articles+ search results

Integrated circuits -- Packaging and Printed circuits -- Packaging

Systems analysis -- Methods

Information storage and retrieval systems -- Innovations and Electronic data processing -- Innovations

System Development, Performance Improvement, Systems Analysis, User Relations, Project Management Software, Project Life Cycle, Prototype, and System Design

Prototyping of a computer system has not typically been a course taken by many systems analysts. The advantages and disadvantages indicate that a more efficient system with a better fit results when prototyping is used. Typically problems emerge as system development progresses. Prototyping allows for early analysis of the problems and facilitates the integration of their solutions into the final system. The mutual learning of user and analyst while prototyping diminishes communication problems.

Data Processing, Software Selection, Productivity, Integrated Software, Functional Capabilities, and User Interface

A data processing department should select software that is designed for its particular needs. The selection of software can determine the productivity of the department. An integrated software system should be selected that provides the following: easy-to-use applications for different levels of users, components that work well together, adaptability to both simple and complex situations. The software should provide for user-system interface through features such as menus that guide a user through the necessary operating steps, prototyping that allows a user to test the program, and step level refinement that enables simple corrections or changes. The correct software can result in increased productivity without the addition of staff or hardware.

User Relations, System Development, User Need, Prototype, Systems, and System Design

According to Merle Parks, product manager for Cincom, DP personnel need to recognize the following myths when developing applications: users' needs are static, users know what they want and users can communicate their needs to DP. When dealing with users, the system developer should illustrate several types of systems via menus. A photograph of Merle Parks is included.

Relational Data Base Management Systems, DBMS, Mainframe Computer, Interface, Enhancements, and System 2000 Release 11 (data base management system)

Intel's Release 11 of its System 2000 data base management system (DBMS) features relational DBMS functions, data base modeling, prototyping, decision assist for what-if analysis, and access to multiple data bases. Designed for IBM-based OS and VM-CMS environments, the package also offers a new teleprocessing interface that combines the attributes of the existing batch and TP interfaces. It sells for $70,000.

Microcomputer, Home Computers, Interface, New Product, Peripherals, and Hardware

The ADASI unit provides status information on all lines connecting an Apple computer to a floppy drive. Data Lok provides software protection for the Apple. An electromagnetic digitalizing tablet has been introduced by Numonics. Soundtrays lowers the noise level of most popular printers. Compact turns the Commodore 4032, 8032, and 64 into a communications control center. Micro 68000 is a portable training-prototyping system for engineers and technicians. The Wizard-EBI Epson Buffered Interface allows Epson MX Series printers to dump print data into the buffer quickly to free the computer. Pictures of these new products are provided.

Prototype, System Development, Requirements Analysis, Systems Analysis, Interactive Systems, and User Interface

The use of a prototype to aid in determining system requirements is discussed. The idea behind prototyping is to provide a tool upon which specifications can be determined for the full blown system. User-analyst communication is facilitated because an actual model of the final system is the basis of discussions. Two problems are associated with prototyping. The first is the high expense of the requirements phase of the project and the second is that it is difficult to keep the requirements and design phase separate.

Conferences, Conferences and Meetings, and Information Systems

The International Conference on Information Systems is a forum to keep up to date with new trends and developments in Information Systems. Three papers are included in this magazine which were from this conference. Their titles are: 'The Dynamics of Software Project Scheduling,' 'Prototyping Interactive Information Systems,' and 'ACL: A Language Specific for Auditors.' The Conference was held December 13-15, 1982 in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Automation, Computer-Aided Design, Manufacturing, Solids Modeling, Modeling, Three-Dimensional Graphics, Integrated Systems, CAD/CAM, and Ingersoll

Computer-aided design (CAD) offers manufacturers increased design productivity, reduces prototyping by using three-dimensional modeling and easily transfers information from the designer to the manufacturer. Three-D modeling with solid and wire models has invaded mechanical engineering and can be linked to manufacturing operations. Ingersoll, a West German machine-tool company, uses a Cadam (Computer-augmented drafting and manufacturing) system for custom design of products. The increased productivity potential of CAD systems may not be fully realized but a case history illustrates a productivity increase using a CAD system. Screen displays of three-D graphics as well as a block diagram of the Northrup computer-aided design (NCAD) system are included.

Prototype, Forms Design, System Development, and Forms

Prototypes are often used to evaluate the feasibility of doing a full design of a new mechanism. A prototype of an electronic form system is presented with a discussion of prototypes. The mechanism being explored is a high level form definition mechanism based on abstract data types in programming languages. The prototype provided better understanding of implementation and facilities of a form definition language. Statements of prototype objectives assisted in developing a successful prototype.

Research and Development, Application Development Software, Software, Software Design, Prototype, System Design, User Interface, Hardware Error, Feedback, Software Maintenance, Program Errors, Product Development, Technology, Software Quality, Software Engineering, and System Development

The use of prototype models improved by user interaction has become an important new method for software development. Unreliable software caused by design errors and excessive costs of development, maintenance, and testing are serious problems. In many instances, prototyping offers solution to these problems. Systems designers will have to be able to communicate with users and understand their needs. Cost comparisons, error distribution, structural analysis, and steps in the prototyping process are depicted through graphs and diagrams.

Application Development Software, 16-Bit, C Programming Language, 32-Bit, Functional Capabilities, End User, and Adata Software Ltd. -- Product introduction

Adata Software Ltd has been formed to produce a transportable prototyping and application development system. This system uses C as the development language. The use of C enables the system to run on 16-bit and 32-bit computers. This system is supported by a database management system, data dictionary, query language and report writer. The system is designed to put users back in control of their computing environments.

