articles+ search results

Moisture distribution, Absorption (acoustics), Materials science, Electrical resistance and conductance, 021105 building & construction, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Geotechnical engineering, Electrical measurements, Partially saturated, 02 engineering and technology, Tomography, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, and 0210 nano-technology

This paper investigates the feasibility of imaging the movement of water into partially saturated concrete using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). With this technique, the spatial distribution of electrical resistance within the concrete sample was acquired from 4-point electrical measurements obtained on its surface. As the ingress of water influences the electrical properties of the concrete, it is shown that ERT can assist in monitoring and visualising water movement within concrete. To this end, the difference-imaging technique was used to obtain a qualitative representation of moisture distribution within concrete during the initial 20-h absorption. It is shown that the technique also enables the influence of surface damage to be studied.

Power transmission, Engineering, Evaluation system, business.industry, Power system harmonics, Flicker, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Transmission system, Field tests, Voltage flicker, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS, and Voltage

This paper discusses an investigation of transmission system voltage flicker due to the effects of the operation of multiple AC and DC furnaces, harmonic filters, and static VAr systems. The electric utility transmission voltages are measured using a unique flicker measurement and evaluation system. The field tests are compared to an analysis of the expected flicker in the system. >

Quantum discord, Quantum dynamics, media_common.quotation_subject, Philosophy, Quantum entanglement, Theoretical physics, Open quantum system, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum mechanics, Quantum process, Quantum system, Consciousness, Quantum dissipation, and media_common

There have been suggestions that the unity of consciousness may be related to the kind of holism depicted only in quantum physics. This argument will be clarified and strengthened. It requires the brain to contain a quantum system with the right properties — a “Bose-Einstein condensate”. It probably does contain one such system, as both theory and experiment have indicated. In fact, we cannot pay full attention to a quantum whole and its parts simultaneously, though we may oscillate between the two. In a quantum theory of consciousness, emergent meanings arise as an inevitable consequence of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

Marketing, CHAOS (operating system), Social vision, Government, Chaos theory in organizational development, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Managing change, Engineering ethics, Quantum, and Management

Nursing, business.industry, Health Policy, Health care, Medicine, Managed care, Sample (statistics), Health organization, Descriptive research, business, Parity (mathematics), Mental health, and Insurability

Debate continues about the cost and use of mental health services under managed care, as legislators consider various “parity” bills. This descriptive research replicates, broadens, and expands previously published case studies of single employers' data on cost and treatment prevalence in a large, diverse, national sample whose varied point-of-service benefits were provided by thirty employers representing multiple industries. Of those covered, 59,005 received treatment over the seven years studied. Of particular note is the pattern of increased use, increased care within the managed behavioral health organization network, and long-term cost reductions.

Cognitive science, Social perception, Social intuitionism, Social competence, Interpersonal communication, Psychology, Implementation, and Simulation

We introduce vibration and temperature as visceral modes to aid intuitive social perception in networked interaction. We describe two implementations of these ideas for mediated systems -- VibroBod for interpersonal communication and What's Shaking for newsgroup navigation.

Engineering, Total harmonic distortion, business.industry, System integrity, Static VAR compensator, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, Control engineering, Inductor, Automotive engineering, Power system simulation, Distortion, business, Electric arc furnace, and Electronic circuit

Several issues concerning the application of supplementary series reactors to an existing arc furnace system are discussed in this paper. The impact on the melt shop bus voltage distortion, static VAr compensator (SVC) capacity limitations, harmonic filter duties, voltage flicker, and overall system integrity is discussed. On-site field measurement data are presented throughout the paper to show the actual plant operation. Development of circuit models for system analysis studies is also discussed. The plant production goals and operating experiences with the installation of the supplementary series reactors are also discussed.

World Wide Web, Social network, Computer science, business.industry, Human–computer interaction, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, Interpersonal communication, and business

We present a novel application for interactively visualizing the interpersonal networks that emerge during email interactions. While people have complex email interrelationships, no previous tools allow examining one's overall network.

business.industry, Computer science, Social environment, Social relation, Visualization, World Wide Web, Visual language, Data visualization, Human–computer interaction, Salient, User interface management systems, The Internet, business, and Meaning (linguistics)

Although constructed for researchers to share news and information, Usenet quickly developed into a social environment with varied styles of interactions. Unfortunately, the browsers developed to view the shared messages fail to effectively convey the rich social features of a newsgroup, let alone all of Usenet The goal of our research is to use the salient features of social interaction to build a "legible" interactive visual representation of Usenet. We introduce our approach to developing this type of visualization, discussing our theoretical framework, questions considered to access the socially salient features, and a series of design iterations used for exploring the way to develop a visual language that conveys social meaning. Although this paper represents a work in progress, we hope that this approach and our initial iterations help build a framework for future directions.

World Wide Web, Data visualization, Digital artifact, Social network, Interview, Personal narrative, business.industry, Computer science, business, Electronic mail, and Storytelling

As part of a long-term investigation into visualizing email, we have created two visualizations of email archives. One highlights social networks while the other depicts the temporal rhythms of interactions with individuals. While interviewing users of these systems, it became clear that the applications triggered recall of many personal events. One of the most striking and not entirely expected outcomes was that the visualizations motivated retelling stories from the users' pasts to others. In this paper, we discuss the motivation and design of these projects and analyze their use as catalysts for personal narrative and recall.

World Wide Web, Ethnography, Media studies, Identity (social science), Sociology, Social community, and Social theory

This paper presents ethnographic fieldwork on Friendster, an online dating site utilizing social networks to encourage friend-of-friend connections. I discuss how Friendster applies social theory, how users react to the site, and the tensions that emerge between creator and users when the latter fails to conform to the expectations of the former. By offering this ethnographic piece as an example, I suggest how the HCI community should consider the co-evolution of the social community and the underlying technology.

inorganic chemicals, chemistry.chemical_classification, Ethylene, Schiff base, Ketone, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Methylaluminoxane, chemistry.chemical_element, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chromium, Aniline, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Pyridine, and Materials Chemistry

A family of chromium complexes bearing tridentate pyridine-based ligands are disclosed as highly active precatalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene. The ligands are comprised of two distinct types: Type 1, in which both ketone groups of 2,6-diacetylpyridine are converted to imines to produce pyridine bisimine NNN ligands; and Type 2, in which only one ketone group of 2,6-diacetylpyridine is condensed with an aniline derivative to give monoimine NNO coordination sets. Ligands of either type are coordinated to chromium(II) or chromium(III) chlorides, and activation of the resultant complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) produces highly active ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts. Catalysts of Type 1 (NNN set) generally produce 1-butene when only two ortho alkyl substituents are present but switch to making waxes or polyethylene when the size and/or number of ortho substituents are increased. Catalysts of Type 2 (NNO set) produce waxes and polyethylene under all of the substitution pat...

