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Purtscher's retinopathy is a rare ophthalmic condition with unclear pathogenesis commonly related to trauma and affecting young or middle-aged men. The annual incidence in the UK has been estimated to be 0.24 cases per million. A 29-year-old primigravida female, previously healthy with no antenatal care, was brought to the maternal causality at 36 weeks of gestation as a case of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) after a prolonged delivery attempt at home. After delivery, the patient reported bilateral vision loss. On ophthalmic examination, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was count fingers at 15 cm in both eyes. Dilated fundus exam showed scattered flame-shaped hemorrhage, multiple cotton wool Spots known as Purtscher flecken were seen in the distribution of the radial peripapillary capillary, dot and blot hemorrhage, and macular star in both eyes. The patient was treated with labetalol and magnesium sulphate for systemic control of arterial blood pressure by the obstetrics team, and managed conservatively under ophthalmic observation. Upon five months follow-up, BCVA had improved bilaterally. Visual changes have been reported in 25 % of patients with preeclampsia. Although most of these changes are transient, some rare sight-threatening eye conditions have been linked to preeclampsia namely Purtscher-like retinopathy. Purtscher-like retinopathy is rarely reported in preeclampsia and after childbirth. Although most of visual changes associated with preeclampsia are transient, urgent ophthalmology consultation is important to rule out serious etiologies such as Purtscher-like retinopathy. • Visual changes in patients with preeclampsia should be evaluated to rule out purtscher-like retinopathy • Preeclampsia and valsalva maneuver technique during the second stage of labor may contribute to developing purtscher-like retinopathy • Purtscher-like retinopathy is rarely reported in preeclampsia and after childbirth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is a common global neurological disorder. About 30% of epileptic patients are managed with anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs). Since 2000, Levetiracetam (LEV) has been marketed around the world as an AED under the brand name Keppra, and recently more generics are found in the Saudi market as cheaper alternatives. The objective of this study is to evaluate the bioequivalence of LEV brand and generics available in the Saudi market in mice. Pharmacokinetics (PK), liver function test, and behavioral studies were conducted for LEV brand and generic in different groups of Blab/c mice. PK results show a significance difference in PK parameters mostly evidenced with generic 3, then generic 2. The only significant different between Keppra and generic 1 was in T 1/2. In addition, Keppra did not significantly increase liver enzymes in comparison to other generics. On the other hand, other generics showed less favorable results in increasing liver enzymes. Keppra reduced the number and intensity of epileptic attacks, had no mortality rate due to epilepsy, and was associated with less sever seizures attacks. Keppra, the brand form of LEV, has better safety and efficacy profiles in mice compared to 3 generics found in the Saudi market. Therefore, we recommend evaluating the same parameters tested in this study in patients utilizing similar generics and brand to establish the existence of bioequivalence between LEV brand and generics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have been published on the association between food processing and risks of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with some variability in results. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to study this association. From PubMed, Medline, and Embase until October 2022, we identified cohort studies that studied the association between food processing and the risk of CD or UC. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. We computed pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects meta-analysis based on estimates and standard errors. A total of 1,068,425 participants were included (13,594,422 person-years) among 5 cohort studies published between 2020 and 2022. Four of the 5 included studies were scored as high quality. The average age of participants ranged from 43 to 56 years; 55%–83% were female. During follow-up, 916 participants developed CD, and 1934 developed UC. There was an increased risk for development of CD for participants with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods compared with those with lower consumption (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.37–2.14; I2 = 0%) and a lower risk of CD for participants with higher consumption of unprocessed/minimally processed foods compared with those with lower consumption (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53–0.94; I2 = 11%). There was no association between risk of UC and ultra-processed foods (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.86–1.61; I2 = 74%) or unprocessed/minimally processed foods (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.68–1.02; I2 = 0%). Higher ultra-processed food and lower unprocessed/minimally processed food intakes are associated with higher risk of CD but not UC. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MICROSTRUCTURE, WHITE matter (Nerve tissue), ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder, SHORT-term memory, and CHILDREN with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Several studies have shown increased incidence, recurrence, and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) over the last decade. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who develop CDI are more prone to morbidity and mortality than CDI in patients without IBD. This study seeks to evaluate whether IBD patients who use vedolizumab are at increased risk of CDI compared to IBD patients using other therapies. This was a retrospective cohort study, and 684 patients with confirmed IBD (228 on vedolizumab, 228 on anti-TNF, and 228 on 5- Aminosalicylates acid therapy) were enrolled from January 2009 to August 2019 at a tertiary referral IBD center at McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC) in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The primary outcome was time to the development of CDI in IBD patients using different therapies. Secondary outcomes included rates of CDI and the association between baseline variables and risk of CDI. A Cox proportional hazards (PH) model was used to evaluate baseline factors and development of CDI. There was no difference in time to CDI between the three treatment groups (log rank p-value 0.37). CDI occurred in 16 patients (2.3%), specifically four patients (1.75%) in the vedolizumab group, four patients (1.75%) in the anti-TNF group, and eight patients (3.5%) in the 5-ASA group. The Cox PH model found current smoking, older age, and concomitant immunomodulator use as risk factors for CDI, after adjustment for other covariates. Vedolizumab was not associated with increased risk of CDI in the model. Biologic therapy with vedolizumab or anti-TNF did not impact risk of CDI. Risk factors for CDI in IBD patients included smoking, older age at the onset of medication, and immunomodulator therapy. Clinicians should have high degree of suspicion for CDI in IBD patients presenting with diarrhea, particularly in those with risk factors identified in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the 1980s, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) has been used to evaluate cognitive aging in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered the gold standard for assessing the efficacy of medications for treatment of AD. One criticism of the original ADAS (oADAS) is that this measure is not sensitive to pre‐dementia syndromes such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have found that increasing age is associated with poorer neuropsychological functioning. In the present study, we examined the influence of age on the oADAS. We hypothesized that increasing age would be associated with increased error scores on both the oADAS and an extended version of this measure (eADAS) after controlling for gender and education. Method: We included data from 938 adults who were enrolled in the SIU Longitudinal Cognitive Aging Study (LCAS) as normal controls. The vast majority of the cohort was White/Not‐Hispanic (98.9%) and female (72.4%). Mean age and education were 67.3 years and 14.9 years, respectively. Participants who met the diagnostic criteria for MCI, dementia, and/or other neurological or psychiatric conditions at baseline or developed these conditions within three consecutive study visits were excluded. The oADAS was administered using standardized methods. The eADAS included short‐delay recall and recognition trials for the first word‐list, a short‐delay true‐false word recognition trial for the second word‐list, a letter‐digit timed psychomotor test, supermarket fluency, spontaneous clock drawing, three additional items to the object naming subtest, three additional figures to copy, and a similarities test. Result: The mean oADAS and eADAS scores were 3.9 and 8.7, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed that both gender and education were associated with higher error scores for both the oADAS and eADAS (p < 0.001). After controlling for gender and education, increasing age was also found to be associated with higher error scores for both the oADAS and eADAS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results are consistent with previous literature showing age effects on oADAS scores and also extend these findings to the eADAS. Future research determining the sensitivity of the extended ADAS to the transition from normal aging to MCI and dementia are ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies suggest the usefulness of CDT in distinguishing between neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in CDT performance in individuals with AD and PD compared to normal controls. Methods: Total of 194 participants. Four groups included in analysis: patients that met diagnostic criteria for late MCI/mild AD, moderate AD, PD with no cognitive impairment, and normal controls. All participants completed MMSE and CDT. MMSE score ≤ 23 considered moderate AD, MMSE score >24 considered mixed late MCI/mild AD, all PD patients had MMSE score >24. Results: An ANOVA was used to examine group differences in CDT and MMSE scores. There was a significant main effect of group for both CDT and MMSE scores (p < 0.001). Moderate AD group had significantly lower MMSE scores compared to other groups (average MMSE score of 19.4 for moderate AD compared to 26.6 for mild AD, 26.9 for Parkinson's, and 28.2 for controls). Post‐hoc t‐tests (Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons) showed moderate AD group had significantly higher error scores on CDT compared to controls (p<0.001). Moderate AD group also had significantly higher error score compared to both MCI/mild AD and PD patient groups (p<0.001). No statistical significance existed in error scores between MCI/mild AD group compared to controls (p = 0.134) or to Parkinson's disease (p = 1.000). No statistical significance in CDT error scores between the Parkinson's group compared to controls (p = 0.904). Findings suggest executive functioning may only begin to significantly decline in advanced stages of AD. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that deficits in executive functions measured by CDT is impaired in moderate AD but relatively preserved in MCI/mild AD and PD with no cognitive impairment, which is consistent with previous studies. One limitation of the study is that we did not include a copy trial for the CDT, which may support that our findings are due to executive dysfunction rather than visuospatial deficits. Future directions include increasing sample sizes, including individuals with PD with cognitive impairment, and using novel digital versions of the CDT to different variables of the CDT such as time to start and complete, visuospatial coordination, and graphic size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Mini‐Mental Status Exam (MMSE) is one of the most commonly used cognitive screening measures for diagnosing cognitive impairment in older adults. In the present study, we examined whether or not there were baseline differences in MMSE scores between cognitively normal individuals who developed Alzheimer's disease over time (decliners) versus individuals who did not decline over time (non‐decliners). Method: We included 67 participants who were administered the MMSE during a baseline assessment. All participants were enrolled in the SIU Longitudinal Cognitive Aging Study (SIU LCAS) as controls who were free of cognitive impairment at their baseline visits. Participants were divided into two groups (decliners versus non‐decliners). There were 25 participants in the decliner group and 39 participants in the non‐decliner group. Average age of decliners was 70.84, while average age of non‐decliners was 71.67. Average education of decliners was 15.76 years, while average education of non‐decliners was 16.49 years. The ratio of females to males was 4:1 among decliners and 1.6:1 among non‐decliners. A two‐sample t‐test was used to examine differences between the two groups with respect to their baseline MMSE scores. Result: The decliner group (mean age = 70.8) was significantly younger than the non‐decliner group (mean age = 71.7). There were no significant differences between the two groups for education or gender distribution. 11 decliners had autopsy confirmed AD, while 14 decliners had AD diagnosis without autopsy. There were 5 individuals in the non‐decliner group with no evidence of AD pathology on autopsy. The decliner group had significantly lower baseline MMSE scores compared to the non‐decliner group (p < 0.05). MMSE scores for decliners compared to non‐decliners using WORLD backwards was 28.96 versus 29.44, respectively, and was 28.32 versus 28.85, respectively, when using serial 7's. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that there are subtle differences in baseline MMSE scores (approximately 0.5 points) in older adults who decline to AD compared to older adults who remained cognitively normal. More studies with larger sample sizes, including more participants with brain autopsy, are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TRANSPORTATION corridors, TRANSPORTATION planning, ENDANGERED species, TRAFFIC safety, SPRING, and TRANSPORTATION agencies

