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1When in 1931 Emile Brehier produced his famous article: “Y‐a‐t‐il une philosophic chre‐tienne?,” Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale, XXXVIII, 133ff., many voices answered “No,” a few said “Yes.” Now additional voices ate being raised to answer “Yes.” The mote current works are: H. Dooyeweetd, A New Critique of Theoretical Thought, Vols. 1‐2, Phila., 1953, 1955. M. Foster, Mystery and Philosophy, London, 1957. E. Gilson, The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas, London: Gallancz, 1957. L. Hodgson, Toward A Christian Philosophy, London: Nisbet, 1946. I. Trethowan, An Essay in Christian Philosophy, London: Longmans, 1954. J. Wild, Human Freedom and Social Order (An Essay in Chtistian Philosophy), Durham, N. C: Duke University Press, 1959 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

SOCIOECONOMICS and CHRISTIANITY

The thrust of the present paper has been that "social economics" -- aside from that specific, Anglo-American form -- is not the "emerging" or (relatively) new field or discipline as it has been represented or insinuated to be in several prominent recent works. In response to the rhetorical title of Brian Showler's resurrective article in the maiden issue of the IJSE (Vol. 1 No. 1, 1974), viz., "Social Economics: Branch or New Roots?", we here answer with a resounding Yes! But, first, new roots sinking to where? Not merely what we have resurrected or resuscitated on both sides of the pond as a revitalisation of efforts on the parts of such as J.M. Clark, the Catholic Economic Association, et al. in the 1930s and 1940s.
In its guise of "Social Catholicism (Christianisme)" we recognise today that Pope John XXIII (MM, 1961; PT 1963) and Vatican II (especially Gaudiam et Spes, 1965) admitted fresh air and breathed new life into that movement usually traced (only) back to Eeo XIII (RN, 1891) and the works of Heinrich Pesch, SJ (1895-1925) and his disciples. (Cf. G&R/R-R, 1947/48, IV.ii vs. Fellner, p. 6). However, three-score years before that already, Roman-Catholic conomie sociale as "l'conomie politique chrtienne" had already been so christened and introduced by de Coux (1832, etc) and Villeneuve-Bargemont (1834/37), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a continous quality improvement (CQI) program for anesthesia services based on self- reporting of critical incidents and negative outcomes through a dichotomous (yes/no) response on the anes thesia record. Immediate case investigation provides data for systematic peer review of anesthesia man agement. Trend analysis of the database of critical incidents and negative outcomes identifies opportu nities for improvement. The CQI program resulted in the reporting of nearly twice as many problems re lated to anesthesia management (5% of all anes thetics) as did the checklist it replaced (2.7%). Esca lation of patient care (3.2%) and operational ineffi ciencies (2.2%) were more common than patient injury (1.5% of all anesthetics). Among the 537 cases with anesthesia management problems were 119 hu man errors and equipment problems (22%). Regional nerve blocks and airway management represented the most common problem areas. Improvement in anesthesia services was made through prompt imple mentation of strategies for problem prevention de vised by the practitioners themselves through peer review, literature review, and clinical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