Collaborative software, Multimedia, business.industry, Computer science, computer.software_genre, Variety (cybernetics), World Wide Web, Informal communication, Wireless, Human multitasking, The Internet, Instant messaging, Computer-mediated communication, business, and computer

There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate on shared interests and tasks. The widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly widespread availability of wireless access to the Internet (WiFi), have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. The use of these tools to augment face-to-face meetings has created benefits for some participants and distractions-and detractions-for others. Our panelists will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these emerging uses of collaborative tools.

Psychology

Sociology and Political Science and Communication

World Wide Web, Collaborative software, Focus (computing), Social computing, business.industry, Computer science, Instant messaging, Computer-mediated communication, Space (commercial competition), business, and Variety (cybernetics)

There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are physically separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate. Widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly availability of wireless Internet access, have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. Such 'digital backchannels' affect interactions and experiences in a variety of ways, depending on the spaces, the participants, and the relationships among them. We focus on the space of an academic conference, a physical space designed for voluntary participation by people with shared interests, seeking to share knowledge and connect with others. We present and analyze system logs and interview data from a recent conference, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages experienced both by those who used the tools and by those who did not, and discuss implications and considerations for future use and research.

municipality, British Columbia, Highway 3, Crowsnest Pass, Southwestern Alberta, Rocky Mountains, and bisecting

The municipality of Crowsnest Pass is situated in a rare east-west corridor bisecting the Rocky Mountains in Southwestern Alberta and Southeastern British Columbia. Highway 3, which runs the length of the Pass, is a major transportation route supporting over 13,000 vehicles per day. Wildlife mortality, due to collisions with vehicles, has been identified as a major human-safety and wildlife-conservation issue on this stretch of highway with approximately 109 large mammal deaths per year. Another immediate threat to wildlife populations in the region is the proposed expansion and realignment of Highway 3. The expanded highway footprint and increased traffic will likely affect wildlife use in the area. It is therefore important that decision makers acquire information on where wildlife are most likely to cross the road to ensure effective mitigation measures. Currently, information pertaining to wildlife movement in the Pass is limited. Road Watch in the Pass is an innovative, community-based research project that engages local citizenry in reporting wildlife observations along Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Through the use of a Web-based GIS, interested citizens can participate in data collection that will be instrumental to decision makers in reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and for developing mitigation measures for highway expansion. Road Watch was designed to test and profile the use of local knowledge and volunteer data collection in the Crowsnest Pass by providing land managers and the community with valuable baseline information related to wildlife highway crossings. The goals of the project are to collect, analyze, and communicate information highlighting crossing locations of wildlife along the highway based on local knowledge and observations, as well as to engage the citizenry of the pass in local issues relating to wildlife movement and safety. The project was launched in November 2004 after considerable communication with decision makers in the Pass and the hiring of a local project coordinator. There are currently 51 active participants using the website and interactive mapping tool. The 51 participants have recorded over 581 large mammal sightings. These results are provided to the community on a regular basis through the local media, project website, and email messages. Although the project is still new in inception, preliminary results indicate that the community is successfully engaged with an average of five new volunteers joining Road Watch each month. Each volunteer has contributed an average of 12 observations, with 59 percent of the participants submitting observations on more than one occasion. The number of individual observations ranges from one to 167. Participants have recorded the full compliment of large mammals that occur in the pass, including: 243 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 106 big horn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 66 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 64 unidentified deer species (Odocoileus spp.), 35 elk (Cervus elaphus), 30 moose (Alces alces), 11 coyotes (Canis latrans), seven black bears (Ursus americanus), three wolves (Canis lupus), three mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), three grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and two cougars (Puma concolor), with the exception of wolverine (Gulo gulo) and lynx (Lynx canadensis). Road Watch observations provide a valuable supplement to mortality data and have the potential to greatly enhance the existing information base. For example, the percentages of species observations from Road Watch correlate to the recorded levels of wildlife mortality, with mule deer as the highest recorded species from both data sources. From preliminary comparisons of these two data sources, we have identified zones with high Road Watch observations corresponding with low mortality records. This may indicate that there are areas where wildlife are successfully crossing, which has important implications for highway mitigation. Road Watch is an innovative initiative that will generate a unique dataset resulting from a comparative anlysis of knowledge sources. Preliminary results demonstrate that this approach increases the knowledge base by providing new emerging knowledge that would not have been explicit from a single source. This initiative also provides the opportunity for the Crowsnest Pass community to actively engage in an important wildlife-conservation issue. This information will be important to citizens in the community and local decisionmakers in relation to human safety and wildlife conservation around Highway 3.

roads, highways, QH301-705.5, wildlife, Wildlife, New Commons, Kappa index, Environmental protection, Social Organization, citizen science, Citizen science, Web application, Human safety, Biology (General), Environmental planning, QH540-549.5, Wildlife conservation, transportation, Ecology, business.industry, Road ecology, wildlife-vehicle collisions, GIS, road ecology, web-based GIS, Geography, Mortality data, Crowsnest Pass, and business

"Road Watch in the Pass is a citizen-science project that engages local citizens in reporting wildlife observations along a 44-km stretch of Highway 3 through Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. The numbers of wildlife vehicle collisions and a recent proposal to expand the highway have raised concerns from both human safety and wildlife conservation perspectives. Through the use of a web-based GIS, interested citizens can contribute information that will be instrumental in making final decisions concerning measures to mitigate the effects of highway expansion. Currently, 58 people have contributed over 713 observations to Road Watch. We performed a preliminary comparison of 11 months of Road Watch observations and wildlife mortality data for the same time period to demonstrate that the use of citizen science not only augments more conventional approaches, but also results in the emergence of new knowledge and insights. A Kappa index of agreement of 14% indicates poor agreement between the data sets, highlighting that wildlife successfully cross the highway in areas not identified by the wildlife mortality data. This has important implications for design and mitigation efforts for Highway 3 and other roadways."