• Pronghorn migrate great distances in spring and fall, navigating numerous roads and associated infrastructure. • Citizen scientists generated a three-year observation dataset of pronghorn along a major transportation corridor. • We identified five priority crossing areas where pronghorn are more likely to cross the highway using a landscape connectivity model, and fine scale observations. • We determined that animal vehicle collision clusters derived from government agency road carcass data of large mammal species do not align well with potential pronghorn crossing areas. • Our work highlights the value of community-collected species observational data and transportation planning that incorporates motorist safety and landscape connectivity. Roads and associated traffic have significant impacts on wildlife, from direct mortality caused by vehicle collisions to indirect effects when wildlife avoid roads, restricting access to important resources. Road mitigation measures such as constructing wildlife passages over or under the road with directional fencing have proven effective at reducing wildlife vehicle collisions while also enabling wildlife to safely cross the road. Highway mitigation projects are led by transportation agencies with a primary purpose of improving motorist safety. More recently, through the discipline of road ecology, considerations have included safe wildlife passage through transportation corridors. To prioritize road sections for mitigation, data sources include animal vehicle collision data collected by transportation agencies and connectivity models generated by wildlife professionals. We used a third data source, pronghorn observations collected by citizen scientists, and demonstrated its value to prioritize potential wildlife mitigation sites. Our results clearly demonstrate a misalignment of road mitigation sites using animal-vehicle collision data and those of rarer species of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DIGITAL learning, EDUCATIONAL technology, ONLINE education, EDUCATION theory, SUSTAINABILITY, and TECHNOLOGICAL innovations

