently. HBsAg formed particles even when both TM1 and TM3 were replaced with the gp41 domain. The results indicate remarkable flexibility in HBsAg particle formation and provide a novel way to express heterologous membrane proteins that are anchored to a lipid surface by their own membrane-spanning domain. The membrane-proximal exposed region (MPER) of gp41 is an important target of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, and HBsAg-MPER particles may provide a good platform for future vaccine development.

Urban Studies, Safety Research, Media studies, Social media, and Sociology

A Response to Colin Bennett's 'In Defence of Privacy'

Technological design, Computer science, Online community, Scratch, computer.programming_language, computer, Qualitative analysis, Attribution, Social media, Reuse, and World Wide Web

In this paper, we explore the role that attribution plays in shaping user reactions to content reuse, or remixing, in a large user-generated content community. We present two studies using data from the Scratch online community -- a social media platform where hundreds of thousands of young people share and remix animations and video games. First, we present a quantitative analysis that examines the effects of a technological design intervention introducing automated attribution of remixes on users' reactions to being remixed. We compare this analysis to a parallel examination of "manual" credit-giving. Second, we present a qualitative analysis of twelve in-depth, semi-structured, interviews with Scratch participants on the subject of remixing and attribution. Results from both studies suggest that automatic attribution done by technological systems (i.e., the listing of names of contributors) plays a role that is distinct from, and less valuable than, credit which may superficially involve identical information but takes on new meaning when it is given by a human remixer. We discuss the implications of these findings for the designers of online communities and social media platforms.

Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Communication, Social media, Persona, Personality psychology, Game playing, Instrumental and intrinsic value, Sociology, Gossip, Advertising, Personally identifiable information, and Equalizer

Social media technologies let people connect by creating and sharing content. We examine the use of Twitter by famous people to conceptualize celebrity as a practice. On Twitter, celebrity is practiced through the appearance and performance of ‘backstage’ access. Celebrity practitioners reveal what appears to be personal information to create a sense of intimacy between participant and follower, publicly acknowledge fans, and use language and cultural references to create affiliations with followers. Interactions with other celebrity practitioners and personalities give the impression of candid, uncensored looks at the people behind the personas. But the indeterminate ‘authenticity’ of these performances appeals to some audiences, who enjoy the game playing intrinsic to gossip consumption. While celebrity practice is theoretically open to all, it is not an equalizer or democratizing discourse. Indeed, in order to successfully practice celebrity, fans must recognize the power differentials intrinsic to the relationship.

Computer Networks and Communications, Human-Computer Interaction, Social media, Survey data collection, Unintended consequences, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, Terms of service, Spite, Privacy laws of the United States, Psychology, restrict, Parental consent, and Public relations

Facebook, like many communication services and social media sites, uses its Terms of Service (ToS) to forbid children under the age of 13 from creating an account. Such prohibitions are not uncommon in response to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which seeks to empower parents by requiring commercial Web site operators to obtain parental consent before collecting data from children under 13. Given economic costs, social concerns, and technical issues, most general–purpose sites opt to restrict underage access through their ToS. Yet in spite of such restrictions, research suggests that millions of underage users circumvent this rule and sign up for accounts on Facebook. Given strong evidence of parental concern about children’s online activity, this raises questions of whether or not parents understand ToS restrictions for children, how they view children’s practices of circumventing age restrictions, and how they feel about children’s access being regulated. In this paper, we provide survey data that show that many parents know that their underage children are on Facebook in violation of the site’s restrictions and that they are often complicit in helping their children join the site. Our data suggest that, by creating a context in which companies choose to restrict access to children, COPPA inadvertently undermines parents’ ability to make choices and protect their children’s data. Our data have significant implications for policy–makers, particularly in light of ongoing discussions surrounding COPPA and other age–based privacy laws.

Science and Technology Studies, Social and Behavioral Sciences, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, and ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING

As social network sites like MySpace and Facebook emerged, American teenagers began adopting them as spaces to mark identity and socialize with peers. Teens leveraged these sites for a wide array of everyday social practices—gossiping, flirting, joking around, sharing information, and simply hanging out. While social network sites were predominantly used by teens as a peer-based social outlet, the unchartered nature of these sites generated fear among adults. This dissertation documents my 2.5-year ethnographic study of American teens’ engagement with social network sites and the ways in which their participation supported and complicated three practices—self-presentation, peer sociality, and negotiating adult society.