Information Systems, Systems Analysis, System Development, Project Life Cycle, Strategic Planning, Product Development, Products, Product Life Cycle, and Product Introduction

Information system results can be pinpointed to product cost reduction, product growth support, management information, and information technology products. Products of a strategic business unit have a life cycle of four stages: embryonic, growth, mature, and aging. The competitive position of a strategic business unit within an industry can be classified as dominant, strong, favorable, tenable, or weak. Too little prototyping occurs because programmers try to build efficient systems too soon. MIS is to coordinate and control an organization to improve management decisions. Old information and voluminous, rigid reports can do more harm than good. Incrementalism has been a successful enterprise response to the opportunities presented by new technologies. A common complaint for users is 'we spend too much on data processing and never get new systems on time'. A graph showing information systems strategic objectives and a missing communication link is shown. Another graph shows various stages of industry maturity and market characteristics at each stage. A third graph shows system development strategies for each stage of industry maturity.

Communications Technology, Telecommunications, Cellular Radio, Switching, Data Communications Software, Mobile Phones, Software Design, System Design, System Development, and Project Management Software

AT&T's new Autoplex System 100 cellular phone service was designed using modern software methodology by over 100 software engineers. The first Autoplex service was installed in the summer of 1984 in the metropolitan Chicago area. Combined in the system are cellular radio and electronic switching, with advances in software design and development as applied to large stored-program controlled systems making it possible. The complex software required effective management and control of each of the phases of its development. Prototyping requirements, and reviews were important in the early development stages. Other means of achieving quality software included analytical and simulation modeling, testing software metrics, and careful monitoring of progress toward project goals. Finding faults early in the development process helped to keep costs down. Performance analysis was performed primarily with a traffic-load-generation device. Western Electric will be engineering, furnishing, and installing twenty Autoplex 100 systems. Photographs show various phases in the development of the system. Diagrams illustrate the traffic-load generation device and the software development path. The Chicago Cellular System is shown in a map.

DBMS, Relational Database, Query Languages, Prototype, Database Design, Database, Relational Data Base Management Systems, Tables, Design, Data Dictionaries, and Data Independence

The application data base using SQL-DS consists of thirty- three tables with 97 million bytes. Data was loaded using Data Base Services utilities, and ten transactions were developed and stored in a routine table. Metadata is automatically recorded in catalog tables; thus the dictionary-directory does not become out of synch with reality. The unified, non-procedural query language, SQL, is user friendly, and can be embedded in the host language when non-columnar formatting or editing is required. Relational DBMS are well-suited to prototyping, reducing application development time and maintenance time and cost.

Prototype, System Development, Software Engineering, Pilot Project, Models, and Systems Analysis

Prototyping offers as good a system, at a minimum cost of money and personnel resources, as larger corporate information models. Prototyping is the trial and error simulation of computer systems based on question and answer techniques. To be successfully prototyped, a system should be a well defined area of investigation, have limited user objectives, have an available data dictionary, have users who are cooperative with the prototyper and have complete honesty. Prototyping allows a firm to preserve strategy in current hardware. It also tends to produce a subculture that opposes building larger, more encompassing management information systems. Developers of the corporate subculture will be able to gain the power, prestige, and acceptance of their efforts through their ability to eliminate person-years of DP and user effort through prototyping.

Systems analysis -- Methods and management information systems -- Design and construction

Prototype, Definitions, Models, System Development, Functional Capabilities, and End User

The definition of a system can determine its success. Prototyping is a definition technique that minimizes life cycle cost, implementation time and project risk. This technique insures that a product will be accepted at conversion. It is based upon the assumption that people understand physical models and focuses upon the following factors when building a system: user needs, software that provides speed and flexibility, communication through familiar mediums and animated specifications. Prototyping works well in the early phases of system development.

Prototype, MIS, Technology, System Development, Fourth Generation, and Programming Language

The previous procedures for the development of systems inhibited experimentation and are inadequate for fourth generation languages and development tools. Prototyping involves experimentation but without the great risk managers associate with new system development. By the use of prototyping, a model system can be set up as defined by user needs and system fallacies can eliminated. On-line capabilities, I-O, screen management, relational data base and high level languages are required for prototyping. It is essential to set up a good data base, and software to manage the data is important. Additionally, it requires a close working relationship between user and developer. A flow chart of the process is included.

Specifications, Prototype, Modeling, and System Development

Prototyping is modeling system development in a faster environment. Prototypes can be used for the working specifications to build a true system. A user can specifiy changes using a prototype and not endanger the project deadline. Through trial and error, the prototype eventually becomes the real system. This form of development is instead of an extensive design and clean implementation. When dealing with terminal and hard copy outputs, very few screens and reports should be produced at the outset; rather they should be developed as the user uses the system.

Artificial Intelligence, Cybernetics, Cognitive Science, Expert Systems, Knowledge-Based System, Natural Language Interfaces, List Processing, Productivity, and Market

The race for market share in the artificial intelligence (AI) field has started for a small aggressive group of software and hardware suppliers. Suppliers of symbolic computing tools are rushing to tie up the promising AI market before IBM, Digital Equipment, Sperry, and the Japanese enter. Many of the new firms intend to bring together natural language and expert systems. LISP and related object-oriented languages are especially good for quick prototyping of interactive systems before designs are locked into more efficient but far less flexible structures. This improves programmer productivity tenfold. LISP machines sell for $32,000 to $150,000. Major firms in this field are Symbolics Inc., Xerox Corp., and LISP Machine Inc. They control the $50 million market.

Conferences and Meetings, Applications Programming, System Development, Consultants, Prototype, End User, User Need, Information Systems, and Architecture

Speaking to a session at the 10th International Information Management Exposition and Conference, the vice-president of a computer consulting firm outlined a method of evolutionary information system development that draws heavily on prototyping to build systems that meet user needs at the end, rather than the beginning, of the development life cycle. There are three basic steps involved in this process: designing a standard system architecture, defining the application environment, and defining the application development methodology, that is, the 'how-to' of system design strategies.