In this special issue of the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, we take a step back from the events of the last 2 years and the changes that we have seen in the education arena, to remember that which has remained constant -- how students learn best. Developing teaching and learning pedagogy based on lasting education theory and practice makes the past of education relevant to the present and future and creates a context where innovation can be scaled and taken further, from a single instance of impact to many. In this editorial, we present an argument for going back to our roots and present examples of the effective use of established theories of learning that continue to advance online education practice. We discuss the scaling of educational best practice to more students and more institutions, and we provide recommendations for creating sustainable and lasting future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EVALUATION of medical care, META-analysis, SYSTEMATIC reviews, DRUG prescribing, COST benefit analysis, TIME series analysis, and PHYSICIAN practice patterns

Background: Shortening the process of prescribing via permitting the pharmacist to select the most appropriate pharmaceuticals for each particular patient may provide great opportunities for pharmacists to develop suitable pharmaceutical care plan, monitor and follow up prescribed medications, communicate and consult physicians for more confirmations. Objective: The objective of the current protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacists prescribing interventions was to explore, investigate the evidence, assess and compare PICO in patients with medical conditions (population), receiving pharmacist's prescribing care services (interventions) versus non-pharmacist's prescribing (comparators), and identify how it will impact the clinical, humanistic, and economic patient's outcomes (outcomes). Methods: The necessary elements of PRISMA will be strictly followed to report the systematic review. The meta-analysis will be reported in line with the Cochrane guidelines for synthesis of trials and all forms will be based on quality measures as per the validated Cochrane templates. We will present the results of the systematic review and the meta-analysis based on PICO comparison between the included trials. Results: We have identified four models of pharmacist prescribing interventions (independent, dependent [collaborative], supplementary, and emergency prescribing). The results will contain a systematic critical evaluation of the included trials in terms of the sample number of the population (characteristics), the type of interventions and the comparators, and the main outcome measures. Conclusion: This protocol will report the evidence and explore the magnitude of impact of pharmacist prescribing interventions, on clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes. . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there are clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the two conditions may sometimes be difficult to differentiate. Prior research has documented that the two conditions often have striking neuropsychological differences, and there have been a number of reports promoting the ability of simple screening tests to help the diagnostic accuracy of the clinician. These screening tests, however, have been limited in their specificity. Building upon previous research from our group and others, we now report a simple manipulation of the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) subscale scores that greatly improves the specificity of the screening test. Method: We studied all AD and DLB patients who visited our dementia clinic during an 18‐month period, including both new and follow‐up visit patients. All who had an MMSE administered to them were included. All MMSE scores were included. The first MMSE recorded for each patient was studied. Result: We studied the MMSEs from 136 AD and 24 DLB patients. The mean patient age was 77.8 ± 11.1 for AD, 78.3 ± 8.7 for DLB. Mean MMSE score was 20.0 ± 6.0 for AD, 21.8 ± 5.1 for DLB; MMSE range 1‐30 for AD, 10‐28 for DLB. Many different formulae were studied using the MMSE subscales of Memory (3 points max), Attention (5 points max), and Pentagon‐copying (1 point max) to determine which was the best to differentiate AD from DLB. The simple formula of the Pentagon score minus the Memory score (P‐M, range 1 to ‐3) provided the best discrimination between the AD and DLB patient groups. For P‐M scores = 1, the specificity of the equation to identify AD was 0.92. For P‐M scores < 0, the specificity to identify DLB was 0.85. The sensitivities for the P‐M equation were 0.43 for AD (scores = 1) and 0.46 for DLB (scores < 0). Conclusion: The simple MMSE subscale formula of Pentagon score minus Memory score (P‐M) provided good specificities to identify AD patients (0.92) and LBD patients (0.85) within our cohort of AD and DLB patients. A weakness of the P‐M equation was relatively weak sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate (1) students' knowledge in a variety of geriatrics competencies, (2) students' attitudes toward the value of interprofessional practice, and (3) pharmacy students' experiences after an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in a practice-based interprofessional education (IPE) model. Nursing, pharmacy, social work, and health sciences programs who participated in the Richmond Health and Wellness Program (RHWP) interprofessional experience received pre- and post-surveys to assess changes in geriatrics knowledge. An adapted Attitude Toward Health Care Teams Scale (ATHCTS) was used to assess changes in students' attitudes toward the value of interprofessional teamwork. Finally, representative quotes were taken from APPE evaluations to illustrate the pharmacy student experience. Seventy-two out of 82 (87.8%) interprofessional students who participated in the practice-based IPE model at RHWP in the fall 2018 participated in this study. Geriatrics knowledge scores significantly increased by 4.03 (P <.001) with a significant change in some knowledge domains: frailty (P =.005) and medication knowledge (P =.017). Attitudes toward the value of interprofessional practice increased with a statistically significant difference in the ATHCTS quality of care subscale (P <.001). Pharmacy students found the interprofessional collaboration to be valuable. A practice-based IPE experience can provide many benefits to health professional students. By working as a team, students learn from each other, leading to increased knowledge on several geriatrics competencies. Students understand the importance of IPE experiences, but their attitudes become more positive through application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SELF-efficacy in teachers, RURAL schools, SELF-evaluation, and CLASSROOMS

• Creativity, risk-taking and productive failure are an important part of effective teaching and learning across disciplines. • Teacher perceived self-efficacy is pivotal to the implementation of risk-taking and productive failure as part of learning in classrooms. • Teacher perceived self-efficacy needs to be supported and sustained through a whole school approach that addresses barriers to implementation. There is an emerging body of research about the importance of creative risk-taking and productive failure in classroom teaching across discipline areas. However, teachers' confidence in engaging with these pedagogical ideas in their classrooms can be inhibited by perceived barriers, such as assessment demands, expectations by administrators, and the orchestration of technologies in a meaningful way. This article reports a case study in a private school in Melbourne, Australia. Six teachers experimented with risk-taking and productive failure through digital technologies in their Year 8 classes across different discipline areas. This paper examines the beliefs of these teachers about their creative capacity to enact these pedagogical ideas with technology. Using Albert Bandura's ideas of self-efficacy beliefs, mastery experiences and self-appraisal and adaptations, this study investigates the sense of agency that teachers experienced in exploring these ideas in their classrooms. Findings indicate that teachers believed that risk-taking and productive failure are important, but they experienced internal and external barriers to implementing these ideas, especially in regard to the use of digital technologies, managing student apprehension and designing learning that includes risk-taking and productive failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAREGIVER attitudes, SERVICES for caregivers, RESEARCH, MOTHERS, CAREGIVERS, COUNSELING, DOWN syndrome, MEDICAL care, PATIENTS, BURDEN of care, QUALITATIVE research, SOCIOECONOMIC factors, PATIENT education, PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation, and PSYCHOLOGICAL factors