General Arts and Humanities, Archaeology, Agriculture, business.industry, business, Toponymy, Sixth century, and Engineering

Since their discovery in 1993 the Petra papyri have drawn the attention of both historians and archaeologists because of the amount of information they contain. They deal with the property of Theodoros, son of Obodianus, and his family in Petra and its vicinity in the period between AD 537 and 593. This paper focuses on agriculture and its importance in Petra and the surrounding area in the sixth century AD, according to the information derived from the scrolls. It appears that agriculture played a major role in the economy of Petra and its hinterland at the time these documents were written. The papyri repeatedly mention agricultural lands throughout the region and in many cases specify their locations and toponyms. Some of the latter are significantly still in use. There is also information about springs, some of which are still active and contribute to local agriculture. Some papyri even contain information about the type of plants grown in the area. Finally, the authors present the current state of agriculture at selected places and compare it with the state of agriculture in the sixth century AD in the study area.

Library and Information Sciences, Communication, Big data, business.industry, business, Digital sociology, Data science, Analytics, Datafication, Phone, Internet privacy, Social media, Sociology, Communication studies, and Human communication

The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and other scholars are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, government records, and other digital traces left by people. Significant questions emerge. Will large-scale search data help us create better tools, services, and public goods? Or will it usher in a new wave of privacy incursions and invasive marketing? Will data analytics help us understand online communities and political movements? Or will it be used to track protesters and suppress speech? Will it transform how we study human communication and culture, or narrow the palette of research options and alter what ‘research’ means? Given the rise of Big Data as a socio-tech...

Psychiatry and Mental health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health, Data collection, Injury prevention, Double counting (accounting), Psychology, Occupational safety and health, Landline, Suicide prevention, Social psychology, Poison control, Human factors and ergonomics, and Article

Purpose To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. Methods Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6–17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. Results Measures that use the word "bully" result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word "bully" are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word "bully" results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of "bullying." Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word "bully" appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. Conclusions Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word "bully" when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode.

Applied Psychology, Cultural Studies, Humanities, Qualitative analysis, Somali, language.human_language, language, Sociology, Refugee, Cultural diversity, Qualitative research, Law enforcement, Acculturation, Gender studies, and Mental health

Somali women were interviewed regarding their children's adjustment. Qualitative analysis revealed 5 themes: cultural comparisons, concerns about children, parents' loss of disciplinary authority, available support, and the future. The women discussed changes in their children, such as loss of respect and threats to use law enforcement against parents. They also discussed their loss of parental authority and the lack of support from U.S. institutions. Implications for schools and mental health professionals are presented. Se entrevisto a mujeres Somalies con respecto a la adaptacion de sus hijos. Los analisis cualitativos revelaron 5 temas: comparaciones culturales, preocupaciones sobre los ninos, la perdida de autoridad disciplinaria de los padres, apoyo disponible y el futuro. Las mujeres hablaron sobre los cambios en sus hijos, como la perdida de respeto y las amenazas de usar las fuerzas del orden contra sus padres. Tambien hablaron de la perdida de su autoridad paterna y la falta de apoyo por parte de las instituciones de los Estados Unidos. Se presentan las implicaciones para escuelas y profesionales de la salud mental.

World Wide Web, Computer science, Multimedia, computer.software_genre, computer, The arts, Research data, Computer data storage, business.industry, business, Humanities, Architecture, Distributed database, and Scriptorium

Digital methods and collaborative research in virtual research environments are gaining in importance for the arts and humanities. The EU-funded project DARIAH aims to enhance and support digitally-enabled research across these disciplines. The most basic but nevertheless fundamental task of DARIAH is to provide sustainable storage for research data. Information contained in data like images, texts or music needs to be secured and to remain accessible even if the original information carrier becomes lost or corrupted. The heterogeneity of the humanistic data and the need for distributed, perform ant access are the main challenges in designing an archiving system for the arts and humanities. Using the "Virtual Scriptorium", a digitisation project in Trier, Germany, this paper exemplary identifies the humanistic researchers' storage needs and derives requirements for an infrastructure. As a solution, a generic architecture for a federated data zone based on the iRODS technologies is proposed. The system implemented in Trier and Karlsruhe is described and will be extended to other locations as the researchers benefit from the initial set-up.

Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Pathology Update, Conjunctival malignant melanoma, Signet ring cell, Primary acquired melanosis, Infrequent Neoplasm, Conjunctiva, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, business, Melanoma, and medicine.disease

Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a relatively infrequent neoplasm that can be associated with significant morbidity and cause diagnostic difficulty to both the ophthalmologist and pathologist. We herein describe the first reported case in North American and European databases of a rare variant-signet ring cell melanoma – arising in the background of primary acquired melanosis (PAM) and use this case as a review of important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations when faced with this condition.