Relational Database, DBMS, Relational Data Base Management Systems, and Prototype

Relational data base management systems (DBMS) are well suited for prototyping due to their ease of use and data independence. Updates can be entered directly at the terminals, placed in routines, or embedded in a host language. Relational DBMS have no separate data dictionaries. Changes to the logical design of data is also simple since logical design is implemented through views that do not physically exist.

Prototype, System Development, Methods, Database Design, Data Management, Dataflow Architecture, Systems Analysis, Systems, Implementation, and Pilot Project

Three system development strategies are presented. The first is the traditional approach, which is called functional decomposition. The second is prototyping, which is driven by the needs of the applications. It is called application prototyping. The third is data driven prototyping, which is driven by the organization that the data assumes. The three parts of data-driven prototyping method are are information requirments definition, metadata management and project control. There are six iterative steps in data-driven prototyping which are discussed. Nine important reasons that data-driven prototyping is done are discussed.

Future of Computing, Software Engineering, Software Design, Product Development, Programming, and Prototype

Software tools are necessary for programming productivity and quality to match that of hardware improvements, but are not being used by engineers in the United States. One improvement in software design would be in rapid prototyping of systems. High- level languages could check the requirements of a program quickly by implementing a basic version of the final product. Reusable software would also cut down on the development process. Automated design tools would include a non-prodecural specifications language, an intelligent software-based management system for reusable software, and an intelligent editor.

Insurance Industry, Artificial Intelligence, Workstations, Networks, DBMS, Database, Online, Future Technologies, User Interface, Information Systems, and Information Resources Management

By 1990 developments in data processing and communications technology will bring dramatic changes to the insurance industry and other businesses using stored information resources. Information will be kept in true data bases which will be accessed on-line for updating, inquiries, and transactions. Home terminals linked to a company's mainframe computer will provide for electronic purchases of insurance policies. Workstations will give users the ability to produce, store, retrieve, manipulate, and analyze information located in personal, corporate, and external data bases. All hardware will be seen as part of a communications network which the user will join when he sits at a workstation. In the 1980's methodologies such as prototyping, along with dedicated efforts by information system managers and end users, will be needed to bring about these advances.

COBOL, FORTRAN, Programming Language, Outlook, Third Generation, Fourth Generation, Productivity, Data Dictionaries, Programmer, EDP Personnel, Future of Computing, and Computer Industry

Third generation programming languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN are being replaced gradually by what has been termed the fourth generation languages. Fourth generation languages offer users independence from data processing personnel and increase the productivity of the applications. Their features include data dictionaries and nonprocedural techniques, making prototyping almost nonexistent. Because of this within the next ten to fifteen years, programmers will not be needed but corporate management will have to play an increasing role in analysis, motivation, education and review of the user's work.

Software, Application Development Software, Software Packages, Programmer, Program Generators, Productivity, Applications Backlog, Efficiency, and Accolade

Multiplication Inc.'s Accolade application generation software has boosted programmers' productivity at Loyola University in Chicago by a factor of ten. Accolade provides prototyping tools and generates eighty to ninety per cent of the required code for each transaction. Loyola switched from IBM's DMS under CICS because the system, though powerful and easy to use, ate up computer capacity.

Conferences and Meetings, Prototype, Validation, Software Validation, System Development, and United Kingdom

The Specification and Development of Software Systems project run by NCC and GMD of West Germany resulted in two conferences. The Symposium on Software Validation dealt with the areas of inspection, verification, static analysis, testing, and symbolic execution. Dr. Leon G. Stucki of Boeing Computer Services has attempted a CAD-CAM approach toward software development. The Conference on Prototyping concluded that prototyping should be renamed 'executable modeling'. The delegates also felt that serious planning is required before a prototyping approach is taken.

Insurance Industry, Software Packages, Prototype, Software, Applications Backlog, Integrated Software, Applications, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, and Umbrella

Equitable Life Assurance has implemented Hogan Systems' Umbrella integrated applications system to help reduce its programming backlog. Umbrella is an on-line, transaction-driven process and data dictionary for batch as well as on-line processing. System development is a matter of choosing the proper components, supplying parameters tailored to the specifics of an application, then integrating into the system any programming that is unique to that application. It has three major components: the Processing Environment Manager (PEM), Production Support (PS), and Application Support (AS). PEM isolates the application so it is independent of the operating environment. PS controls the processing of exceptions, centralized applications, and cylical transactions. AS eliminates redundant programming, simplifies maintenance, creates application systems, and enables nontechnical personnel to create their own tables and their own error messages.

CMOS, N-Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductors, Standard Cells, Semiconductor Device, New Company, Gate Arrays, Semiconductor Industry, Custom Silicon -- Management, and NCR Corp. -- Contracts

Custom Silicon Inc., a New England start-up company is offering a six week turn around on three micron standard cell CMOS and NMOS technology to small and medium industries. This service allows smaller firms to compete with larger competitors that have in-house 'captive' semiconductor divisions. Custom Silicon has a new pact with National Cash Register (NCR) in which it will offer the same services as a product development group in a large corporation's captive semiconductor division. It will offer such services as system partitioning, detail chip specification, text program development, logic and circuit design, design of manufacturing tools and fast turn around prototyping.

Specifications, Program Development Techniques, Software Engineering, Prototype, System Development, Software Quality, and Software Architecture

A perspective on the evolution and problems of the software development craft is presented. How software engineering techniques show promise to solve these problems is discussed. Using architecture prototyping as a program development technique for improving software quality is introduced. A disciplined approach to software development based on the use of formal specification techniques to express software requirements and system design is presented.