Social network, business.industry, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Identity (social science), Context (language use), Representation (arts), Popularity, World Wide Web, Identity Performance, Negotiation, Data visualization, Ethnography, Conversation, business, Social identity theory, and media_common

Profiles have become a common mechanism for presenting ones identity online. With the popularity of online social networking services such as Friendster.com, Profiles have been extended to include explicitly social information such as articulated "Friend" relationships and Testimonials. With such Profiles, users do not just depict themselves, but help shape the representation of others on the system. In this paper, we will discuss how the performance of social identity and relationships shifted the Profile from being a static representation of self to a communicative body in conversation with the other represented bodies. We draw on data gathered through ethnography and reaffirmed through data collection and visualization to analyze the communicative aspects of Profiles within the Friendster service. We focus on the role of Profiles in context creation and interpretation, negotiating unknown audiences, and initiating conversations. Additionally, we explore the shift from conversation to static representation, as active Profiles fossilize into recorded traces.

Skin Neoplasms, Interleukins, Cytokines, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Humans, Dermatologic Agents, Interferons, Skin Diseases, and Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Cytokines are polypeptides that are produced by various cell types and act in an autocrine or paracrine manner. They have many different biological actions and have been used in dermatology to treat a wide range of dermatologic diseases. In this paper we review some of the more commonly used cytokines in dermatology, including interferon-alpha and -gamma, interleukins-2 and -10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We specifically examine their roles in the treatment of condyloma and verruca, hemangiomas, keloids, skin cancers, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, Behcet disease, chronic granulomatous disease, wound healing, and cutaneous T cell lymphoma. In addition, some of the adverse effects associated with these cytokines are discussed.

Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Social software, Context (language use), computer.software_genre, World Wide Web, Taxonomy (general), Web page, Controlled vocabulary, Folksonomy, computer, Tag system, Reputation, and media_common

In recent years, tagging systems have become increasingly popular. These systems enable users to add keywords (i.e., "tags") to Internet resources (e.g., web pages, images, videos) without relying on a controlled vocabulary. Tagging systems have the potential to improve search, spam detection, reputation systems, and personal organization while introducing new modalities of social communication and opportunities for data mining. This potential is largely due to the social structure that underlies many of the current systems.Despite the rapid expansion of applications that support tagging of resources, tagging systems are still not well studied or understood. In this paper, we provide a short description of the academic related work to date. We offer a model of tagging systems, specifically in the context of web-based systems, to help us illustrate the possible benefits of these tools. Since many such systems already exist, we provide a taxonomy of tagging systems to help inform their analysis and design, and thus enable researchers to frame and compare evidence for the sustainability of such systems. We also provide a simple taxonomy of incentives and contribution models to inform potential evaluative frameworks. While this work does not present comprehensive empirical results, we present a preliminary study of the photo-sharing and tagging system Flickr to demonstrate our model and explore some of the issues in one sample system. This analysis helps us outline and motivate possible future directions of research in tagging systems.

Social life, Early adopter, Social software, Cash flow, Venture capital, Marketing, computer.software_genre, Psychology, and computer

Social network, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Human-Computer Interaction, Friendship, Social processes, Frame (artificial intelligence), Sociology, Architecture, business, Affordance, Social psychology, and media_common

“Are you my friend? Yes or no?” This question, while fundamentally odd, is a key component of social network sites. Participants must select who on the system they deem to be ‘Friends.’ Their choice is publicly displayed for all to see and becomes the backbone for networked participation. By examining what different participants groups do on social network sites, this paper investigates what Friendship means and how Friendship affects the culture of the sites. I will argue that Friendship helps people write community into being in social network sites. Through these imagined egocentric communities, participants are able to express who they are and locate themselves culturally. In turn, this provides individuals with a contextual frame through which they can properly socialize with other participants. Friending is deeply affected by both social processes and technological affordances. I will argue that the established Friending norms evolved out of a need to resolve the social tensions that emerged due to technological limitations. At the same time, I will argue that Friending supports pre-existing social norms yet because the architecture of social network sites is fundamentally different than the architecture of unmediated social spaces, these sites introduce an environment that is quite unlike that with which we are accustomed.

Boyd Danah. Pourquoi les jeunes adorent MySpace. In: MédiaMorphoses, n°21, 2007. pp. 69-80.

Social network, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Cyberpsychology, Strategy and Management, Perspective (graphical), Section (typography), Semiotics of social networking, Poison control, Public relations, Computer Science Applications, Enterprise social software, Scholarship, Social media optimization, Management of Technology and Innovation, Special section, Engineering ethics, Sociology, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer-mediated communication, Social science, Affordance, business, Psychology, and Theme (narrative)

Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.

ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Science and Technology Studies, and GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS

As social network sites like MySpace and Facebook emerged, American teenagers began adopting them as spaces to mark identity and socialize with peers. Teens leveraged these sites for a wide array of everyday social practices—gossiping, flirting, joking around, sharing information, and simply hanging out. While social network sites were predominantly used by teens as a peer-based social outlet, the unchartered nature of these sites generated fear among adults. This dissertation documents my 2.5-year ethnographic study of American teens’ engagement with social network sites and the ways in which their participation supported and complicated three practices—self-presentation, peer sociality, and negotiating adult society.

Information privacy, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), business.industry, Communication, Internet privacy, Advertising, Sociology, Convergence (relationship), and business

Not all Facebook users appreciated the September 2006 launch of the `News Feeds' feature. Concerned about privacy implications, thousands of users vocalized their discontent through the site itself, forcing the company to implement privacy tools. This essay examines the privacy concerns voiced following these events. Because the data made easily visible were already accessible with effort, what disturbed people was primarily the sense of exposure and invasion. In essence, the `privacy trainwreck' that people experienced was the cost of social convergence.

Cultural Studies, Social network, business.industry, Communication, Political science, Political action, Public relations, business, and Social psychology

Class (computer programming), Subculture, Status group, Perspective (graphical), Persona, Sociology, Library and Information Sciences, Social psychology, Information science, Information Systems, Unit (housing), and Focus (linguistics)

Whether we call them “users,” “participants,” or just “actors,” a focus of information science research and practice is invariably human beings. While user studies have grown in scope and volume since the early ARIST chapters in the 1960s, few researchers have approached study populaces from the perspective of social types. A concept with a long and somewhat sordid history in the social sciences, particularly sociology, as Almog (1998) explains referencing the works of Parker, Simmel, Goffman, Klapp, Becker, and other luminaries, social types in essence refer to: A sociological summary of the typical characteristics of a particular group or of a category of human beings usually recognized and typed by the public and often granted a nickname. This group or category may be a secondary group, a community, a profession, a subculture, a status group, a class or a generation unit that is characterized by its look (physical, fashionable or both), life style and philosophy, pattern of interaction (particularly linguistic), attitudes and certain psychological traits.