Aim and Objective: This study aimed to explore how caregivers of persons with Down syndrome (DS) believe caring had an impact on their own lives. A secondary objective was to understand their experience of seeking educational, social, and health care services for the persons with DS. Methods: This qualitative exploratory study was conducted with 21 caregivers of persons with DS in Kuwait. Results: Caregivers struggled to accept the diagnosis initially that led them to search for answers to many of their concerns about raising a person with DS. For the caregivers, who mostly comprised of mothers, dealing with health conditions that persons with DS suffered from was initially difficult. Caring for these individuals led to heavy impact upon their caregivers' own lives who took extraordinary efforts to cope with the burden. Seeking quality education for the persons with DS and participation in social activities was also challenging, and the caregivers believed that better services, facilities, and benefits for the families of persons with DS may help them better cope with the socioeconomic and psychological burden. Conclusions: Improving the availability of specialized services, the delivery of guidance and counselling, and social integration may help overcome challenges of raising a person with Down Syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CREATIVE ability, GATEKEEPING, and IMAGINATION

This article is an ontological investigation of the term creativity, to suggest a model that infuses key philosophical and critical perspectives. This article proposes that creativity has three modes of existence or ways of being in the world: the Visceral (embodiments), the Ideational (mind and conceptual), and the Observational (appreciation, critical, and evaluative). We view creativity synergistically as representing both the individual creative experience and output, in conceptual and embodied ways—and also what externally shapes, enhances, and constrains creative experience. Technologies, as tools to think or create with, often mediate the operation of these three modes. We discuss each mode, instantiating it in an educational exemplar, and also engage with issues of power, discourse, and gatekeeping over what is deemed to be creative in education. Our discussion examines the rhetoric around the term, as well as issues of access to technologies that afford creativity. This tri‐modal model of creativity offers an interdisciplinary framework to complement existing models for understanding creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer (BC), it is still associated with high mortality rates. New biomarkers are being developed for the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of responses of BC. Ceramide (CER), a bioactive sphingolipid, has emerged recently as a useful diagnostic tool in several types of tumors. In this study, we evaluated CER expression in invasive BC and assessed its relation to the molecular subtypes of BC. The clinical data and histopathological slides of 50 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma were retrieved and reviewed. The cases were then stained with a mouse monoclonal anti-ceramide antibody. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between CER percentage and intensity and other clinical and pathological variables. CER expression showed a direct relationship with estrogen and progesterone receptors Allred scores. However, it showed an inverse relation with tumor grade, HER2/neu status and Ki-67 index. CER expression is likely to be associated with luminal BC molecular subtypes. However, more research is needed to confirm these results and to explore its relation to the different clinical outcomes, including response to treatment and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract. This cross-sectional study among female schoolteachers assessed the prevalence of i) unawareness of HPV infection's causal role in cervical cancer; ii) unawareness of HPV vaccine availability and iii) examined the sociodemographic variables associated both the outcome variables. This cross-sectional study was conducted among female schoolteachers employed in public and private sectors schools in Kuwait using a structured questionnaire for data collection. Prevalence of each of the outcome variables was computed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate independent predictors of two dependent variables. A total 1341 female schoolteachers were enrolled. Of the participants, 60% were unaware of HPV causal role in cervical cancer and 88% were unaware of HPV vaccine availability. Among those who were aware of HPV vaccine availability, 83.8% were unvaccinated. Multivariable logistic regression (MLR) model showed that 20–29 years old participants or those with low family income (< 500 KD/month) were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to be unaware of HPV causal role in cervical cancer. Moreover, participants with family/ personal history of cervical cancer were significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to be unaware of HPV role in causation of cervical cancer. A separate MLR model revealed that the participants were significantly more likely to be unaware of HPV vaccine availability if they were Kuwaiti nationals or non-Kuwaiti Arabs (p < 0.05), employed in public schools (p = 0.003) or less likely to be unaware if they had personal or family history of cervical cancer (p < 0.001). High prevalences of unawareness of causal role of HPV in cervical cancer and unawareness of HPV vaccine availability were recorded. Targeted education among identified sociodemographic groups with high levels of unawareness is warranted. If undertaken, future studies may evaluate the impact of recommended efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The program enhanced wellness and healthcare access among medically complex, lower income, older adults living in subsidized apartment buildings. • Health care utilization among participating residents showed a reduction in emergency department visits and hospital admissions. • Positive changes in student perception of interprofessional practice occurred in two areas: teamwork and collaboration and person-centeredness Background/Purpose: An innovative care coordination program was developed to enhance wellness among low-income older adults living in subsidized apartment buildings and to provide rich interprofessional education experiences for health professions students. Program effectiveness for the residents was measured through an evaluation of participation, services used, and healthcare utilization. Educational effectiveness was measured through a change in health concepts and perceptions of interprofessional practice. Health care utilization among participating residents showed an 8.6% reduction in emergency department visits and 9.8% reduction in hospital admissions. Students demonstrated improved knowledge in motivational interviewing (p =.02); diabetes (p =.02); hypertension (p ≤.01); and frailty (p ≤.01). Changes in students perception of interprofessional practice were significant in two areas; Teamwork and Collaboration (p ≥.00); and Person Centeredness (p =.00). This care coordination model may be an effective approach to reduce care resource utilization among medically complex lower income older adults and provides a rich interprofessional learning experience for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of critical Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children is not well understood. This study described the clinical characteristics of children admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and explored factors associated with the need for invasive ventilation or mortality. A multicenter, retrospective, cohort study was conducted over eight medical centers, including all patients younger than 18 years of age and admitted to the ICU due to a direct consequence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients who were admitted to the ICU for any alternate reason and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by screening test, and patients who were admitted due to multi-inflammatory syndrome in children, were excluded. Demographic, laboratory, imaging, and clinical data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to compare survivors and non-survivors. Fine and Gray's hazard model was used to estimate the association between clinical variables and ICU death. During the study period, 25 pediatric COVID-19 patients received care in the ICUs. The median age was 2.78 years (IQR 0.21–8.51), and 60% were male. Only three patients were reported to be previously healthy at admission. Nine (36%) patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, including two were on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Four (16%) patients died during ICU care. In univariate analysis, the presence of comorbidity (HR 0.0001; 95%CI 0.00001–0.00016), platelets count (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–0.99), elevated procalcitonin (HR 1.05; 95%CI 1.016–1.09), and circulatory compromise (HR 16.34; 95%CI 1.99–134.35), all at the time of ICU admission, were associated with in-ICU mortality. Our findings suggest that children admitted to the ICU with SARS-CoV-2 infection, generally, have a favorable outcome. Low platelets count, elevated procalcitonin, presence of comorbidity, and shock at the time of ICU admission were associated with death. This study may shed more light on the disease dynamics of critical pediatric COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinal disorder, and the greatest cause of infertility in women. Despite availability of individual data on impact of multiple endocrinal, reproductive and even metabolic factors in PCOS individuals, the data on the co-existence of BED and depression in PCOS patients with its relationship on the quality of life in Saudi Arabian females is not found. Hence this study is aimed to elucidate the implication of PCOS on eating behaviour, induction of depression and general health quality in Saudi Arabian population of Riyadh. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in multiple health facilities of Riyadh from January to March 2019. The study samples (494) were recruited by convenience sampling and administered validated questionnaire by trained research participants. The data obtained was analysed by binary logistic regression using SPSS-IBM 25. Of the total 494 women participated in the study, 23.48% (116) were PCOS individuals. The odds of developing abnormal health related quality of (HRQ) in patients with PCOS was significantly (P = 0.000, OR = 3.472) high when compared to non-PCOS participants. The odds of showing high binge eating disorder (BED, P = 0.007, OR = 2.856) and depression (P = 0.000, OR = 2.497) scores in PCOS participants were significantly more than patients who were not having PCOS. Out of the three parameters studied, abnormal health related quality of life possessed a higher influence of PCOS compared to depression and abnormal eating behavior. In conclusion, the present study shows that women with PCOS are at a significant risk for depressive disorders, disorganized eating behavior and impaired quality of life. Therefore, necessary care and screening is required to minimize the impact of PCOS on already burdened individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Stroke is a medical emergency that demands early recognition for time sensitive acute management. Knowledge about stroke in public has not been found satisfactory in most of the studies worldwide. Studies describing the awareness of public about recognition of stroke and its treatment from Saudi Arabia (SA) are deficient. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of general population living in the Eastern Province of SA about stroke in relation to recognition of warning signs, risk factors and available acute treatment.Methods: A prospective, cross sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire distributed through an electronic web site over a period of six months. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0.Results: Among a total of 1,213 respondents, 62.4% were women. Three fourth identified the affected organ correctly. Psychological stress was the most commonly identified risk factor (73.5%) followed by hypertension (63.8%). More than half of the respondents (58.5%) were not aware of diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for stroke. Speech difficulty was the most commonly identified stroke warning sign (64.4%) followed by focal weakness (62.4%). More than half (59.9%) did not recognize facial asymmetry as stroke warning sign. Nearly three fourth of the participants were unaware of t-PA (73.7%) and nearest available health care center for acute stroke management (74.9%).Conclusion: Our survey found the stroke literacy in the population of the Eastern Province of SA as non- satisfactory and highlights the importance of taking immediate measure such as mass media campaign and hospital based activities to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MINDFULNESS, CREATIVE ability, CREATIVE thinking, LITERATURE reviews, MIND-wandering, and DIVERGENT thinking

