articles+ search results

Power transmission, Engineering, Evaluation system, business.industry, Power system harmonics, Flicker, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Electrical engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Transmission system, Field tests, Voltage flicker, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Electronic engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS, and Voltage

This paper discusses an investigation of transmission system voltage flicker due to the effects of the operation of multiple AC and DC furnaces, harmonic filters, and static VAr systems. The electric utility transmission voltages are measured using a unique flicker measurement and evaluation system. The field tests are compared to an analysis of the expected flicker in the system. >

Quantum discord, Quantum dynamics, media_common.quotation_subject, Philosophy, Quantum entanglement, Theoretical physics, Open quantum system, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum mechanics, Quantum process, Quantum system, Consciousness, Quantum dissipation, and media_common

There have been suggestions that the unity of consciousness may be related to the kind of holism depicted only in quantum physics. This argument will be clarified and strengthened. It requires the brain to contain a quantum system with the right properties — a “Bose-Einstein condensate”. It probably does contain one such system, as both theory and experiment have indicated. In fact, we cannot pay full attention to a quantum whole and its parts simultaneously, though we may oscillate between the two. In a quantum theory of consciousness, emergent meanings arise as an inevitable consequence of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

Marketing, CHAOS (operating system), Social vision, Government, Chaos theory in organizational development, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Managing change, Engineering ethics, Quantum, and Management

Nursing, business.industry, Health Policy, Health care, Medicine, Managed care, Sample (statistics), Health organization, Descriptive research, business, Parity (mathematics), Mental health, and Insurability

Debate continues about the cost and use of mental health services under managed care, as legislators consider various “parity” bills. This descriptive research replicates, broadens, and expands previously published case studies of single employers' data on cost and treatment prevalence in a large, diverse, national sample whose varied point-of-service benefits were provided by thirty employers representing multiple industries. Of those covered, 59,005 received treatment over the seven years studied. Of particular note is the pattern of increased use, increased care within the managed behavioral health organization network, and long-term cost reductions.

Cognitive science, Social perception, Social intuitionism, Social competence, Interpersonal communication, Psychology, Implementation, and Simulation

We introduce vibration and temperature as visceral modes to aid intuitive social perception in networked interaction. We describe two implementations of these ideas for mediated systems -- VibroBod for interpersonal communication and What's Shaking for newsgroup navigation.

Male, Social Psychology, Attitude of Health Personnel, education, Psychology, Clinical, Quality care, Ethical standards, behavioral disciplines and activities, Ethics, Professional, Professional Competence, Therapist Selection, Humans, Women, Israel, License, Referral and Consultation, General Psychology, Professional psychology, Men, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychotherapy, Public Opinion, Respondent, Female, Credentialing, Psychology, Professional Misconduct, human activities, Sexuality, and Clinical psychology

Do psychotherapists' unethical practices influence how they are perceived? The 202 Israeli lay and professional psychology participants rated systematically varied descriptions of effective therapists and potential clients under conditions of no difficulties (standard), practice without a license, and a previous sexual boundary violation on indexes of evaluation and willingness to refer. Participants completed a measure of important variables in therapist selection. Effective standard therapists were rated most favorably, unlicensed therapists were rated favorably, and therapists who violated sexual boundaries in the past were rated least favorably. When results were analyzed by respondent characteristics, laypersons rated unlicensed professionals (p < .01) and sexual boundary violators (p < .0001) more positively than did clinical psychologists. Men rated the violators more favorably than did women (p < .05). Factor analysis of therapist selection measures identified professional and personal factors, but only the former were associated with ratings of "problem" therapists. The results underscore the gap between ethical standards and applied decisions made by professionals and laypersons. Further investigation is needed to ensure quality care in both professional and consumer approaches to psychotherapy.

World Wide Web, Data visualization, Digital artifact, Social network, Interview, Personal narrative, business.industry, Computer science, business, Electronic mail, and Storytelling

As part of a long-term investigation into visualizing email, we have created two visualizations of email archives. One highlights social networks while the other depicts the temporal rhythms of interactions with individuals. While interviewing users of these systems, it became clear that the applications triggered recall of many personal events. One of the most striking and not entirely expected outcomes was that the visualizations motivated retelling stories from the users' pasts to others. In this paper, we discuss the motivation and design of these projects and analyze their use as catalysts for personal narrative and recall.

World Wide Web, Ethnography, Media studies, Identity (social science), Sociology, Social community, and Social theory

This paper presents ethnographic fieldwork on Friendster, an online dating site utilizing social networks to encourage friend-of-friend connections. I discuss how Friendster applies social theory, how users react to the site, and the tensions that emerge between creator and users when the latter fails to conform to the expectations of the former. By offering this ethnographic piece as an example, I suggest how the HCI community should consider the co-evolution of the social community and the underlying technology.

inorganic chemicals, chemistry.chemical_classification, Ethylene, Schiff base, Ketone, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Methylaluminoxane, chemistry.chemical_element, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chromium, Aniline, chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Pyridine, and Materials Chemistry

A family of chromium complexes bearing tridentate pyridine-based ligands are disclosed as highly active precatalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene. The ligands are comprised of two distinct types: Type 1, in which both ketone groups of 2,6-diacetylpyridine are converted to imines to produce pyridine bisimine NNN ligands; and Type 2, in which only one ketone group of 2,6-diacetylpyridine is condensed with an aniline derivative to give monoimine NNO coordination sets. Ligands of either type are coordinated to chromium(II) or chromium(III) chlorides, and activation of the resultant complexes with methylaluminoxane (MAO) produces highly active ethylene oligomerization and polymerization catalysts. Catalysts of Type 1 (NNN set) generally produce 1-butene when only two ortho alkyl substituents are present but switch to making waxes or polyethylene when the size and/or number of ortho substituents are increased. Catalysts of Type 2 (NNO set) produce waxes and polyethylene under all of the substitution pat...

Psychology

Sociology and Political Science and Communication

municipality, British Columbia, Highway 3, Crowsnest Pass, Southwestern Alberta, Rocky Mountains, and bisecting

The municipality of Crowsnest Pass is situated in a rare east-west corridor bisecting the Rocky Mountains in Southwestern Alberta and Southeastern British Columbia. Highway 3, which runs the length of the Pass, is a major transportation route supporting over 13,000 vehicles per day. Wildlife mortality, due to collisions with vehicles, has been identified as a major human-safety and wildlife-conservation issue on this stretch of highway with approximately 109 large mammal deaths per year. Another immediate threat to wildlife populations in the region is the proposed expansion and realignment of Highway 3. The expanded highway footprint and increased traffic will likely affect wildlife use in the area. It is therefore important that decision makers acquire information on where wildlife are most likely to cross the road to ensure effective mitigation measures. Currently, information pertaining to wildlife movement in the Pass is limited. Road Watch in the Pass is an innovative, community-based research project that engages local citizenry in reporting wildlife observations along Highway 3 through the Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Through the use of a Web-based GIS, interested citizens can participate in data collection that will be instrumental to decision makers in reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and for developing mitigation measures for highway expansion. Road Watch was designed to test and profile the use of local knowledge and volunteer data collection in the Crowsnest Pass by providing land managers and the community with valuable baseline information related to wildlife highway crossings. The goals of the project are to collect, analyze, and communicate information highlighting crossing locations of wildlife along the highway based on local knowledge and observations, as well as to engage the citizenry of the pass in local issues relating to wildlife movement and safety. The project was launched in November 2004 after considerable communication with decision makers in the Pass and the hiring of a local project coordinator. There are currently 51 active participants using the website and interactive mapping tool. The 51 participants have recorded over 581 large mammal sightings. These results are provided to the community on a regular basis through the local media, project website, and email messages. Although the project is still new in inception, preliminary results indicate that the community is successfully engaged with an average of five new volunteers joining Road Watch each month. Each volunteer has contributed an average of 12 observations, with 59 percent of the participants submitting observations on more than one occasion. The number of individual observations ranges from one to 167. Participants have recorded the full compliment of large mammals that occur in the pass, including: 243 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 106 big horn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 66 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 64 unidentified deer species (Odocoileus spp.), 35 elk (Cervus elaphus), 30 moose (Alces alces), 11 coyotes (Canis latrans), seven black bears (Ursus americanus), three wolves (Canis lupus), three mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), three grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and two cougars (Puma concolor), with the exception of wolverine (Gulo gulo) and lynx (Lynx canadensis). Road Watch observations provide a valuable supplement to mortality data and have the potential to greatly enhance the existing information base. For example, the percentages of species observations from Road Watch correlate to the recorded levels of wildlife mortality, with mule deer as the highest recorded species from both data sources. From preliminary comparisons of these two data sources, we have identified zones with high Road Watch observations corresponding with low mortality records. This may indicate that there are areas where wildlife are successfully crossing, which has important implications for highway mitigation. Road Watch is an innovative initiative that will generate a unique dataset resulting from a comparative anlysis of knowledge sources. Preliminary results demonstrate that this approach increases the knowledge base by providing new emerging knowledge that would not have been explicit from a single source. This initiative also provides the opportunity for the Crowsnest Pass community to actively engage in an important wildlife-conservation issue. This information will be important to citizens in the community and local decisionmakers in relation to human safety and wildlife conservation around Highway 3.