Social computing, Social network, business.industry, Information architecture, Identity (social science), Library and Information Sciences, Social web, World Wide Web, Social media optimization, Ethnography, Sociology, business, Social identity theory, and Information Systems

Overview Social network websites have played a key factor in the evolution of the “social web.” Hundreds of millions of individuals from all age-ranges have flocked to sites such as MySpace (http://myspace.com), Facebook (http://facebook.com) and Orkut (http://orkut.com) to create an online representation of identity, to manage their social lives, and to establish deep social relationships with other users of the sites. To this extent, the promise of Web 2.0 is embodied in social network websites. Social networks both implicitly and explicitly connect individuals, enabling the representation of a rich social identity embodied in a virtual presence. In this panel, an exciting young group of researchers will present results of their ongoing work in the analysis of social network websites. This panel will present a number of different research methods, as well as international perspectives on the analysis of social networks. danah boyd will present some of the key challenges she has faced in her multi-year, ongoing ethnographic analysis of social network websites. Raquel Recuero will share results of her mixed-methods international work on Fotolog, a popular photo-based social network site. Scott Golder and Fred Stutzman will present large-network analysis of social behavior in Facebook, the leading college-based social network. Finally, Alla Zollers will present a quantitative and content-analysis of activism in social network sites, analyzing the information architecture of the sites and the role it plays in activism. The research and the varying methods presented in this panel will present viewers with an exciting look at the many ways social network websites can be analyzed. These sites stand at the forefront of the social web, presenting myriad opportunities to future researchers.

Sociology

FOS: Medical and Health Sciences and Endodontie, NaOCl, RinsEndo

This report summarizes the results of an ambitious three-year ethnographic study, funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, into how young people are living and learning with new media in varied settings—at home, in after school programs, and in online spaces. It offers a condensed version of a longer treatment provided in the book Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out (MIT Press, 2009). The authors present empirical data on new media in the lives of American youth in order to reflect upon the relationship between new media and learning. In one of the largest qualitative and ethnographic studies of American youth culture, the authors view the relationship of youth and new media not simply in terms of technology trends but situated within the broader structural conditions of childhood and the negotiations with adults that frame the experience of youth in the United States. The book that this report summarizes was written as a collaborative effort by members of the Digital Youth Project, a three-year research effort funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and conducted at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Southern California. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Reports on Digital Media and Learning

Human-Computer Interaction, World Wide Web, Transformative learning, Cyberpsychology, business.industry, Internet privacy, Sociology, and business

Many of us have had our lives transformed by technology. And many of us are also enamored of the transformative potential of technology, which has led us to develop technology and become advocates of technological practices. As we become more and more enveloped in and by technology, it’s easy to feel excited about what’s going on. Yet we must also be cautious.

Cultural Studies, business.industry, Communication, Visibility (geometry), Internet privacy, The Internet, Sociology, business, and Social psychology

The complexities of the Internet continue to be a source of consternation for parents, educators, and policy makers. Some embrace the Internet, evangelizing about its tremendous potential. Others f...

social network analysis, microblogging, spam, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Computer science, Microblogging, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL, Internet privacy, Social network analysis (criminology), ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Spamming, Human-Computer Interaction, World Wide Web, Forum spam, Spambot, social computing, social media, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY, Social spam, Social media, and business

Spam becomes a problem as soon as an online communication medium becomes popular. Twitter’s behavioral and structural properties make it a fertile breeding ground for spammers to proliferate. In this article we examine spam around a one-time Twitter meme—“robotpickuplines”. We show the existence of structural network differences between spam accounts and legitimate users. We conclude by highlighting challenges in disambiguating spammers from legitimate users.

World Wide Web, Convention, business.industry, Microblogging, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Internet privacy, Conversation, Social media, Variety (linguistics), business, Attribution, and media_common

Twitter - a microblogging service that enables users to post messages ("tweets") of up to 140 characters - supports a variety of communicative practices; participants use Twitter to converse with individuals, groups, and the public at large, so when conversations emerge, they are often experienced by broader audiences than just the interlocutors. This paper examines the practice of retweeting as a way by which participants can be "in a conversation." While retweeting has become a convention inside Twitter, participants retweet using different styles and for diverse reasons. We highlight how authorship, attribution, and communicative fidelity are negotiated in diverse ways. Using a series of case studies and empirical data, this paper maps out retweeting as a conversational practice.

Knowledge management, business.industry, Communication, Business, Artificial intelligence, Library and Information Sciences, and Pace

Even if they do not always keep pace with technological innovation, end-users adapt rapidly. For professionals, it’s more than just recognizing new behavior, we must anticipate or accompany them.

Crystal, Sociology and Political Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Art, Humanities, and media_common

Sociology and Political Science

World Wide Web, Broadcasting (networking), Social computing, Social network, Phone, business.industry, Microblogging, Internet privacy, Umbrella term, Social media, Business, Computer-mediated communication, and Social information

Microblogging, the act of broadcasting short, real-time messages, is a relatively new communication practice allowing people to share information they are less likely to express using existing technologies (e.g. email, phone, IM or weblogs). We use microblogging as an umbrella term to include the posting of status updates to social network sites such as Facebook, and message-exchange services like Twitter, Jaiku, and Yammer. Microblogging has become popular quickly, catching researchers' interests as both a means of public, social information exchange, and a medium for collaboration and communication in the work context. The goal of this workshop is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to exchange insights into microblogging as a communication practice in enterprises, academic and social settings. We aim to develop an agenda for what and how we can learn from and better study this phenomenon.

This paper examines tweets about two geographically local events—a shooting and a building collapse—that took place in Wichita, Kansas and Atlanta, Georgia, respectively. Most Internet research has focused on examining ways the Internet can connect people across long distances, yet there are benefits to being connected to others who are nearby. People in close geographic proximity can provide real-time information and eyewitness updates for one another about events of local interest. We first show a relationship between structural properties in the Twitter network and geographic properties in the physical world. We then describe the role of mainstream news in disseminating local information. Last, we present a poll of 164 users’ information seeking practices. We conclude with practical and theoretical implications for sharing information in local communities.

Data-oriented systems are inferring relationships between people based on genetic material, behavioral patterns (e.g., shared geography imputed by phone carriers), and performed associations (e.g., friends online or shared photographs). What responsibilities do entities who collect data that imputes connections have to those who are implicated by association? For example, as DNA and other biological materials are collected outside of medicine (e.g., at point of arrest, by informatics services like 23andme, for scientific inquiry), what rights do relatives (living, dead, and not-yet-born) have? In what contexts is it acceptable to act based on inferred associations and in which contexts is it not?