Language, Programming Language, Applications, Machine Independence, User-Friendliness, Design, and Technology

One way of classifying computer languages is by two classes: languages needing skilled programmers, and personal languages used by an expanding population of general users. REstructured eXtended eXecutor (REXX) is a flexible personal language designed with particular attention to feedback from its users. It has proved to be effective and easy to use, yet it is sufficiently general and powerful to fulfil the needs of many demanding professional applications. REXX is system and hardware independent, so that it has been possible to integrate it experimentally into several operating systems. Here REXX is used for such purposes as command and macro programming, prototyping, education, and personal programming. This paper introduces REXX and describes the basic design principles that were followed in developing it. (Reprinted by Permission of Publisher.)

Productivity, EDP Personnel, Efficiency, MIS, Cost, Cost of CPU, Management of EDP, Management, Prototype, and Documentation

MIS-DP departments face growing demands for their services while operating under cost control measures left from the recession. Several methods are available for increasing productivity within cost constraints. Having each programmer with their own terminal is one step. Requiring well-defined requests for new systems or applications helps reduce the DP workload. Prototyping helps in developing efficient and useable systems. Well-maintained documentation reduces the workload in altering systems.

Applications Programming, Program Generators, Application Development Software, Appraisal, Software Packages, Software Selection, and Criteria

Application generators reduce development costs and information backlog while increasing productivity and accessibility to information. An application generator should include the following facilities: integrated data dictionary, prototyping, relational data management, ease of use, free formatted screens and reports, menu screens, inquiry screens, and update screens, self-documenting code, data base management interface, teleprocessing monitor interface, portable source code, and sorted output data files. It should also generate source code and JCL for compilation-execution and generate special forms. Application generators are the successors to current high-level languages for program development. They offer the potential of breaking the applications backlog.

Programming, System Development, Efficiency, Prototype, Sampling, and Testing

An experiment at the TRW Defense Systems Group of prototyping and specifying approaches to coding showed prototyping produces forty per cent less code with forty-five per cent effort. Specifying was more coherent and the code was easier to integrate. The sample of seven teams was criticized for being too small.

Software, Software Packages, End User, User Need, User Interface, Application Development Software, Applications Programming, Evaluation, and Datakit -- Evaluation

Many first-time computer users are faced with a dilemma. After deciding to computerize, they either have to buy a canned package or they have to buy an expensive custom-built package. Datafit, a United Kingdom-based company has developed a software package that addresses these problems. The Datafit software is based upon three precepts. First, special assistance in application development is indispensable. Second, the needs of any business are fluid. Third microcomputer applications require special care to ensure that the routines are either self-evident or easily learned and that opportunities for misuse are designed out. With this in mind, seven key design features are adhered to: the system is built around a relational data base, user systems are built using the concept of prototyping, various ready-made user facilities are supplied, high level generators are supplied, on-line computer-aided instruction is provided, operation security is of a high standard, and skeleton applications are provided.

Trends, Future of Computing, User Relations, User Assistance, End User, User-Written Software, Management of EDP, Programmer, EDP Personnel, Program Development Techniques, and Prototype

The processes of systems analysis and programming have changed little in the last ten to fifteen years. The arrival of mini- and micro-computers in user departments and the change in user information requirements will force a change in data processing. 'Fourth generation' software, or end user computing involves the user departments directly in the development of a system. Prototyping of a system by programmer and a user will be used to first develop screen layouts, then to map out processing using high-level languages. In order to survive, programmers will need to become involved with the applications they are coding and will need to acquire systems analysis skills.

DBMS, Enhancements, Upgrading, Disk/File Management Software, and Mantis Release 3.7 (computer program)

Cincom Systems Mantis application system has enhanced features for prototyping, file-access and documentation. Mantis runs in both IBM CICS and Cincom's TIS-DC environments. The list price ranges from $21,000 to $59,000.

Fourth Generation, Software Packages, Data Management, Programming Language, Applications Programming, Nonprocedural Languages, End User, and Info

To get the most from Henco Software's Info fourth-generation programming language and data management system, users are urged to use the program package effectively. Info is best suited to developing single-user applications and prototyping general applications that can later be developed in another language for production environments. It should not be used in multiuser applications or applications involving over nine data relationships.

Microcomputer, Prototype, System Development, Gate Arrays, Integrated Circuits, Future Technologies, Microelectronics, and Electron Beam Accessed Memory

Microcomputer development will be greatly aided by new ways to prototype chips. Electron beam lithography together with gate array technology provides a fast and economical way to manufacture chips. With this process the silicon wafer can be written on directly. Dr. Haroun Ahmed of Cambridge University engineering department is at the forefront of this new technology.

Data Base Processors, New Product, Applications, Banking, Computer Systems, Data Base Languages, Query Languages, User Interface, Wells Fargo Bank N.A. -- Purchasing, and DBC-1012

Wells Fargo Bank N.A. is the first user of Teradata Corp.'s DBC-1012 data base machine. While Wells Fargo has no plans for replacing its VSAM files with the data base machine, it does expect to develop many of its small and medium-scale applications on the DBC-1012, particularly those requiring a quick turnaround time. Teradata's TEQUEL fourth-generation language is about twice as fast as the FOCUS language, in terms of prototyping and development. The DBC-1012 has a reported capacity of up to one terabyte - one trillion bytes. One of the first applications on Wells Fargo's DBC-1012, which consists of four parallel access module processors, two communications controllers, and four Winchester disk packs, included a difference analysis program in which three million item processing balances were input and searched for discrepancies. The acid test for the system will come in April when Wells Fargo plans to install an accounts analysis system.