Communication

Elközelgett a Big Data, az adatrengeteg kora. A számítástudósok, fizikusok, közgazdászok, matematikusok, politológusok, bioinformatikusok, szociológusok és más tudósok fennszóval követelik, hogy az embereket, dolgokat és ezek kapcsolatait leíró, folyvást termelődő hatalmas adatmennyiséggel dolgozhassanak. Fontos kérdések formálódnak meg. Hozzásegít-e az adatrengeteg kereshetősége az eszközök, szolgáltatások és közjavak javításához, vagy inkább a magántitoksértés és a tolakodó marketing új hullámát vezeti be? Megkönnyíti-e az adatok elemzése az online közösségek és politikai mozgalmak megértését, vagy a tiltakozók lenyomozását és a szólásjog elnyomását szolgálja majd? Átalakítja-e az emberi kommunikáció és kultúra kutatásának mai módszereit, vagy inkább beszűkíti a vizsgálható témák skáláját, magát a „kutatás” fogalmát definiálva újra? Véleményünk szerint az adatrengeteg szociotechnológiai jelenségének előretörése kapcsán kritikus vizsgálatnak kell alávetni e jelenség előfeltevéseit és előítéleteit. Cikkünk hat provokatív tézist tartalmaz, amelyekkel diszkussziót kívánunk indítani az adatrengeteg különböző aspektusairól: e technológia, elemzés és mitológia összjátékából kisarjadó kulturális, műszaki és tudományos jelenségről, amely terjedelmes retorikát gerjeszt mind utópikus, mind disztópikus hangvételben.

General Computer Science, Media studies, Politics, and Sociology

Power, context, and control in networked publics.

digital humanities, édition électronique, usages, web, Information Science & Library Science, Sociology, LAN025000, GL, Computer science, Visual arts, and Library science

Qu’est-ce que les humanités numériques ? Apparue en 2006, l’expression connaît depuis un véritable succès. Mais au-delà du slogan à la mode, quelle est la réalité des pratiques qu’il désigne ? Si tout le monde s’accorde sur une définition minimale à l’intersection des technologies numériques et des sciences humaines et sociales, les vues divergent lorsqu’on entre dans le vif du sujet. Les humanités numériques représentent-elles une véritable révolution des pratiques de recherche et des paradigmes intellectuels qui les fondent ou, plus simplement, une optimisation des méthodes existantes ? Constituent-elles un champ suffisamment structuré pour justifier une réforme des modes de financement de la recherche, des cursus de formation, des critères d’évaluation ? L’archive numérique offre-t-elle à la recherche suffisamment de garanties ? Quelle place la recherche « dirigée par les données » laisse-t-elle à l’interprétation ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions abordées par ce deuxième opus de la collection « Read/Write Book ». Ces dix-huit textes essentiels, rédigés ou traduits en français par des chercheurs de différentes nationalités, proposent une introduction aux humanités numériques accessible à tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur ce domaine de recherche en constante évolution.

digital humanities, édition électronique, usages, web, Sociology, Information Science & Library Science, LAN025000, GL, Humanities, Big data, business.industry, and business

Big data, la nécessité d’un débat Il nous a semblé intéressant de traduire, de façon collaborative (via Framapad), l’essai original que viennent de publier Danah Boyd et Kate Crawford présentant « Six provocations au sujet du phénomène des big data ». Ces chercheuses, orientées vers l’ethnographie des usages des technologies de communication, s’interrogent – en toute connaissance de cause – sur les limites épistémologiques, méthodologiques, mais aussi éthiques des big data : champ d’études qu...

Computer Science Applications, Education, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Epistemology, Synchronicity, Kettle (landform), geography.geographical_feature_category, geography, Boltzmann constant, symbols.namesake, symbols, Expression (mathematics), Musical composition, Equations of motion, Literature, business.industry, business, and Statistical mechanics

udwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) was one of the greatest scientists of his time. His work on statistical mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases helps explain and predict how the properties of atoms (such as charge and mass) determine the physical properties of gases (such as viscosity, diffusion and temperature). Ludwig Boltzmann was also an accomplished musician. Boltzmann, however, did not see these two interests (in science and music) as being independent of each other. In contrast, he often described a synchronicity between mathematics and music, seeing both as being involved in the creative act of identifying and manipulating underlying rhythms and patterns to create new ones. Moreover, Boltzmann perceived this process as being deeply personal, in how an individual’s creative voice was deeply connected to the final product. This of course is in sharp contrast to the prevailing view of science as being a coolly dispassionate methodology, disconnected from the personality of the scientist. Boltzmann’s viewpoint can be seen in how he described the experience of reading physicist James Clerk Maxwell’s work on the dynamical theory of gases. Note the manner in which Boltzmann connects his reading of mathematics to the experience of hearing a musical composition: The variations of the velocities are, at first, developed majestically: then from one side enter the equations of state: and from the other side, the equations of motion in a central field. Ever higher soars the chaos of formulae. Suddenly we hear, as from kettle drums, the four beats “Put N = 5.” The evil spirit V (relative velocity of molecules) vanishes: and, even as in music a hitherto dominating figure in the bass is suddenly silenced, that which had seemed insuperable has been overcome as if by a stroke of magic...One result after another follows in quick succession till at last, as the unexpected climax, we arrive at the conditions for thermal equilibrium together with the expressions for the transport coefficients. The curtain then falls! (Boltzmann quoted in Root-Bernstein, 1989, p. 334)