roads, highways, QH301-705.5, wildlife, Wildlife, New Commons, Kappa index, Environmental protection, Social Organization, citizen science, Citizen science, Web application, Human safety, Biology (General), Environmental planning, QH540-549.5, Wildlife conservation, transportation, Ecology, business.industry, Road ecology, wildlife-vehicle collisions, GIS, road ecology, web-based GIS, Geography, Mortality data, Crowsnest Pass, and business

"Road Watch in the Pass is a citizen-science project that engages local citizens in reporting wildlife observations along a 44-km stretch of Highway 3 through Crowsnest Pass in southwestern Alberta, Canada. The numbers of wildlife vehicle collisions and a recent proposal to expand the highway have raised concerns from both human safety and wildlife conservation perspectives. Through the use of a web-based GIS, interested citizens can contribute information that will be instrumental in making final decisions concerning measures to mitigate the effects of highway expansion. Currently, 58 people have contributed over 713 observations to Road Watch. We performed a preliminary comparison of 11 months of Road Watch observations and wildlife mortality data for the same time period to demonstrate that the use of citizen science not only augments more conventional approaches, but also results in the emergence of new knowledge and insights. A Kappa index of agreement of 14% indicates poor agreement between the data sets, highlighting that wildlife successfully cross the highway in areas not identified by the wildlife mortality data. This has important implications for design and mitigation efforts for Highway 3 and other roadways."

Social network, business.industry, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Identity (social science), Context (language use), Representation (arts), Popularity, World Wide Web, Identity Performance, Negotiation, Data visualization, Ethnography, Conversation, business, Social identity theory, and media_common

Profiles have become a common mechanism for presenting ones identity online. With the popularity of online social networking services such as Friendster.com, Profiles have been extended to include explicitly social information such as articulated "Friend" relationships and Testimonials. With such Profiles, users do not just depict themselves, but help shape the representation of others on the system. In this paper, we will discuss how the performance of social identity and relationships shifted the Profile from being a static representation of self to a communicative body in conversation with the other represented bodies. We draw on data gathered through ethnography and reaffirmed through data collection and visualization to analyze the communicative aspects of Profiles within the Friendster service. We focus on the role of Profiles in context creation and interpretation, negotiating unknown audiences, and initiating conversations. Additionally, we explore the shift from conversation to static representation, as active Profiles fossilize into recorded traces.

Social life, Early adopter, Social software, Cash flow, Venture capital, Marketing, computer.software_genre, Psychology, and computer

Social network, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Human-Computer Interaction, Friendship, Social processes, Frame (artificial intelligence), Sociology, Architecture, business, Affordance, Social psychology, and media_common

“Are you my friend? Yes or no?” This question, while fundamentally odd, is a key component of social network sites. Participants must select who on the system they deem to be ‘Friends.’ Their choice is publicly displayed for all to see and becomes the backbone for networked participation. By examining what different participants groups do on social network sites, this paper investigates what Friendship means and how Friendship affects the culture of the sites. I will argue that Friendship helps people write community into being in social network sites. Through these imagined egocentric communities, participants are able to express who they are and locate themselves culturally. In turn, this provides individuals with a contextual frame through which they can properly socialize with other participants. Friending is deeply affected by both social processes and technological affordances. I will argue that the established Friending norms evolved out of a need to resolve the social tensions that emerged due to technological limitations. At the same time, I will argue that Friending supports pre-existing social norms yet because the architecture of social network sites is fundamentally different than the architecture of unmediated social spaces, these sites introduce an environment that is quite unlike that with which we are accustomed.

Boyd Danah. Pourquoi les jeunes adorent MySpace. In: MédiaMorphoses, n°21, 2007. pp. 69-80.

Social network, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Cyberpsychology, Strategy and Management, Perspective (graphical), Section (typography), Semiotics of social networking, Poison control, Public relations, Computer Science Applications, Enterprise social software, Scholarship, Social media optimization, Management of Technology and Innovation, Special section, Engineering ethics, Sociology, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Computer-mediated communication, Social science, Affordance, business, Psychology, and Theme (narrative)

Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.

ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Science and Technology Studies, and GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS

As social network sites like MySpace and Facebook emerged, American teenagers began adopting them as spaces to mark identity and socialize with peers. Teens leveraged these sites for a wide array of everyday social practices—gossiping, flirting, joking around, sharing information, and simply hanging out. While social network sites were predominantly used by teens as a peer-based social outlet, the unchartered nature of these sites generated fear among adults. This dissertation documents my 2.5-year ethnographic study of American teens’ engagement with social network sites and the ways in which their participation supported and complicated three practices—self-presentation, peer sociality, and negotiating adult society.

Information privacy, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), business.industry, Communication, Internet privacy, Advertising, Sociology, Convergence (relationship), and business

Not all Facebook users appreciated the September 2006 launch of the `News Feeds' feature. Concerned about privacy implications, thousands of users vocalized their discontent through the site itself, forcing the company to implement privacy tools. This essay examines the privacy concerns voiced following these events. Because the data made easily visible were already accessible with effort, what disturbed people was primarily the sense of exposure and invasion. In essence, the `privacy trainwreck' that people experienced was the cost of social convergence.

Cultural Studies, Social network, business.industry, Communication, Political science, Political action, Public relations, business, and Social psychology

Class (computer programming), Subculture, Status group, Perspective (graphical), Persona, Sociology, Library and Information Sciences, Social psychology, Information science, Information Systems, Unit (housing), and Focus (linguistics)

Whether we call them “users,” “participants,” or just “actors,” a focus of information science research and practice is invariably human beings. While user studies have grown in scope and volume since the early ARIST chapters in the 1960s, few researchers have approached study populaces from the perspective of social types. A concept with a long and somewhat sordid history in the social sciences, particularly sociology, as Almog (1998) explains referencing the works of Parker, Simmel, Goffman, Klapp, Becker, and other luminaries, social types in essence refer to: A sociological summary of the typical characteristics of a particular group or of a category of human beings usually recognized and typed by the public and often granted a nickname. This group or category may be a secondary group, a community, a profession, a subculture, a status group, a class or a generation unit that is characterized by its look (physical, fashionable or both), life style and philosophy, pattern of interaction (particularly linguistic), attitudes and certain psychological traits.

Social computing, Social network, business.industry, Information architecture, Identity (social science), Library and Information Sciences, Social web, World Wide Web, Social media optimization, Ethnography, Sociology, business, Social identity theory, and Information Systems

Overview Social network websites have played a key factor in the evolution of the “social web.” Hundreds of millions of individuals from all age-ranges have flocked to sites such as MySpace (http://myspace.com), Facebook (http://facebook.com) and Orkut (http://orkut.com) to create an online representation of identity, to manage their social lives, and to establish deep social relationships with other users of the sites. To this extent, the promise of Web 2.0 is embodied in social network websites. Social networks both implicitly and explicitly connect individuals, enabling the representation of a rich social identity embodied in a virtual presence. In this panel, an exciting young group of researchers will present results of their ongoing work in the analysis of social network websites. This panel will present a number of different research methods, as well as international perspectives on the analysis of social networks. danah boyd will present some of the key challenges she has faced in her multi-year, ongoing ethnographic analysis of social network websites. Raquel Recuero will share results of her mixed-methods international work on Fotolog, a popular photo-based social network site. Scott Golder and Fred Stutzman will present large-network analysis of social behavior in Facebook, the leading college-based social network. Finally, Alla Zollers will present a quantitative and content-analysis of activism in social network sites, analyzing the information architecture of the sites and the role it plays in activism. The research and the varying methods presented in this panel will present viewers with an exciting look at the many ways social network websites can be analyzed. These sites stand at the forefront of the social web, presenting myriad opportunities to future researchers.