• This thematic literature review investigates the relationship between mindfulness and creativity • Mindfulness practices improve skills or habits of mind that can support creativity • The mindfulness-creativity relationship is complex, but generally positive • Deliberate/mindful mind-wandering can support creativity • Purposeful inclusion of mindfulness in learning settings can benefit student learning, creativity and wellbeing Mindfulness and creativity have both come to the forefront of educational interest—but a better understanding of their relationship and the implications for education is needed. This article reviews the literature on the intersection of these topics in order to understand where and how these two related but distinctive areas of research connect, and how this pertains to the complexity of education settings. Our goal is to understand findings from the literature and consider the implications for educational practice and research, with an eye to how mindfulness can be supportive to learners' creativity. This thematic review and qualitative analysis of extant literature identifies four themes that speak to the connection between mindfulness and creativity. There is solid evidence to show a generally beneficial and supportive relationship, in that practicing mindfulness can support creativity—but many factors affect this and there are a range of considerations for practice. This article reflects on the key findings of scholarly work on the mindfulness-creativity relationship with interpretative discussion and implications for educational research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PLASTIC crystals, SOLID state batteries, LITHIUM cells, ANIONS, ELECTROLYTES, POSITRON annihilation, and SULFONYL compounds

Organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) are increasingly promising as a class of solid-state electrolyte for developing safer lithium batteries. However, their advancement relies on expanding the range of well-characterised cation/anion combinations. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of OIPCs utilising small ammonium cations tetramethylammonium ([N1111]+), triethylmethylammonium ([N1222]+) and tetraethylammonium ([N2222]+), chosen to encourage significant rotational and translational motion, with the charge-diffuse and electrochemically stable bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([FSI]) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([NTf2]) anions. To investigate the physico-chemical properties of the OIPCs, the free volume was measured by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PALS) and correlated with the ionic conductivity and thermal analysis (DSC). Solid-state NMR analysis of the salts, is also reported. The salts with the less symmetric cation, [N1222][FSI] and [N1222][NTf2], were identified as the most promising electrolyte materials, and thus the electrochemical properties after mixing with 10 and 90 mol% lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiNTf2), respectively, were investigated. This study demonstrates the efficacy of these OIPC materials as new quasi-solid state electrolytes with advantageous properties such as high conductivity, good thermal and electrochemical properties, the ability to incorporate high lithium salt concentrations and support efficient lithium electrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEACHER educators, COVID-19, ONLINE education, VIDEOCONFERENCING, VIRTUAL classrooms, SELF-contained classrooms, and MOBILE learning