Urban Studies and Safety Research

Computer Science Applications, Health Policy, Public Administration, Health(social science), Metropolitan area, Psychology, Ideology, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Politics, Harm, Social media, Social psychology, Moral panic, Population, education.field_of_study, education, and Ethnic group

The widespread adoption of social media and other networked technologies by youth has prompted concerns about the safety issues they face when they go online, including the potential of being hurt by a stranger, being exposed to pornographic or violent content, and bullying or being bullied. These concerns often manifest as fears and anxieties in parents and can lead to pervasive moral panics. Eager to shield children from potential risks, parents—and lawmakers—often respond to online safety concerns by enacting restrictions with little consideration for the discrepancy between parental concern and actual harm. As this article shows, parental fears are not uniform across different population groups. Our findings demonstrate that, while concern may be correlated with experiencing online safety risks, parental concerns with respect to online safety issues also vary significantly by background—notably race and ethnicity, income, metropolitan status, and political ideology. As policies develop to empower parents, more consideration must be given to how differences in parental fears shape attitudes, practices, and norms.

ddc:004 and DATA processing & computer science

ddc:004 and DATA processing & computer science

ddc:004 and DATA processing & computer science

Computer Science Applications, Human-Computer Interaction, Applied Psychology, Communication, General Medicine, Social Psychology, Occupational safety and health, Social psychology, Psychology, Suicide prevention, Interpersonal relationship, Poison control, Youth violence, Human factors and ergonomics, Clinical psychology, Injury prevention, Teen dating violence, and Original Articles

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a serious form of youth violence that youth fairly commonly experience. Although youth extensively use computer-mediated communication (CMC), the epidemiology of CMC-based TDV is largely unknown. This study examined how perpetration of psychological TDV using CMC compares and relates to perpetration using longer-standing modes of communication (LSMC; e.g., face-to-face). Data from the national Growing up with Media study involving adolescents aged 14–19 collected from October 2010 to February 2011 and analyzed May 2012 are reported. Analyses focused on adolescents with a history of dating (n=615). Forty-six percent of youth daters had perpetrated psychological TDV. Of those who perpetrated in the past 12 months, 58% used only LSMC, 17% used only CMC, and 24% used both. Use of both CMC and LSMC was more likely among perpetrators who used CMC than among perpetrators who used LSMC. In addition, communication mode and type of psychological TDV behavior were separately related to frequency of perpetration. Finally, history of sexual intercourse was the only characteristic that discriminated between youth who perpetrated using different communication modes. Results suggest that perpetration of psychological TDV using CMC is prevalent and is an extension of perpetration using LSMC. Prevention should focus on preventing perpetration of LSMC-based TDV as doing so would prevent LSMC as well as CMC-based TDV.

Computer Science Applications, Education, Multimedia, computer.software_genre, computer, Educational technology, Architecture, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Sociology, and Autodidacticism

General Physics and Astronomy, Computational physics, Angular distribution, Physics, Experimental data, Elastic scattering, and Atomic physics

The diffractive aspects of angular distribution have been investigated by analyzing the experimental data for a set of elastic scattering processes of 6Li by different target nuclei at different laboratory energies. The analysis of experimental data of angular distribution for elastic scattering process is performed using both Frahn–Venter and McIntyre models. The theoretical models can reasonably reproduce the general pattern of the data, thus allowing us to extract geometrical parameters from elastic scattering processes. It is found that interpretation of the diffraction features of the data is model-independent. The values of extracted parameters, from both models, are found to be comparable to each other and to those of others. The correlation between the total reaction cross section and the incident laboratory energy for each scattering is discernible and values of total reaction cross section are found to be comparable with those of others.

Computer Science Applications, Education, Discipline, Round hole, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Educational technology, Openness to experience, Sociology, Engineering education, Deep knowledge, Engineering ethics, and Creative class

Today’s challenges require new ways of thinking about STEM education that go beyond standard disciplinary learning, to include creativity, flexibility, and an openness to the new. One way to better understand this involves considering successful engineers and inventors to identify approaches that worked for them. We profile two innovators, Nikola Tesla and Steve Jobs, to better understand their thinking and creative processes. Their stories highlight the fact that creativity in these domains cannot happen without deep knowledge of key technical domains. That said, this knowledge, though necessary, is not sufficient to engender creativity. Creative solutions emerge from a wider matrix of imagination, abilities, skills, curiosities, and interests across disciplines. The science and engineering demands of our world require that learners need varied experiences that enable them to think richly and broadly, both within, outside of, and across the disciplines.