Data Base Processors, New Product, Applications, Query Languages, Data Base Languages, User-Friendliness, Wells Fargo Bank N.A. -- Purchasing, and DBC-1012

Although Teradata Corp. touts its new data base machine, the DBC-1012, as being capable of handling large production-scale processing, Wells Fargo, the first user of the system, plans to use it for fast-changing new applications and end-user computing. The DBC-1012 has proven useful for prototyping, due primarily to the TEQUEL query language and the machine's self- normalizing relational structure. Because TEQUEL is relatively easy to learn, it will be taught to executive-level users at Wells Fargo.

Robots, Simulation, Performance Prediction, Simulation of Computer Systems, and Testing -- Other

There are three major advantages to using computer simulation for testing robot systems. First, the time and materials spent on physically prototyping alternative robot work cells is reduced or eliminated. Second, the need for on-site testing is eliminated. Third, the possibility of a programming error causing harm to personnel or equipment is reduced. The major disadvantage to using simulation is that computer simulations are never perfect representations of the real world. Users must be careful to understand how well real world applications are being reproduced. Three simulation screen displays are included.

Fourth Generation, System Development, Prototype, Software Engineering, User Need, Efficiency, and Northgate Computing Services

Northgate Computing Services has an approach to cost effective systems development that can reduce costs and produce run time efficient systems. New computer systems are produced in one tenth of the normal time. Northgate bases all its services around the use of fourth generation techniques such as data analysis, prototyping and a complex application generator. Its main software tool is a fourth genertaion language called ALL (Application Language Liberator). ALL provides a library of over 100 permanent memory modules, each performing a specific function. The user can organize these modules into powerful applications. A photograph of Northgate's is managing director is included.

Australia, Systems Software, Enhancements, Applications Programming, and Mantis-Release 3.7 -- Evaluation

Mantis-Release 3.7 has new advanced features. The Release 3.7 software has interactive and operational capabilities for file access, prototyping, and documentation. The new 3.7 version of Mantis also includes automatic access to Cincom TIS's Logical User View. Mantis, an application development system, also runs in an IBM CICS environment.

Enhancements, Application Development Software, Program Generators, Software Packages, and Mantis Release 3.7 (program development software)

Cincom Systems, Inc. has enhanced the capabilities of Mantis with Release 3.7. Mantis is an on-line, interactive application development system which Cincom introduced in 1981. Release 3.7 expands Mantis' interactive and operational capabilities in the areas of prototyping, documentation, and file access. The enhancements include a batch print facility, increased interface parameters, automatic TIS (Incom's relational integrated data base technology), Logical View Access, and expanded capability to access the DL-1 file structure.

Relational Data Base Management Systems, Database, Query Modification, Processor Speed, New Product, and IDMS-R

IDMS-R which includes, a relational system for the operational database, adhoc queries and rapid prototyping is available from Cullinet. Its annual fee will be some $13,000 pounds with a ten per cent annual renewal. In this product relational and operational distinctions disappear.

Nonprocedural Languages, Study, User Relations, Evaluation, Programming, Programming Language, and Application Development Software

According to Input Inc.'s report titled Opportunities of Fourth-Generation Languages, fourth-generation languages can solve several problems relating to information systems. These problems include isolation of information systems from the rest of the organization; the development of systems that are late, incomplete, or inflexible; the perception of the information systems department as unresponsive; and user ignorance of data processing functions. The report predicts fourth-generation languages will play an important role in the systems development process. In addition, micro versions will offer some attractive options, including micro-mainframe communication and prototyping.

Sabadia Export Corp. -- Innovations and Microcomputers -- Innovations

Relational Data Base Management Systems, Software Packages, Database, Beta Testing, Integrated Software, Prototype, User-Written Software, Application Development Software, End User, User-Friendliness, Central & South West Services, IDMS-R, Integrated PC Software, and Information Database

Although Central and South West Services, Inc. has yet to build a large-scale application, company officials are nonetheless pleased with Cullinet Software's IDMS-R relational data base management system (DBMS). The package has improved prototyping efficiency for both end-users and programmers. Central and South West also uses Cullinet's Integrated PC Software, which enables users to manipulate data without knowing where it is stored, and the Information Database package.

Prototype, System Development, Project Management Software, System Design, User Relations, Methods, User Interface, and Superior Oil

Superior Oil Co. has been using prototyping as an alternative to conventional systems development methods. Two projects in the materials department have been completed, resulting in a substantial time savings. The protyping involves users in early states to design screen formats and set system requirements. The final stage is management review and operational testing. Prototyping involves users more in the development and is quicker than conventional methods.

Book, United Kingdom, Future of Computing, Future Technologies, Applications Backlog, System Development, User Need, and Data Processing

In his book, An Information Systems Manifests, James Martin puts forth ideas which will radically change data processing departments. Companies need to employ computer-based information systems. Present-day problems such as application backlogs and program writing can be eased by shifting to systems which are largely end user driven. Martin wants an increase in the use of application generators and methods that use prototyping techniques to involve the users. He argues that system development can be done without programmers. This is a very relevant book.

Prototype, Applications Backlog, Applications Programming, Efficiency, and Program Development Techniques

Although prototyping is not a perfect solution, it is one of the best ways to improve application development productivity. Unfortunately, it is also a misunderstood technique. Some fear that it serves merely to gloss over the real business problems. Others shy away from prototyping because they feel it departs from standard software engineering practices. Another concern is that it constrains the imagination of the system developers. Still another concern is that it conflicts with data resource administration and the creation of shared data bases. These are among the concerns that are addressed and refuted. In short, the difference between prototyping and traditional structured analysis is the difference bewteen experience and conjecture.