In the COVID-19 shift to online education, many teacher educators have sought out video conference technologies (such as Zoom) aiming to replicate traditional classrooms online. At face value, synchronous video appears to offer more immediate replicability of existing f2f synchronous teaching. However, moving pedagogically from one medium to another is not always a smooth transition. The COVID-19 situation has forced urgent transitions, and without adequate opportunities to design for a new medium, some instructors have struggled. We propose that Bruner's concept of folk pedagogies is a useful theoretical position for understanding pedagogical change in this new environment. We highlight issues and offer possible approaches and implications for teacher educators who deploy video conferencing technologies, using a rejuvenated view on folk pedagogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Escape behaviour is a critical component of invertebrate life history but is poorly studied. Flight initiation distance (FID) indexes escape propensity, and is well-studied in vertebrates but is entirely unstudied in Lepidopterans, despite their obvious escape behaviour. Here we test two general principles regarding FID as derived from studies of vertebrates to examine if they apply to Sri Lankan butterflies: 1) that FID is a species-specific trait and 2) that FID increases with Starting Distance, the distance at which the experimenter begins an approach. We collected 295 FIDs from 17 species and find that 1) FIDs are a tractable way of indexing butterfly escape and 2) both the general principles tested apply to butterfly escape. We also present FIDs of these species to encourage further data collection and comparative analysis of butterfly escape. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Flight-initiation distance (FID) indexes escape propensity. • We test two general principles regarding FID in Sri Lankan butterflies. • We collected 295 FIDs from 17 species. • FIDs varied between species. • FIDs were longer with longer start distances of experimental approaches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis nature in children is more aggressive when compared to adults. • Endoscopic sinus surgery is an important therapeutic step in the treatment of allergic fungal rhinosinusits. • The reason for this contralateral development of AFRS not clear, but it may be part of the natural disease process. • Involvement of the contralateral sinuses in children is uncommon. The normal uninvolved sinus should be involved in the routine endoscopic examination and the post-operative treatment in order to minimize the risk of disease recurrence. Abstract Objectives to report the alternating nature of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in children in the Eastern part of Saudi Arabia and to review the experience of King Fahad Specialist Hospital in the diagnosis and management of alternating allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in children. An 8 years old Saudi girl with alternating allergic fungal rhinosinusitis was diagnosed and managed. The patient was diagnosed to have unilateral left allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and cleaning of the left sinuses from polyps, mud and mucin. One year postoperatively the patient developed AFRS in the contralateral right side. Conclusion involvement of the contralateral sinuses in children with AFRS is uncommon. The normal uninvolved sinus should be involved in the routine endoscopic examination and the post-operative treatment in order to minimize the risk of disease recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEACHERS, SELF-confidence, MASTER'S degree, DIGITAL technology, and EDUCATIONAL technology

Teacher confidence with technology is essential during times of rapid changes in digital technologies. In this study, we draw on theoretical accounts from creativity research and the educational technology literature to characterize an approach to teaching--a creatively focused technology fluent (CFTF) mindset. Following our work with five cohorts of educational technology master's degree students in hybrid classes designed to support this mindset (n = 74), we report evidence on such an approach. Teachers reported growth in their confidence in using not only technologies they directly experienced but also significant increases in confidence with technologies overall (even with tools they did not use/learn). We discuss implications of these findings with an emphasis upon how teacher educators can support creative teaching with technology regardless of the available technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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DESIGN thinking, CREATIVE ability, CURRICULUM planning, ACADEMIC motivation, and SCHOOL environment

The problems educators face in professional practice are complex, varied, and difficult to address. These issues range across teaching and learning topics, to social or community issues, classroom climate issues and countless others. Such problems are multifaceted, cross-disciplinary, human-centered, and rarely solved through simple or linear solutions. Grappling with them requires educators to think creatively about educational problems of practice. But given the challenges and expectations facing teachers, creativity is often seen as leisure in teaching practice. While creativity is considered a core 21st century thinking skill, many people are hesitant to self-identify as “creative,” or are uncomfortable with intellectual risk-taking and open-endedness. We suggest that design thinking may provide an accessible structure for teachers and teacher educators to think creatively in dealing with educational problems of practice. We examine a qualitative study of a graduate teaching course framed around using design thinking to creatively approach educational problems of practice. We discuss thematic takeaways that teachers experienced in learning about and using design thinking skills to approach educational problems of practice. Implications suggest that design thinking skills may provide habits of mind that benefit teachers in creative problem navigating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CREATIVE teaching, PSYCHOLOGY of teachers, THOUGHT & thinking, BELIEF & doubt, and DIVERGENT thinking

Although discussions of thinking skills often revolve around students and learners, it is equally important to consider habits of mind and thinking skills for successful and creative teachers. Teachers are primary mediators of thinking and learning for their students, and understanding how excellent teachers function and use thinking skills is an important, albeit often underserved, area of research. Amid the expansion of research and discussion around thinking skills in general, one approach that has garnered interest in recent years is the idea of “transdisciplinary” thinking—which entails effective approaches to thinking and working, that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Existing research has shown that the most successful creative thinkers in the sciences tend to use a set of meta-level cognitive “transdisciplinary” skills. While others have suggested this transdisciplinary skill set as a framework for teaching, it has not yet been formally studied with regard to teachers, particularly those deemed as “effective” or “creative”. This article discusses a qualitative study that investigated the use of seven transdisciplinary thinking skills among highly accomplished and nationally award winning teachers. National teacher of the year award winners and finalists were interviewed with regard to their use of transdisciplinary thinking skills in their teaching beliefs and practices. Results exemplify how such skills are used by such effective, creative teachers in a diverse range of ways, with broader implications for future study and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ARTS education, FAILURE (Psychology), ARTISTIC creation, RISK-taking behavior, TEACHER education, CLASSROOM environment, and GRADING of students

The article discusses the role of failure in creativity, particularly in arts education. Topics include the importance of risk taking, the role of failure in classroom environments as addressed by a teacher education course, and the role of ambiguity in arts education. The relation of failure to grading processes is addressed.

WEARABLE video devices in police work, WEARABLE cameras, WEARABLE technology, SECURITY systems, and SECURITY systems industry

The article focuses on the adoption of police-worn body cameras as instruments that will facilitate accountability and improve police-community as a whole. It cites concerns from civil rights groups on how body-worn cameras may violate privacy as the intimacy of body-worn cameras' presence can be exploited with the application of technologies like facial recognition. It notes that body-worn cameras have been at the center of protracted disputes over interpretation and authoritativeness.

CREATIVE ability and EDUCATIONAL technology

The article discusses various reports published within the issue which includes creativity in education, effective uses of technology for teaching and learning and graduate level course for in-service teachers to develop their own creativity.