BOROOAH V. K., McGREGOR P. P. L. and McKEE P. M. (1995) Working wives and income inequality in the UK, Reg. Studies 29, 477–487. The purpose of this paper is to use Family Expenditure Survey data to chart the rise in the numbers of working wives, to describe the salient features of this process and to analyse the impact of this rise upon overall income inequality between families. While there has been, over 1979–93, a significant rise in the proportion of married couple families in which both spouses work, this rise cannot be explained simply in terms of changing female and male employment. Moreover, the incidence of working women was fairly independent of husbands' income. The rise in the number of working wives was mirrored in the increasing contribution that women made to their families' income. However, on the moot question as to whether the growing incidence of working wives (and their tendency to be married to working men) has increased income inequality, our finding is ‘yes’, but not by much. Indeed, on our analysis it is the growth in inequality in the earnings of husbands, rather than the fact that wives of employed men go to work, that is responsible for the UK's income divide. BOROOAH V. K., McGREGOR P. P. L. et McKEE P. M. (1995) Les femmes au travail mariées et les inégalités des revenus au Royaume-Uni, Reg. Studies 29, 477–487. Cet article cherche à utiliser l'enquête sur les dépenses ménagères afin d'enregistrer la montée du nombre des femmes actives mariées, de présenter les aspects essentiels de ce processus et d'analyser l'impact de cette montée sur les inégalités des revenus globales entre les familles. Alors qu'il y a eu sur la période de 1979 à 1993 une augmentation sensible de la proportion des familles dont les deux époux travaillent, cette montée ne s'explique pas simplement en termes de l'évolution de l'emploi féminin et masculin. En outre, le taux d'activité féminin est assez indépendant du revenu du mari. La montée du nombre des femmes actives mariées se réflète dans la part croissante du revenu ménager assurée par les femmes. Cependant, à la question discutable concernant le taux d'activité féminin croissant (et le fait que les femmes ont tendance à se marier avec des hommes actifs) et son rapport éventuelle avec l'augmentation des inégalités des revenus, notre réponse est ‘Oui’, le rapport existe, mais il est négligeable. En fait, à partir de notre analyse, l'écart des revenus qui persiste au Royaume-Uni s'explique plutôt par la croissance des inégalités des revenus des maris que par le taux d'activité des femmes dont les hommes travaillent. BOROOAH V. K., McGREGOR P. P. L. und McKEE P. M. (1995) Erwerbstätige Ehefrauen und Einkommensungleichheit im Vereinigten Königreich, Reg. Studies 29, 477–487. Der Zweck dieses Aufsatzes ist die mittels Daten einer Untersuchung von Familienausgaben vorgenommene Erfassung des Anstiegs in der Zahl erwerbstätiger Ehefrauen, um die hervorstechenden Züge dieses Vorgangs zu beschreiben, und die Auswirkung des Anstiegs auf die Gesamteinkommensungleichheit zwischen Familien zu analysieren. Obschon im Zeitraum 1979–93 eine signifikante Zunahme im Verhältnis von Ehepaarfamilien stattgefunden hat, in denen beide Partner erwerbstätig sind, läßt sich diese Zunahme nicht einfach als Wandel in der Erwerbstätigkeit beider Geschlechter erklären. Zudem erwies sich das Auftreten erwerbstätiger Frauen als ziemlich unabhängig vom Einkommen des Ehemannes. Die Zunahme der Zahl erwerbstätiger Ehefrauen spiegelte sich im Anstieg des Beitrags wider, den Frauen zum Familieeinkommen leisteten. Die umstrittene Frage, ob die zunehmende Zahl erwerbstätiger Ehefrauen (und die Tatsache, daß sie dazu tendieren, mit erwerbstätigen Männern verheiratet zu sein), zu vermehrter Einkommensungleichheit geführt hat, wird durch die Befunde der Autoren positiv beantwortet, jedoch nur geringfügig so. Ihrer Analyse nach ist es nicht so sehr die Tatsache, daß Ehefrauen erwerbstätiger Männer erwerbstätig sind, als vielmehr die Zunahme der Ungleichheit in den Einkommen der Ehemänner, die die Kluft zwischen den Einkommen des Vereinigten Königreichs verursacht. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

RATINGS of hospitals and MEDICATION errors

Aims To demonstrate an epidemiological method to assess predictors of prescribing errors. Methods A retrospective case-control study, comparing prescriptions with and without errors. Results Only prescriber and drug characteristics were associated with errors. Prescriber characteristics were medical specialty (e.g. orthopaedics: OR: 3.4, 95% CI 2.1, 5.4) and prescriber status (e.g. verbal orders transcribed by nursing staff: OR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.8, 3.6). Drug characteristics were dosage form (e.g. inhalation devices: OR: 4.1, 95% CI 2.6, 6.6), therapeutic area (e.g. gastrointestinal tract: OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.2, 2.4) and continuation of preadmission treatment (Yes: OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.3, 2.3). Conclusions Other hospitals could use our epidemiological framework to identify their own error predictors. Our findings suggest a focus on specific prescribers, dosage forms and therapeutic areas. We also found that prescriptions originating from general practitioners involved errors and therefore, these should be checked when patients are hospitalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