History, Social dynamics, Sociology and Political Science, Social connectedness, Anthropology, Media studies, and Business

Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Physics, Flow visualization, Airfoil, Flow separation, Particle image velocimetry, Turbulence, Drag, Turbulence kinetic energy, Mechanics, and Vortex

The jet mixing of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil is investigated to understand the mechanism of lift enhancement, drag reduction, and stall margin increase. Digital Particle Image Velocimetry, flow visualization and aerodynamic forces measurements are used to reveal the insight of the CFJ airfoil mixing process. At low AoA and low momentum coefficient, the mixing between the wall jet and mainflow is dominant with large structure coherent structures for the attached flows. When the momentum coefficient is increased, the large vortex structure disappears. At high AoA with flow separation, the CFJ creates a upstream flow strip between two counter rotating vertical shear layer, i.e., the outer shear layer and inner flow induced by CFJ. The UFS is characterized with large vortex free region. The co-flow wall jet is deflected normal to the airfoil surface characterized with a saddle point. With increased momentum coefficient of the CFJ, the saddle point moves downstream and eventually disappears when the flow is attached. Turbulence plays a key role in mixing the CFJ with mainflow to transport high kinetic energy from the jet to mainflow so that the mainflow can remain attached at high AoA to generate high lift. When the flow is separated, increased CFJ momentum coefficient also increases the turbulence intensity at jet injection mixing region.

Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, Communication, media_common.quotation_subject, Internet privacy, Identity (social science), Context (language use), Personal branding, Conversation, Social media, The Internet, Sociology, business, and media_common

Social media technologies collapse multiple audiences into single contexts, making it difficult for people to use the same techniques online that they do to handle multiplicity in face-to-face conversation. This article investigates how content producers navigate ‘imagined audiences’ on Twitter. We talked with participants who have different types of followings to understand their techniques, including targeting different audiences, concealing subjects, and maintaining authenticity. Some techniques of audience management resemble the practices of ‘micro-celebrity’ and personal branding, both strategic self-commodification. Our model of the networked audience assumes a many-to-many communication through which individuals conceptualize an imagined audience evoked through their tweets.

Human-Computer Interaction, Service (business), Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Internet privacy, The Internet, Advertising, Default, business, Psychology, and News media

With over 500 million users, the decisions that Facebook makes about its privacy settings have the potential to influence many people. While its changes in this domain have often prompted privacy advocates and news media to critique the company, Facebook has continued to attract more users to its service. This raises a question about whether or not Facebook's changes in privacy approaches matter and, if so, to whom. This paper examines the attitudes and practices of a cohort of 18- and 19-year-olds surveyed in 2009 and again in 2010 about Facebook's privacy settings. Our results challenge widespread assumptions that youth do not care about and are not engaged with navigating privacy. We find that, while not universal, modifications to privacy settings have increased during a year in which Facebook's approach to privacy was hotly contested. We also find that both frequency and type of Facebook use as well as Internet skill are correlated with making modifications to privacy settings. In contrast, we observe few gender differences in how young adults approach their Facebook privacy settings, which is notable given that gender differences exist in so many other domains online. We discuss the possible reasons for our findings and their implications.

Politics, Social network, business.industry, Social exchange theory, Media studies, Public sphere, Sociology, business, Publics, Construct (philosophy), Social identity theory, and Legitimacy

Networked publics must be understood in terms of “publics,” a contested and messy term with multiple meanings that is used across different disciplines to signal different concepts. One approach is to construct “public” as a collection of people who share “a common understanding of the world, a shared identity, a claim to inclusiveness, a consensus regarding the collective interest” (Livingstone, 2005, p. 9). In this sense, a public may refer to a local collection of people (e.g., one’s peers) or a much broader collection of people (e.g., members of a nation-state). Those invested in the civic functioning of publics often concern themselves with the potential accessibility of spaces and information to wide audiences-“the public”—and the creation of a shared “public sphere” (Habermas, 1991). Yet, as Benedict Anderson (2006) argues, the notion of a public is in many ways an “imagined community.” Some scholars contend that there is no single public, but many publics to which some people are included and others excluded (Warner, 2002). Cultural and media studies offer a different perspective on the notion of what constitutes a public. In locating the term “public” as synonymous with “audience,” Sonia Livingstone (2005) uses the term to refer to a group bounded by a shared text, whether a worldview or a performance. The audience produced by media is often by its very nature a public, but not necessarily a passive one. For example, Michel de Certeau (2002) argues that consumption and production of cultural objects are intimately connected, and Henry Jenkins (2006) applies these ideas to the creation and dissemination of media. Mizuko Ito extends this line of thinking to argue that “publics can bereactors, (re)makers and (re)distributors, engaging in shared culture and knowledge through discourse and social exchange as well as through acts of media reception” (Ito, 2008, p. 3). It is precisely this use of public that upsets political theorists like Jurgen Habermas, who challenge the legitimacy of any depoliticized public preoccupied “with consumption of culture” (Habermas, 1991, p. 177). Of course, not all political scholars agree with Habermas’ objection to the cultural significance of publics. Feminist scholar Nancy Fraser argues that publics are not only a site of discourse and opinion but “arenas for the formation and enactment of social identities” (Fraser, 1992), while Craig Calhoun argues that one of Habermas’ weaknesses is his naive view that “identities and interests [are] settled within the private world and then brought fully formed into the public sphere” (Calhoun, 1992, p. 35). Networked publics exist against this backdrop. Mizuko Ito introduces the notion of networked publics to “reference a linked set of social, cultural, and technological developments that have accompanied the growing engagement with digitally networked media” (Ito, 2008, p. 2). Ito emphasizes the networked media, but I believe we must also focus on the ways in which this shapes publics-both in terms of space and collectives. In short, I contend that networked publics are publics that are restructured by networked technologies; they are simultaneously a space and a collection of people. In bringing forth the notion of networked publics, I am not seeking to resolve the different discursive threads around the notion of publics. My approach accepts the messiness and, instead, focuses on the ways in which networked technologies extend and complicate publics in all of their forms. What distinguishes networked publics from other types of publics is their underlying structure. Networked technologies reorganize how information flows and how people interact with information and each other. In essence, the architecture of networked publics differentiates them from more traditional notions of publics.

Social group, Collective identity, General Engineering, Poison control, Timeline, Social media, Computer-mediated communication, Psychology, Social engagement, Social psychology, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), and Homophily

The principle of homophily says that people associate with other groups of people who are mostly like themselves. Many online communities are structured around groups of socially similar individuals. On Twitter, however, people are exposed to multiple, diverse points of view through the public timeline. The authors captured 30,000 tweets about the shooting of George Tiller, a late-term abortion doctor, and the subsequent conversations among pro-life and pro-choice advocates. They found that replies between like-minded individuals strengthen group identity, whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforce in-group and out-group affiliation. Their results show that people are exposed to broader viewpoints than they were before but are limited in their ability to engage in meaningful discussion. They conclude with implications for different kinds of social participation on Twitter more generally.