Urban warfare, Social media, Information sharing, Microblogging, Political science, Armed conflict, and Media studies

In this paper we examine the information sharing practices of people living in cities amid armed conflict. We describe the volume and frequency of microblogging activity on Twitter from four cities afflicted by the Mexican Drug War, showing how citizens use social media to alert one another and to comment on the violence that plagues their communities. We then investigate the emergence of civic media "curators," individuals who act as "war correspondents" by aggregating and disseminating information to large numbers of people on social media. We conclude by outlining the implications of our observations for the design of civic media systems in wartime.

Artificial Intelligence, Computer Networks and Communications, Human-Computer Interaction, Information Systems, Software, Social science, Poverty, Information sharing, Body modification, Sociology, Negotiation, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Information behavior, Internet studies, Scholarship, Internet privacy, business.industry, business, and Social exclusion

When information practices are understood to be shaped by social context, privilege and marginalization alternately affect not only access to, but also use of information resources. In the context of information, privilege, and community, politics of marginalization drive stigmatized groups to develop collective norms for locating, sharing, and hiding information. In this paper, we investigate the information practices of a subcultural community whose activities are both stigmatized and of uncertain legal status: the extreme body modification community. We use the construct of information poverty to analyze the experiences of 18 people who had obtained, were interested in obtaining, or had performed extreme body modification procedures. With a holistic understanding of how members of this community use information, we complicate information poverty by working through concepts of stigma and community norms. Our research contributes to human information behavior scholarship on marginalized groups and to Internet studies research on how communities negotiate collective norms of information sharing online.

The Internet, business.industry, business, Social web, Social network, Internet privacy, Social media optimization, Social computing, Social relation, Web 2.0, Sociology of the Internet, Sociology, and World Wide Web

This chapter reports authoritative insights into one of the most significant developments related to social interaction – social network sites – and offers an analytic framework for exploring these new sites, while underscoring the centrality of social interaction since the Internet's earliest days, such as through email. Social network sites (SNSs) presented several characteristics that made it possible for individuals to easily update their profiles. The implicit role of communication and information sharing has become the driving motivator for participation. The concept of ‘Web 2.0’ was an industry-driven phenomenon, hyped by the news media and by business analysts alike. Social network sites emerged out of the Web 2.0 and social media phenomena, mixing new technologies and older computer-mediated communication practices infused by tech industry ideals. Server-level data offer a unique opportunity to access elaborated behavioural data about what people are doing on SNSs.

Computer Science Applications, Education, Situated learning, Teaching method, Online community, Synchronous learning, Teacher education, Educational technology, Technology integration, Sociology, Blended learning, Pedagogy, and ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION

In this article we describe the evolution of an elective course designed specifically for undergraduate students in our pre-service teacher education program. This course is intended to prepare these undergraduate students as future teachers—helping them to make effective and creative uses of technology in learning settings. This course emphasizes learning to learn with and about technology, in the ever-changing context of educational technology. Generally speaking, we outline and describe three key goals of teaching young teachers to thoughtfully integrate technology into a real-world classroom. First, the course emphasizes learning to explore and learn proactively by engaging in learning by design activities. Second, students are given an opportunity to try a wide variety of innovative technologies through explorations of their own choosing. Finally, we attempt to leverage the power of online community building for learning by harnessing the ubiquity and convenience of tools like Facebook. We look into the future with great hope and enthusiasm that our preservice teachers will lead the way in integrating new technologies into their teaching in ways that will benefit their students, colleagues, and the greater education community.

Computer Science Applications, Education, Engineering, business.industry, business, Educational technology, Media studies, Clinical neuropsychology, Computational geophysics, and Engineering ethics

Computer Science Applications, Education, Media studies, Educational technology, Computational geophysics, Sociology, and Library science

Computer Science Applications, Education, Educational technology, Pedagogy, Mathematics education, Education theory, Educational psychology, Learning theory, Educational research, Curriculum, Teacher leadership, Psychology, Instructional design, and ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION

This article describes the design and implementation of the year 2 curriculum and student learning experiences in the Michigan State University Master of Arts in Educational Technology program. We discuss the ways that this second set of courses builds on the first year of the program that students encounter, and also describe the theoretical impetus and design-based implications for learning how to teach with technology in effective and creative ways. Students in this group usually come in with some prior knowledge of educational theory, as well as some experience of working with classroom technologies. We intentionally build upon this prior knowledge, to take it to the next level of a more sophisticated TPACK-oriented understanding of learning in technology-driven contexts. Our year 2 courses move classical educational psychology theories of learning, along with educational research issues, squarely into the modern context of educational technology and teacher leadership. Our curriculum design focuses centrally on making meaningful experiences for teachers around technology, and helping them develop the knowledge and skills to create such experiences for their students. Our goal is to develop teachers who see themselves as flexible designers of learning experiences through the creative re-purposing of existing technologies.