CREATIVE ability, JOB skills, SCHOLARLY method, TEACHER education, and PROFESSIONAL education

Creativity is increasingly viewed as an important 21st century skill that should be taught in schools. This emphasis on creativity is often reflected by having students engage in openended, project based activities and assignments. A key challenge faced by educators is how such assignments are to be evaluated. An in-depth review of existing tests of creativity indicates a relative lack of instruments or rubrics for evaluating creative artifacts. We address this gap by a two-step process. First, we provide a definition of creativity based on current research and scholarship as being something that is NEW, i.e. novel, effective, and whole. Next, we utilize this definition to develop a rubric that seeks to evaluate creative artifacts along these three dimensions. We also provide examples of how this rubric has been used to evaluate student created artifacts in a master's level seminar devoted to creativity in teaching and learning. We provide not just the rubric but also examples of projects that score low to high along these three dimensions. We argue that this line of work, though in its initial stages, has much to offer educators as they seek to evaluate student generated creative artifacts. We end with suggestions for future research in this area as well as its implications for teacher education and teacher professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognition, Computer science, Informatique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Recherche operationnelle. Gestion, Operational research. Management science, Recherche opérationnelle et modèles formalisés de gestion, Operational research and scientific management, Théorie du risque. Assurance, Risk theory. Actuarial science, Modèles d'entreprises, Firm modelling, Analyse risque, Risk analysis, Análisis riesgo, Contremesure, Countermeasurement, Contramedida, Détection défaut, Defect detection, Detección imperfección, Gestion organisation, Organization management, Gestión organización, Gestion risque, Risk management, Gestión riesgo, Intelligence en essaim, Swarm intelligence, Inteligencia de enjambre, Optimisation PSO, Particle swarm optimization, Optimización PSO, Prévention, Prevention, Prevención, Revenu économique, Income, Renta, Stratégie entreprise, Firm strategy, Estrategia empresa, Stratégie optimale, Optimal strategy, Estrategia optima, Optimisation par colonies de fourmis, Ant colony optimization, Algoritmo de las hormigas, Revenu financier, Ingresos, Ant Colony Optimization, Defect Detection and Prevention, Risk Reduction Leverage, Strategic Method, and Strategic Risk Reduction

Risk Management is one of the key cares of any organization strategic management; proper benefit of risk management is finding risks and their solutions. In this article, we will suggest a new Strategic Risk Reduction technique for producing optimal risk reduction strategies; which reduce risk exposure for expected income by allowing several countermeasures per risk rather than one countermeasure as previous works did. Our Strategic Risk Reduction will be optimized using Ant Colony Optimization approach.

Cognition, Social anthropology and ethnology, Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie, Ethnologie, Ethnology, Structure et relations sociales, Social structure and social relations, Relations sociales. Relation interculturelles et interethniques. Identité collective, Social relations. Intercultural and interethnic relations. Collective identity, Amérique, America, Activisme, Activism, Féminisme, Feminism, Internet, Mouvement, Movement, Notes de terrain, Fieldnotes, Prostitution, Réseau, Network, Trafic, Traffic, Tráfico, Feminist STS, Internet studies, Network studies, and Sex trafficking

In this essay, we offer field notes from our ongoing ethnographic research on sex trafficking in the United States. Recent efforts to regulate websites such as Craigslist and Backpage have illuminated activist concerns regarding the role of networked technologies in the trafficking of persons and images for the purposes of sexual exploitation. We frame our understanding of trafficking and technology through a network studies approach, by describing anti-trafficking as a counter-network to the sex trafficking it seeks to address. Drawing from the work of Annelise Riles and other scholars of feminist science and technology studies, we read the anti-trafficking network through the production of expert knowledge and the crafting of anti-trafficking techniques. By exploring anti-trafficking activists' understandings of technology, we situate the activities of anti-trafficking experts and law enforcement as efforts toward network stabilization.

Psychology, psychopathology, psychiatry, Psychologie, psychopathologie, psychiatrie, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Informatique; automatique theorique; systemes, Computer science; control theory; systems, Logiciel, Software, Systèmes informatiques et systèmes répartis. Interface utilisateur, Computer systems and distributed systems. User interface, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences medicales, Medical sciences, Psychopathologie. Psychiatrie, Psychopathology. Psychiatry, Etude clinique de l'adulte et de l'adolescent, Adult and adolescent clinical studies, Troubles du comportement social. Comportement criminel. Délinquance, Social behavior disorders. Criminal behavior. Delinquency, Psychologie. Psychanalyse. Psychiatrie, Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry, PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE. PSYCHIATRIE, Homme, Human, Hombre, Interaction sociale, Social interaction, Interacción social, Adolescent, Adolescente, Communication médiatisée ordinateur, Computer mediated communication, Communicación mediatizada computador, Comportement rendez vous, Dating behavior, Conducta cita, Messagerie instantanée, Instant messaging, Mensajería instantánea, Trouble du comportement social, Social behavior disorder, Trastorno comportamiento social, Violence, and Violencia

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a serious form of youth violence that youth fairly commonly experience. Although youth extensively use computer-mediated communication (CMC), the epidemiology of CMC-based TDV is largely unknown. This study examined how perpetration of psychological TDV using CMC compares and relates to perpetration using longer-standing modes of communication (LSMC; e.g., face-to-face). Data from the national Growing up with Media study involving adolescents aged 14―19 collected from October 2010 to February 2011 and analyzed May 2012 are reported. Analyses focused on adolescents with a history of dating (n = 615). Forty-six percent of youth daters had perpetrated psychological TDV. Of those who perpetrated in the past 12 months, 58% used only LSMC, 17% used only CMC, and 24% used both. Use of both CMC and LSMC was more likely among perpetrators who used CMC than among perpetrators who used LSMC. In addition, communication mode and type of psychological TDV behavior were separately related to frequency of perpetration. Finally, history of sexual intercourse was the only characteristic that discriminated between youth who perpetrated using different communication modes. Results suggest that perpetration of psychological TDV using CMC is prevalent and is an extension of perpetration using LSMC. Prevention should focus on preventing perpetration of LSMC-based TDV as doing so would prevent LSMC as well as CMC-based TDV.

Cognition, Documentation, Computer science, Informatique, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences et techniques communes, Sciences and techniques of general use, Sciences de l'information. Documentation, Information science. Documentation, Sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques. Etude d'ensemble, Library and information science. General aspects, Bibliométrie. Scientométrie. Evaluation, Bibliometrics. Scientometrics. Evaluation, Sciences de l'information et de la communication, Information and communication sciences, Bibliométrie. Scientométrie, and Bibliometrics. Scientometrics

When information practices are understood to be shaped by social context, privilege and marginalization alternately affect not only access to, but also use of information resources. In the context of information, privilege, and community, politics of marginalization drive stigmatized groups to develop collective norms for locating, sharing, and hiding information. In this paper, we investigate the information practices of a subcultural community whose activities are both stigmatized and of uncertain legal status: the extreme body modification community. We use the construct of information poverty to analyze the experiences of 18 people who had obtained, were interested in obtaining, or had performed extreme body modification procedures. With a holistic understanding of how members of this community use information, we complicate information poverty by working through concepts of stigma and community norms. Our research contributes to human information behavior scholarship on marginalized groups and to Internet studies research on how communities negotiate collective norms of information sharing online.