This report summarizes the results of an ambitious three-year ethnographic study, funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, into how young people are living and learning with new media in varied settings—at home, in after school programs, and in online spaces. It offers a condensed version of a longer treatment provided in the book Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out (MIT Press, 2009). The authors present empirical data on new media in the lives of American youth in order to reflect upon the relationship between new media and learning. In one of the largest qualitative and ethnographic studies of American youth culture, the authors view the relationship of youth and new media not simply in terms of technology trends but situated within the broader structural conditions of childhood and the negotiations with adults that frame the experience of youth in the United States. The book that this report summarizes was written as a collaborative effort by members of the Digital Youth Project, a three-year research effort funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and conducted at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Southern California. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Reports on Digital Media and Learning

Human-Computer Interaction, World Wide Web, Transformative learning, Cyberpsychology, business.industry, Internet privacy, Sociology, and business

Many of us have had our lives transformed by technology. And many of us are also enamored of the transformative potential of technology, which has led us to develop technology and become advocates of technological practices. As we become more and more enveloped in and by technology, it’s easy to feel excited about what’s going on. Yet we must also be cautious.

Cultural Studies, business.industry, Communication, Visibility (geometry), Internet privacy, The Internet, Sociology, business, and Social psychology

The complexities of the Internet continue to be a source of consternation for parents, educators, and policy makers. Some embrace the Internet, evangelizing about its tremendous potential. Others f...

social network analysis, microblogging, spam, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Computer science, Microblogging, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL, Internet privacy, Social network analysis (criminology), ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Spamming, Human-Computer Interaction, World Wide Web, Forum spam, Spambot, social computing, social media, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY, Social spam, Social media, and business

Spam becomes a problem as soon as an online communication medium becomes popular. Twitter’s behavioral and structural properties make it a fertile breeding ground for spammers to proliferate. In this article we examine spam around a one-time Twitter meme—“robotpickuplines”. We show the existence of structural network differences between spam accounts and legitimate users. We conclude by highlighting challenges in disambiguating spammers from legitimate users.

World Wide Web, Convention, business.industry, Microblogging, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Internet privacy, Conversation, Social media, Variety (linguistics), business, Attribution, and media_common

Twitter - a microblogging service that enables users to post messages ("tweets") of up to 140 characters - supports a variety of communicative practices; participants use Twitter to converse with individuals, groups, and the public at large, so when conversations emerge, they are often experienced by broader audiences than just the interlocutors. This paper examines the practice of retweeting as a way by which participants can be "in a conversation." While retweeting has become a convention inside Twitter, participants retweet using different styles and for diverse reasons. We highlight how authorship, attribution, and communicative fidelity are negotiated in diverse ways. Using a series of case studies and empirical data, this paper maps out retweeting as a conversational practice.

Knowledge management, business.industry, Communication, Business, Artificial intelligence, Library and Information Sciences, and Pace

Even if they do not always keep pace with technological innovation, end-users adapt rapidly. For professionals, it’s more than just recognizing new behavior, we must anticipate or accompany them.

Crystal, Sociology and Political Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Art, Humanities, and media_common

Sociology and Political Science

This paper examines tweets about two geographically local events—a shooting and a building collapse—that took place in Wichita, Kansas and Atlanta, Georgia, respectively. Most Internet research has focused on examining ways the Internet can connect people across long distances, yet there are benefits to being connected to others who are nearby. People in close geographic proximity can provide real-time information and eyewitness updates for one another about events of local interest. We first show a relationship between structural properties in the Twitter network and geographic properties in the physical world. We then describe the role of mainstream news in disseminating local information. Last, we present a poll of 164 users’ information seeking practices. We conclude with practical and theoretical implications for sharing information in local communities.

History, Social dynamics, Sociology and Political Science, Social connectedness, Anthropology, Media studies, and Business

Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, Communication, media_common.quotation_subject, Internet privacy, Identity (social science), Context (language use), Personal branding, Conversation, Social media, The Internet, Sociology, business, and media_common

Social media technologies collapse multiple audiences into single contexts, making it difficult for people to use the same techniques online that they do to handle multiplicity in face-to-face conversation. This article investigates how content producers navigate ‘imagined audiences’ on Twitter. We talked with participants who have different types of followings to understand their techniques, including targeting different audiences, concealing subjects, and maintaining authenticity. Some techniques of audience management resemble the practices of ‘micro-celebrity’ and personal branding, both strategic self-commodification. Our model of the networked audience assumes a many-to-many communication through which individuals conceptualize an imagined audience evoked through their tweets.

Human-Computer Interaction, Service (business), Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Internet privacy, The Internet, Advertising, Default, business, Psychology, and News media

With over 500 million users, the decisions that Facebook makes about its privacy settings have the potential to influence many people. While its changes in this domain have often prompted privacy advocates and news media to critique the company, Facebook has continued to attract more users to its service. This raises a question about whether or not Facebook's changes in privacy approaches matter and, if so, to whom. This paper examines the attitudes and practices of a cohort of 18- and 19-year-olds surveyed in 2009 and again in 2010 about Facebook's privacy settings. Our results challenge widespread assumptions that youth do not care about and are not engaged with navigating privacy. We find that, while not universal, modifications to privacy settings have increased during a year in which Facebook's approach to privacy was hotly contested. We also find that both frequency and type of Facebook use as well as Internet skill are correlated with making modifications to privacy settings. In contrast, we observe few gender differences in how young adults approach their Facebook privacy settings, which is notable given that gender differences exist in so many other domains online. We discuss the possible reasons for our findings and their implications.

Social group, Collective identity, General Engineering, Poison control, Timeline, Social media, Computer-mediated communication, Psychology, Social engagement, Social psychology, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), and Homophily

The principle of homophily says that people associate with other groups of people who are mostly like themselves. Many online communities are structured around groups of socially similar individuals. On Twitter, however, people are exposed to multiple, diverse points of view through the public timeline. The authors captured 30,000 tweets about the shooting of George Tiller, a late-term abortion doctor, and the subsequent conversations among pro-life and pro-choice advocates. They found that replies between like-minded individuals strengthen group identity, whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforce in-group and out-group affiliation. Their results show that people are exposed to broader viewpoints than they were before but are limited in their ability to engage in meaningful discussion. They conclude with implications for different kinds of social participation on Twitter more generally.

HBsAg, Hepatitis B virus, Immunology, Heterologous, Gp41, Microbiology, Cell Line, Virology, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Lipid bilayer, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, biology, Structure and Assembly, virus diseases, Hepatitis B, Molecular biology, Transmembrane protein, digestive system diseases, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Transmembrane domain, Membrane protein, Insect Science, biology.protein, Biophysics, and Antibody

Native hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) spontaneously assembles into 22-nm subviral particles. The particles are lipoprotein micelles, in which HBsAg is believed to span the lipid layer four times. The first two transmembrane domains, TM1 and TM2, are required for particle assembly. We have probed the requirements for particle assembly by replacing the entire first or third TM domain of HBsAg with the transmembrane domain of HIV gp41. We found that either TM domain of HBsAg could be replaced, resulting in HBsAg-gp41 chimeras that formed particles efficiently. HBsAg formed particles even when both TM1 and TM3 were replaced with the gp41 domain. The results indicate remarkable flexibility in HBsAg particle formation and provide a novel way to express heterologous membrane proteins that are anchored to a lipid surface by their own membrane-spanning domain. The membrane-proximal exposed region (MPER) of gp41 is an important target of broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, and HBsAg-MPER particles may provide a good platform for future vaccine development.

Urban Studies, Media studies, Social media, Sociology, and Safety Research

A Response to Colin Bennett's 'In Defence of Privacy'

Power (social and political), Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Order (business), Gossip, Communication, Social media, Advertising, Sociology, Persona, Consumption (sociology), Personality psychology, and Personally identifiable information

Social media technologies let people connect by creating and sharing content. We examine the use of Twitter by famous people to conceptualize celebrity as a practice. On Twitter, celebrity is practiced through the appearance and performance of ‘backstage’ access. Celebrity practitioners reveal what appears to be personal information to create a sense of intimacy between participant and follower, publicly acknowledge fans, and use language and cultural references to create affiliations with followers. Interactions with other celebrity practitioners and personalities give the impression of candid, uncensored looks at the people behind the personas. But the indeterminate ‘authenticity’ of these performances appeals to some audiences, who enjoy the game playing intrinsic to gossip consumption. While celebrity practice is theoretically open to all, it is not an equalizer or democratizing discourse. Indeed, in order to successfully practice celebrity, fans must recognize the power differentials intrinsic to the relationship.

Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Unintended consequences, Internet privacy, Privacy laws of the United States, Context (language use), Public relations, Human-Computer Interaction, Terms of service, restrict, Survey data collection, Social media, Parental consent, business, and Psychology

Facebook, like many communication services and social media sites, uses its Terms of Service (ToS) to forbid children under the age of 13 from creating an account. Such prohibitions are not uncommon in response to the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which seeks to empower parents by requiring commercial Web site operators to obtain parental consent before collecting data from children under 13. Given economic costs, social concerns, and technical issues, most general–purpose sites opt to restrict underage access through their ToS. Yet in spite of such restrictions, research suggests that millions of underage users circumvent this rule and sign up for accounts on Facebook. Given strong evidence of parental concern about children’s online activity, this raises questions of whether or not parents understand ToS restrictions for children, how they view children’s practices of circumventing age restrictions, and how they feel about children’s access being regulated. In this paper, we provide survey data that show that many parents know that their underage children are on Facebook in violation of the site’s restrictions and that they are often complicit in helping their children join the site. Our data suggest that, by creating a context in which companies choose to restrict access to children, COPPA inadvertently undermines parents’ ability to make choices and protect their children’s data. Our data have significant implications for policy–makers, particularly in light of ongoing discussions surrounding COPPA and other age–based privacy laws.

Sociology

medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Conjunctiva, Signet ring cell, business.industry, Melanoma, Primary acquired melanosis, Ophthalmic Pathology Update, medicine.disease, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Conjunctival malignant melanoma, medicine, Infrequent Neoplasm, and business

Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a relatively infrequent neoplasm that can be associated with significant morbidity and cause diagnostic difficulty to both the ophthalmologist and pathologist. We herein describe the first reported case in North American and European databases of a rare variant-signet ring cell melanoma – arising in the background of primary acquired melanosis (PAM) and use this case as a review of important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations when faced with this condition.

Archeology, Engineering, Sixth century, State (polity), business.industry, Agriculture, General Arts and Humanities, media_common.quotation_subject, Toponymy, business, Archaeology, and media_common

Since their discovery in 1993 the Petra papyri have drawn the attention of both historians and archaeologists because of the amount of information they contain. They deal with the property of Theodoros, son of Obodianus, and his family in Petra and its vicinity in the period between AD 537 and 593. This paper focuses on agriculture and its importance in Petra and the surrounding area in the sixth century AD, according to the information derived from the scrolls. It appears that agriculture played a major role in the economy of Petra and its hinterland at the time these documents were written. The papyri repeatedly mention agricultural lands throughout the region and in many cases specify their locations and toponyms. Some of the latter are significantly still in use. There is also information about springs, some of which are still active and contribute to local agriculture. Some papyri even contain information about the type of plants grown in the area. Finally, the authors present the current state of agriculture at selected places and compare it with the state of agriculture in the sixth century AD in the study area.

Communication

Elközelgett a Big Data, az adatrengeteg kora. A számítástudósok, fizikusok, közgazdászok, matematikusok, politológusok, bioinformatikusok, szociológusok és más tudósok fennszóval követelik, hogy az embereket, dolgokat és ezek kapcsolatait leíró, folyvást termelődő hatalmas adatmennyiséggel dolgozhassanak. Fontos kérdések formálódnak meg. Hozzásegít-e az adatrengeteg kereshetősége az eszközök, szolgáltatások és közjavak javításához, vagy inkább a magántitoksértés és a tolakodó marketing új hullámát vezeti be? Megkönnyíti-e az adatok elemzése az online közösségek és politikai mozgalmak megértését, vagy a tiltakozók lenyomozását és a szólásjog elnyomását szolgálja majd? Átalakítja-e az emberi kommunikáció és kultúra kutatásának mai módszereit, vagy inkább beszűkíti a vizsgálható témák skáláját, magát a „kutatás” fogalmát definiálva újra? Véleményünk szerint az adatrengeteg szociotechnológiai jelenségének előretörése kapcsán kritikus vizsgálatnak kell alávetni e jelenség előfeltevéseit és előítéleteit. Cikkünk hat provokatív tézist tartalmaz, amelyekkel diszkussziót kívánunk indítani az adatrengeteg különböző aspektusairól: e technológia, elemzés és mitológia összjátékából kisarjadó kulturális, műszaki és tudományos jelenségről, amely terjedelmes retorikát gerjeszt mind utópikus, mind disztópikus hangvételben.

business.industry, Datafication, Communication, Communication studies, Internet privacy, Big data, Library and Information Sciences, Data science, Digital sociology, Analytics, Phone, Social media, Sociology, business, and Human communication

The era of Big Data has begun. Computer scientists, physicists, economists, mathematicians, political scientists, bio-informaticists, sociologists, and other scholars are clamoring for access to the massive quantities of information produced by and about people, things, and their interactions. Diverse groups argue about the potential benefits and costs of analyzing genetic sequences, social media interactions, health records, phone logs, government records, and other digital traces left by people. Significant questions emerge. Will large-scale search data help us create better tools, services, and public goods? Or will it usher in a new wave of privacy incursions and invasive marketing? Will data analytics help us understand online communities and political movements? Or will it be used to track protesters and suppress speech? Will it transform how we study human communication and culture, or narrow the palette of research options and alter what ‘research’ means? Given the rise of Big Data as a socio-tech...

Data collection, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human factors and ergonomics, Poison control, Suicide prevention, Article, Occupational safety and health, Psychiatry and Mental health, Double counting (accounting), Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Injury prevention, Landline, Psychology, and Social psychology

Purpose To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. Methods Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6–17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. Results Measures that use the word "bully" result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word "bully" are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word "bully" results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of "bullying." Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word "bully" appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. Conclusions Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word "bully" when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode.

business.industry, Communication, Information technology, Social media, Sociology, Public relations, business, Public life, and Publics

Social media complicate the very nature of public life. In this article, we consider how technology reconfigures publicness, blurs 'audiences' and publics, and alters what it means to engage in pub...

Politics, General Computer Science, Media studies, and Sociology

Power, context, and control in networked publics.

édition électronique, Sociology, LAN025000, digital humanities, usages, GL, Information Science & Library Science, and web

Qu’est-ce que les humanités numériques ? Apparue en 2006, l’expression connaît depuis un véritable succès. Mais au-delà du slogan à la mode, quelle est la réalité des pratiques qu’il désigne ? Si tout le monde s’accorde sur une définition minimale à l’intersection des technologies numériques et des sciences humaines et sociales, les vues divergent lorsqu’on entre dans le vif du sujet. Les humanités numériques représentent-elles une véritable révolution des pratiques de recherche et des paradigmes intellectuels qui les fondent ou, plus simplement, une optimisation des méthodes existantes ? Constituent-elles un champ suffisamment structuré pour justifier une réforme des modes de financement de la recherche, des cursus de formation, des critères d’évaluation ? L’archive numérique offre-t-elle à la recherche suffisamment de garanties ? Quelle place la recherche « dirigée par les données » laisse-t-elle à l’interprétation ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions abordées par ce deuxième opus de la collection « Read/Write Book ». Ces dix-huit textes essentiels, rédigés ou traduits en français par des chercheurs de différentes nationalités, proposent une introduction aux humanités numériques accessible à tous ceux qui souhaitent en savoir plus sur ce domaine de recherche en constante évolution.

édition électronique, Sociology, LAN025000, digital humanities, usages, GL, Information Science & Library Science, and web

Big data, la nécessité d’un débat Il nous a semblé intéressant de traduire, de façon collaborative (via Framapad), l’essai original que viennent de publier Danah Boyd et Kate Crawford présentant « Six provocations au sujet du phénomène des big data ». Ces chercheuses, orientées vers l’ethnographie des usages des technologies de communication, s’interrogent – en toute connaissance de cause – sur les limites épistémologiques, méthodologiques, mais aussi éthiques des big data : champ d’études qu...