Sociology and Political Science, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Anthropology, Gender studies, Sex trafficking, Sociology, Ethnography, Internet studies, Law enforcement, and Criminology

In this essay, we offer field notes from our ongoing ethnographic research on sex trafficking in the United States. Recent efforts to regulate websites such as Craigslist and Backpage have illuminated activist concerns regarding the role of networked technologies in the trafficking of persons and images for the purposes of sexual exploitation. We frame our understanding of trafficking and technology through a network studies approach, by describing anti-trafficking as a counter-network to the sex trafficking it seeks to address. Drawing from the work of Annelise Riles and other scholars of feminist science and technology studies, we read the anti-trafficking network through the production of expert knowledge and the crafting of anti-trafficking techniques. By exploring anti-trafficking activists’ understandings of technology, we situate the activities of anti-trafficking experts and law enforcement as efforts toward network stabilization.
Microsoft Research

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, computer.internet_protocol, computer, Virtualization, computer.software_genre, Computer science, Humanities, Hypermedia, law.invention, law, Server, Network security, business.industry, business, Distributed data store, Authentication, World Wide Web, and Upload

Sustainable management of large amounts of research data is gaining in importance for research projects all over the world. The European project DARIAH aims to address this topic for the arts and humanities community. The DARIAH Bit Preservation, as a part of an archiving system for the arts and humanities, allows for a high performance, sustainable, and distributed storage of research data as basis of virtual research environments. A great challenge in designing such a service is to provide a standardized, consistent yet easy-to-use API for accessing the data that remains stable even if backend technology changes over time. As a solution, this paper presents the RESTful API of the DARIAH Bit Preservation which includes an administrative extension, and which is secured by an Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure (AAI) based on SAML. An exemplary implementation illustrates that the API offers distributed access by usage of the HTTP protocol and is able to handle a high number of files. Data transfer rates of up to 45 MB/s were achieved for uploading large files in the local network.

Computer Science Applications, Education, Educational technology, Social science, Sociology, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, and Engineering ethics

General Medicine, Parkinsonism, medicine.disease, medicine, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Pharmacology, Toxicity, Planarian, biology.organism_classification, biology, In vivo, Benserazide, medicine.drug, Drug action, Physical dependence, and medicine.symptom

We previously created and investigated a planarian model for the study of drug action, abuse, physical dependence, receptor affinity, the toxicity of heavy metals in wastewater, and seizures. For the present pilot study, we investigated the possibility that this model might be useful for studying certain aspects of drugs used in treatment of Parkinson disease. For the first step, we were interested in finding an in vivo metric for the inhibition of L-DOPA by an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase. The direct clinical relevance of the endpoint was of secondary concern during this preliminary phase of model development. Two metrics were explored: L-DOPA-induced inhibition of motility (locomotor velocity) and dopamine-mediated toxicity, which was quantified using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. L-DOPA produced both dose- and time-related toxicity. The water-soluble DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide dose-dependently inhibited the effect of L-DOPA, as manifested by a leftward shift in the Kaplan-Meier curve. Additional work was initiated using the more sensitive and a graded metric of spontaneous locomotor velocity. The encouraging results of this pilot study suggest that: 1) planarians contain DOPA decarboxylase or an equivalent enzyme, and 2) the planarian model might be useful for the study of certain aspects of anti-Parkinsonism pharmacotherapy.

Computer Science Applications, Education, Conversation, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Visual arts, Creative work, Educational technology, Creativity, Psychology, and Social science

Conversation between characters, Liz Lemon & Jack Donaghy in the television show 30 Rock. – Marty Rubin

IT risk, Risk management plan, Actuarial science, Computer science, Risk analysis (business), Risk factor (computing), Financial risk management, Risk management, business.industry, business, Enterprise risk management, and IT risk management

Risk Management is one of the key cares of any organization strategic management. Referring to all the activities on-going in the organizations, risks are brought in for accomplishing the activities and their targets beneficially in all portfolios. Proper benefit of risk management is finding risks and their solutions. The result from a good risk management would be the maximization of the organization's value, it will also improve the chances of success than failure with risk assessing. Almost all risk reduction activities acquire cost of all probably applicable activities typically far overcomes the resources available. Hence there is the need to cleverly pick from among those activities to achieve at a cost-effective selection. In this paper we will suggest Strategic Risk Reduction (SRR) technique for producing optimal risk reduction strategies; we will reduce risk exposure for expected income by allowing several countermeasures per risk rather than one countermeasure per risk as previous work did.