HBsAg, Hepatitis B virus, Immunology, Heterologous, Gp41, Microbiology, Cell Line, Virology, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Lipid bilayer, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, biology, Structure and Assembly, virus diseases, Hepatitis B, Molecular biology, Transmembrane protein, digestive system diseases, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Transmembrane domain, Membrane protein, Insect Science, biology.protein, Biophysics, and Antibody

Native hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) spontaneously assembles into 22-nm subviral particles. The particles are lipoprotein micelles, in which HBsAg is believed to span the lipid layer four times. The first two transmembrane domains, TM1 and TM2, are required for particle assembly. We have probed the requirements for particle assembly by replacing the entire first or third TM domain of HBsAg with the transmembrane domain of HIV gp41. We found that either TM domain of HBsAg could be replaced, resulting in HBsAg-gp41 chimeras that formed particles efficiently. HBsAg formed particles even when both TM1 and TM3 were replaced with the gp41 domain. The results indicate remarkable flexibility in HBsAg particle formation and provide a novel way to express heterologous membrane proteins that are anchored to a lipid surface by their own membrane-spanning domain. The membrane-proximal exposed region (MPER) of gp41 is an important target of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, and HBsAg-MPER particles may provide a good platform for future vaccine development.

Urban Studies, Media studies, Social media, Sociology, and Safety Research

A Response to Colin Bennett's 'In Defence of Privacy'

Power (social and political), Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Order (business), Gossip, Communication, Social media, Advertising, Sociology, Persona, Consumption (sociology), Personality psychology, and Personally identifiable information

Social media technologies let people connect by creating and sharing content. We examine the use of Twitter by famous people to conceptualize celebrity as a practice. On Twitter, celebrity is practiced through the appearance and performance of ‘backstage’ access. Celebrity practitioners reveal what appears to be personal information to create a sense of intimacy between participant and follower, publicly acknowledge fans, and use language and cultural references to create affiliations with followers. Interactions with other celebrity practitioners and personalities give the impression of candid, uncensored looks at the people behind the personas. But the indeterminate ‘authenticity’ of these performances appeals to some audiences, who enjoy the game playing intrinsic to gossip consumption. While celebrity practice is theoretically open to all, it is not an equalizer or democratizing discourse. Indeed, in order to successfully practice celebrity, fans must recognize the power differentials intrinsic to the relationship.

Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Unintended consequences, Internet privacy, Privacy laws of the United States, Context (language use), Public relations, Human-Computer Interaction, Terms of service, restrict, Survey data collection, Social media, Parental consent, business, and Psychology

Facebook, like many communication services and social media sites, uses its Terms of Service (ToS) to forbid children under the age of 13 from creating an account. Such prohibitions are not uncommon in response to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which seeks to empower parents by requiring commercial Web site operators to obtain parental consent before collecting data from children under 13. Given economic costs, social concerns, and technical issues, most general–purpose sites opt to restrict underage access through their ToS. Yet in spite of such restrictions, research suggests that millions of underage users circumvent this rule and sign up for accounts on Facebook. Given strong evidence of parental concern about children’s online activity, this raises questions of whether or not parents understand ToS restrictions for children, how they view children’s practices of circumventing age restrictions, and how they feel about children’s access being regulated. In this paper, we provide survey data that show that many parents know that their underage children are on Facebook in violation of the site’s restrictions and that they are often complicit in helping their children join the site. Our data suggest that, by creating a context in which companies choose to restrict access to children, COPPA inadvertently undermines parents’ ability to make choices and protect their children’s data. Our data have significant implications for policy–makers, particularly in light of ongoing discussions surrounding COPPA and other age–based privacy laws.

Sociology

Distributed database, Multimedia, business.industry, Computer science, computer.software_genre, The arts, Task (project management), World Wide Web, Computer data storage, Architecture, business, Humanities, computer, and Research data

Digital methods and collaborative research in virtual research environments are gaining in importance for the arts and humanities. The EU-funded project DARIAH aims to enhance and support digitally-enabled research across these disciplines. The most basic but nevertheless fundamental task of DARIAH is to provide sustainable storage for research data. Information contained in data like images, texts or music needs to be secured and to remain accessible even if the original information carrier becomes lost or corrupted. The heterogeneity of the humanistic data and the need for distributed, perform ant access are the main challenges in designing an archiving system for the arts and humanities. Using the "Virtual Scriptorium", a digitisation project in Trier, Germany, this paper exemplary identifies the humanistic researchers' storage needs and derives requirements for an infrastructure. As a solution, a generic architecture for a federated data zone based on the iRODS technologies is proposed. The system implemented in Trier and Karlsruhe is described and will be extended to other locations as the researchers benefit from the initial set-up.

medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Conjunctiva, Signet ring cell, business.industry, Melanoma, Primary acquired melanosis, Ophthalmic Pathology Update, medicine.disease, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Conjunctival malignant melanoma, medicine, Infrequent Neoplasm, and business

Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a relatively infrequent neoplasm that can be associated with significant morbidity and cause diagnostic difficulty to both the ophthalmologist and pathologist. We herein describe the first reported case in North American and European databases of a rare variant-signet ring cell melanoma – arising in the background of primary acquired melanosis (PAM) and use this case as a review of important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations when faced with this condition.

Archeology, Engineering, Sixth century, State (polity), business.industry, Agriculture, General Arts and Humanities, media_common.quotation_subject, Toponymy, business, Archaeology, and media_common

Since their discovery in 1993 the Petra papyri have drawn the attention of both historians and archaeologists because of the amount of information they contain. They deal with the property of Theodoros, son of Obodianus, and his family in Petra and its vicinity in the period between AD 537 and 593. This paper focuses on agriculture and its importance in Petra and the surrounding area in the sixth century AD, according to the information derived from the scrolls. It appears that agriculture played a major role in the economy of Petra and its hinterland at the time these documents were written. The papyri repeatedly mention agricultural lands throughout the region and in many cases specify their locations and toponyms. Some of the latter are significantly still in use. There is also information about springs, some of which are still active and contribute to local agriculture. Some papyri even contain information about the type of plants grown in the area. Finally, the authors present the current state of agriculture at selected places and compare it with the state of agriculture in the sixth century AD in the study area.