Programming Language, LISP, Workstations, Enhancements, Software, and Domain LISP

Apollo Computer Inc. has introduced a version of the LISP programming language for its Domain workstations. Domain LISP conforms to the standard LISP of 1979, and is compatible with the Portable Standard LISP developed at the University of Utah. It features save-restore environment commands, cross-call language capability, and a dynamically scoped binding environment. It also includes an interpreter for checkout and prototyping, and an optimizing compiler. The package runs on all Apollo systems and costs $1,850 per node and $15,500 per site.

Prototype, Applications Backlog, Programming, Efficiency, Productivity, Software, and Software Maintenance

According to industry experts, eighty-two per cent of a program's bugs are introduced during the specification process, seventeen per cent are introduced during detail design, and only one per cent are introduced during coding. The way to improve programming efficiency is through prototyping. Prototyping enables the finished program to more precisely meet the user's requirements. This, in turn, lowers maintenance requirements and increases the useful life cycle of an application. Because seventy to eighty per cent of a programmer's time is spent on maintenance and enhancements, prototyping frees valuable resources that can be better applied to the applications backlog.

Program Generators, Applications Programming, Programming, System Design, and Tutorial

The design process for systems using application generators is different from traditionally designed systems, in that application generators are data base oriented, not process-oriented. It involves a recommended sequence of events. In order, they include defining the functional requirements, building a data model, understanding the application generator, creating the specifications, conducting design walkthroughs, prototyping, and designing the physical data base.

Program Generators, Applications Backlog, Application Development Software, Programming, and Applications Programming

Applications backlog is the single biggest problem facing DP managers. One solution to the problem is program generators, not to be confused with applications generators. Program generators are designed to assist the programmer in the development of a program using procedural languages such as COBOL. Applications generators are strictly end user products. Program generators provide several benefits, including rapid prototyping, minimal debugging, easy code modification, well-organized code, and portability across many systems.

Prototype, System Development, Tutorial, End User, and User Need

Prototyping offers both increased development productivity and improved system quality. Prototyping can be broken down into four levels of activity: mock-ups of printed reports or screens; simulated interaction of on-line activity or batch reports; a working model of a system that can be gradually expanded, completed, and implemented; and a research project that uses the model to prove the feasibility of a system design. The best way to conceptualize prototyping is to think of it as anything that lessens the time between when a user describes a specification and then sees the results of the description. Remember, also, that it is a step-by-step proposition; prototyping does not happen overnight.

System Development, Prototype, System Design, Comparative Study, User Survey, User Studies, Information Systems, and Project Management Software

The prototyping approach is gaining popularity in the field of information system development. Field interviews with organizations which have used prototyping show that users are enthusiastic but designers find it difficult to manage. The lack of comparative data between prototyping and life-cycle approaches prompted an experiment to explore both. An information system was developed with half of the designers using prototyping and half using the life cycle approach. Results indicate that users felt more involved and enthusiastic about the system with the prototyping approach. Designers perceived more changes and less control of the design process with prototyping.

Applications, Business Planning, User Need, and Prototype

Prototyping brings the end user into the decision making process in applications development. Traditional methods involve analysts and programmers designing an application according to the user's specifications. In prototyping both the analyst and the user are involved in the project from the initial design phase. Prototyping is seen as valuable in time, money and customer relations. One negative aspect is that prototypes may be slower and may use more mainframe memory.

System Development, Prototype, Programming, Applications Programming, Productivity, and Efficiency

If used properly, prototyping can be a useful tool, but if used improperly can cause more problems than it solves. To be effective, prototyping should be used within a systems development methodology, though there are times when its use is inappropriate. It should be remembered that prototypes are full working representations of a complete system; poorly designed prototypes will result in poorly designed systems. It should also be realized that while prototyping may reduce coding time, it will not necessarily reduce total project time.

Programmable array logic -- Equipment and supplies and Erasable programmable read-only memory -- Usage

User-programmable logic is an absolute must for developing custom circuits that will be needed only in small quantities. In addition, it proves valuable in the prototyping of circuits that will [...]

Training of Employees, Programming Language, Program Generators, Fourth Generation, DBMS, and Applications Programming

Special training is required to design systems with applications generators due to their data base orientation. It is necessary to understand the generator itself, set up the system specifications, and build a data model. A system walk through must be designed and prototyping should be considered before the physical database is loaded.

Productivity, Study, Case Study, Fourth Generation, Nonprocedural Languages, Applications, Management of EDP, and Programming

Fourth-generation languages are generally heralded as the answer to applications backlog and seen as the key to increased productivity. While fourth-generation languages are useful for certain applications, such as decision support, prototyping, and environments where there is a limited amount of data and-or processing, a study of eighteen DP shops in Europe and North America reveals that the use of fourth-generation programming languages does not improve productivity. In productive shops, the ratio of (skilled) DP personnel per mainframe computer was between thirty-five and seventy-five with an average of fifty-five. The range for nonproductive shops was eighty-five to 225, with the average being 150. While fourth-generation languages were predominant in the nonproductive shops, not one productive shop used any.

Prototype, Application Development Software, Programming, Applications Programming, COBOL, Securities industry, Merrill Lynch & Company Inc., and Prototype-CICS

Using Eureka Software's Prototype-CICS data dictionary- based prototyping tool, a development team at Merrill Lynch has developed a large COBOL applications system under IMS and CICS, despite the fact that none of the team members knew COBOL, only one knew IMS, and only three knew CICS. The project, called the Advanced Order Processing system, consists of fifty subprograms designed to process orders entered at over 1,000 terminals nationwide. Prototype CICS automates much of the design logic. Two features makes it especially useful. It uses a procedural language to create prototypes and it includes a data dictionary which stores all data, screen definitions, and procedural logic.