Ophthalmology, General Medicine, Medicine, business.industry, business, Orbital decompression, Surgery, medicine.medical_specialty, and Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

General Chemistry

Psychiatry and Mental health, Social psychology, The Internet, business.industry, business, Advertising, Media coverage, Psychology, Anorexia, medicine.symptom, and medicine

Objective Links between media portrayals of celebrities and participation in activities related to anorexia are of interest to both researchers and practitioners but are difficult to study over long time periods and in large populations. Here we aim to determine the links between media portrayals of celebrities and online practices related to anorexia. Method We examined the Internet searching activities of 9.2 million people, focusing on searches related to known celebrities, especially those perceived by the public as suffering from anorexia, and on searches indicative of anorexic practices. Additionally, we tracked media attention of individual celebrities by monitoring all messages from Twitter related to those celebrities. Results We found that a subset of users focus their browsing activities on celebrities perceived as anorexic. There was an increase of 14% in the hazard of performing anorexia-related searches after searching for information on the celebrities most perceived as anorexic. Media attention of a celebrity was a trigger for search activity, and when focused on a celebrity perceived as anorexic, resulted in a 33% increase in hazard for carrying out anorexic searches. Strikingly, when media attention included a reference to anorexia, the hazard decreased by 22%. Discussion Our findings suggest that it would be beneficial for media, when reporting on those celebrities who are known to suffer from anorexia, to include this information in their reporting. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:196-202)

Computer Science Applications, Education, Sociology, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Aesthetics, and Educational technology

Computer Science Applications, Education, Educational technology, Art, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, and Visual arts

Oncology, Hematology, Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine, business.industry, and business

Gender studies, Online identity, Urban informatics, Transnationalism, Urban life, Media studies, Social media, Qualitative interviews, and Sociology

This paper uses qualitative interviews with 26 transnational migrants in New York City to analyze socio-technical practices related to online identity work. We focus specifically on the use of Facebook, where benefits included keeping in touch with friends and family abroad and documenting everyday urban life. At the same time, many participants also reported experiences of fatigue, socio-cultural tensions and concerns about maintaining a sense of personal privacy. These experiences highlight how transnational practices complicate context collapse, where the geographic dispersal of participants' personal networks renders visible conflicts of 'flattened' online networks. Our findings also suggest a kind of technology-enabled code-switching, where transnational migrants leverage social media to perform identities that alternate between communities, nationalities and geographies. This analysis informs HCI research on transnationalism and technological practices, as well as the complexities of online identity work in terms of shifting social and spatial contexts.

Pedagogy, The arts, Schema (psychology), Creative work, Educational psychology, Educational technology, Psychology of learning, Assistant professor, Creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, and ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION

This article emphasizes the value of creativity and arts-based learning in the sciences (STEAM education), using one example from a recent research study of creative and effective classroom teachers. The future of innovative thinking in STEM disciplines relies on breaking down the distinction between disciplines traditionally seen as “creative” like the arts or music, and STEM disciplines traditionally seen as more rigid or logical-mathematical (Catterall, 2002). The most exceptional thinkers in fields like science or math are also highly creative individuals who are deeply influenced by an interest in, and knowledge of, music, the arts and similar areas (Caper, 1996; Root-Bernstein, 2003; Dail, 2013; Eger, 2013). In light of this, STEAM must become an essential paradigm for creative and artistically infused teaching and learning in the sciences. I recently conducted a study of creative teaching practices among highly effective teachers (winners/finalists of the National Teacher of the Year program). This article looks at a single case drawn from this study, and considers the arts-based science teaching/learning employed by one of these teachers, Michael Geisen, the 2008 National Teacher of the Year award winner, and a middle school science teacher. Author/Artist Bio Dr. Danah Henriksen is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Educational Psychology & Educational Technology program, in the Michigan State University College of Education. Her current work and research interests focus on several strands of research related to creativity and technology, such as evaluation schemas for creative work, trans-disciplinary thinking, and creative-cognitive skills for teaching and learning. She is part of the Deep-Play Research Group in the MSU College of Education, which focuses on research related to creativity, trans-disciplinary thinking, and 21st century issues of teaching and learning. Dr. Henriksen teaches a variety of courses in the area of educational psychology and learning technology, with focuses on issues of design/creativity, technology for teaching, and the psychology of learning in technology-rich contexts. More information on her work (and a complete vita) can be found at http://www.danah-henriksen.com.