Communication

Elközelgett a Big Data, az adatrengeteg kora. A számítástudósok, fizikusok, közgazdászok, matematikusok, politológusok, bioinformatikusok, szociológusok és más tudósok fennszóval követelik, hogy az embereket, dolgokat és ezek kapcsolatait leíró, folyvást termelődő hatalmas adatmennyiséggel dolgozhassanak. Fontos kérdések formálódnak meg. Hozzásegít-e az adatrengeteg kereshetősége az eszközök, szolgáltatások és közjavak javításához, vagy inkább a magántitoksértés és a tolakodó marketing új hullámát vezeti be? Megkönnyíti-e az adatok elemzése az online közösségek és politikai mozgalmak megértését, vagy a tiltakozók lenyomozását és a szólásjog elnyomását szolgálja majd? Átalakítja-e az emberi kommunikáció és kultúra kutatásának mai módszereit, vagy inkább beszűkíti a vizsgálható témák skáláját, magát a „kutatás” fogalmát definiálva újra? Véleményünk szerint az adatrengeteg szociotechnológiai jelenségének előretörése kapcsán kritikus vizsgálatnak kell alávetni e jelenség előfeltevéseit és előítéleteit. Cikkünk hat provokatív tézist tartalmaz, amelyekkel diszkussziót kívánunk indítani az adatrengeteg különböző aspektusairól: e technológia, elemzés és mitológia összjátékából kisarjadó kulturális, műszaki és tudományos jelenségről, amely terjedelmes retorikát gerjeszt mind utópikus, mind disztópikus hangvételben.

business.industry, Datafication, Communication, Communication studies, Internet privacy, Big data, Library and Information Sciences, Data science, Digital sociology, Analytics, Phone, Social media, Sociology, business, and Human communication

The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and other scholars are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, government records, and other digital traces left by people. Significant questions emerge. Will large-scale search data help us create better tools, services, and public goods? Or will it usher in a new wave of privacy incursions and invasive marketing? Will data analytics help us understand online communities and political movements? Or will it be used to track protesters and suppress speech? Will it transform how we study human communication and culture, or narrow the palette of research options and alter what ‘research’ means? Given the rise of Big Data as a socio-tech...

Data collection, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human factors and ergonomics, Poison control, Suicide prevention, Article, Occupational safety and health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Double counting (accounting), Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Injury prevention, Landline, Psychology, and Social psychology

Purpose To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. Methods Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6–17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. Results Measures that use the word "bully" result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word "bully" are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word "bully" results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of "bullying." Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word "bully" appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. Conclusions Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word "bully" when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode.

business.industry, Communication, Information technology, Social media, Sociology, Public relations, business, Public life, and Publics

Social media complicate the very nature of public life. In this article, we consider how technology reconfigures publicness, blurs 'audiences' and publics, and alters what it means to engage in pub...

medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Palsy, business.industry, medicine.disease, Facial nerve, stomatognathic diseases, Unilateral facial paralysis, Quality of life, Rapid onset, Bell's palsy, Physical therapy, medicine, Etiology, Neurology (clinical), business, and General Nursing

Facial nerve palsies can have a dramatic effect on patients’ quality of life, leaving them permanently disfigured. Bell's palsy is thought to be the most common cause of acute unilateral facial paralysis. Its hallmark is its rapid onset, but the exact aetiology of Bell's palsy remains elusive, with some attributing it to viral, inflammatory or autoimmune causes and others to ischaemia. There is also some controversy as to the appropriate treatment. This article provides an overview of each of these areas, with a view to increasing awareness of this usually temprary but often distressing condition.

Politics, General Computer Science, Media studies, and Sociology

Power, context, and control in networked publics.

édition électronique, Sociology, LAN025000, digital humanities, usages, GL, Information Science & Library Science, and web

Qu’est-ce que les humanités numériques ? Apparue en 2006, l’expression connaît depuis un véritable succès. Mais au-delà du slogan à la mode, quelle est la réalité des pratiques qu’il désigne ? Si tout le monde s’accorde sur une définition minimale à l’intersection des technologies numériques et des sciences humaines et sociales, les vues divergent lorsqu’on entre dans le vif du sujet. Les humanités numériques représentent-elles une véritable révolution des pratiques de recherche et des paradigmes intellectuels qui les fondent ou, plus simplement, une optimisation des méthodes existantes ? Constituent-elles un champ suffisamment structuré pour justifier une réforme des modes de financement de la recherche, des cursus de formation, des critères d’évaluation ? L’archive numérique offre-t-elle à la recherche suffisamment de garanties ? Quelle place la recherche « dirigée par les données » laisse-t-elle à l’interprétation ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions abordées par ce deuxième opus de la collection « Read/Write Book ». Ces dix-huit textes essentiels, rédigés ou traduits en français par des chercheurs de différentes nationalités, proposent une introduction aux humanités numériques accessible à tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur ce domaine de recherche en constante évolution.

édition électronique, Sociology, LAN025000, digital humanities, usages, GL, Information Science & Library Science, and web

Big data, la nécessité d’un débat Il nous a semblé intéressant de traduire, de façon collaborative (via Framapad), l’essai original que viennent de publier Danah Boyd et Kate Crawford présentant « Six provocations au sujet du phénomène des big data ». Ces chercheuses, orientées vers l’ethnographie des usages des technologies de communication, s’interrogent – en toute connaissance de cause – sur les limites épistémologiques, méthodologiques, mais aussi éthiques des big data : champ d’études qu...

Cultural Studies, Refugee, Cultural diversity, Law enforcement, language, Gender studies, Sociology, Somali, Humanities, Applied Psychology, Acculturation, language.human_language, and Qualitative research

Somali women were interviewed regarding their children's adjustment. Qualitative analysis revealed 5 themes: cultural comparisons, concerns about children, parents' loss of disciplinary authority, available support, and the future. The women discussed changes in their children, such as loss of respect and threats to use law enforcement against parents. They also discussed their loss of parental authority and the lack of support from U.S. institutions. Implications for schools and mental health professionals are presented. Se entrevisto a mujeres Somalies con respecto a la adaptacion de sus hijos. Los analisis cualitativos revelaron 5 temas: comparaciones culturales, preocupaciones sobre los ninos, la perdida de autoridad disciplinaria de los padres, apoyo disponible y el futuro. Las mujeres hablaron sobre los cambios en sus hijos, como la perdida de respeto y las amenazas de usar las fuerzas del orden contra sus padres. Tambien hablaron de la perdida de su autoridad paterna y la falta de apoyo por parte de las instituciones de los Estados Unidos. Se presentan las implicaciones para escuelas y profesionales de la salud mental.