Application Development Software, Software Selection, Software Packages, Criteria, Productivity, and Efficiency

Though viewed with skepticism when they first arrived on the scene in the late 1970s, the market for application development tools is now booming. In 1983, sales reached $215 million; that figure is expected to grow to one billion dollars by 1987. Productivity gains from the use of program development tools range anywhere from ten to 400 percent. It should be realized, however, that the quality, not the quantity, of code is the most important consideration. While using development tools enables programmers to write good code more quickly, they also enable programmers to write bad code more quickly. When considering the purchase of an application development tool, there are several factors to be evaluated, including efficiency, usability by nonprofessionals, prototyping techniques, procedural power, interpretive benefits, integration, file support flexibility and hardware independence.

Relational Database, Database, Evaluation, Appraisal, Database Design, Online, and Online Transaction Processing

Relational data bases and relational-like fourth-generation software are useful for many applications, including electronic file cabinet systems, decision support systems, user-friendly systems that must be quickly constructed and changed, and prototyping. But they are not a panacea. Because they consume a lot of hardware resources, they are ineffective for on-line operational processing. After implementing a relational system, one company reported a fifty percent annual increase in the hardware budget over a five year period.

Banking, Microcomputer, Applications, Automatic Dialing, Problem Solving, and Financial Services

The widespread use of microcomputers in banking has enabled users to become more intimately involved in the process of problem solving. Banks and their customers have moved toward what can be called on-site prototyping, with the development laboratory in real-time at the customer's desk. The auto-dial feature of these personal computers allows information to be gathered from various sources and assembled into a consolidated report before the user arrives at the office in the morning. Future developments in the use of microcomputers by banks will lead to futher integration of computers into their customers' decision making process.

Prototype, Circuit Printing, Circuit Components, Boards/Cards, and Unilayer II Augat Interconnection Systems

Unilayer II, from Augat Interconnection Systems helps designers move between wire-wrap and multilayer printed circuit boards. A wire-wrapped prototype can be converted to production oriented Unilayer II wiring without doing any redesign work. Board modules are available with wire-wrap sockets and zero-profile sockets.

Microcomputer, Buses, Design, Motherboard, Tutorial, Computing as a Hobby, and Boards/Cards

An S-100 bus home brew microcomputer can be built from the ground up with prototyping boards. Of the many sources of information, books on the IEEE-696 bus will be the most helpful. The IEEE can be written for specifications. Books and magazines that cover S-100 boards, the IEEE-696 bus, and Z80 design will be useful.

Prototype, System Development, Productivity, and Systems Analysis

Prototyping is a valuable tool for increasing productivity in systems design. It allows users to have a better idea of what the finished product will be like. Prototyping tools include simulation and packages which generate parts of a system. A photograph of a computer system is included.

Application Development Software, Management of EDP, Applications Backlog, Productivity, Nonprocedural Languages, Microcomputer, Program Generators, DBMS, and Information Centers

Fouth-generation languages, program generators, prototyping aids, data dictionaries, data base management systems (DBMS), information centers, and personal computers are all heralded as solutions to the problem of applications backlog. In fact, they lengthen backlog and do not improve productivity. In and of themselves, they should not be expected to solve problems of backlog and inefficiency. The key is proper management of program development tools, not chaotic implementation of available technology.

System Design, Software Packages, Application Development Software, New Product, Personal Computers, Prototype, and Design 1

Arthur Andersen & Co. is now selling a systems design software package that the accounting firm developed for use by its own consulting staff. Design-1 is an interactive development tool that allows a systems designer to perform the entire systems development task using an IBM PC or PC XT. The $15,000 package includes a system prototyping capability.

Microprocessor, Control Unit, Integrated Circuits, CMOS, Memory, Instruments, Applications, New Product, EPROM, Programmable, RS232 Interface, Circuit Components, Connector, Switches, Stand-Alone Systems, Boards/Cards, and Multibox 85

Microdesigns, Inc. of Tucker, Georgia has developed the Multibox-85 for use as a stand-alone control or for instrumentation. A prototyping area is provided on board for customized circuitry; front panel switches, LEDs, and rear panel connectors are included. This 8085A-2 processor can handle 4 to 48Kbyte of EPROM, and 2 to 32Kbytes of CMOS programmable memory. The Multibox-85 is software-compatible with the Intel SBC-80-24 single-board computer, and includes an R-232 port with DB-25 connector, forty-eight unbuffered parallel lines, and two SBX connectors. The tabletop version is $1,595, and the rackmount version is $1,620. The pc board, Multiboard-85, is $895.

Prototype, Productivity, User Need, Modeling, and Applications

Bernard H. Boar is an information systems consultant with AT&T. He believes that the solution to program productivity depends upon the selected technique. This technique should focus upon the user's needs. Boar indicates that application prototyping offers the quick implementation of needs and gradual learning by the user. The technique should be used with larger applications.

Circuit Components, Prototype, New Product, Add-In/On Devices, Boards/Cards, and EQC UV

The series of EQC-UV series of boards from Dage are called quick-connect boards. A photograph is included. Quick-Connect is a point-to-point wiring system using insulation-displacement techniques. Prototyping of designs using surface-mounted and PCB components can be done in the boards.

England, Companies, Semiconductor Industry, Circuit Design, Prototype, New Technique, Gate Arrays, and PA Technology -- Product introduction

A British company, PA Technology, will soon be providing integrated circuit designers with a prototyping service which uses direct writing by electronic beam on gate arrays. The aim of the service, which marks the first commercial use of this technology, is to provide a fast turnaround of small volumes at reasonable prices. Agreements are being negotiated with a number of semiconductor companies, that will be bringing in existing gate-array software and metallized wafers.

Applications Programming, Prototype, Tutorial, System Development, Relational Database, and User Interface

Applications development in the future may use relational databases, and prototyping enables the user to experiment with a working model of the system so that system requirements will be an end goal. Analysis will involve system context, essential functions and database design. Elaborate testing is eliminated and prototyping methods can also be used for maintenance. Several charts and diagrams show the steps for prototyping.