Life-span and Life-course Studies, General Social Sciences, Sociology and Political Science, Performative utterance, Aggression, medicine.symptom, medicine, Heteronormativity, Social psychology, Gender studies, Drama, Psychology, Ethnography, Social media, Interpersonal communication, and Emic and etic

Contemporary youth conflict often plays out through social media like Facebook and Twitter. ‘Drama’ is an emergent concept describing performative, interpersonal conflict that takes place in front of an active, engaged audience, often on social media. Using ethnographic data, this paper examines how American teenagers conceptualize the term drama; the relationship between drama and social media; and the implications drama has for understanding contemporary teenage conflict. The emic use of drama distances teens from practices conceptualized by adults as bullying or relational aggression, while acknowledging the role of the audience in social media interactions. Drama also serves to reinforce the conventional gendered norms of high school, perpetrating the systemic undervaluing of feminine subjects and re-inscribing heteronormativity. Understanding how drama operates helps illuminate how widespread use of social media among teenagers has altered dynamics of aggression and conflict.

Clinical Neurology, General Nursing, Acute management, Breathing, Medicine, business.industry, business, Traumatic spinal cord injury, Spinal cord injury, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, medicine.anatomical_structure, Acute care, medicine.medical_specialty, Intensive care medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Cord, and Nursing management

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and debilitating condition that affects both patients and their families. Initial management focuses on the ‘ABCs’ of trauma care—airway, breathing and circulation. Although these are aimed at supporting the life of a patient, with regard to trauma of the spinal cord the ABCs sustain the microcirculation of the cord in an attempt to reduce cell death. In addition to these critical procedures, acute management of traumatic SCI involves the appropriate selection of medical and surgical interventions for the patient, with the aim of enhancing eventual recovery.

Clinical Neurology, General Nursing, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine, Quality of life, Facial nerve, Palsy, Rapid onset, business.industry, business, Physical therapy, Bell's palsy, medicine.disease, Unilateral facial paralysis, Etiology, and stomatognathic diseases

Facial nerve palsies can have a dramatic effect on patients’ quality of life, leaving them permanently disfigured. Bell's palsy is thought to be the most common cause of acute unilateral facial paralysis. Its hallmark is its rapid onset, but the exact aetiology of Bell's palsy remains elusive, with some attributing it to viral, inflammatory or autoimmune causes and others to ischaemia. There is also some controversy as to the appropriate treatment. This article provides an overview of each of these areas, with a view to increasing awareness of this usually temprary but often distressing condition.

Clinical Neurology, General Nursing, Care setting, Ambulatory, Traumatic spinal cord injury, Spinal cord injury, medicine.disease, medicine, business.industry, business, Spasticity, medicine.symptom, Physical therapy, medicine.medical_specialty, Functional skills, Primary care, Rehabilitation, and medicine.medical_treatment

Rehabilitation for people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) is a lifelong process that starts in the critical care setting and continues into primary care, with the aim of restoring an individual's functional skills and enabling them to regain self-sufficiency and independence. While the injury in itself is life-changing, the major factors affecting morbidity and mortality in the long term are related to complications of the SCI. Previous articles in this series have discussed the occurrence of acute complications and their immediate management, including haemodynamic and respiratory issues. These may become chronic and patients will often have to be readmitted for care. Early management aims to prevent issues arising further along the rehabilitative process; nevertheless, SCI patients are prone to pressure ulcers and neuromusculoskeletal disorders as ambulatory patients. Prevention should be the mainstay of care, and nurses have a pivotal role in this.

Clinical Neurology, General Nursing, Physical therapy, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine, Etiology, Intensive care medicine, Traumatic spinal cord injury, business.industry, business, Pathophysiology, Spinal cord, medicine.anatomical_structure, Spinal cord injury, medicine.disease, Rehabilitation, medicine.medical_treatment, Neurological function, Acute care, and humanities

The history of spinal cord injury (SCI) dates back as far as the ancient Egyptians, who described it as an ‘ailment not to be treated’ (Eltorai, 2003). For a long time, victims of SCI saw a bleak future confined to a wheelchair and a lifetime of comorbidities and poor survival rates (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). It was not until after World War II that the outlook for such patients began to improve (Eltorai, 2003). The development of an infrastructure for the emergency transportation of injured patients and advances in acute care and rehabilitation practices have dramatically reduced mortality and morbidity (Talu et al. 2005). Therapies to enhance neurological function following SCI have been extensively investigated by the clinical and scientific community. Subsequently, significant insight has been generated into the pathology and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord trauma. It has been hypothesised that the primary mechanical injury to the spinal cord initiates a cascade of vascular, cellular and bioc...

Computer Science Applications, Education, Trans disciplinary, Perception, media_common.quotation_subject, media_common, Cognitive psychology, Politics, Habit, Educational technology, Psychology, The arts, Music psychology, and Creativity

The first cognitive tool of perception is critical to all disciplines, spanning the arts and the sciences, language and politics, psychology and music, and more. We see it as a two-layered process, requiring both observing and imaging.