Cultural Studies, Refugee, Cultural diversity, Law enforcement, language, Gender studies, Sociology, Somali, Humanities, Applied Psychology, Acculturation, language.human_language, and Qualitative research

Somali women were interviewed regarding their children's adjustment. Qualitative analysis revealed 5 themes: cultural comparisons, concerns about children, parents' loss of disciplinary authority, available support, and the future. The women discussed changes in their children, such as loss of respect and threats to use law enforcement against parents. They also discussed their loss of parental authority and the lack of support from U.S. institutions. Implications for schools and mental health professionals are presented. Se entrevisto a mujeres Somalies con respecto a la adaptacion de sus hijos. Los analisis cualitativos revelaron 5 temas: comparaciones culturales, preocupaciones sobre los ninos, la perdida de autoridad disciplinaria de los padres, apoyo disponible y el futuro. Las mujeres hablaron sobre los cambios en sus hijos, como la perdida de respeto y las amenazas de usar las fuerzas del orden contra sus padres. Tambien hablaron de la perdida de su autoridad paterna y la falta de apoyo por parte de las instituciones de los Estados Unidos. Se presentan las implicaciones para escuelas y profesionales de la salud mental.

Literature, business.industry, Evil spirit, media_common.quotation_subject, Central field, Equations of motion, Statistical mechanics, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Epistemology, symbols.namesake, Synchronicity, Boltzmann constant, symbols, Musical composition, business, and media_common

udwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) was one of the greatest scientists of his time. His work on statistical mechanics and the kinetic theory of gases helps explain and predict how the properties of atoms (such as charge and mass) determine the physical properties of gases (such as viscosity, diffusion and temperature). Ludwig Boltzmann was also an accomplished musician. Boltzmann, however, did not see these two interests (in science and music) as being independent of each other. In contrast, he often described a synchronicity between mathematics and music, seeing both as being involved in the creative act of identifying and manipulating underlying rhythms and patterns to create new ones. Moreover, Boltzmann perceived this process as being deeply personal, in how an individual’s creative voice was deeply connected to the final product. This of course is in sharp contrast to the prevailing view of science as being a coolly dispassionate methodology, disconnected from the personality of the scientist. Boltzmann’s viewpoint can be seen in how he described the experience of reading physicist James Clerk Maxwell’s work on the dynamical theory of gases. Note the manner in which Boltzmann connects his reading of mathematics to the experience of hearing a musical composition: The variations of the velocities are, at first, developed majestically: then from one side enter the equations of state: and from the other side, the equations of motion in a central field. Ever higher soars the chaos of formulae. Suddenly we hear, as from kettle drums, the four beats “Put N = 5.” The evil spirit V (relative velocity of molecules) vanishes: and, even as in music a hitherto dominating figure in the bass is suddenly silenced, that which had seemed insuperable has been overcome as if by a stroke of magic...One result after another follows in quick succession till at last, as the unexpected climax, we arrive at the conditions for thermal equilibrium together with the expressions for the transport coefficients. The curtain then falls! (Boltzmann quoted in Root-Bernstein, 1989, p. 334)

Ophthalmology, medicine.medical_specialty, Decompression, business.industry, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, Orbital decompression, Medicine, General Medicine, business, and Surgery

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Benserazide, Parkinsonism, Physical dependence, General Medicine, Drug action, Biology, Pharmacology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, In vivo, Planarian, Toxicity, medicine, medicine.symptom, and medicine.drug

We previously created and investigated a planarian model for the study of drug action, abuse, physical dependence, receptor affinity, the toxicity of heavy metals in wastewater, and seizures. For the present pilot study, we investigated the possibility that this model might be useful for studying certain aspects of drugs used in treatment of Parkinson disease. For the first step, we were interested in finding an in vivo metric for the inhibition of L-DOPA by an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase. The direct clinical relevance of the endpoint was of secondary concern during this preliminary phase of model development. Two metrics were explored: L-DOPA-induced inhibition of motility (locomotor velocity) and dopamine-mediated toxicity, which was quantified using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. L-DOPA produced both dose- and time-related toxicity. The water-soluble DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide dose-dependently inhibited the effect of L-DOPA, as manifested by a leftward shift in the Kaplan-Meier curve. Additional work was initiated using the more sensitive and a graded metric of spontaneous locomotor velocity. The encouraging results of this pilot study suggest that: 1) planarians contain DOPA decarboxylase or an equivalent enzyme, and 2) the planarian model might be useful for the study of certain aspects of anti-Parkinsonism pharmacotherapy.

General Chemistry

DATA processing & computer science and ddc:004

DATA processing & computer science and ddc:004

DATA processing & computer science and ddc:004

Knowledge management, Multimedia, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, computer.software_genre, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Autodidacticism, Sociology, Architecture, business, computer, and media_common

Science and engineering, media_common.quotation_subject, Matrix (music), Educational technology, Flexibility (personality), Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Round hole, Openness to experience, Engineering ethics, Sociology, Discipline, and media_common

Today’s challenges require new ways of thinking about STEM education that go beyond standard disciplinary learning, to include creativity, flexibility, and an openness to the new. One way to better understand this involves considering successful engineers and inventors to identify approaches that worked for them. We profile two innovators, Nikola Tesla and Steve Jobs, to better understand their thinking and creative processes. Their stories highlight the fact that creativity in these domains cannot happen without deep knowledge of key technical domains. That said, this knowledge, though necessary, is not sufficient to engender creativity. Creative solutions emerge from a wider matrix of imagination, abilities, skills, curiosities, and interests across disciplines. The science and engineering demands of our world require that learners need varied experiences that enable them to think richly and broadly, both within, outside of, and across the disciplines.

Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), FOS: Computer and information sciences, Microblogging, Information sharing, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Armed conflict, Media studies, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC), Computer Science - Computers and Society, Urban warfare, Political science, Computers and Society (cs.CY), and Social media

In this paper we examine the information sharing practices of people living in cities amid armed conflict. We describe the volume and frequency of microblogging activity on Twitter from four cities afflicted by the Mexican Drug War, showing how citizens use social media to alert one another and to comment on the violence that plagues their communities. We then investigate the emergence of civic media "curators," individuals who act as "war correspondents" by aggregating and disseminating information to large numbers of people on social media. We conclude by outlining the implications of our observations for the design of civic media systems in wartime.
In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW 2013). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1443-1452

Poverty, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Information sharing, Internet privacy, Context (language use), Internet studies, Human-Computer Interaction, Information behavior, Negotiation, Scholarship, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology, Social science, business, Software, Privilege (social inequality), Information Systems, and media_common

When information practices are understood to be shaped by social context, privilege and marginalization alternately affect not only access to, but also use of information resources. In the context of information, privilege, and community, politics of marginalization drive stigmatized groups to develop collective norms for locating, sharing, and hiding information. In this paper, we investigate the information practices of a subcultural community whose activities are both stigmatized and of uncertain legal status: the extreme body modification community. We use the construct of information poverty to analyze the experiences of 18 people who had obtained, were interested in obtaining, or had performed extreme body modification procedures. With a holistic understanding of how members of this community use information, we complicate information poverty by working through concepts of stigma and community norms. Our research contributes to human information behavior scholarship on marginalized groups and to Internet studies research on how communities negotiate collective norms of information sharing online.

Engineering, Computational geophysics, Clinical neuropsychology, State (polity), business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Media studies, Engineering ethics, business, Computer Science Applications, Education, and media_common

Computational geophysics, Engineering management, Media studies, Educational technology, State (computer science), Sociology, Computer Science Applications, and Education

Blended learning, Teaching method, Situated learning, Pedagogy, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Educational technology, Technology integration, Sociology, Online community, Teacher education, Computer Science Applications, Education, and Synchronous learning

In this article we describe the evolution of an elective course designed specifically for undergraduate students in our pre-service teacher education program. This course is intended to prepare these undergraduate students as future teachers—helping them to make effective and creative uses of technology in learning settings. This course emphasizes learning to learn with and about technology, in the ever-changing context of educational technology. Generally speaking, we outline and describe three key goals of teaching young teachers to thoughtfully integrate technology into a real-world classroom. First, the course emphasizes learning to explore and learn proactively by engaging in learning by design activities. Second, students are given an opportunity to try a wide variety of innovative technologies through explorations of their own choosing. Finally, we attempt to leverage the power of online community building for learning by harnessing the ubiquity and convenience of tools like Facebook. We look into the future with great hope and enthusiasm that our preservice teachers will lead the way in integrating new technologies into their teaching in ways that will benefit their students, colleagues, and the greater education community.