DATA privacy, PRIVACY, COMPUTER network resources, INTERNET usage monitoring, INTERNET security, and SECURITY systems

In this article, the author presents her views on issues related to online privacy and control of computers on personal data and information. She mentions that privacy is becoming day by day networked as people shares their photographs and other things on internet without even asking for permission. She also mentions that privacy cannot be achieved by control over data but it can be achieved by focusing on internet usage and interpretation.

Abstract: Purpose: To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. Methods: Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6–17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. Results: Measures that use the word “bully” result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word “bully” are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word “bully” results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of “bullying.” Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word “bully” appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. Conclusions: Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word “bully” when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a relatively infrequent neoplasm that can be associated with significant morbidity and cause diagnostic difficulty to both the ophthalmologist and pathologist. We herein describe the first reported case in North American and European databases of a rare variant-signet ring cell melanoma – arising in the background of primary acquired melanosis (PAM) and use this case as a review of important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations when faced with this condition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

SOCIAL networks, INTERNET privacy, and SURVEILLANCE detection

The author discusses aspects of privacy and surveillance in an individual. She states that there are individuals who want to watch while others want to be watched by other people. She says that privacy and surveillance are challenged by social networking society such as Facebook. She mentions the statement of actress Angelina Jolie that the best way to achieve privacy was to be in public so that people do not bother to look in other areas of her life which she wanted to protect.

Biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, Biochimie, biologie moléculaire, biophysique, Microbiology, infectious diseases, Microbiologie, maladies infectieuses, Virology, Virologie, Sciences biologiques et medicales, Biological and medical sciences, Sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. Psychologie, Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology, Microbiologie, Microbiology, Virologie, Virology, Divers, Miscellaneous, Hepadnaviridae, Orthohepadnavirus, Virus, Antigène HBs, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Antígeno HBs, Virus hépatite B, and Hepatitis B virus

Native hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) spontaneously assembles into 22-nm subviral particles. The particles are lipoprotein micelles, in which HBsAg is believed to span the lipid layer four times. The first two transmembrane domains, TM1 and TM2, are required for particle assembly. We have probed the requirements for particle assembly by replacing the entire first or third TM domain of HBsAg with the transmembrane domain of HIV gp41. We found that either TM domain of HBsAg could be replaced, resulting in HBsAg-gp41 chimeras that formed particles efficiently. HBsAg formed particles even when both TM1 and TM3 were replaced with the gp41 domain. The results indicate remarkable flexibility in HBsAg particle formation and provide a novel way to express heterologous membrane proteins that are anchored to a lipid surface by their own membrane-spanning domain. The membrane-proximal exposed region (MPER) of gp41 is an important target of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, and HBsAg-MPER particles may provide a good platform for future vaccine development.

TWINS, STUDENT counselors, CLASSROOMS, SCHOOL administration, CHILD development, and MANAGEMENT

This study investigated 65 school counselor's perception of classroom placement of twins and multiples. The results show that most of the participants had twins and multiples in their schools, but that they were neither aware of their school district nor building's policy regarding placement. Most participants supported early separation, already at preschool or kindergarten and believed that separation would have a positive impact on the children's development. Yet, over 70% reported having no training on issues associated with twins and multiples in the school system. Implications for research and practice are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EDUCATIONAL counseling, STUDENT counselors, SCHOOL districts, PRESCHOOL children, CHILD development, and ATTITUDE (Psychology)

This study investigated 65 school counselor's perception of classroom placement of twins and multiples. The results showed that most of the participants had twins and multiples in their schools, but that they were neither aware of their school district nor building's policy regarding placement. Most participants supported early separation, already at preschool or kindergarten and believed that separation would have a positive impact on the children's development. However, over 70% reported having no training on issues associated with twins and multiples in school system. Implications for research and practice are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers, paint and wood industries, Polymères, industries des peintures et bois, Sciences exactes et technologie, Exact sciences and technology, Sciences appliquees, Applied sciences, Physicochimie des polymeres, Physicochemistry of polymers, Polymères organiques, Organic polymers, Préparation, cinétique, thermodynamique, mécanisme et catalyseurs, Preparation, kinetics, thermodynamics, mechanism and catalysts, Polymérisation, Polymerization, Oléfine polymère, Olefin polymer, Olefina polímero, Activité catalytique, Catalyst activity, Actividad catalítica, Base Schiff, Schiff base, Catalyseur complexe, Complex catalyst, Catalizador complejo, Chrome complexe, Chromium complex, Cromo complejo, Complexe chloro, Chloro complex, Complejo cloro, Coordinat tridenté, Tridentate ligand, Ligando tridentado, Ethylène polymère, Polyethylene, Etileno polímero, Etude expérimentale, Experimental study, Estudio experimental, Oligomérisation catalyseur complexe, Complex catalyst oligomerization, Oligomerización catalizador complejo, Paramètre cristallin, Lattice parameters, Parámetro cristalino, Polymérisation catalyseur complexe, Complex catalyst polymerization, Polimerización catalizador complejo, Pyridine dérivé, Pyridine derivatives, Piridina derivado, Structure cristalline, Crystalline structure, Estructura cristalina, Synthèse chimique, Chemical synthesis, Síntesis química, and Aluminoxane(méthyl)

A family of chromium complexes bearing tridentate pyridine-based ligands are disclosed as highly active precatalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene. The ligands are comprised of two distinct types: Type 1, in which both ketone groups of 2,6-diacetylpyridine are converted to imines to produce pyridine bisimine NNN ligands; and Type 2, in which only one ketone group of 2,6-diacetylpyridine is condensed with an aniline derivative to give monoimine NNO coordination sets. Ligands of either type are coordinated to chromium(II) or chromium(III) chlorides, and activation of the resultant complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) produces highly active ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts. Catalysts of Type 1 (NNN set) generally produce 1-butene when only two ortho alkyl substituents are present but switch to making waxes or polyethylene when the size and/or number of ortho substituents are increased. Catalysts of Type 2 (NNO set) produce waxes and polyethylene under all of the substitution patterns studied. The butene-producing catalysts can make 1-butene with 99.5+% purity, and the wax-producing catalysts make highly linear to moderately branched waxes, depending on the presence of an α-olefin comonomer.