Software Engineering, Trends, Growth, Application Development Software, System Development, Software Design, Information Systems, Automatic Programming, and Automation

Computer-aided software engineering is now entering a period of rapid growth, according to many software productivity experts. Although there are a variety of approaches being taken by vendors of automated software engineering products, all are based on the process of designing an information system rather than toward the task of coding it. They emphasize the kind of structure and discipline that nonprocedural languages and prototyping aids purposely avoid. For many users, however, the focus of these tools on the total system life cycle may be their greatest weakness. The conversion to automated software engineering can be difficult for organizations without strictly defined software design procedures.

Software, Software Packages, Integrated Software, New Product, Technology, and McCormack and Dodge Corp.

McCormack & Dodge's Millenium technology is designed to integrate all the company's applications software into a real-time system. Under Millenium, users can switch from one program to another without leaving their work in progress. The system features a consistent user interface and a full-scale application development and prototyping language. Users are expressing concern about the amount of up-front money required to convert to the Millenium technology and the level of technical support the system will require.

Fourth Genration, Programming Language, Tutorial, Software Engineering, Software Design, and Application Development Software

Fourth generation programming languages have eliminated many of the failings found in third generation environments. For the transition between third and fourth generations, new controls and strategies must be adopted. Formerly called Quasar Systems, Cognus has developed a methodology for this transition. A data-oriented approach and controlled prototyping are two critical concepts developed in this methodology. A diagram illustrates the six phases of Cognus' fourth-generation, application-development guide.

Prototype, System Development, Software Engineering, Implementation, Project Management Software, and Organizational Behavior

User and system analyst involvement during screen and report design is called prototyping. Senior management participation in initial design insures conformity to total company operations. Prototyping assists users in defining terms and in expressing ideas.

Software Packages, New Product, Online, Applications Programming, Application Development Software, Mainframe Computer, and Programaster-OL

Master Software's Programaster-OL is an on-line applications development system that uses reusable code techniques. It features prototyping and screen and report-painting capabilities that can be used in batch and on-line modes. It is designed for IBM mainframes running under MVS with TSO. Annual licenses cost $5,000 plus $2,500-month. Perpetual licenses sell for $95,000.

Tutorial, System Development, Applications Programming, Software Selection, Fourth Generation, Computer Systems, Evaluation, Criteria, Hardware Selection, and Interactive Systems

Fourth generation systems require query, decision and report support systems for management. Application development systems must be improved to facilitate structured design of the application. Certain design characteristics are necessary for all activities. Relational database management systems have increasingly become the norm. Effective prototyping can be checked against certain essential criteria. Support software and the process specification language should meet certain capabilities. Greater productivity has to be measured against the cost components for implementing a fourth generation system. A graph shows an information gathering model.

Fourth Generation, Prototype, Generations of Computers, Analysis, Standard, Implementation, and Management-EDP Relations

With the emergency of fourth generation products, questions about methods and standards and changes to the current computer structure remain unanswered. The most commonly suggested technique is prototyping, which is not a complete discipline and allows too many mistakes in a short time period. The lack of high level analysts creates problems with users. This can be corrected by placing the analyst in the user area and by simplifying the application.

Software Engineering, Economics of Computing, Computer Industry, Companies, Cost, Research and Development, Fifth Generation, and Industry-Sponsored Research

Eleven large American corporations have agreed to a scheme aimed at stopping the escalation of costs of producing software for the United States Department of Defense. Each firm has contributed $50,000 to start making business, financial, legal and technical plans. The subjects to be investigated include software prototyping, reusable software, knowledge engineering, hardware-software interfaces and software metrics. The research will increase the U.S. investment in the fifth generation.

Computer Systems, Prototype, System Development, User Relations, Irish Electricity Supply Board -- Joint ventures, and Northgate Computer Services -- Joint ventures

Prototyping is a new method of designing and building computer systems, where systems are developed by the user and EDP staff working side by side. It usually eliminates design errors. The Irish Electricity Supply Board is actively pursuing this system in a finance system which uses fourth-generation techniques and was developed with Northgate Computer Services. By working together, there is a total commitment from the user, that can result in greater satisfaction with the finished product.

Test Equipment, New Product, LAN, Ethernet, System Development, Networks, EtherServer 1, and EtherServer 2

Logic Replacement Technology has introduced two equipment prototyping and test devices. The EtherServer 1 and EtherServer 2 were made particularly for utilization in the design of Ethernet systems. EtherServer 1 is for general network monitoring work and traffic analysis. The EtherServer 2 is designed to be a stand-alone echo-server. A photograph is included.

Fourth Generation, Language, User Need, Limitations, and Criteria

Criteria for selecting fourth generation language (4GL) packages were discussed by Elain Wilco and Andy Wilson, consultants for Peat Marwick and Partners. Fourth generation language features include integrated or interfaced data base or not, and a query tool or a programming tool. Large systems, such as banks or airline reservation, are not suited to 4GL. Advantages of 4GL are increased programmer productivity and allowance for prototyping. 4GL must be an appropriate tool and be compatible with the software to be interfaced. Photographs of Elaine Wilco and Andy Wilson are included.

New Product, Plastics Industry, Review, CAD/CAM, Moldesign, Mold Cool, and TMC MCO #

Moldesign, MoldCool, and TMC-MCO are design and engineering tools for plastic mold-making. Moldesign facilitates the design of two- and three-dimensional injection molds. TMC-MCO accesses viability before prototyping. MoldCool provides mold cool simulation allowing analysis of the variables before prototyping. Prices are $25,000 for Moldesign, $15,000 for TMC-MCO, and $50,000 for MoldCool which includes license, documentation, training and application support.