Instructional design, Education theory, Educational technology, Educational psychology, Computer Science Applications, Education, Educational research, Pedagogy, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Mathematics education, Learning theory, Teacher leadership, Psychology, and Curriculum

This article describes the design and implementation of the year 2 curriculum and student learning experiences in the Michigan State University Master of Arts in Educational Technology program. We discuss the ways that this second set of courses builds on the first year of the program that students encounter, and also describe the theoretical impetus and design-based implications for learning how to teach with technology in effective and creative ways. Students in this group usually come in with some prior knowledge of educational theory, as well as some experience of working with classroom technologies. We intentionally build upon this prior knowledge, to take it to the next level of a more sophisticated TPACK-oriented understanding of learning in technology-driven contexts. Our year 2 courses move classical educational psychology theories of learning, along with educational research issues, squarely into the modern context of educational technology and teacher leadership. Our curriculum design focuses centrally on making meaningful experiences for teachers around technology, and helping them develop the knowledge and skills to create such experiences for their students. Our goal is to develop teachers who see themselves as flexible designers of learning experiences through the creative re-purposing of existing technologies.

Set (abstract data type), Elastic scattering, Physics, Angular distribution, General Physics and Astronomy, Experimental data, Inelastic scattering, Atomic physics, and Computational physics

The diffractive aspects of angular distribution have been investigated by analyzing the experimental data for a set of elastic scattering processes of 6Li by different target nuclei at different laboratory energies. The analysis of experimental data of angular distribution for elastic scattering process is performed using both Frahn–Venter and McIntyre models. The theoretical models can reasonably reproduce the general pattern of the data, thus allowing us to extract geometrical parameters from elastic scattering processes. It is found that interpretation of the diffraction features of the data is model-independent. The values of extracted parameters, from both models, are found to be comparable to each other and to those of others. The correlation between the total reaction cross section and the incident laboratory energy for each scattering is discernible and values of total reaction cross section are found to be comparable with those of others.

Sociology and Political Science, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), business.industry, Sex trafficking, Anthropology, Field (Bourdieu), Ethnography, Law enforcement, Gender studies, Sociology, Public relations, business, and Internet studies

In this essay, we offer field notes from our ongoing ethnographic research on sex trafficking in the United States. Recent efforts to regulate websites such as Craigslist and Backpage have illuminated activist concerns regarding the role of networked technologies in the trafficking of persons and images for the purposes of sexual exploitation. We frame our understanding of trafficking and technology through a network studies approach, by describing anti-trafficking as a counter-network to the sex trafficking it seeks to address. Drawing from the work of Annelise Riles and other scholars of feminist science and technology studies, we read the anti-trafficking network through the production of expert knowledge and the crafting of anti-trafficking techniques. By exploring anti-trafficking activists’ understandings of technology, we situate the activities of anti-trafficking experts and law enforcement as efforts toward network stabilization.
Microsoft Research

media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Engineering ethics, Sociology, Social science, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, and media_common

Class (computer programming), Race (biology), White (horse), Small town, Charter school, White flight, Media studies, Social media, Sociology, and Publics

In a historic small town outside Boston, I interviewed a group of teens at a small charter school that included middle-class students seeking an alternative to the public school and poorer students who were struggling in traditional schools. There, I met Kat, a white 14-year-old from a comfortable background. We were talking about the social media practices of her classmates when I asked her why most of her friends were moving from MySpace to Facebook. Kat grew noticeably uncomfortable. She began simply, noting that “MySpace is just old now and it’s boring.” But then she paused, looked down at the table, and continued.

media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Conversation, Social science, Psychology, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Visual arts, and media_common

Conversation between characters, Liz Lemon & Jack Donaghy in the television show 30 Rock. – Marty Rubin

Internet, Anorexia Nervosa, Famous Persons, Humans, and Mass Media

Links between media portrayals of celebrities and participation in activities related to anorexia are of interest to both researchers and practitioners but are difficult to study over long time periods and in large populations. Here we aim to determine the links between media portrayals of celebrities and online practices related to anorexia.We examined the Internet searching activities of 9.2 million people, focusing on searches related to known celebrities, especially those perceived by the public as suffering from anorexia, and on searches indicative of anorexic practices. Additionally, we tracked media attention of individual celebrities by monitoring all messages from Twitter related to those celebrities.We found that a subset of users focus their browsing activities on celebrities perceived as anorexic. There was an increase of 14% in the hazard of performing anorexia-related searches after searching for information on the celebrities most perceived as anorexic. Media attention of a celebrity was a trigger for search activity, and when focused on a celebrity perceived as anorexic, resulted in a 33% increase in hazard for carrying out anorexic searches. Strikingly, when media attention included a reference to anorexia, the hazard decreased by 22%.Our findings suggest that it would be beneficial for media, when reporting on those celebrities who are known to suffer from anorexia, to include this information in their reporting.

education.field_of_study, Health (social science), Public Administration, Health Policy, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Ethnic group, Computer Science Applications, Politics, Race (biology), Harm, Social media, Ideology, education, Psychology, Social psychology, Moral panic, and media_common

The widespread adoption of social media and other networked technologies by youth has prompted concerns about the safety issues they face when they go online, including the potential of being hurt by a stranger, being exposed to pornographic or violent content, and bullying or being bullied. These concerns often manifest as fears and anxieties in parents and can lead to pervasive moral panics. Eager to shield children from potential risks, parents—and lawmakers—often respond to online safety concerns by enacting restrictions with little consideration for the discrepancy between parental concern and actual harm. As this article shows, parental fears are not uniform across different population groups. Our findings demonstrate that, while concern may be correlated with experiencing online safety risks, parental concerns with respect to online safety issues also vary significantly by background—notably race and ethnicity, income, metropolitan status, and political ideology. As policies develop to empower parents, more consideration must be given to how differences in parental fears shape attitudes, practices, and norms.

media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Sociology, Creativity, Computer Science Applications, Education, Visual arts, and media_common

Educational technology, Sociology, Computer Science Applications, Education, and Visual arts

General Computer Science, Management science, business.industry, Ant colony optimization algorithms, QA75.5-76.95, Defect Detection and Prevention, Risk Reduction Leverage, Ant Colony Optimization, lcsh:QA75.5-76.95, Reduction (complexity), Computational Mathematics, Countermeasure, Risk analysis (engineering), Strategic Risk Reduction, Risk analysis (business), Electronic computers. Computer science, Risk exposure, Strategic management, lcsh:Electronic computers. Computer science, Business, Strategic Method, Strategic risk, and Risk management

Risk Management is one of the key cares of any organization strategic management; proper benefit of risk management is finding risks and their solutions. In this article, we will suggest a new Strategic Risk Reduction technique for producing optimal risk reduction strategies; which reduce risk exposure for expected income by allowing several countermeasures per risk rather than one countermeasure as previous works did. Our Strategic Risk Reduction will be optimized using Ant Colony Optimization approach.

Social and Behavioral Sciences and Science and Technology Studies

In order to increase efficiency, measure productivity, decrease risk, and generally maximize profits, many private enterprises monitor their employees. While “workplace surveillance,” a term used interchangeably with “employee monitoring” (Ball, 2010, p. 88) is an age-old practice, its contemporary methods in the United States have their roots in the transformation of the workforce in the mid-19th to early 21st centuries. When laborers began moving to cities to sell their time for wages, the focus of work and the workplace shifted from subsistence labor on farms to hourly and salaried work in the factories of the industrial revolution. Business in the United States turned into “big business;” at the end of the 19th century, as the railroads expanded their organizational reach, merchants with localized shops and market knowledge had to merge in order to remain competitive in a growing market. The mergers did not produce uniform organizational units automatically, and the modes of production and accounting within the combined company were often in disarray (Saval, 2014, p. 38). Once the production of goods and the methods of their transit exceeded the slower, human pace of labor, a control crisis emerged for employers who suddenly needed to process much more information to keep up with the industrial pace of production (Beniger, 1989, p. 169). The pressing question became: what structures and technologies can ensure efficiency and integrity in the organization of business and labor (Zureik, 2003, p. 48)? The innovations in information processing and communication technologies that developed to address this question were mainly directed at managing workers (Beniger, 1989, p. 169).