PREDATION, PODISUS, HEMIPTERA, STINKBUGS, VIBURNUM, BEETLES, CHRYSOMELIDAE, PREDATORY insects, and NYMPHS (Insects)

Copyright of Canadian Entomologist is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

LITTER (Trash), WASTE management, BEHAVIOR, SOCIAL norms, ENVIRONMENTAL responsibility, ENVIRONMENTALISM, ENVIRONMENTAL sociology, SURVEYS, and PSYCHOLOGY

Two studies tested littering norm activation by trash can design. The first was a scenario study using a 4 (norm type: social injunctive vs. social descriptive vs. personal vs. control) × 2 (activation type: explicit vs. implicit activation) between-group design, with judgments of a litterer as the dependent variable. Explicit norm activation was more effective than implicit activation. A field study subsequently tested the effect of personal norm activation on actual littering behavior, following a 2 (explicit activation: no vs. yes) × 2 (Implicit activation: no vs. yes) between-group design. Here, both explicit activation through a verbal prompt and implicit activation through design had significant effects, reducing the amount of litter by 50%. A post hoc survey revealed significant effects of age and gender on the personal norm against littering. These findings helped explain the absence of norm activation effects in the youngest age group as found in the field study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SEWAGE disposal plants, HOSPITALS, SEWAGE purification, REFUSE disposal facilities, STEROIDS, HORMONES, ENVIRONMENTAL impact charges, WATER quality management, and WATER utilities

Influent and effluent samples originating from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (treating hospital wastewater and domestic wastewater, Belgium) have been analyzed in order to estimate their steroid hormone content. The natural estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and the synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) together with other steroid hormones progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) metabolites were detected in these samples. The hormone concentrations in both the hospital and the domestic WWTP samples were not significantly different and ranged from <0.2 ng EE2/L to 114 ng EE2/L, from <0.2 ng E1/L to 58 ng E1/L and from <0.2 ng P/L to >100 ng P/L. E2 was detected once at a concentration of 17 ng/L. In the domestic WWTP which comprises a conventional activated sludge treatment in parallel with a membrane bioreactor, no differences in estrogen removal efficiency could be observed for both treatments. In comparison to chemical analysis data, the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) appears to underestimate the influent estrogen concentrations, probably due to influent toxicity for the YES. Effluent estrogen concentrations, on the other hand, were overestimated by the YES test, probably due to the presence of other estrogenic compounds in the effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

YEAST-free diet, LEAVENING agents, FIRE assay, WASTEWATER treatment, SEWAGE purification, and SEWAGE disposal plants

Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are responsible for the input of estrogenic contaminants into aquatic ecosystems, leading to widespread effects in wildlife. In the present work, levels of estrone (E1), 17α- and 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and nonylphenol (NP) were quantified in effluents from WWTPs located in Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal), as well as in the final effluent discharged into the Atlantic Ocean through the S. Jacinto submarine outfall. Reference sites, located at the entrance of the estuarine system and at the seaside, were also included. Samples were collected under summer (June 2005) and winter (February 2006) conditions. For the summer survey samples, estrogenicity and androgenicity were evaluated using the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the yeast androgen screen (YAS) assay. Estrone levels varied from 0.5 to 85 ng/L in the summer survey and between L in winter; estradiol levels ranged from L in summer and were always L up to 2,350 ng/L in summer and from 10 to 2,410 ng/L in winter; BPA levels varied from 2.8 to 897 ng/L in summer and from 2.6 up to 316 ng/L in winter. Biological assays disclosed estrogenic levels at reference sites lower than the ones reported to pose risk for wildlife. However, the S. Jacinto outfall effluent released high concentrations of NP and BPA into the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]