Literature, business.industry, Evil spirit, media_common.quotation_subject, Central field, Equations of motion, Statistical mechanics, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Epistemology, symbols.namesake, Synchronicity, Boltzmann constant, symbols, Musical composition, business, and media_common

udwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) was one of the greatest scientists of his time. His work on statistical mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases helps explain and predict how the properties of atoms (such as charge and mass) determine the physical properties of gases (such as viscosity, diffusion and temperature). Ludwig Boltzmann was also an accomplished musician. Boltzmann, however, did not see these two interests (in science and music) as being independent of each other. In contrast, he often described a synchronicity between mathematics and music, seeing both as being involved in the creative act of identifying and manipulating underlying rhythms and patterns to create new ones. Moreover, Boltzmann perceived this process as being deeply personal, in how an individual’s creative voice was deeply connected to the final product. This of course is in sharp contrast to the prevailing view of science as being a coolly dispassionate methodology, disconnected from the personality of the scientist. Boltzmann’s viewpoint can be seen in how he described the experience of reading physicist James Clerk Maxwell’s work on the dynamical theory of gases. Note the manner in which Boltzmann connects his reading of mathematics to the experience of hearing a musical composition: The variations of the velocities are, at first, developed majestically: then from one side enter the equations of state: and from the other side, the equations of motion in a central field. Ever higher soars the chaos of formulae. Suddenly we hear, as from kettle drums, the four beats “Put N = 5.” The evil spirit V (relative velocity of molecules) vanishes: and, even as in music a hitherto dominating figure in the bass is suddenly silenced, that which had seemed insuperable has been overcome as if by a stroke of magic...One result after another follows in quick succession till at last, as the unexpected climax, we arrive at the conditions for thermal equilibrium together with the expressions for the transport coefficients. The curtain then falls! (Boltzmann quoted in Root-Bernstein, 1989, p. 334)

medicine.medical_specialty, Rehabilitation, Traumatic spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord Trauma, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, humanities, Pathophysiology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Acute care, medicine, Etiology, Physical therapy, Neurology (clinical), business, Intensive care medicine, Spinal cord injury, and General Nursing

The history of spinal cord injury (SCI) dates back as far as the ancient Egyptians, who described it as an ‘ailment not to be treated’ ( Eltorai, 2003 ). For a long time, victims of SCI saw a bleak future confined to a wheelchair and a lifetime of comorbidities and poor survival rates ( McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002 ). It was not until after World War II that the outlook for such patients began to improve ( Eltorai, 2003 ). The development of an infrastructure for the emergency transportation of injured patients and advances in acute care and rehabilitation practices have dramatically reduced mortality and morbidity ( Talu et al. 2005 ). Therapies to enhance neurological function following SCI have been extensively investigated by the clinical and scientific community. Subsequently, significant insight has been generated into the pathology and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord trauma. It has been hypothesised that the primary mechanical injury to the spinal cord initiates a cascade of vascular, cellular and biochemical events that cause extension of the injury site. Current interventions for the acutely cord-injured patient attempt to minimise this secondary injury and protect the tissue that initially survived the mechanical injury ( Dumont et al, 2001 ; Kwon et al. 2004 ; Li and Yang, 2009 ).

Ophthalmology, medicine.medical_specialty, Decompression, business.industry, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, Orbital decompression, Medicine, General Medicine, business, and Surgery

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Benserazide, Parkinsonism, Physical dependence, General Medicine, Drug action, Biology, Pharmacology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, In vivo, Planarian, Toxicity, medicine, medicine.symptom, and medicine.drug

We previously created and investigated a planarian model for the study of drug action, abuse, physical dependence, receptor affinity, the toxicity of heavy metals in wastewater, and seizures. For the present pilot study, we investigated the possibility that this model might be useful for studying certain aspects of drugs used in treatment of Parkinson disease. For the first step, we were interested in finding an in vivo metric for the inhibition of L-DOPA by an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase. The direct clinical relevance of the endpoint was of secondary concern during this preliminary phase of model development. Two metrics were explored: L-DOPA-induced inhibition of motility (locomotor velocity) and dopamine-mediated toxicity, which was quantified using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. L-DOPA produced both dose- and time-related toxicity. The water-soluble DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide dose-dependently inhibited the effect of L-DOPA, as manifested by a leftward shift in the Kaplan-Meier curve. Additional work was initiated using the more sensitive and a graded metric of spontaneous locomotor velocity. The encouraging results of this pilot study suggest that: 1) planarians contain DOPA decarboxylase or an equivalent enzyme, and 2) the planarian model might be useful for the study of certain aspects of anti-Parkinsonism pharmacotherapy.

General Chemistry

DATA processing & computer science and ddc:004

DATA processing & computer science and ddc:004

DATA processing & computer science and ddc:004

Knowledge management, Multimedia, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, computer.software_genre, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Autodidacticism, Sociology, Architecture, business, computer, and media_common

Service (systems architecture), Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Network security, business.industry, Computer science, computer.internet_protocol, Hypermedia, Virtualization, computer.software_genre, law.invention, World Wide Web, Upload, law, Server, Distributed data store, business, computer, and Humanities

Sustainable management of large amounts of research data is gaining in importance for research projects all over the world. The European project DARIAH aims to address this topic for the arts and humanities community. The DARIAH Bit Preservation, as a part of an archiving system for the arts and humanities, allows for a high performance, sustainable, and distributed storage of research data as basis of virtual research environments. A great challenge in designing such a service is to provide a standardized, consistent yet easy-to-use API for accessing the data that remains stable even if backend technology changes over time. As a solution, this paper presents the RESTful API of the DARIAH Bit Preservation which includes an administrative extension, and which is secured by an Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure (AAI) based on SAML. An exemplary implementation illustrates that the API offers distributed access by usage of the HTTP protocol and is able to handle a high number of files. Data transfer rates of up to 45 MB/s were achieved for uploading large files in the local network.

Science and engineering, media_common.quotation_subject, Matrix (music), Educational technology, Flexibility (personality), Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Round hole, Openness to experience, Engineering ethics, Sociology, Discipline, and media_common

Today’s challenges require new ways of thinking about STEM education that go beyond standard disciplinary learning, to include creativity, flexibility, and an openness to the new. One way to better understand this involves considering successful engineers and inventors to identify approaches that worked for them. We profile two innovators, Nikola Tesla and Steve Jobs, to better understand their thinking and creative processes. Their stories highlight the fact that creativity in these domains cannot happen without deep knowledge of key technical domains. That said, this knowledge, though necessary, is not sufficient to engender creativity. Creative solutions emerge from a wider matrix of imagination, abilities, skills, curiosities, and interests across disciplines. The science and engineering demands of our world require that learners need varied experiences that enable them to think richly and broadly, both within, outside of, and across the disciplines.