Engineering, Architectural engineering, Dystopia, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, business.industry, Intelligent decision support system, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Displacement (linguistics), Science and Technology Studies, ComputingMilieux_GENERAL, Workforce, Robot, Artificial intelligence, and business

Throughout the 20th century, science fiction portrayed a robotic future in both utopian and dystopian ways. The reality of automated systems, intelligent systems, and “robots” in the workforce, however, is much more mundane, even if it is undoubtedly disruptive. The same set of technologies that empower employees to be more effective or bear less physical risk can displace a workforce in other sectors, or undermine economic systems. Unrepentant fear and hope often obscure the complex socio-technical dynamics of intelligent systems in the workplace, yet moving beyond this is critical to developing the right framework for navigating the development of such systems. This is especially important at a moment when the results of a recent canvassing survey of widely-quoted technology builders, analysts, and other insightful figures by the Pew Research Center (Smith & Anderson, 2014) on robots prompted Walter Frick (2014) at the Harvard Business Review to exclaim that, “Experts have no idea if a robot will steal your job.”

Engineering, business.industry, Process (engineering), Big data, Rubric, Public relations, Social and Behavioral Sciences, medicine.disease, Science and Technology Studies, Transparency (behavior), Ranking, Workforce, medicine, Attrition, Employment discrimination, Marketing, and business

Employers often struggle to assess qualified applicants, particularly in contexts where they receive hundreds of applications for job openings. In an effort to increase efficiency and improve the process, many have begun employing new tools to sift through these applications, looking for signals that a candidate is “the best fit.” Some companies use tools that offer algorithmic assessments of workforce data to identify the variables that lead to stronger employee performance, or to high employee attrition rates, while others turn to third party ranking services to identify the top applicants in a labor pool. Still others eschew automated systems, but rely heavily on publicly available data to assess candidates beyond their applications. For example, some HR managers turn to LinkedIn to determine if a candidate knows other employees or to identify additional information about them or their networks. Although most companies do not intentionally engage in discriminatory hiring practices (particularly on the basis of protected classes), their reliance on automated systems, algorithms, and existing networks systematically benefits some at the expense of others, often without employers even recognizing the biases of such mechanisms. The intersection of hiring practices and the Big Data phenomenon has not produced inherently new challenges. While this paper addresses issues of privacy, fairness, transparency, accuracy, and inequality under the rubric of discrimination, it does not pivot solely around the legal definitions of discrimination under current federal anti-discrimination law. Rather, it describes a number of areas where issues of inherent bias intersect with, or come into conflict with, socio-cultural notions of fairness.

Social and Behavioral Sciences and Science and Technology Studies

From 3D printing to maker culture, there’s a rise of technical practices that resist large industrial and corporate modes of production, similar to what is occurring in artisanal food and agriculture. While DIY practices are not new, the widespread availability and cheap cost of such tools has the potential to disrupt certain aspects of manufacturing. How do we better understand what is unfolding?

Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Oncology, business.industry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, medicine, Hematology, and business

Creative work, Psychology of learning, media_common.quotation_subject, Pedagogy, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Educational technology, Educational psychology, Creativity, Assistant professor, The arts, Variety (cybernetics), and media_common

This article emphasizes the value of creativity and arts-based learning in the sciences (STEAM education), using one example from a recent research study of creative and effective classroom teachers. The future of innovative thinking in STEM disciplines relies on breaking down the distinction between disciplines traditionally seen as “creative” like the arts or music, and STEM disciplines traditionally seen as more rigid or logical-mathematical (Catterall, 2002). The most exceptional thinkers in fields like science or math are also highly creative individuals who are deeply influenced by an interest in, and knowledge of, music, the arts and similar areas (Caper, 1996; Root-Bernstein, 2003; Dail, 2013; Eger, 2013). In light of this, STEAM must become an essential paradigm for creative and artistically infused teaching and learning in the sciences. I recently conducted a study of creative teaching practices among highly effective teachers (winners/finalists of the National Teacher of the Year program). This article looks at a single case drawn from this study, and considers the arts-based science teaching/learning employed by one of these teachers, Michael Geisen, the 2008 National Teacher of the Year award winner, and a middle school science teacher. Author/Artist Bio Dr. Danah Henriksen is a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Educational Psychology & Educational Technology program, in the Michigan State University College of Education. Her current work and research interests focus on several strands of research related to creativity and technology, such as evaluation schemas for creative work, trans-disciplinary thinking, and creative-cognitive skills for teaching and learning. She is part of the Deep-Play Research Group in the MSU College of Education, which focuses on research related to creativity, trans-disciplinary thinking, and 21st century issues of teaching and learning. Dr. Henriksen teaches a variety of courses in the area of educational psychology and learning technology, with focuses on issues of design/creativity, technology for teaching, and the psychology of learning in technology-rich contexts. More information on her work (and a complete vita) can be found at http://www.danah-henriksen.com.

Sociology and Political Science, Aggression, General Social Sciences, Gender studies, Performative utterance, Interpersonal communication, Ethnography, medicine, Emic and etic, Social media, medicine.symptom, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Psychology, Heteronormativity, and Drama

Contemporary youth conflict often plays out through social media like Facebook and Twitter. ‘Drama’ is an emergent concept describing performative, interpersonal conflict that takes place in front of an active, engaged audience, often on social media. Using ethnographic data, this paper examines how American teenagers conceptualize the term drama; the relationship between drama and social media; and the implications drama has for understanding contemporary teenage conflict. The emic use of drama distances teens from practices conceptualized by adults as bullying or relational aggression, while acknowledging the role of the audience in social media interactions. Drama also serves to reinforce the conventional gendered norms of high school, perpetrating the systemic undervaluing of feminine subjects and re-inscribing heteronormativity. Understanding how drama operates helps illuminate how widespread use of social media among teenagers has altered dynamics of aggression and conflict.

Cognitive science, Process (engineering), Music psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Creativity, The arts, Computer Science Applications, Education, Politics, Perception, Habit, Psychology, media_common, and Cognitive psychology

The first cognitive tool of perception is critical to all disciplines, spanning the arts and the sciences, language and politics, psychology and music, and more. We see it as a two-layered process, requiring both observing and imaging.

Educational technology, Library science, Sociology, State (computer science), Computer Science Applications, and Education

Male, Health (social science), Time Factors, Injury control, Adolescent, Accident prevention, Poison control, Violence, Social Networking, Risk-Taking, Humans, Clan, Longitudinal Studies, Mass Media, Child, ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human factors and ergonomics, United States, Aggression, Cross-Sectional Studies, Video Games, Multivariate Analysis, Female, Risk taking, Psychology, and Social psychology

To examine whether clan membership mediates observed associations between violent game content and externalizing behaviors among youth who play massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs).Responses from 486 11- to 18-year-olds who: live in the United States, read English, have been online at least once in the past 6 months, and have played MMOGs in the past year were examined. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the population-averaged incident rate ratio of aggressive, delinquent, and seriously violent behaviors among MMOG players given one's self-reported exposure to in-game content depicting violence.Twenty-nine percent of all youth respondents played MMOGs in the past year. Rates of aggressive, IRR: 1.59, 95% CI [1.11, 2.26], and delinquent, IRR: 1.44, 95% CI [0.99, 2.08], behaviors were significantly higher for MMOG players who were in clans versus not in clans. For females, clan membership attenuated but did not eliminate the observed relation between exposure to in-game violent content and both aggressive and seriously violent behavior (16% and 10% reductions in IRR, respectively); whereas for males, clan membership was largely uninfluential (i.e., less than 2% change).Clan membership is neither associated with lower rates of externalizing behaviors for youth, nor does it affect the likelihood of reporting externalizing behaviors among male players. There is some suggestion that clan membership may attenuate the concurrent association between in-game violent content and some externalizing behaviors for females.

Cognitive science, Interview, media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Habit, Thinking skills, Creativity, Psychology, Computer Science Applications, Education, media_common, and Developmental psychology

Temple Grandin is an engineer, a doctor of animal science, and a professor at Colorado State University. She has achieved all this even while having been diagnosed as autistic when she was two years old. In her recent book The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum, she discusses her efforts to understand how humans develop and use different ways of thinking through interviewing autistic individuals in different fields and disciplines. Through this she has identified three different ways people organize, process, remember and use new information: thinking in words, thinking in pictures, and thinking in patterns or structures.

Operationalization, business.industry, Sex trafficking, Public policy, Human sexuality, Public relations, Gender Studies, Facilitator, The Internet, Sociology, business, Nexus (standard), Social Sciences (miscellaneous), and Governmentality

Within some public policy and scholarly accounts, human trafficking is increasingly understood as a technological problem that invites collaborative anti-trafficking solutions. A growing cohort of state, non-governmental, and corporate actors in the United States have come together around the shared contention that technology functions as both a facilitator and disrupting force of trafficking, specifically sex trafficking. Despite increased attention to the trafficking-technology nexus, scant research to date has critically unpacked these shifts nor mapped how technology reconfigures anti-trafficking collaborations. In this article, we propose that widespread anxieties and overzealous optimism about technology’s role in facilitating and disrupting trafficking have simultaneously promoted a tri-part anti-trafficking response, one animated by a law and order agenda, operationalized through augmented internet, mobile, and networked surveillance, and maintained through the integration of technology experts and advocates into organized anti-trafficking efforts. We suggest that an examination of technology has purchase for students of gender, sexuality, and neoliberal governmentality in its creation of new methods of surveillance, exclusion, and expertise.

Trans disciplinary, media_common.quotation_subject, Pedagogy, Educational technology, Sociology, Habit, Computer Science Applications, Education, and media_common

Knowledge management, business.industry, Emerging technologies, Computer science, Software development, Cloud computing, business, Business risks, and Investment (macroeconomics)

The success of organizations largely depends on continual investment in learning and acquiring new knowledge that creates new businesses and improve existing performance. So, using Knowledge management must result in better achieving, or even exceeding, organizations objectives. The purpose of knowledge management must not be to just become more knowledgeable, but to be able to create, transfer and apply knowledge with the purpose of better achieving objectives. As new technologies and paradigms emerge, businesses have to make new efforts to properly get aligned with them, especially in knowledge management area. Today the Cloud Computing paradigm is becoming more and more popular, due to the vast decrease in time, cost and effort for meeting software development needs. It also provides a great means for gathering and redistributing knowledge. In this paper, we will discuss the benefits and risks of using cloud computing in knowledge management systems.

Trans disciplinary, Embodied cognition, media_common.quotation_subject, Educational technology, Habit, Psychology, Social psychology, Computer Science Applications, Education, Epistemology, and media_common

Power (social and political), History, Politics, Visibility (geometry), Media studies, Social media, Sociology, Capitalism, Social science, and Accident (philosophy)

The author reflects on the evolution of her blogging practice. After becoming a blogger “kinda by accident,” increasing involvement in the blogging community led to a decision to live certain parts of her life in public, in a networked age where visibility can be both humanizing and de-humanizing. Studying teenagers and their relationship to social media leads to questions about what it means to be a blogger today, as traditional aspects of power are now asserted through technologies that are deeply embedded in contexts of capitalism, traditional politics, and geoglobal power struggles.

Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer science, 05 social sciences, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Listing (computer), Subject (documents), 02 engineering and technology, Reuse, Online community, Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC), World Wide Web, Computer Science - Computers and Society, Quantitative analysis (finance), 020204 information systems, Computers and Society (cs.CY), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Social media, Attribution, 050107 human factors, and Meaning (linguistics)

In this paper, we explore the role that attribution plays in shaping user reactions to content reuse, or remixing, in a large user-generated content community. We present two studies using data from the Scratch online community -- a social media platform where hundreds of thousands of young people share and remix animations and video games. First, we present a quantitative analysis that examines the effects of a technological design intervention introducing automated attribution of remixes on users' reactions to being remixed. We compare this analysis to a parallel examination of "manual" credit-giving. Second, we present a qualitative analysis of twelve in-depth, semi-structured, interviews with Scratch participants on the subject of remixing and attribution. Results from both studies suggest that automatic attribution done by technological systems (i.e., the listing of names of contributors) plays a role that is distinct from, and less valuable than, credit which may superficially involve identical information but takes on new meaning when it is given by a human remixer. We discuss the implications of these findings for the designers of online communities and social media platforms.
Comment: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2011), Best paper honorable mention, 10 pages

solidaridad, Technology, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, Comunicació, bottom-up pedagogies, Consumption (sociology), pedagogies emergents, Education, Aprenentatge, Pedagogy, producción de conocimiento, tecnología, identidad, prácticas sociales, pedagogías emergentes, Learning, Sociology, learner identity, social practices, media_common, Digital Education, Aprendizaje, Cultural landscape, Communication, Educational Technology, knowledge production, pràctiques socials, Solidaritat, Student teaching, Creativity, producció de coneixement, Learning Environments, Solidarity, Knowledge production, Pràctiques pedagògiques, Information and Communications Technology, Tecnologia, identitat, technology, solidarity, tecnologia, and solidaritat

This paper identifies trends in the emerging models of knowledge production available in our society. We suggest it is crucial not only to be aware of these emerging models but also to be open to opportunities and possibilities that may still develop. We consider how people may express different levels of solidarity and commitment to these trends and models in their information consumption and distribution processes. We discuss how educators are now engaging in profound pedagogical renewal by expressing deeper levels of solidarity and commitment to knowledge production and educational projects through professional and personal interactions. These interactions are producing pedagogical models that allow both teachers and learners to become knowledgeable while simultaneously breaking away from domain conventions. These bottom-up pedagogies foster creativity, collaboration and the use of new digital tools. They are driven by learner interests and, as such, have the potential to bring the joy back into the learning process. Finally, we argue that emerging models of knowledge construction mediated by ICT provide new cultural landscapes and ecologies of learning that disrupt traditional inscriptions of individual identities and racial-cultural affinities.
En este artículo, se identificarán algunos modelos y tendencias emergentes en la producción de conocimiento. Se hará hincapié especialmente en cómo los individuos implicados en los procesos de consumo y de distribución de la información expresan diferentes niveles de solidaridad y de compromiso, y se sugerirá que es crucial que las personas no solo conozcan estos procesos, sino que también estén abiertas a otros modelos, oportunidades y posibilidades que, dadas las condiciones sociotecnológicas y comunicativas actuales, aún deben desarrollarse. Se abordará con especial interés el ámbito de la educación, puesto que se entiende que los educadores están participando de forma comprometida en una profunda renovación pedagógica a través de proyectos compartidos cimentados en interacciones profesionales y personales facilitadas por las redes. Estas interacciones favorecen la emergencia de modelos pedagógicos que permiten a profesores y a alumnos convertirse en expertos al mismo tiempo que rompen con muchas convenciones epistemológicas clásicas. Estas pedagogías generadas de abajo arriba no solo fomentan la creatividad y la colaboración, y se sustentan en el uso de nuevas herramientas digitales, sino que las promueven e impulsan los intereses del alumnado, y por ello, tienen el potencial suficiente para devolverle la alegría al proceso de aprendizaje. Por último, se argumentará que los modelos emergentes en la construcción del conocimiento a través de las TIC ofrecen nuevos paisajes culturales y ecologías de aprendizaje que trastocan las inscripciones tradicionales de las identidades individuales y las afinidades raciales y culturales.
En aquest article, s’identificaran alguns models i tendències emergents en la producció de coneixement. Es farà èmfasi especialment en com els individus implicats en els processos de consum i de distribució de la informació expressen diferents nivells de solidaritat i de compromís, i se suggerirà que és crucial que les persones no només coneguin aquests processos, sinó que també estiguin obertes a altres models, oportunitats i possibilitats que, donades les condicions sociotecnològiques i comunicatives actuals, encara s’han de desenvolupar. S’abordarà amb especial interès l’àmbit de l’educació, ja que s’entén que els educadors estan participant de forma compromesa en una profunda renovació pedagògica a través de projectes compartits cimentats en interaccions professionals i personals facilitades per les xarxes. Aquestes interaccions afavoreixen l’emergència de models pedagògics que permeten a professors i a alumnes convertir-se en experts al mateix temps que trenquen amb moltes convencions epistemològiques clàssiques. Aquestes pedagogies generades d’avall cap amunt no només fomenten la creativitat i la col·laboració i se sustenten en l’ús de noves eines digitals, sinó que les promouen i impulsen els interessos de l’alumnat, i per això, tenen el potencial suficient per tornar l’alegria al procés d’aprenentatge. Per acabar, s’argumentarà que els models emergents en la construcció del coneixement a través de les TIC ofereixen nous paisatges culturals i ecologies d’aprenentatge que trastoquen les inscripcions tradicionals de les identitats individuals i les afinitats racials i culturals.